Éclaireurs à cheval et Francs-tireurs 1870-1871
Éclaireurs à cheval et Francs-tireurs 1870-1871
Paris.
Mounted scouts (éclaireurs à cheval), Fould company, 1st squadron, January 1871 –
Army of Paris
This unit was formed from the “légion des volontaires de la France » (Volunteers of
France legion) which was authorized on 7 th September 1870 and under the orders of
lieutenant-colonel Cailloué. Raised primarily from the Parisian polish community, it
had one squadron (commander: Fould, captain: d’Estampes). It received mounts
thanks to having them being lent by horse dealers. A depot existed on 34 Jean
Goujon street. Gustave Fould, son of Achille Fould minister and well-known banker,
had first enlisted in Franchetti’s mounted scouts of the Seine. Boisselier inspired
himself from plate N°134 by Raffet, dated 1st February 1871 : “captain Poulizac’s
mounted scouts ?”. The name “Poulizac” is struck over and replaced by “Fould”. The
uniform is described as “Dark blue forage cap, with red piping and base. Dark blue
jacket with red piping and collar. Yellow metal buttons. Grey pants with red stripes on
the side and black leather fake boots”. There is, in addition a pencil note: “Barracks
on quai d’Orsay. Heavy cavalry saber. 1st squadron”.
This unit is indicated as the "Francs-tireurs Volunteers of the Rhône" in the Brécourt
and Louis volumes (plate #71). It served from October 22nd onwards as part of the
1st brigade of the Army of the Vosges (under general Bossack-Hauké). It had
through Belfort and Colmar in September. Under the able leadership pf Commander
Teinturier, a notary from Meursault, the unit distinguished itself in the fighting to
regain control of Dijon. A national guard from Lyon mentions that "Many of these
young soldiers were under the age of twenty and none had yet seen action". The
men were armed with modified percussion muskets, although the weapon shown
here seems unmodified. Unlike Boisselier, Brécourt indicated that the coat had a
double row of buttons. Boisselier also adds what seems to be a foot chasseurs belt.
Mieux vaut se rapporter, pour cette figure qui garde son mystère, à la pl. n° 332 de
Raffet, et aux explications qui l’accompagnent. Les effets sont en drap noir et non
gris, le pantalon ayant sur les côtés une seule bande en drap blanc. Le personnage
a, en fait, été vu à Besançon en janvier par Henri Bouchot, servant dans l’Armée de
l’Est et futur collègue de Raffet au Cabinet des Estampes de la Bibliothèque
Nationale. Marseille, Toulouse et Alger ont mis sur pied des unités dénommées
Francs-tireurs de la Mort, affectées à l’Armée des Vosges. Brécourt mentionne la
présence à Besançon en octobre 1870 de Francs-tireurs de la Mort de Toulouse,
mais ils y sont alors habillés en chasseurs à pied. Peut-être s’agit-il ici de la section
de 30 hommes des Francs-tireurs de la Mort d’Alger, adjointe à la 2 e Légion du
Rhône, présente à la bataille de Nuits dans les rangs de la division Cremer.
To try and understand this rather mysterious figure, the best is to look up plate # 332
by Raffet and its accompanying text. The clothing is made of black woolen cloth and
not gray and the pants have only one white band on its length. This man was
observed in Besançon in January by Henri Bouchot who was serving in the army of
the East and a future colleague of Raffet in the prints section of the French National
Library. The towns of Marseille, Toulouse and Algiers had all raised units named
“Death francs-tireurs” posted to the army of the Vosges. Brécourt indicates that the
Death Francs-Tireurs from Toulouse were in Besançon in October 1870, but their
dress was that of the foot chasseurs. So, this man might actually belong to the 30-
men section of the Franc-Tireurs from Algiers who were attechad to the 2 nd legion of
the Rhône and were at the battle of Nuits in the ranks of Cremer’s division.
Un personnage semblable figure dans Brécourt et Louis, mais avec une tunique à
deux rangées de six boutons (pl. n° 126). Brécourt, témoin oculaire, donne à l’unité
un effectif de 2 officiers et 67 hommes : « cette compagnie se trouvait à Falaise avec
le 19e corps. Fin janvier, début de février 1871, elle avait fait partie des troupes de
l’Eure. Les 14, 15, 16 et 17 novembre 1870, elle avait combattu à Ivry-la-Bataille et à
Marsilly », au Sud-Est d’Evreux. Le colonel Bujac (« Mobiles, Mobilisés, Corps francs
de la Gironde, Bordeaux », Pech, 1913) évoque de son côté deux compagnies de
100 hommes (capitaines Dous et Pontet), éprouvées à Marsilly et dont les débris, à
l’issue d’une marche de vingt-deux heures, se réunissent à Rouen aux Francs-tireurs
de Clermont-Ferrand. Un corps de 100 hommes également dénommé « Francs-
tireurs de la Gironde » a existé dans les armées de Paris.
A similar figure appears is shown by Brécourt and Louis. He has however a coat with
two rows of six buttons each (plate # 126). Brécourt, who was an eyewitness, states
that the unit had a strength of 2 officers and 67 men: "this company was in Falaise
with the 19th corps. In late January to early February of 1871, it was part of the
troops from the Eure. On November 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th, 1870, it had fought at
Ivry-la-Bataille and Marsilly “. To the south-east of Evreux. Colonel Bujac (« Mobiles,
Mobilisés, Corps francs de la Gironde, Bordeaux », Pech, 1913) mentions two
companies of 100 men each (Captains Dous and Pontet) which suffered casualties in
Marsilly and whose survivors, joined the Francs-Tireurs of Clermont-Ferrand in
Rouen, following a twenty-two hour journey on foot. Another unit of 100 men also
named " Gironde Francs-Tireurs" existed in the armies of Paris.
This man is featured by Raffet (Plate # 167) having been seen on March 11th, 1871.
Authorized on September 22nd, 1870, the corps of “Vendée Volunteers”, nucleus of
the "Cathelineau corps", was organized at the Château d'Amboise. Henri de
Cathelineau, its commander, was made a colonel and then an “auxiliary” brigadier.
Unlike what would one would expect, social diversity prevailed within the unit and
likewise for political opinions, republican or monarchist. With seven companies in
November, the unit operated around Orleans, in the Perche area between Le Mans
and Chartres and then south of Laval. Various sources confirm the uniform shown
here. According to Marcel Lescot who enlisted on October 15th "I will dress at my
expense: black pants and blouse with blue piping, a blue flannel belt, soft hat with
cockade and feather. War provides us with saber, bayonet and Chassepot gun; some
wear the Sacred Heart of Jesus as a badge. I chose my equipment with care
avoiding light fabrics and cardboard soles which our good father the State would
provide. My clothing had double seams; going through the leather washers I had
sticky thread which sewed such buttons; not one of them went missing. "
La tenue représentée par Brécourt (pl. n° 113) est plus simple que celle-ci, avec
tunique courte à une rangée de boutons blancs. Le bleu de ciel ne subsiste que sur
l’écharpe, arborée de l’épaule droite à la hanche gauche à la manière des aides de
camp de l’armée prussienne. Brécourt rajoute à son personnage le Sacré-Cœur de
Jésus sur la poitrine, également observé sur le gilet de certains Volontaires de
l’Ouest. Des bottes en cuir fauve très clair montant jusqu’à mi-cuisses peuvent être
retenues. Cathelineau tient en haute estime ses Eclaireurs à cheval, « tous anciens
chasseurs, parfaitement montés sur des chevaux de sang ». A la fin de novembre, il
en fait connaître les effectifs exacts au ministre : commandés par le capitaine Auguis,
ils ne sont que treize. « Ces messieurs, par les sacrifices d’armements qu’ils ont faits
à leurs frais, par la bravoure avec laquelle ils se sont mêlés aux lignes ennemies, ont
tous mérité que je les nomme officiers et sous-lieutenants ». De fait, Boisselier fait
figurer une étoile d’or au-dessus des parements, absente chez Brécourt.
The dress shown by Brécourt (plate # 113) is simpler than this one, with a short coat
with one row of white buttons. The only place where sky blue remains is for the scarf,
which is worn across from the right shoulder to the left hip just like Prussian army
ADCs do. Brécourt adds to his man the Sacred Heart of Jesus on his chest, which
can also be seen on the jackets worn by the “volontaires de l’Ouest”. Light tan leather
boots going up to mid-thighs are also a typical feature. Cathelineau held in high
esteem his mounted Scouts, "all former hunters, perfectly mounted on
thoroughbreds". At the end of November, he informed the Minister of their strength,
there were only thirteen under the command of Captain Auguis,. "These gentlemen,
through the sacrifice of arming themselves at their expense, through the bravery they
showed by penetrating into enemy lines, all deserved that I appoint them as officers
and junior lieutenants". Indeed, Boisselier shows a gold star just above the cuffs, not
shown in Brécourt.
This sergeant is based on plate #183 by Raffet, which shows a young soldier seen in
Paris on March 14th 1871. Boisselier oddly gives the looks of old soldiers to all his
figures, and gives them armament which Raffet does not show. The latter indeed
observed the soldiers present in Paris, who had by then been disarmed by virtue of
the armistice of February 28th (with the noteworthy exception of the Faron division
and the National Guard). The kepi had, says Raffet, a strip of red leather on the front
of its bottom band with "Algerian Phalanx" written in silver letters. According to
Brécourt (plate # 27), this unit was formed in Algiers in October 1870 and had 6
officers and approximately 75 men. Present in Autun on November 22nd 1870, it was
one of the unlisted troops in Garibaldi’s army. No actual detail of their service is
known.
The two squadrons of mounted scouts under commander de Pindray were organized
in August-September 1870 as part of the Volunteers of the Seine otherwise known as
"Lafon-Mocquard" Scouts or Franc-tireurs. The unit is therefore distinct from the
"Mounted Scouts of the Seine" commonly called "Franchetti’s Scouts". It had 220 to
250 men. The horses came from Parisian carriage rental companies. Gustave
Flourens asked on September 20th that the horses from the imperial hunting stables
be allocated to them. These squadrons ended up being independent from the
Volunteers of the Seine and organized themselves as the "1st regiment of Mounted
Scouts". Admiral de La Roncière-Le Noury credited the unit with a brilliant
reconnaissance carried out in Bondy on September 30 th 1870. Boisselier reproduces
here the uniform observed by Raffet on November 5th (plate #75), except that the
latter gives black as the color for the blouse, and a white leather sword knot.
Raffet (pl. n° 2) précise que « les officiers avaient le même costume que les soldats,
les insignes sur la manche, des étoiles d’or au collet ». Ces détails sont confirmés
par le remarquable « Journal d’un Capitaine de Francs-Tireurs » du lieutenant de
Belleval, second chef de la compagnie. Créée le 15 août 1870, elle compte dans ses
débuts 110 ouvriers de Neuilly-sur-Seine et Paris âgés de 17 à 53 ans. Après une
étape à Belfort, les francs-tireurs du capitaine Sageret perdent le tiers de leur effectif
au combat de La Bourgonce (6 octobre) où leur chef est mortellement blessé. Ils se
réorganisent à Besançon où ils prennent la veste, le pantalon et le képi des
chasseurs à pied, les galons des officiers étant en or. La carabine à tabatière est
remplacée par le Chassepot le 17 octobre. Les Francs-tireurs de Neuilly sont ensuite
rattachés à la 1re division du 24e corps de l’Armée de l’Est qui échoue en Suisse le 1 er
février.
Raffet (plate #2) indicates that "the officers had the same uniform as the men,
badges on the sleeves, and gold stars on the collar". These details are confirmed by
the remarkable "Journal of a Captain of Francs-Tireurs" by Lieutenant de Belleval,
second company commander. Created on August 15th, 1870, it had at its start 110
workers from Neuilly-sur-Seine and Paris aged 17 to 53. After a stop in Belfort,
Captain Sageret's Francs-Tireurs lost a third of their fighting force in La Bourgonce
(October 6th) where their commander was fatally wounded. They reorganized
themselves in Besançon where they adopted the coat, pants and kepi of chasseurs à
pied, officers rank stripes being gold. The modified percussion rifles were replaced by
Chassepots on October 17th. The Neuilly Francs-Tireurs were then attached to the
1st Division of the 24th Corps of the Army of the East which ended up in Switzerland
on February 1st.
The Sarthe Francs-Tireurs, with those from Gironde, Constantine (Algeria) and Saint-
Denis, were attached to the 16th corps of the Army of the Loire, under the Lipowski’s
command, who headed up the Paris Francs-Tireurs. Authorized on September 22nd
and organized in Le Mans, Count de Foudras’ unit, himself a former lieutenant in the
3rd dragoons, had 400 men by the end of October. The uniform was at first
completely that of the National Guard, in dark blue fabric with a green kepi band and
the same band along the pants (see Brécourt, plate #107). Present in the Maintenon
sector between Dreux and Chartres, the Francs-Tireurs staid in Terminiers (Eure-et-
Loire) not far from Loigny. They then were part of the retreat of the 2nd Army of the
Loire in the South-West of Orleans. The fight on December 9th in Saint-Dyé-sur-Loire
cost them 37 men. Present in Le Mans at the end of December, the Franc-Tireurs
were clothed anew with a brown corduroy uniform shown here (see Brécourt, plate
#108), and armed with Chassepots. The last shots were fired on January 22nd
between Forcé and Bazougers (Mayenne).
Célèbre entre tous, le corps est issu des Zouaves Pontificaux, dotés en 1860 d'une
tenue à l'orientale à l'initiative du commandant de Becdelièvre. L’unité du lieutenant-
colonel de Charette affectée au 17e corps de l’Armée de la Loire perd à Loigny (2
décembre) 96 tués et 122 blessés sur un total de 300 combattants. Après l’armistice,
le corps demeure à Rennes, alors que bien des Communards sont persuadés qu’il
les combat dans les rangs des Versaillais. Fait évidemment unique s’agissant des
francs-tireurs, il se verra proposer par Thiers d’intégrer les rangs de l’armée
régulière. En France, d’après Jacquemont, l’habillement est d’abord renouvelé au
moyen du « drap du Mans », étoffe gris clair de qualité médiocre dont le régiment a
fait usage avant le « drap de Nantes », plus semblable au drap gris bleu d’origine. La
même source précise qu’au 2e bataillon, beaucoup de soldats faute de vestes se
contentent « de leur capote », c’est-à-dire du caban représenté par Boisselier. Le
vêtement possède deux rangées de quatre boutons, et un capuchon doublé de drap
rouge.
Famous above all, the unit came had its origin as the Papal Zouaves, adopting an
oriental dress in 1860 by decision of commander de Becdelièvre. Lieutenant-Colonel
de Charette’s unit was assigned to the 17th Corps of the Army of the Loire suffer in
Loigny (December 2nd) 96 killed and 122 wounded out of a total of 300 men. After the
armistice, the unit remained in Rennes, while many Communards were convinced
that it was engaged against them in the ranks of the Versaillais forces. Obviously a
unique case for Francs-Tireurs, Thiers proposed that they join the ranks of the
regular army. In France, according to Jacquemont, the clothing was first renewed
"Mans cloth", a light gray fabric of poor quality which the regiment used before the
"Nantes cloth", closer to their original gray fabric. The same source indicates that in
the 2nd battalion, many soldiers for want of jackets just wore "their overcoat", that is
to say the thick seaman’s coat shown by Boisselier. The garment had two rows of
four buttons, and a hood lined with red fabric.
Cette formation aux états de service mouvementés est créée à Rennes par le
lieutenant de vaisseau Domalain dès le mois d’août 1870. La Légion bretonne
séjourne à Belfort et Mulhouse, prend part à la bataille de La Bourgonce dans les
Vosges (6 octobre). Le lieutenant Baulmont, commandant la 2 e compagnie, évoque
alors le surnom d’ « Hirondelles noires », donné à l’unité par les Allemands « à cause
de sa tenue sombre et du ruban formant éventail de son chapeau traditionnel ». A
Dôle où il ne compte pas moins de 1500 hommes, le corps n’accepte pas plus que
les Francs-tireurs de Neuilly d’être commandé par Garibaldi. Il choisit de gagner
l’Armée de la Loire, compte parmi les unités du corps Cathelineau. D’après ce
dernier, « cette Légion bretonne était formée de Bretons et de plusieurs compagnies
de Francs-tireurs du Midi, et d’une compagnie d’Américains ». La Légion se bat à
Beaune-la-Rolande (28 novembre), et connaît ensuite le desti ??? chef de bataillon
Nicolaï. Brécourt (pl. n° 76) attribue seulement 24 hommes à la 2 e compagnie à la
date du 1er décembre 1870 à Autun. « Dès le milieu de novembre, cette compagnie
fait partie de la 4e brigade de l’Armée des Vosges (Ricciotti Garibaldi). Prend part à la
n??? de l’Armée de l’Est dans les rangs du 15e corps jusqu’au passage en Suisse,
duquel le colonel Domalain parvient à soustraire une partie de ses hommes. Il
manque les » de fin de phrase. J'ignore à quel niveau de la phrase il faut les
placer
This unit with a troubled history was created in Rennes by lieutenant de Domalain as
early as August 1870. The Breton Legion staid in Belfort and Mulhouse, took part in
the battle of La Bourgonce in the Vosges (October 6th). Lieutenant Baulmont,
commanding the 2nd company, mentions the nickname of "black swallows", given to
by the Germans "because of its dark outfit and the loose ribbon of its traditional
headdress". In Dôle where there were no less than 1500 men, the body did not
accept any more than the Francs-Tireurs of Neuilly to come under Garibaldi’s
command. It chose to join the Army of the Loire, as of the units of Cathelineau’s
corps. According him, "this Breton Legion was made up of Bretons and several
companies of francs-tireurs from the South, and a company of Americans". The
Legion fought in Beaune-la-Rolande (November 28th), and then followed its battalion
commander, Nicolaï. Brécourt (plate #76) gives only 24 men for the 2nd company on
December 1st 1870 in Autun. "In mid-November, this company was part of the 4th
Vosges Army Brigade (Ricciotti Garibaldi). It was part of the 15th corps of the Army of
the East until its crossing into Switzerland, from which Colonel Domalain managed to
escape with part of his men.
Le 16 mars 1871, Raffet (pl. n° 193) observe ce personnage, sans armes, dans un
Paris s’apprêtant à connaître la Commune. L’uniforme n’est pas exactement
semblable à celui que représente Boisselier : « képi bleu foncé à bande et passepoils
rouges. Chemise de laine noire. Sur l’épaule, patte rouge sans passepoils avec une
étoile noire au centre. Ceinture de laine noire. Pantalon gris à bandes rouges.
Guêtres de chasse noires. Quel était ce corps ? ». Le collet de la blouse est en laine
noire et non rouge chez Raffet. Une très large part des planches de l’artiste concerne
des unités qu’il reconnaît ne pas avoir pu identifier, ce qui rend compte de
l’extraordinaire diversité de ce que le décret du 14 octobre 1870 nomme « l’armée
auxiliaire ». Le texte attribue cette appellation aux Mobiles, aux Mobilisés de la
Garde nationale, à la Légion étrangère et aux corps francs. Armée auxiliaire et
armée régulière « doivent être considérées comme les deux fractions d’un seul et
même tout : l’armée de la défense nationale », ajoute-t-il.
According to Martinien, there were four volunteer companies from the Doubs
commanded by captains Schmitt, Gros, Huot and Girod ("3rd company bis"). The unit
is not to be confused with the Scouts of the Doubs led by battalion commander
Nicolaï. Brécourt (plate #76) gives only 24 men to the 2nd company on December
1st, 1870 in Autun. "By mid-November, this company was part of the 4th Vosges
Army Brigade (Ricciotti Garibaldi). It took part in the raid on Châtillon on November
10th. Attributing to it this uniform is absolutely not certain. ". Brécourt gives his man a
hat as well as a coat with pointed cuffs. Originally from the 2nd company, volunteer
Huot, a former sergeant of hussars, organized in Besançon a 3rd company which
excelled in ambush warfare. "In fifteen days in Haute-Saône, in four encounters with
the enemy, killed or injured 44 men, took 22 Prussians prisoner, freed 115 French
prisoners," is what is written in the decree dated December 14th making him a knight
in the Legion of honor.
Boisselier glorifies somewhat his characters in his artwork, Raffet (plate #3) gives an
accurate image of this franc-tireur. The two battalions of this unit also known as the
“Paris-Châteaudun francs-tireurs” or Lipowski’s Francs-tireurs were reorganized
several times. The first such unit was formed in Paris by Commander Aronssohn, and
it went on to Melun. Captain Lipowski of the 7th company then took command of a
second unit, which he trained into an effective military unit (September 13th). Indeed
the defense of Châteaudun (October 10th) passed into history as a remarkable
military achievement. Lipkowski’s 1200 men, along with Francs-tireurs from Cannes
and Nantes, held up for ten hours the 6,000 men from the 22nd Prussian division
who had burnt part of the city. Issued from the 2nd company, Colonel La Cécilia, a
former teacher of Sanskrit in Naples and a future general of the Commune
insurrection, was its last commander as Lipowski, now a general was put in charge of
the 6th group of the Army of Brittany. Within the 2nd battalion (commander Thiérard),
the 8th company became independent under the name of Parisian Tirailleurs
(sharpshooters).
19) Franc-tireur de Luxeuil, 1re compagnie, Corps Bourras, Armée des Vosges.
La source de Boisselier est ici la planche n° 14 de Brécourt, ainsi qu’un des rares
uniformes de franc-tireur détenu par le Musée de l’Armée. La vareuse de toile brune
possède cependant des parements en pointe à passepoils noirs et un collet rabattu.
La « casquette américaine » est recouverte de toile vernie noire. Egalement
dénommée Francs-tireurs de Haute-Saône, cette compagnie de 48 hommes
commandée par le capitaine de Perpigna, futur maire de Luxeuil, est « composée de
fonctionnaires, de chasseurs, et admirablement armée » d’après Belleval (Journal
d’un capitaine de Francs-tireurs). Elle prouve ses qualités militaires dès le 23
septembre au combat de Pierre-Percée (Meurthe-et-Moselle) puis à Nuits le 30
novembre. Ex-capitaine du génie, le colonel Bourras est à la tête du Corps franc des
Vosges formé après le combat de la Bourgonce. Le corps finit par regrouper 16
compagnies de toutes origines, dont la 1re compagnie, celle de Luxeuil. En janvier, il
éclaire l’aile droite de l’armée Bourbaki et parvient à ne pas passer en Suisse.
Contrairement aux apparences, le corps est présent non en province mais dans la
capitale. Il est dépeint par Brécourt (pl. n° 156), et surtout Raffet (pl. n° 71) qui
l’observe le 4 novembre 1870 boulevard Montmartre : « képi bleu foncé à passepoils
rouges. Quelques-uns avaient au képi une bande rouge au lieu de la bande bleu
foncé. Cache-nez en laine amarante. Vareuse ou blouse grise avec pattes rouges
sur les épaules. Gants de tricot noir. La vareuse passée dans le pantalon ». Peu de
détails sont connus sur l’unité qui ne se confond pas avec les Volontaires de la
France de Cailloué. « Cinquante hommes armés du fusil américain composant le
Corps franc des Volontaires de la Mort sont logés rue de Courcelles dans l’hôtel de
la Princesse Mathilde », apprend Jules de Marthold le 11 octobre, ce que confirme
Le Figaro du 24. D’après Edmond Prioleau (« 1870-71, Souvenirs Vécus »), les
Volontaires comptent parmi les émeutiers du 31 octobre qui tentent un coup de force
à l’Hôtel de Ville. Bernard de Laroche, dans « Paris Héroïque », leur attribue aux
environs de Bondy la prise d’un convoi de vivres que les Allemands avaient capturé
à Sedan.
In contradiction with the title, this unit was not in the province but in the capital. It is
shown by Brécourt (plate #156), and more especially Raffet (plate # 71) who saw it
on November 4th 1870 on Boulevard Montmartre: "a dark blue kepi with red piping.
Some had a red band on the kepi instead of the dark blue band. Dark red woolen
scarf. Coat or gray blouse with red bands on the shoulders. Black knitted gloves. The
coat tucked into the pants ”. Few details are known about this unit which should not
be confused with the France Volunteers in Cailloué. "Fifty men armed with American
rifles form the volunteer corps of Death Volunteers which have taken up a home on
rue de Courcelles in Princess Mathilde’s mansion" is what Jules de Marthold wrote
on October 11th, which the newspaper Le Figaro confirmed on the 24th. According to
Edmond Prioleau ("1870-71, Souvenirs Vécus"), the Volunteers were among the
rioters on October 31st who attempted a coup at the Paris Town Hall. Bernard de
Laroche, in "Paris Heroïque" grants them the capture in the vicinity of Bondy of a
food convoy that the Germans had captured in Sedan.
21) Franc-tireur de Seine-et-Marne, novembre 1870, Armée de Paris .
Seen on November 25th by Raffet (plate #102): " Seine-et-Marne Franc-tireur later
Neuilly-sur-Seine Franc-Tireur". "Black American cap, black jacket tucked into the
pants, blue woolen belt, dark brown corduroy pants with brown sheen. English rifle
with a blackened barrel, saber-bayonet with a steel and horn grip ”. The weapon is
probably a Snider rifle. As for the name of "Chasseurs de Neuilly" also encountered,
it refers to Neuilly-sur-Marne and not to Neuilly-sur-Seine. Brécourt (plate #163)
indicates that the unit was created on September 1th by deputy Paul de Jouvencel
and commanded by captain Didion. It had 246 men split into two companies. Having
performed a reconnaissance on the Villejuif plateau on September 30th and fought
against the Bavarians in Vitry-sur-Seine at the end of November, "the unit was used
as soon as it had been trained, on the outposts of the Paris Army. It was disbanded
on January 18th, 1871 and M. de Jouvencel left Paris in a balloon. He was appointed
“colonel of the 2nd regiment of Mobiles of Seine-et-Marne in the province”.
This man from an anonymous unit was seen by Raffet on November 14th (plate #
90). He asked himself if this was a scout. Raffet has some fascinating opening notes
to his collection of plates recalling the circumstances in which he had compiled them.
"It seemed useful and interesting to keep the exact memory of the uniforms of these
different units. So I made a lot of sketches that I used as a base for the final work.
However, I had to restrain myself as in the National Guard in particular, each man
had his own outfit according to his mood, his habits, his means of existence and even
his opinions. I could not indicate the names of all the units I saw, because spirits
were so suspicious at that time, so excited, that on several occasions I was
threatened with being taken to the police station as a spy, having asked soldiers for
information about their unit ”...