RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

B.D. Pauli, J.A. Perrault and S.L. Money

National Wildlife Research Centre 2000 Canadian Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Branch

Technical Report Series Number 357

TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE

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RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature

B.D. Pauli, J.A. Perrault and S.L. Money

National Wildlife Research Centre Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada

Technical Report Series No. 357 Headquarters 2000 Canadian Wildlife Service

Issued under the Authority of the Minister of Environment Canadian Wildlife Service

Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2000 Catalogue No. CW69-5/357E-IN ISBN 0-662-29677-X

Copies may be obtained from: Canadian Wildlife Service National Wildlife Research Centre 100 Gamelin Blvd. Hull, Qubec, Canada K1A 0H3

This report may be cited as: Pauli, B.D., J.A. Perrault and S.L. Money. 2000. RATL: A Database of Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature. Technical Report Series No. 357. Canadian Wildlife Service, Headquarters, Hull, Qubec, Canada.

ABSTRACT
Many amphibian and reptile populations are presently in decline. As environmental contaminants have been implicated as a possible cause of some declines, there has been a great deal of interest in reptile and amphibian ecotoxicology. Data resulting from earlier published research on the effects of environmental contaminants on amphibians were tabulated and assessed in a Canadian Wildlife Service report published in 1989 (Harfenist A., T. Power, K.L. Clark and D.B. Peakall. 1989. A Review and Evaluation of the Amphibian Toxicological Literature. Technical Report Series No. 61. Canadian Wildlife Service, Headquarters). In the present document we attempt to bring this earlier report up to date by adding data from the more recent literature on amphibian ecotoxicology, and at the same time expand it by adding data on the effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles. As the project progressed, it became clear that making the information in the database electronically searchable might be beneficial to users of the database. Therefore, a graphical user interface (GUI) was added to the database to allow the user to perform custom searches and generate reports. The database can be searched in a number of ways, for instance, by contaminant group, common name, trade name or CAS number; by species, genus, or higher taxonomic group; by author; or by certain toxicological effects categories. Combined searches are also possible. The database and GUI will be available to be downloaded from a CWS website; please contact the authors for details. The RATL (Reptile and Amphibian Toxicology Literature) database contains data extracted from the primary literature for amphibian and reptile ecotoxicology studies published up to and including 1997; there are some data from studies published in 1998 and 1999. As of September, 2000, there was approximately 2000 references in the database. Citations were gathered through searches of various literature databases, but these searches concentrated on the environmental pollution literature with the result that our bibliography cannot be considered exhaustive. Thus the authors would be happy to hear about (even happier to receive copies of) publications and grey literature reports not included in our reference list. The user should also be aware that certain fields of research (e.g. effects of administration of pharmaceuticals or hormones) may not be well covered in the database. The information in this report has been organized into eight main tables categorized by the type of study which generated the data: 1) laboratory studies (except traditional acute toxicity studies), 2) field studies, 3) tissue residue studies, 4) acute toxicity studies, 5) studies examining the effect of pH changes, 6) FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay Xenopus) studies, 7) contaminant review papers, and 8) general publications dealing with amphibian and reptile population declines. While these tables provide summaries of the data, the purpose of RATL is to provide the user with the appropriate references to the primary amphibian and reptile ecotoxicology literature. In other words, because the data in RATL have
i

been extracted from primary sources, a process subject to interpretation and editing, it is recommended that the user consult the original reference before using the data presented in the RATL database. Although this CWS Technical Report is available as a static copy available from a CWS website, data and references will be added to the electronic copy of the database, and the GUI will be modified as a result of suggestions and feedback from users. Therefore, we consider the RATL database as under construction. Finally, this CWS Technical Report represents only a subset of the data provided in the electronic copy of the database which is available at the website mentioned above.

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PRFACE
De nombreuses populations damphibiens et de reptiles sont actuellement en dclin. Comme les contaminants de lenvironnement ont t identifis comme tant une cause possible de certains dclins, lintrt pour lcotoxicologie des reptiles et des amphibiens sest accru de beaucoup. Les donnes tires de recherches publies antrieurement concernant les effets des contaminants de lenvironnement sur les amphibiens ont t mises en tableaux et values dans un rapport du Service canadien de la faune publi en 1989 (Harfenist A., T. Power, K.L. Clark et D.B. Peakall. 1989. A Review and Evaluation of the Amphibian Toxicological Literature, Srie de rapports techniques no 61, Service canadien de la faune, Administration centrale). Le prsent document a pour but de faire une mise jour du rapport prcdent en y ajoutant des donnes tires de documents plus rcents sur lcotoxicologie des amphibiens et, en mme temps, den accrotre la porte en y ajoutant aussi des donnes sur les effets des contaminants de lenvironnement sur les reptiles. mesure que le projet avanait, il est devenu clair que rendre la base de donnes consultable lectroniquement serait peut-tre avantageux pour les utilisateurs. Une interface GUI a donc t ajoute la base de donnes afin de permettre aux utilisateurs deffectuer des recherches personnalises et de produire des rapports. Il y a un certain nombre de faons dexcuter une recherche dans la base de donnes, par exemple, par groupes de contaminants, par noms communs ou de commerce ou par numro de registre CAS; par espce, par genre ou par niveau taxinomique plus lev; par auteur ou par certaines catgories deffets toxicologiques. Il est aussi possible deffectuer des recherches combines. Il sera possible de tlcharger la base de donnes et linterface GUI partir dun site Web du Service canadien de la faune. Veuillez communiquer avec les auteurs pour obtenir plus de renseignements. La Base de donnes bibliographiques sur la toxicologie lie aux reptiles et aux amphibiens (la base RATL) contient des donnes tires dtudes pralables sur lcotoxicologie des amphibiens et des reptiles qui ont t publies jusquen 1997 inclusivement; il y a aussi certaines donnes tires dtudes publies en 1998 et en 1999. Depuis septembre 2000, il y a prs de 2000 rfrences dans la base de donnes. Des citations ont t recueillies lors de recherches dans diverses bases de donnes, mais ces recherches taient concentres sur des textes traitant de la pollution de lenvironnement; notre bibliographie nest donc pas exhaustive. Par consquent, les auteurs seraient heureux dentendre parler de publications ou de rapports de littrature grise qui ne sont pas inscrits notre liste de rfrences, et encore plus heureux de recevoir des exemplaires. Il faut aussi que les utilisateurs sachent que certains domaines de recherche (p. ex. les effets de ladministration de produits pharmaceutiques ou dhormones) peuvent ne pas tre traits en profondeur dans la base de donnes. Dans le prsent rapport, linformation a t organise en huit principaux tableaux et classifie par le type dtude dans laquelle des donnes ont t trouves : 1) les tudes de laboratoires (sauf les tudes traditionnelles sur la toxicit aigu); 2) les tudes sur le terrain; 3) les tudes sur les rsidus de tissus, 4) les tudes sur la toxicit aigu; 5) les tudes qui examinent
iii

les effets des changements du pH; 6) les tudes FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay - Xenopus); 7) les articles de synthse sur les contaminants; 8) les publications gnrales sur les populations damphibiens et de reptiles en dclin. Alors que ces tableaux donnent un rsum des donnes, le but de la base RATL est de fournir aux utilisateurs les rfrences pertinentes aux documents de fond sur les amphibiens et les reptiles. Autrement dit, parce que les donnes dans la base RATL ont t tires de sources primaires, une dmarche sujette linterprtation et la rvision, nous recommandons aux utilisateurs de consulter la rfrence originale avant dutiliser les donnes prsentes dans la base de donnes de la base RATL. Mme si ce rapport technique du SCF est disponible en format statique sur un site Web du SCF, des donnes et des rfrences seront ajoutes au format lectronique de la base de donnes, et linterface GUI sera modifie suite aux suggestions et aux ractions des utilisateurs. Nous considrons donc que la base de donnes RATL est en construction . Enfin, le prsent rapport technique du SCF ne prsente quun sous-ensemble des donnes qui sont accessibles dans le format lectronique de la base de donnes du site Web prcit.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract......i Prface...iii Table of Contents......v Acknowledgements...... vi List of Tables...vii List of [Link] Introduction1 Tables Notes for Tables References Appendices (1 page) (68 pages)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge Jean-Franois Belanger and Sanjeev Singla of Singla Consultants for their contributions to this project. We owe David Ward and Sara Lancaster a special debt of gratitude for their initial contributions to the design of the database and interface, and special thanks to Sara for her many hours spent in data entry.

vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Contaminant residues measured in field samples of reptiles and amphibians. (75 pages) Table 2: Field studies not including residue values. (33 pages) Table 3: Acute toxicity values from laboratory studies. (29 pages) Table 4: Laboratory studies not including acute toxicity data. (58 pages) Table 5: FETAX study data. [FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) is a standardized methodology for developmental toxicity assays that uses embryos of South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis)]. (18 pages) Table 6: pH study data. (Studies that alter acidification under laboratory or field conditions including the combined effects of pH and various contaminants). (32 pages) Table 7: Reviews of primary literature on contaminant effects in amphibians and reptiles. (3 pages) Table 8: Primary literature or reviews that examine possible causes for amphibian and/or reptile populations declines with no direct contaminant exposure. (2 pages)

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1a: Species codes in alphabetical order grouped by Class (amphibian or reptile) with corresponding scientific name, common name and Order. (13 pages) Appendix 1b: Species names in alphabetical order grouped by Class with corresponding scientific name, species code and Order. (13 pages) Appendix 1c: Species scientific names in alphabetical order grouped by Class with corresponding common name, species code and Order. (13 pages) Appendix 2a: Contaminant codes found in Tables 1 through 6, with corresponding contaminant name, CAS number, trade name (where available) and other classifying information. (21 pages) Appendix 2b: Contaminants sorted by contaminant type with corresponding contaminant name, CAS number and trade name where available. (19 pages) Appendix 3: Province, State or Country Name corresponding to Codes in Table 1. (1 page) Appendix 4: Descriptions of exposure route codes used in Tables 2, 3 and 4. (1 page) Appendix 5: Descriptions of study endpoint codes used in Tables 2, 4 and 6. (1 page) Appendix 6a: RATL Glossary of Abbreviations and Units. (2 pages) Appendix 6b: RATL relevant biological and toxicological terms and study classification terms. (4 pages)

viii

INTRODUCTION
Why is there a need for studies in amphibian and reptile ecotoxicology?
A worldwide decline in amphibian and reptile populations has caused great concern in the scientific community. As environmental contaminants have been implicated as a possible cause of some declines, there has been a substantial increase in the amount of amphibian and reptile ecotoxicology research conducted over the last decade. In addition, amphibians and reptiles are considered to be good indicators of general environmental health. Reptiles are long-lived, sedentary beings and therefore may be good biomonitors of their local environment. Amphibians typically have both terrestrial and aquatic life stages and may be susceptible to the effects of environmental contaminants.

Background
In 1989 the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) published a report in the CWS Technical Report Series which reviewed the available literature concerning the effects of environmental contaminants on amphibians (Harfenist A., T. Power, K.L. Clark and D.B. Peakall. 1989. A Review and Evaluation of the Amphibian Toxicological Literature. Technical Report Series No. 61. Canadian Wildlife Service, Headquarters). Harfenist et al. (1989) divided their report into data tables containing field data, laboratory data, acute toxicity data, and tissue residue data. The tables were organized by contaminant. The tables summarized the conditions of the study and some of the effects or results that were presented in the original publication. The report also provided a review of principal contaminants and contaminant classes and described short and long term effects, residues and mechanisms of toxicity for each. Contaminant classes that were discussed include insecticides (organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids), herbicides and fungicides, bactericides, lampricides, various other organics, metals, radioactive isotopes, and other more generally classified stressors such as industrial effluents, water quality and pH. The Harfenist et al. report was found to be highly useful and was very popular. Nevertheless, it became clear that an updated version of the information, available as an electronic, searchable database, might be of some benefit to the scientific community. Therefore, to meet a growing interest in reptile and amphibian ecotoxicology, we decided to compile a new version of the Harfenist et al. report which would include updated information on amphibian ecotoxicology and include ecotoxicological data on reptiles. We attempted to obtain as much primary literature as we could on these subjects, as well as literature concerning the effects of other environmental stressors. Examples of the latter might be increases in temperature or effects of exposure to non-traditional environmental contaminants (such as pharmaceutical products that may be contained in waste streams). In the process, we developed a database we called the Reptile and Amphibian Toxicological Literature (RATL) database and made the database interactively searchable using a graphical user interface. The graphical user interface allows the user to perform custom searches and generate reports. For instance, searches can be made by: contaminant group, common name, trade name or CAS number; by species, genus, or higher taxonomic group; by author; or by certain toxicological effects categories. Combined searches are also possible. Finally, a decision was made to make the database and

interface software available to anyone who wanted to download it from a site on the World Wide Web.

The RATL database

The RATL database allows searches of the worldwide (but mostly English-language) literature concerning reptile and amphibian ecotoxicology. It allows the user to find published information on the effects of environmental contaminants on these animals, and, possibly more importantly, can help identify gaps in this literature and aid in the determination of relevant areas of future study. The RATL database contains data extracted from the primary literature for amphibian and reptile ecotoxicology studies published up to and including 1997. Many citations from 1998 have had their data entered and some data for 1999 are also included. We hope that the database will be updated regularly with new publications in the field. Currently, there are approximately 2000 references in the database. The data extracted from the RATL references were classified based on three categories: species, contaminant and lifestage. One study (as defined for entry into the RATL database) was considered to have one unique species, contaminant and lifestage. This means that one reference (one citation) may contribute multiple studies to the RATL database if, for example, the effect of a specific contaminant was studied on a variety of species and/or lifestages (one lifestage, one contaminant, and one species = one study). At present, the RATL database contains approximately 6200 contaminant-related studies, divided almost equally between reptiles and amphibians. Approximately 650 different species are listed in the database and 380 species have contaminant data for them. At present, 72% of the species with contaminant data are amphibians. The database contains information from as early as 1926 and represents studies from 48 different countries. Of the field studies where country was reported, 60% were done in the United States while 17% of the sites were in Canada (74% in Ontario, 16% in Quebec, 5% in British Columbia). Approximately 1300 of the studies contain tissue residue concentrations, 65% of which pertain to reptiles. Approximately 700 studies contain acute toxicology data, almost all of which pertain to amphibians. There are 820 different contaminants listed in the database. Of the classes of contaminants studied, pesticides account for the majority of studies (43%) and insecticides account for 57% of the studies conducted with pesticides. The RATL database also includes studies on metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), radiation studies and altered acidity studies, amongst others. Available in association with the electronic version of the database is the introduction and data evaluation from the original 1989 Harfenist et al. report. We have not conducted a similar evaluation of the newer literature. Finally, some studies that are not directly related to contaminant exposure were also included in the database but their data was not entered in a comprehensive manner.

Limitations of RATL
The RATL database is intended as a tool to search for data contained in the published literature. It was not possible to extract and enter all relevant or pertinent data from the original papers and the primary source should be consulted for full details on methodology, specific toxicological effects, and authors conclusions. Further, although the information in RATL was extracted from the primary sources as accurately as possible, it might be considered an interpretation of the text and data provided in the papers, and should therefore be used with caution. In addition, study endpoints and exposure routes were generally assigned using standardized classification terms (these can be found in Appendix 6); sometimes these were not specifically reported in the paper. In effect, the level of detail reported in the RATL database does not reflect the amount of information provided in the original primary source. For these reasons, it is highly recommended that the user obtain the original reference before using the data presented in this report or obtained from the RATL database.

Data entry in the RATL database

Data extraction methods, interpretation of studies and RATL data entry methods changed over time and also varied between data entry personnel. The initial data extraction process was far more intensive than it was for studies entered later. Eventually, standardized codes were employed so that data entry would be more consistent and the level and kinds of detail reported were similar between papers and data entry personnel. As a result, users may notice some difference in the level of detail entered for some studies

Purpose and scope of this report

The purpose of this report is to provide a map or a guideline to the primary published amphibian and reptile English-language ecotoxicology literature. This report represents a subset of the detail provided in the electronic version of the RATL database. The information in this report has been organized into eight main tables separated by the type of study which generated the data: 1) laboratory studies, 2) field studies, 3) tissue residue studies, 4) acute toxicity studies, 5) studies examining the effect of pH changes, 6) FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay - Xenopus) studies, 7) contaminant review papers, and 8) general publications dealing with amphibian and reptile population declines. Tables 1 to 6 include certain information that has been coded or given acronyms; this coded information is detailed in the Appendices following the tables.

Future plans for RATL

A further component of this project is to analyse the collected information in terms of the comparative toxicity of compounds or classes of compounds to amphibians in relation to other aquatic organisms. As RATL is still a work in progress, comments and suggestions on how the RATL database could be made more useful are welcome and should be submitted to the authors.

Table 1: Contaminant residues measured in field samples of reptiles and amphibians

Contaminant 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T acephate
a Species Lifestage c d Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle ND ND-2

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Code APSE adult TRSC adult BUXX adult

TX, USA TX, USA ME, USA

1977 1977 1977

ND ND-252 ND-222 ppb in tissues 1 d following the appl. 30 d postspray= ND brain= ND ND-222 ppb in tissues 1 d following the appl. 30 d postspray= ND kidney>liver~= skin> muscle~= stomach> ovary (F) Range of site means; g/g dw ovary: Range of Means= 1.08171 mg/kg

ND ND-245

ND ND-13

ND-18

Harris 1978 Harris 1978 Sassaman 1978

acephate acephate

CHMY juvenile RAXX adult

HI, USA ME, USA

< 1994 1977

ND

ND

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Sassaman 1978

Ag Ag Ag

BOBO adult BUJU adult RAES adult

Hungary Malaysia Hungary

< 1997 1990 < 1997

0.57-2.50 Range of Means= 1.08-171 mg/kg Range of Means= 081.6 mg/kg 3.0 7691601.7 1984: L. Okeechobee 1.5, L. Griffin= 2.0, L. Apopka= 1.3. 3.5- 6.3 g/g 12.2 Range= 1.0-5.0 25.8 120-133

Puky and Oertel 1997 Lee and Stuebing 1990 Puky and Oertel 1997

Ag

RAES egg

Hungary

< 1997

Puky and Oertel 1997

Al Al Al

ACJA adult AGSS adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1984-85

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Heinz et al. 1991

ALMI egg

Al Al Al Al

CACA egg CHMY adult CHMY juvenile CHXX adult

FL, USA

1977

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 Papua New 1980-81 Guinea

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Yoshinaga et al. 1992

Table 1- Field Residues - 2

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Al

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1980

shell= 52.36 g/g; yolk/alb= 10.86 g/g 4.1 thigh= 5.0 11.1 g/g ww 6.1 ND ND ND ND ND

Stoneburner 1984

Al Al Al aldicarb aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aminocarb

CRPO adult RAPR adult VAXX adult CHMY juvenile AMBA egg BUAM adult BUAM tadpole CHMY CRNO CRPO KIFL juvenile egg egg adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MT, USA < 1991 g/g ww Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND Australia 1970-71 MO, USA 1965-67 Aldrin= 0.03; dieldrin=1.37; DDD, DDE, DDT= 0.13 MO, USA 1965-67 Dieldrin=4.60; DDD, DDE, DDT= 0.07 in 10gww HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 TX, USA 1974 carcass Australia Australia LA, USA LA, USA Australia Spain Australia Australia TX, USA Australia Australia PQ, CAN 1970-71 1970-71 1977-79 1977-79 embryo= ND-0.13 ppm 1970-71 1983 1970-71 1970-71 1968-71 1970-71 1970-71 1984 stage 25- 31 up to 1 d postspray= 0.25- 0.128; 3 d postspray= 0.022- 0.026; 14 d postspray < 0.005

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Linder et al. 1991 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Best 1973 Korschgen 1970 Korschgen 1970
k k

ND

ND ND ND 4 ND ND ND-0.02

ND

ND

LIOL egg MOSV egg NERH adult NERH embryo PSAU egg RAPE egg STMO egg SUSU egg TRSC adult VAGI egg VAGO egg BUAM larvae

ND-0.01 ppm

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Best 1973 Best 1973 Flickinger and Mulhern 1980 Best 1973 Best 1973 Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Best 1973 Hernandez et al. 1987 Best 1973 Best 1973 Flickinger and King 1972 Best 1973 Best 1973 Mamarbachi et al. 1987
k

ND-0.05 ND ND ND 0.2 4.8 ND ND

Table 1- Field Residues - 3

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

aminocarb

RASY larvae

PQ, CAN

1984

0.25 d post-spray stage 31-32 larvae= 0.022; 12 d post-spray stage 29-37 larvae < 0.005 1984: ND ND ND ND ND

Mamarbachi et al. 1987

k

Ar Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1260 As

ALMI CHMY NECY NEMA

egg juvenile embryo adult

FL, USA HI, USA LA, USA ON, CAN LA, USA FL, USA

NERH embryo CACA egg CHMY juvenile NEMA adult ACCR tadpole

1984-85 < 1994 brain= ND 1977-79 embryo= 1.33 ppm 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.6128.5 ppm 1977-79 embryo= 0.8- 1.28 ppm 1976

Heinz et al. 1991 Aguirre et al. 1994 Sabourin et al. 1984 Gendron et al. 1997 Sabourin et al. 1984 Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Aguirre et al. 1994 Gendron et al. 1997 Clark et al. 1998

HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.148.5 ppm TX, USA 1994

0.0320.201 ND

ND

ND

ND

Mean= 6.70; Range= 4.32- 9.52 Range= 0.9-6.4 0.58 0.11

As As

CHMY juvenile DECO adult

HI, USA Ireland

< 1994 1988 1.28 0.18 0.21 0.07 (pectoral )

Aguirre et al. 1994 Davenport and Wrench 1990 Clark et al. 1998 Rowe et al. 1996

As As

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

TX, USA SC, USA

1994 carcass= 0.41 (n=1) 1995-96

As As As

RACL tadpole RAPR adult RASP tadpole

TX, USA

1994 g/g ww carcass= 0.32 (n=1)

Mean for ash site= 48.9; Mean for ref site= 2.5 dw Range= 0.56- 5.47 thigh= ND ND Mean= 0.54; Range= 0.33- 0.82

Clark et al. 1998 Linder et al. 1991 Clark et al. 1998

MT, USA < 1991 TX, USA 1994

atrazine

RACA tadpole

KS, USA

1973-74 atrazine: 0.235- 0.309 2- 85 d post-spray; carbofuran: ND when applied at 0.025 ppm with atrazine= 0.3 ppm

Klassen and Kadoum 1979

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 4

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

atrazine

atrazine

azinphosmethyl azinphosmethyl azinphosmethyl Ba Ba Ba

RACL adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 orchard 1 at 0.051-0.081 g/L; young of orchard 2 0.063 -15.0 g/L; the year orchard 3 0.063- 0.13 g/L; orchard 4 0.055- 0.11 g/L and at orchard sites from 0.039- 0.2 g/L RAPI adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 0.07 g/L in pond water at young of orchard 1; 0.37 g/L at orchard 2; the year 0.08 g/L at orchard 3; 0.07g/L at orchard 4 CHMY juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND RACL adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 at orchard 1 only at 1.0 g/L young of the year RAPI adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 ND at all of the orchard sites young of the year AGSS adult Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw CHMY juvenile RACA tadpole HI, USA SC, USA < 1994 1995-96 Mean (ash site)= 211.5; Mean (ref site)= 81.2 dw 1984: ND ND

Harris et al. 1998

Harris et al. 1998

ND

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Harris et al. 1998

Harris et al. 1998

49.76122.88

13-22.77 Range= 0.58-0.83

Loumbourdis 1997 Aguirre et al. 1994 Rowe et al. 1996

Be bendiocarb benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride

ALMI egg CHMY juvenile ALMI adult CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX egg NECY adult

FL, USA HI, USA FL, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA LA, USA

1984-85 < 1994 brain= ND 1985 tail muscle 1965 1965 1965 1965 1977-79 gravid female

ND 0.01-0.04 (tail) 0-2.0 2.3 1.1

ND

ND

Heinz et al. 1991 Aguirre et al. 1994 Delany et al. 1988 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Sabourin et al. 1984

11.6 ND0.1ppm

Table 1- Field Residues - 5

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

benzene hydrochloride benzene hydrochloride BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC

NECY embryo NERH adult AMBA egg CHMY juvenile CHPI various CHSE adult CHSE egg

LA, USA LA, USA

1977-79 embryo= 0.64 ppm 1977-79 ND 1.47 (n=7) ND ND

Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Best 1973 Aguirre et al. 1994 Campbell 1975 de Solla et al. 1998 Bishop et al. 1991

BHC BHC

CHSE egg CHSE egg

BHC

CHSE egg

BHC

CNXX adult

BHC BHC BHC

CRNO egg CRPO egg CRVI adult

Australia 1970-71 HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); ND- 0.06 ON, CAN 1995 Range of Means in blood= ND-0.4 ng/g ww (M) ON, CAN 1986-89 1986-87: 0.1-17; 1988-89: 0.7-25 ng/g ww ON, CAN 1981-91 0.0030.35 ON, PQ, 1989-90 Range= CAN; NY, 0.4-17.2 USA ng/g ww ON, CAN 1981, 84 Range= ND-0.13 mg/kg. L. St. Clair 0.13 mg/kg; Loon Island 0.043 mg/kg; <0.001 at Algonquin Park TX, USA 1965 brain=0-0.4; Range of Mean 5.6 0.8-1.1 values for 3 sites and 3 mos and 5-6 animals per site/mo Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 CO, USA 1971

ND

ND

Bishop et al. 1996 Bonin et al. 1995

Struger et al. 1993

0-1.5 ppm 0-11.5

0-2.0 ppm 0-1.1 ppm

Culley and Applegate 1967 Best 1973 Best 1973 Bauerle et al. 1975

ND ND alpha and beta BHC =< 0.010.01 ppm

Table 1- Field Residues - 6

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC

GRGE various LIOL egg LIPG adult LITA adult MOSV egg NECY adult NECY embryo NEMA adult

ON, CAN < 1975 Australia India Australia Australia LA, USA 1970-71 1991 1972 1970-71 1977-79

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); < 0.01 ND 0.01-0.02 ng/g ww 0.007 mg/kg ww ND <0.010.07 ppm pooled= 0.2-4.3 ng/g ww

Campbell 1975 Best 1973 Ramesh et al. 1992 Birks and Olsen 1987 Best 1973 Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Bonin et al. 1995

LA, USA 1977-79 embryo= 0.14 ppm ON, CAN 1988, 90

BHC BHC BHC

NEMA adult NERH adult NERH embryo

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.0020.015 ppm LA, USA 1977-79 LA, USA 1977-79 0.04-0.27 ppm (Belle Helene> Thomas Point)

Gendron et al. 1997 0.02-0.20 ppm 0.2-1.72 ppm ND-0.01 0.01-0.03 ppm Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984

BHC

PICA

adult

CO, USA

1971

BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC BHC

PSAU egg RACA adult RACL adult RACL adult RASP STMO SUSU VAGI VAGO adult egg egg egg egg

Australia LA, USA LA, USA

1970-71 1980 ND 1980 ND Range= 0.08-0.49 ND

beta BHC= 0.013 ppm ND-0.22

Bauerle et al. 1975

Best 1973 Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Russell et al. 1997 Niethammer et al.
k k

ON, CAN <1997 LA, USA Australia Australia Australia Australia 1980 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71

0.02 ND ND ND-0.02

1984 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973

Table 1- Field Residues - 7

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 0.03-0.31 ng/g ww Mean= 0.56-2.45 (alphabeta); Range= ND-3.60

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

BHC BHC

VAXX adult XXFR adult

India Greece

1987 1992-93

Ramesh et al. 1992 Albanis et al. 1996

bromocyclen carbaryl carbofuran carbofuran carbophenothion Cd Cd Cd Cd

PYMB adult CHMY CHMY THSI CHMY AGSS juvenile juvenile adult juvenile adult

UK HI, USA HI, USA VA, USA HI, USA Greece FL, USA FL, USA Hungary

~1983 < 1994 < 1994 1991 < 1994 < 1997 1985

heart: 12 g/g; brain: 2.3 g/g; stomach: 17 g/g brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND carcass; ppm dw tail muscle

4670 g/g 3.8 g/g ND ND ND 1.01-1.36 0.01-0.06 (tail) 1984: ND ND ND ND

169 g/g ND ND ND 9.8727.18

34 g/g ND ND ND

Quick 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Stinson et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Loumbourdis 1997 Delany et al. 1988 Heinz et al. 1991 Puky and Oertel 1997

ALMI adult ALMI egg BOBO adult

Cd

BUAM adult

PA, USA

1984-85 < 1997 kidney>skin> liver>stomach~=muscle>ovary (F) 1979

Range= 0.9-2.1 mg/kg dw 0.45-3.08 Range= 1.0-1.6 mg/kg dw 0.15- 4 Mean= 0.062, Range= 0.0410.117

Beyer et al. 1985

Cd Cd

BUJU adult BUW O adult

Malaysia PA, USA

1990 1979

Range of site means; g/g dw

Lee and Stuebing 1990 Beyer et al. 1985

k

Cd Cd

BUXX adult CACA adult

MD, USA < 1984 Japan 1990-91

0.08- 0.13 1.9 Mean= 9.29, Range= 5.66-14.6, Mean= 39.4, Range= 18.1-56.5

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Sakai et al. 1995

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 8

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cd

CACA egg

GA, USA

< 1974

Cd

CACA egg

Japan

1990-91

Cd Cd

CACA egg CHMY adult

FL, USA Japan

1977 1990-91

Mean= 0.17 (yolk); 0.56 (alb) ppm Mean= 14.7, Range= 13.2-16.5 0.2- 0.19 g/g Mean= 9.3, Range= 0.39-26.0 Range= 0.39-26.0 0.06-0.10 for all sites Mean= 26, Range= 4.72-70.2

Hillestad et al. 1974

Sakai et al. 1995

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Sakai et al. 1995

Cd Cd

CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

HI, USA NJ, USA

< 1994 1981-82

Aguirre et al. 1994 0.07 (M), Albers et al. 1986 0.07 (F) from Control, 0.24 (M), 0.3 (F) from brackish water, 0.09 (M) from fresh water Helwig and Hora 1983

Cd

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

Cd

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

Red Meat: 0.0020.025 Mean= 0.01 mg/kg Range= 0.0020.025 mg/kg shell= 1.36 g/g; yolk/alb= 0.13 g/g

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 1982 Stoneburner 1984

Cd

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1980

Table 1- Field Residues - 9

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cd

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1981-82

< 0.030.168 mg/kg dw <0.01 0.06 0.22 0.01 0.02 (pectoral ) 0.06 0.22

Phelps et al. 1986

Cd

DECO adult

Ireland

1988

Davenport and Wrench 1990 Sakai et al. 1995 Vazquez et al. 1997 Storm et al. 1994 Burger 1992 Beyer et al. 1985
k

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

DECO adult Japan DECO egg shells Mexico NOVI adult PA, USA PIME hatchling NJ, USA PLCI adult PA, USA

1990-91 1992-93 1987 1985-90 skin= 115 28 1979

1.04 mg/kg max= 1.8 115 20 Range= 1.1-2.6 mg/kg dw Range of Means= 0.4- 1.6 Range= 0.9-1.0 mg/kg dw 0.16- 0.24

Cd

PLCI

adult

PA, USA

1987

Storm et al. 1994

Cd

PLGL adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Cd Cd Cd

RACA adult RACA adult RACA tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 MO, USA 1981-82 0.26- 0.31 SC, USA 1995-96

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Niethammer et al. Mean for ash site= 1.71; Mean for ref site= 0.15 dw 1985 Rowe et al. 1996
k k

Cd Cd

RACL adult RACL tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 PA, USA 1987

0.10- 0.19 Range of Means= 0.3-1.5 ovary: Range of Means = 13.5237 mg/kg (F) Range of Means= 0.11-69.6 mg/kg

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Storm et al. 1994

k

Cd Cd

RAES adult RAES egg

Hungary Hungary

< 1997 < 1997

Puky and Oertel 1997 Puky and Oertel 1997

Table 1- Field Residues - 10

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cd Cd Cd

RAPE adult RAPR adult RASY adult

Spain

1984-86 g/g ww Range= 1.1-2.3 mg/kg dw 0.10- 0.36 Contents= 67, Shell= 13 ppb dw small intestine (F): Range = ND0.19 pooled results

0.08- 0.19 thigh= ND 0.5 g/g ww

MT, USA < 1991 PA, USA 1979

Rico et al. 1987 Linder et al. 1991 Beyer et al. 1985

k

Cd Cd

RAXX adult TRSC egg

MD, USA < 1984 SC, USA 1996

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Burger and Gibbons 1998 9.87 (high) Robinson and Wells 1975 Dmowski and Karolewski 1979
k k

Cd Cd

TRSP

adult

TN, USA Poland

< 1975 1975

Cd chlordane chlordane chlordane chlordane

TRVU, adult RAES, RATE, PEFU and BUVI XXXA tadpole CACA egg CHSE adult CHSE adult CHSE egg

7.9-10.7 ppm dw (control 0.70)

MO, USA 1972 FL, USA 1976 blood: Range of Means = 0.2-7.0 ng/g ww blood: Range of Means = ND-0.8 ng/g ww (M) 1986-87: <0.01112; 1988-89 <0.01-112 ng/g ww Range was ND- 0.06 mg/Kg. ND at Alqonquin Provincial Park. ND-0.017

1.4- 3.0 g/g dw

Gale et al. 1973

ON, CAN 1995 ON, CAN 1995 ON, CAN 1986-89

Clark and Krynitsky 1980 de Solla et al. 1998 de Solla et al. 1998 Bishop et al. 1991

chlordane

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981, 84

Struger et al. 1993

Table 1- Field Residues - 11

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

chlordane

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981, 84

chlordane chlordane chlordane

CRAC egg CRAC egg LEKE juvenile

FL, USA FL, USA NY, USA

1979 1979 1980-89

Range was ND-0.11 mg/kg (Hamilton Harbour). Detected in 2 samples at Algonquin Park. ND-0.07 ND-0.01 Range of Means= 2.26-5.30 Geometric Mean= 0.02 Range of Means= ND-4.87

Struger et al. 1993

Hall et al. 1979 Hall et al. 1979 L. et al. 1994

chlordane chlordane chlordane

NELE adult NEMA adult TATO adult

NC, USA

< 1985

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.00210.204 ppm BC, CAN 1980

Hall et al. 1985 Gendron et al. 1997 1036 d postspray= 0.011; 14 d postspray = ND Range= 0.1-62.4 ng/g ww pooled= 0.6-13.9 ng/g ww Albright et al. 1980
k

chlordane (cischlordane) chlordane (cischlordane)

CHSE egg

NEMA adult

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

Bonin et al. 1995

Table 1- Field Residues - 12

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

chlordane (cis)

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

1984: L. Okeechobee ND, L. Griffin= ND, L. Apopka= 0.09. 1985: L. Griffin= 0.03, L. Apopka= 0.06 ND (M/F) control, ND (M), 0.12 (F) brackish water, ND (M) fresh water 0.08 (M), 0.04 (F) control, ND (male & (F) brackish water, ND (M) fresh water 0.08 (SE= 0.038) ND 1985: L. Griffin= 0.03, L. Apopka= 0.03 ND ND ND

Heinz et al. 1991

chlordane (cis)

CHSE adult

NJ, USA

1981-89 3% detection

Albers et al. 1986

chlordane (cis)

CHSE adult

NJ, USA

1981-91 9% detection

Albers et al. 1986

chlordane (cis)

PSCR adult

ON, CAN 1983 HI, USA FL, USA < 1994 1984-85

g/kg ww brain= ND

Russell et al. 1995 Aguirre et al. 1994 Heinz et al. 1991

chlordane (oxy, CHMY juvenile cis and trans) chlordane ALMI egg (oxychlordane)

Table 1- Field Residues - 13

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

chlordane CHSE adult (oxychlordane)

NJ, USA

1981-90 88% detection

2.0 (M), 1.53 (F) control, 9.33 (M), 2.12 (F) brackish water, 1.3 (M) fresh water Range= 2.8-101.5 ng/g ww Range= 0.2-4.7 ng/g ww

Albers et al. 1986

chlordane CHSE egg (oxychlordane) chlordane CHSE egg (oxychlordane) chlordane (oxychlordane) chlordane (oxychlordane) chlordane (transchlordane) chlordane (transchlordane) chlordane (trans) NEMA adult PSCR adult CHSE egg

ON, PQ 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.00170.0094 ppm ON, CAN 1993 g/kg ww ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA FL, USA 1984-85

Bonin et al. 1995

Bonin et al. 1995

Gendron et al. 1997 1.74 (SE= 0.185) Range= 0.1-3.9 ng/g ww Range= 0.5-7.1 ng/g ww 1985: L. Griffin= 0.02, L. Apopka= 0.006 Russell et al. 1995 Bonin et al. 1995

CHSE egg

Bonin et al. 1995

ALMI egg

Heinz et al. 1991

chlordane PSCR adult (trans) chlorfenvinpho CHMY juvenile s

ON, CAN 1983 HI, USA < 1994

g/kg ww brain= ND ND

0.11 (SE= 0.040) ND ND ND

Russell et al. 1995 Aguirre et al. 1994

Table 1- Field Residues - 14

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 2,6-DCP= 84; 2,4,6TCP= 10; 2,4,5TCP= 31; 2,4-DCP, 3,4-DCP, 2,3,4,6TTCP= ND (ppb)
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

chlorophenols

RACA tadpole

ON, CAN 1980

Metcalfe et al. 1984

k

chloropyrifos Co Co Co

CHMY juvenile AGSS adult BUJU adult CACA adult

HI, USA Greece Malaysia Japan

< 1994 < 1997 1990 1990-91

brain= ND ND carcass; ppm dw Range of Means across sites; g/g dw

ND 2.53-3.62

ND ND 3.5-5.08 1.10-3.81 <0.03 <0.03 Range= 0.1290.257

Aguirre et al. 1994 Loumbourdis 1997 Lee and Stuebing 1990 Sakai et al. 1995

Co Co

CACA egg CHSE adult

FL, USA TN, USA

1977 1988

0.03- 0.07 g/g cont. (Bq/g ww): 5.17x10 1.7x10 shell= 1.70 g/g; yolk/alb= 1.12 g/g Mean (Bq/g ww): 6.03x10 1.7x10 (cont) ND ND

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Meyers-Schne et al. 1993

Co

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1980

Stoneburner 1984

Co

TRSC adult

TN, USA

1987

Meyers-Schne et al. 1993

coumaphos Cr

CHMY juvenile ACCR tadpole

HI, USA TX, USA

< 1994 1994

brain= ND

ND Mean= 6.82; Range= 5.21- 9.57

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Clark et al. 1998

Cr Cr Cr

ACJA adult AGSS adult ALMI adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1985 tail muscle

0.06 4.16-5.57 0.03-0.11 (tail) 1.35-2.37

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Delany et al. 1988

Table 1- Field Residues - 15

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cr

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

1984: L. Okeechobee 0.09, L. Griffin= 0.08, L. Apopka= 0.09. Range of site means; g/g dw 1.04- 1.71 g/g 0.25 0.76-3.37

Heinz et al. 1991

Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr

BUJU adult CACA egg CHMY adult CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

Malaysia FL, USA

1990 1977

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 NJ, USA 1981-83

Cr Cr

CHXX adult CRAC egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1980

0.50 shell= 20.46 g/g; yolk/alb= 2.64 g/g 0.16 3479 1070 Mean for ash= 17.2; Mean for ref site= 1.4 dw

Range= 0.2-0.5 0.36-1.97 0.93 (M), Albers et al. 1986 for all 1.26 (F) sites Control; 2.97 (M), 2.70 (F) brackish water; 1.13 (M) fresh water Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Stoneburner 1984

Lee and Stuebing 1990 Stoneburner et al. 1980 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994

Cr Cr Cr Cr

CRPO adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea PIME hatchling NJ, USA 1985-90 skin= 5047 482 RACA tadpole RACA tadpole TX, USA SC, USA 1994 carcass= 0.58 (n=1) 1995-96

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Burger 1992 Clark et al. 1998 Rowe et al. 1996

Table 1- Field Residues - 16

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range= 1.4- 18

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr

RACL tadpole RAES adult RAES juvenile RAES tadpole RASP tadpole

TX, USA Italy Italy Italy TX, USA

1994 1974 1974 1974 1994 carcass= 0.41 (n=1) Highest in skin and gonads (2.47 ppm dw)

Clark et al. 1998 Baudo 1976

0.47 ppm dw avg= 2.56 ppm dw Mean= 1.85; Range= 0.95- 3.53 Contents= 139, Shell= 383 ppb dw 0.11 ND ND ND ND ND ND

Baudo 1976 Baudo 1976 Clark et al. 1998

Cr

TRSC egg

SC, USA

1996

Burger and Gibbons 1998

Cr crotoxyphos cruformate Cs

VAXX adult

Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CHMY juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND CHMY juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND ABER adult SC, USA 1971-72 near vicinity of reactor effluent stream 131.5 - 1032.6 pCi/g ww; reactor cooling reservoir 27.7139.3 pCi/g; uncont. sites 2.4- 2.6 pCi/g AGCO adult SC, USA 1971-72 AGPI adult SC, USA 1971-72 AGSS adult Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw ALMI hatchling SC, USA < 1989 13 pCi/g ww CHSE adult TN, USA 1988

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Brisbin et al. 1974

0.16- 0.26 39.6x10 9.05x10 , Bq/g ww Mean

0.48- 0.98 Mean (control) (Bq/g ww): 17.4x10 3.19x10

Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Loumbourdis 1997 Brisbin 1989 Meyers-Schne et al. 1993

Cs

COCO adult

SC, USA

Cs Cs

CRHO adult ELGU adult

SC, USA SC, USA

1971-72 near vicinity of reactor effluent stream 131.5- 1032.6 pCi/g ww; reactor cooling reservoir 27.7139.3 pCi/g; uncont. sites 2.4- 2.6 pCi/g 1971-72 `` 1971-72 ``

Brisbin et al. 1974

Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 17

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cs

ELOO adult

SC, USA

Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs

FAAB HEPL HESI HYCI LAGE MAFL NAEY NATA NESI OPAE PIME PSSC

adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult

SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA SC, USA USA

1971-72 near vicinity of reactor effluent stream 131.5- 1032.6 pCi/g ww; reactor cooling reservoir 27.7139.3 pCi/g; uncont. sites 2.4- 2.6 pCi/g 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1972 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1971-72 `` 1983 Seasonal rate constants for overall elimination of Cs ranged from <0.002-0.029/d 1971-72 near vicinity of reactor effluent stream 131.5- 1032.6 pCi/g ww; reactor cooling reservoir 27.7139.3 pCi/g; uncont. sites 2.4- 2.6 pCi/g 1971-72 `` < 1991 SD found between control sites and cont. sites in total body burdens: (Bq/g body mass)

Brisbin et al. 1974

204.2 pCi/g dw

Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Dapson and Kaplan 1975 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Brisbin et al. 1974 Scott et al. 1986
k

Cs

THSA adult

SC, USA

Brisbin et al. 1974

Cs Cs

THSI

adult

SC, USA SC, USA

Brisbin et al. 1974 Range= 164.74679.3; Mean= 841.901 (cont sites); Mean=< 0.002 (controls) Mean 44.9 42 Bq/g ww Mean 5.84 5.48 Bq/g ww Lamb et al. 1991

TRSC adult

Cs

TRSC adult

TN, USA

1987

Meyers-Schne et al. 1993

Table 1- Field Residues - 18

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle 0.13

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cu Cu Cu Cu

ACJA adult AGSS adult ALMI adult ALMI egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1985 tail muscle FL, USA 1984-85 1984: L. Okeechobee 0.32, L. Griffin= 0.78, L. Apopka= 0.52. kidney>liver~= stomach> muscle>skin> ovary (F)

27.1-27.4 0.28-6.03 (tail)

140-209

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Delany et al. 1988 Heinz et al. 1991

Cu Cu

BOBO adult BUAM adult

Hungary PA, USA

< 1997 1979

Puky and Oertel 1997 Range= 5.6-7.6 mg/kg dw Beyer et al. 1985
k

Cu Cu Cu Cu

BUJU adult BUMA adult BUMA adult BUW O adult

Malaysia unknown

1990 < 1956

Range of site means; g/g dw

Dominican < 1970 Republic PA, USA 1979

liver Range= 6.0-7.9 mg/kg dw 2.1- 5.0 Mean= 0.83, Range= 0.5311.28 Mean= 2.08 ppm in yolk, Mean= 6.0 ppm in alb

45.6437.6 10- 1640 ppm dw 367-2091 ppm dw

Lee and Stuebing 1990 Beck 1956

k k k

Goldfischer et al. 1970

Beyer et al. 1985

Cu Cu

BUXX adult CACA adult

MD, USA < 1984 Japan 1990-91

Hall and Mulhern Mean= 17.9, Range= 6.47-33.9 Mean= 1.30, Range= 0.9881.56 1984 Sakai et al. 1995
k

Cu

CACA egg

GA, USA

< 1974

Hillestad et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 19

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cu

CACA egg

Japan

1990-91

Cu Cu

CACA egg CHMY adult

FL, USA Japan

1977 1990-91

Mean= 0.52, Range= 0.30-0.90 4.96- 6.60 g/g Mean =87.6, Range= 11.3-189 0.73 Mean= 3.6, Range= 1.1-10.5

Sakai et al. 1995

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Sakai et al. 1995

Cu Cu Cu

CHMY adult CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 NJ, USA 1981-84

Cu Cu

CHXX adult CRAC egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1980

0.57 Shell= 17.17 g/g; yolk/alb= 6.21 g/g 0.17 0.06 0.02

Range= 1.3-173 1.28-9.72 0.82 (M), Albers et al. 1986 for all 1.07 (F) sites Control, 1.81 (M), 1.27 (F) brackish water, 1.73 (M) fresh water Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Stoneburner 1984

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994

Cu Cu

CRPO adult DECO adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Ireland 1988

Cu Cu Cu Cu

DECO adult Japan DECO egg shell Mexico HYXX adult LEOL adult Ecuador

1990-91 1992-93 < 1956 1981 bone: Range of Means= 8.6- 9.1 g/g

0.26 0.15 0.05 0.04 (pectoral) 0.26 0.15

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Davenport and Wrench 1990 Sakai et al. 1995 Vazquez et al. 1997 Beck 1956
k

12.9 mg/kg 10-1640 ppm dw

Witkowski and Frazier 1982

Table 1- Field Residues - 20

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cu Cu Cu

LIXX adult NOVI adult PLCI adult PA, USA PA, USA

< 1956 1987 1979 max= 3.0 Range= 4.6-6.4 mg/kg dw Range of Means= 1.7- 2.2 Range= 3.2-3.4 mg/kg dw 1.4- 3.2 Mean for ash site= 31.4; Mean for ref site= 17.5 dw 0.93- 1.2 Range of Means= 0.3- 0.8

10-1640 ppm dw

Beck 1956

Storm et al. 1994 Beyer et al. 1985

k

Cu

PLCI

adult

PA, USA

1987

Storm et al. 1994

Cu

PLGL adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Cu Cu

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 SC, USA 1995-96

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Rowe et al. 1996

k

Cu Cu

RACL tadpole RACL tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 PA, USA 1987

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Storm et al. 1994

k

Cu

RAES adult

Italy

1974

63.08 ppm dw (M) 6.2- 14.8 ppm dw ovary: Range of Means= 0-7.04 mg/kg (F) Range of Means= 07.04 mg/kg Range of Means= 2.07-72.3 mg/kg 7.92 ppm dw

Baudo 1976

Cu Cu

RAES adult RAES adult

Czechoslovakia Hungary

1982-84 < 1997

Pavel and Kucera 1986 Puky and Oertel 1997

k

Cu

RAES egg

Hungary

< 1997

Puky and Oertel 1997

Cu

RAES juvenile

Italy

1974

Baudo 1976

Table 1- Field Residues - 21

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body avg= 21.25 ppm dw

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Cu

RAES tadpole

Italy

1974

Baudo 1976

Cu Cu Cu

RAPE adult RAPR adult RASY adult

Spain

1984-86 g/g ww Range= 3.4-9.2 mg/kg dw

0.28- 2.61 thigh= 2.1 24.3 g/g ww

MT, USA < 1991 PA, USA 1979

Rico et al. 1987 Linder et al. 1991 Beyer et al. 1985

k

Cu

RATE adult

Finland

1971-72

male: 156.9503.2 female: 314845.1 1.2- 3.5 0.17 17- 44 g/g dw 169 ppm

Pasanen and Koskela 1974

Cu Cu Cu Cu DDC

RAXX adult VAXX adult XXXA tadpole XXXA tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MO, USA 1972 MO, USA < 1979

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Gale et al. 1973 Mean= 91 ppm
k k k

DDD

liver/heart eviscerated = 15-20 ppm; intestine 234-260 ppm RAPI adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 dithiocarbamate was ND at all young of orchard sites the year AGPI adult MS, USA 1988 carcass; mg/kg ww

Jennett et al. 1979 Harris et al. 1998

Mean= 0.01; Range = ND-0.05 0.02-0.12 (tail)

Ford and Hill 1991

DDD

ALMI adult

FL, USA

1985

Delany et al. 1988

Table 1- Field Residues - 22

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDD

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

1984: L. Okeechobee ND, L. Griffin= ND, L. Apopka= 0.82. 1985: L. Griffin= 0.007, L. Apopka= 0.37 ND subcutaneous fat=2.3935.6 g/kg ND < 2 g/kg

Heinz et al. 1991

DDD DDD

AMBA egg CACA adult

Australia NC, USA

1970-71 1991-92

Best 1973 Rybitski et al. 1995

DDD DDD

CHMY juvenile CHSE egg

DDD DDD DDD DDD

CNSP adult CNTI adult CNXX adult CNXX adult

HI, USA ON, PQ, CAN; NY, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

< 1994 brain= ND 1989-90

ND Range= 0.2- 16.4 ng/g ww 0-0.84 0-0.77

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Bonin et al. 1995

<1970 <1970 1965 1965

0.1-6.0 brain=0.1-6.0; all values are a 7.3 Mean Range of Range of Range of Means with n=5-6 each Means= Means= of 27 2.8 (n=8) 0.1-2.7 gravid female gravid female 10.7 0-0.93 ND-0.07 Range= 0.20-3.25 mg/kg ww for 15 sites Range of Range of Means= 0- Means= 34.3 0.1-6.0 2.0 2.8 Range of Means= 04.7

Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1967 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Applegate 1970 Hall et al. 1979 Wessels and Tannock 1980

DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD

CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX egg COTE adult CRAC egg CRNI egg

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

1965 1965 1965

TX, USA <1970 FL, USA 1979 Zimbabwe 1979

Table 1- Field Residues - 23

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat ND ND

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDD DDD DDD DDD

CRNO egg CRPO egg GRGE various LEKE adult

Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); < 0.01 NC, USA 1991-92

Best 1973 Best 1973 Campbell 1975 4.92- 11.4 g/kg Rybitski et al. 1995

DDD

LEKE juvenile

NY, USA

1980-89

DDD DDD

LIOL egg MAFL adult

Australia TX, USA

1970-71 1971

DDD DDD

MOSV egg NEER adult

Australia TX, USA

1970-71 1971

subcutaneous fat= 15.542.1 g/kg Range of Means= 15.5-57.9 ND-1.63 Navasota area:>0.01 -0.1 ND Navasota area: >0.010.6; Brazos area: >0.01-1.0 pooled= 1.7-24.8 ng/g ww

Range of Means= 11.3-57.1

Lake et al. 1994

Best 1973 Fleet et al. 1972

Best 1973 Fleet et al. 1972

DDD

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

DDD DDD DDD DDD

NEMA adult NERH adult NERH adult NESI adult

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.0050.02 ppm TX, USA 1971 LA, USA TX, USA 1977-79 1971 ND-0.07 ppm

Gendron et al. 1997 Navasota area: 0.2 <0.010.02 Navasota area: >0.01; Brazos area: 1.07.3 Fleet et al. 1972 Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet et al. 1972

DDD

NEXX adult

MS, USA

1988

carcass; mg/kg ww

Mean= 0.5; Range= ND-0.92

Ford and Hill 1991

Table 1- Field Residues - 24

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDD DDD DDD

PSAU egg PSCR adult RACA adult

Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1983 g/kg ww CA, USA 1958

ND-0.48 26.49 (SE=14.8) 5 ppm in visceral fat

Best 1973 Russell et al. 1995 Hunt and Bischoff 1960

k

DDD DDD DDD DDD

RACA adult RACL adult RAPE egg RAPR adult

LA, USA LA, USA Spain OR, USA

1980 1980 1983 1974

ND ND ND live frog= 16.6-30.5 ww; dead frog= 155-487 ww ND Brazos area: 0.6 ND ND Navasota area: 0.1; Brazos area: 0.01-5.2 0-0.01 0-0.55 ND ND Mean= 0.49; Range= ND-1.35 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.12- 0.17

Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Hernandez et al. 1987 Kirk 1988
k k

DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD

RASP

adult

LA, USA TX, USA Australia Australia TX, USA

1980 1971 1970-71 1970-71 1971

Niethammer et al. 1984 Fleet et al. 1972 Best 1973 Best 1973 Fleet et al. 1972
k

REGR adult STMO egg SUSU egg THPR adult

DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD

UROR UTST VAGI VAGO XXFR

adult adult egg egg adult

TX, USA TX, USA Australia Australia Greece

<1970 <1970 1970-71 1970-71 1992-93

Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Best 1973 Best 1973 Albanis et al. 1996

DDE

ACCB various

ON, CAN < 1975

Campbell 1975

Table 1- Field Residues - 25

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

AGCO adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDE

AGCO adult

TX, USA

1971

DDE

AGCO adult

TX, USA

1976

DDE

AGPI adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDE

AGPI adult

TX, USA

1971

113.9 DDE/ DDT ratio= 229 Navosta area: 0.7; Brazos area: 57.2156.0 11.2-17.7 ppm from Navasota, 0.4-4.2 ppm at Brazos. 216.2 DDE/ DDT ratio= 217 Brazos area: 363.31009.4 carcass; mg/kg ww Mean= 1.75; Range= 0.3-7.0 Brazos: 31.01102.3 ppm 0-0.06 (tail)

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

Stafford et al. 1976

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

DDE

AGPI adult

MS, USA

1988

Ford and Hill 1991

DDE

AGPI adult

TX, USA

1976

Stafford et al. 1976

DDE

ALMI adult

FL, USA

1985

Delany et al. 1988

Table 1- Field Residues - 26

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

1984: L. Okeechobee 0.87, L. Griffin= 0.45, L. Apopka= 5.8. 1985: L. Griffin= 0.58, L. Apopka= 3.5 ND

Heinz et al. 1991

DDE DDE DDE DDE

AMBA egg BUAM adult BUFO various CACA adult

Australia IA, USA

1970-71 1974 ND (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.53

Best 1973 Punzo et al. 1979 Campbell 1975

k

ON, CAN < 1975 NC, USA 1991-92

subcutaneous fat=28.91210 g/kg

4.03- 458 g/kg ;

Rybitski et al. 1995

DDE

CACA adult (12- FL, USA 34 yrs)

1983

1-45 ppb, 2-100 Mean= 8 ppb, ppb Means= 737 ppb 0.0180.200 Mean= 0.099 (0.0830.119), (n= 55) Mean= 1.0 ppb ND-0.005 0.01-0.08 ppm ww: 0.0010.009 ppm Mean= 110 ppb

McKim and Johnson 1983

DDE DDE

CACA egg CACA egg

FL, USA FL, USA

1976 1979

Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Clark and Krynitsky 1985

DDE DDE DDE

CHMY adult (2-7 FL, USA yrs) CHMY egg FL, USA CHMY egg UK

1983 1976 1972

McKim and Johnson 1983 Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Thompson et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 27

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg ND

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat ND

Muscle

Liver ND

Kidney ND

Reference

DDE DDE DDE DDE

CHMY juvenile HI, USA CHPI adult/egg IA, USA CHPI various CHSE adult

< 1994 1974

brain= ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Punzo et al. 1979 Campbell 1975

k

ON, CAN < 1975 NJ, USA

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.44 1981-93 3% detection

DDE

CHSE adult

NJ, USA

1981-98 63% detection

ND (M), ND (F) control, ND (M), ND (F) brackish water, 0.13 (M) fresh water 0.39 (M), 0.10 (F) control, 0.16 (M), 0.26 (F) brackish water, 2.03 (M) fresh water

Albers et al. 1986

Albers et al. 1986

DDE DDE DDE DDE

CHSE adult CHSE adult CHSE adult CHSE adult

ON, CAN 1995 NY, USA NY, USA NY, USA < 1983 < 1983 1976-78

blood: Range of Means= 0.2-21.7 ng/g ww (M) 1.972 ppm 633.3 ppm Mean= <11.11 ppm Mean 11.50 ppm

de Solla et al. 1998 Olafsson et al. 1983 Olafsson et al. 1983 Mean= 0.093 ppm Mean <0.023 ppm Mean <1.39 ppm Mean 0.64 ppm Stone et al. 1980

Mean <0.18 ppm

DDE

CHSE adult

NY, USA

1976-78

Stone et al. 1980

DDE

CHSE adult & egg

IA, USA

1974

118

Punzo et al. 1979

Table 1- Field Residues - 28

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1986-89

DDE

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1990

DDE DDE

CHSE egg CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981-91 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1981, 84

DDE

CHSE egg

1988-89: 8.0 (SD=6.4)877 (SD=481) (ng/g ww) 1.0-14.9, Mean= 5.9 mg/kg (lipid) 0.0410.65 Range= 7.0-372.7 ng/g ww Range= 0.01-0.43 mg/kg Great L.s; Hamilton Harbour 0.15-0.43 mg/kg; Algonquin Park 0.010.027 mg/kg 74 227 0-1.32 0.04-1.5 0.1-7.2 brain=0.3-3.8; Range of Means with n=5-6 each of 27 Mean= 16.4 Range of Range of Means= Means= 3.4 (n=8) 0.1-4.7 Range of Means= 5.4-45.9 Range of Means= 0.1-7.2 Range of Means= 0.1-3.7

Bishop et al. 1991

Bishop et al. 1994

Bishop et al. 1996 Bonin et al. 1995

Struger et al. 1993

DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE

CNEX adult/egg IA, USA CNNE adult/egg IA, USA CNSP adult CNTI adult CNXX adult CNXX adult TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

1974 1974 <1970 <1970 1965 1965

Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1967

k k

Table 1- Field Residues - 29

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range= ND-104; Range of Means at 2 sites= 0.47-1.8

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

CNXX adult

TX, USA

1983

White and Krynitsky 1986

DDE DDE DDE DDE

CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX egg COCO egg

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

1965 1965 1965 1974-75

gravid female gravid female 7.3 161.4 DDE/ DDT ratio= 17 0.1-1.69 2 (ND- 15) 0.37-1.5 Range= 0.5314.15 mg/kg ww for 15 sites ND 0.10 0.20- 1.06 ppm (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.06 < 0.010.035 596.6 DDE/ DDT ratio= 41 Navosta area: 1.54.9

2.8 3.4

Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDE DDE DDE DDE

COTE adult TX, USA COTE adult/egg IA, USA CRAC egg CRNI egg

<1970 1974

Applegate 1970 Punzo et al. 1979 Hall et al. 1979 Wessels and Tannock 1980
k

FL, USA 1979 Zimbabwe 1979

DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE

CRNO egg CRPO egg CRVI adult GRGE various KISO adult

Australia Australia CO, USA

1970-71 1970-71 1971

Best 1973 Best 1973 Bauerle et al. 1975 Campbell 1975 Rosen and Lowe 1996 Fleet and Plapp 1978

ON, CAN < 1975 AZ, USA TX, USA 1989-93 1974-75

LAGE adult

DDE

LAGE adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

Table 1- Field Residues - 30

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

LEKE adult

NC, USA

1991-92

DDE

LEKE juvenile

NY, USA

1980-89

DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE

LIOL

egg

Australia Australia LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA

1970-71 1970-71 1977-79 1977-79 embryo= 0.28 ppm 1974-75

MOSV egg NECY adult NECY embryo NEER adult

subcutaneous fat= 95.7292 g/kg Range of Means= 232-386 0.3711.00 0.49 0.1-0.13 ppm 178.9 DDE/ DDT ratio= 63 Navosta area: 1.74.3; Brazos area: 283.6380.4 Brazos: 67.21161.2 ppm, Hwy 21: 5.724.3 ppm, Navasota: 0.6-6.1 ppm 211.6 DDE/ DDT ratio= 29 617.1 and 724.7 ppm (Brazo) 0.3- 90.0 ng/g ww

54.2- 56.8 g/kg

Rybitski et al. 1995

Range of Means= 137-253

Lake et al. 1994

Best 1973 Best 1973 Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDE

NEER adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

DDE

NEER adult

TX, USA

1976

Stafford et al. 1976

DDE

NEFA adult

TX, USA

1974-75

Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDE

NEFA adult

TX, USA

1976

Stafford et al. 1976

DDE

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

Table 1- Field Residues - 31

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE DDE DDE

NEMA adult NEMA adult NERH adult

PQ, CAN

1992-93

1.66 mg/kg ww

Gendron et al. 1994 Gendron et al. 1997

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.0811.66 ppm TX, USA 1971

DDE DDE

NERH adult NERH adult

LA, USA TX, USA

1977-79 1976

0.10-0.22 ppm

Navosta area: 7.8 14.6 1.92-4.66 0.01-0.02 0.08-0.21 ppm ppm ppm Navasota: 0.9-6.8 ppm, Hwy21: 2.3-68.2 ppm

Fleet et al. 1972

Sabourin et al. 1984 Stafford et al. 1976

DDE DDE

NERH embryo NESI adult

LA, USA TX, USA

1977-79 embryo= 0.31-0.53 ppm (Belle Helene) 1971

Sabourin et al. 1984 Navosta area: 0.41.1; Brazos: 445.2673.0 1.6 Fleet et al. 1972

DDE DDE DDE

NESI NESI

adult WI, USA adult/egg IA, USA MS, USA

1978 1974 1988

Heinz et al. 1980 Mean= 0.99; Range = ND-19.0 29.0 Navosta area: 0.2 Punzo et al. 1979 Ford and Hill 1991
k

79 (ND- 300) carcass; mg/kg ww

NEXX adult

DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE

OPAE adult OPAE adult

TX, USA TX, USA

1974-75 1971 1974 ND

Fleet and Plapp 1978 Fleet et al. 1972 Punzo et al. 1979 Bauerle et al. 1975 Best 1973 Russell et al. 1995 Cory et al. 1970
k k

OPVE adult/egg IA, USA PICA adult PSAU egg PSCR adult RABO adult

CO, USA 1971 Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1983 g/kg ww CA, USA 1970

0.62 ppm ND-1.28 Mean= 1001.14 0.97- 5.38 pp-DDE

Table 1- Field Residues - 32

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE DDE DDE

RACA adult RACL adult RACL adult

LA, USA LA, USA

1980 1980

Geometric Mean= 0.03- 0.25 Geometric Mean= 0.04- 0.05 Range= 0.5845.02 0.02- 0.19 0.02 ND live frog= 19.6-10.0 ww; dead frog= 0.0960.173 ww % lipid 1.1- 3.3 271.3 DDE/ DDT ratio= 97 Brazos area: 118.8 ND ND ND 6.2 DDE/ DDT ratio= 8 Navosta area: 1.2; Brazos area: 36.5 0.42 ND

Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Russell et al. 1997

k k

ON, CAN <1997

DDE DDE DDE DDE

RAPE adult RAPE egg

Spain Spain

1985-86 1983 1974 1974

Rico et al. 1987 Hernandez et al. 1987

RAPI adult/egg IA, USA RAPR adult OR, USA

Punzo et al. 1979 Kirk 1988

DDE DDE

RASP

adult

LA, USA TX, USA

1980 1974-75

Geometric Mean= 0.04- 0.64

Niethammer et al. 1984 Fleet and Plapp 1978

k

REGR adult

DDE

REGR adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

DDE DDE DDE DDE

SCGR SCJA

adult/egg IA, USA adult/egg IA, USA

1974 1974 1974 1974-75

Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Fleet and Plapp 1978

k k k

SCUN adult/egg IA, USA STDE adult TX, USA

DDE

STDE adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

DDE DDE

STMO egg SUSU egg

Australia Australia

1970-71 1970-71

Best 1973 Best 1973

Table 1- Field Residues - 33

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDE

THPR adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDE

THPR adult

TX, USA

1971

129.5 DDE/ DDT ratio= 32 Navosta area: 1.3; Brazos area: 263.2870.0 0.24-0.78 (F) 0.22- 0.6 (M) 36 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.72 ND ND 0.05-0.52 ND ND 0.04-0.33 Mean= 0.29; Range= ND-0.64 ND ND ND <0.1 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); ND 1.3

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE DDE

THSI THSI THSI TRSP

adult adult

WI, USA WI, USA

1978 1978 1974

Heinz et al. 1980 Heinz et al. 1980 Punzo et al. 1979 Campbell 1975 Applegate 1970 Punzo et al. 1979 Applegate 1970
k k

adult/egg IA, USA various

ON, CAN < 1975 <1970 1974 <1970 1974 1970-71 1970-71 1992-93

UROR adult TX, USA UROR adult/egg IA, USA UTST adult TX, USA UTST adult/egg IA, USA VAGI egg VAGO egg XXFR adult Australia Australia Greece

Punzo et al. 1979 Best 1973 Best 1973 Albanis et al. 1996

DDMU DDMU DDMU DDT DDT DDT

RACA adult RACL adult RASP adult

LA, USA LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA

1980 1980 1980 1968

Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Flickinger and King 1972 Campbell 1975 Meeks 1968
k k k

ACCB adult ACCB various ACCR adult

ON, CAN < 1975 OH, USA 1963

Table 1- Field Residues - 34

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

AGCO adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDT

AGCO adult

TX, USA

1971

DDT

AGKI adult

Zimbabwe 1989-90

DDT

AGPI adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDT

AGPI adult

TX, USA

1971

0.8 DDE/ DDT ratio= 229 Navasota area: 0.4; Brazos area: 1.31.4 no DDT treatment area=0.24 ppm lipid; 2 or more treatment s=0.54 ppm 1.0 DDE/ DDT ratio= 217 Brazos area: 4.78.0 0.02-0.12 (tail) 1985: L. Griffin= ND, L. Apopka= 0.02 . ND in stomach fat ND ND- 0.15 g/g ww

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

Lambert 1994b

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

DDT DDT DDT

ALMI adult ALMI adult ALMI egg

FL, USA FL, USA FL, USA

1985 < 1994 1984-85

Delany et al. 1988 Guillette et al. 1994 Heinz et al. 1991

DDT

AMBA adult

Australia

1972

Birks and Olsen 1987 Best 1973 Clark et al. 1995 Campbell 1975

DDT DDT DDT DDT

AMBA egg ANCA adult BUWF various BUXX adult

Australia FL, USA

1970-71 1988 carcass (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.02- 0.04 found dead

ON, CAN < 1975 CO, USA 1960

8 ppm

Finley and Pillmore 1963

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 35

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

CACA adult

NC, USA

1991-92

subcutaneous fat=< 210.8 g/kg ND-0.048 total DDT: 0.0580.305 ppm ND-0.042 ND ND

< 2 g/kg

Rybitski et al. 1995

DDT DDT

CACA egg CACA egg

FL, USA GA, USA

1976 < 1974

Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Hillestad et al. 1974

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

CHMY egg CHMY juvenile CHPI tadpole CHSE adult CHSE adult CHSE adult

FL, USA HI, USA OH, USA NJ, USA OH, USA

1976 < 1994 1963 brain= ND testes=2.7 ppm; other tissues < 1.0 ppm 1981-92 ND 1963 testes=2.2

ND

ND

Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Aguirre et al. 1994 Meeks 1968 Albers et al. 1986 Meeks 1968 Hebert et al. 1993b

16.5 after 15 mos 164.60 135.36 ng/g ww Range= ND-2.8 ng/g ww

2.7

ON, CAN 1988-89

DDT

CHSE egg

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

CLGU various CNGU adult CNSE adult CNSP adult CNTI adult CNXX adult CNXX adult

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.01 TX, USA 1988 carcass FL, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA 1988 <1970 <1970 1965 1965 carcass

Bonin et al. 1995

Campbell 1975 ND- 15 g/g ww ND- 9.6 g/g ww 0-0.62 0-0.63 0.1-4.7 Clark et al. 1995 Clark et al. 1995 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1967

brain=0-4.7; all values are a Range 10.7 of Means with n=5-6 each of 27 Mean

Range of Means= 2.0- 2.1 (n=8)

0-4.2

0-43.0

0-4.7

0.1-2.7

DDT

CNXX adult

TX, USA

1965

gravid female

0.8

Culley and Applegate 1966

Table 1- Field Residues - 36

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle 2.1

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT DDT DDT

CNXX adult CNXX egg COCO egg

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

1965 1965 1974-75

gravid female 5.6 9.6 9.6 DDE/ DDT ratio= 17. 0-0.61 0.02-0.23 total DDT in body fat 8.4746.79 mg/kg DDT + metabolite s = 3.1425.91 mg/kg dw total DDT= 0.55 mg/kg ww DDT/DD E= 0.08 total DDT Range= 0.01-5.63 mg/kg ww for 15 sites Range= 0.23-4.5 mg/kg ww for 15 sites ND ND 0.01- 0.05 ppm 0.1-5.1

Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDT DDT DDT

COTE adult CRAC egg CRNI adult

TX, USA <1970 FL, USA 1979 Zimbabwe < 1987

Applegate 1970 Hall et al. 1979 Phelps et al. 1989

DDT

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1981-82

Phelps et al. 1986

DDT

CRNI egg

Kenya

< 1991

Skaare et al. 1991

DDT

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1979

Wessels and Tannock 1980

DDT

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1979

Wessels and Tannock 1980

DDT DDT DDT DDT

CRNO egg CRPO egg CRVI adult ELVU tadpole

Australia Australia CO, USA OH, USA

1970-71 1970-71 1971 1963 ND-1.0

Best 1973 Best 1973 Bauerle et al. 1975 0.1-2.5 Range= ND-6.7 Meeks 1968

Table 1- Field Residues - 37

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT DDT DDT DDT

EMBL tadpole GRGE various KIFL adult

OH, USA

1963 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.01- 0.05 1.2

4.8-5.8 ppm

Meeks 1968 Campbell 1975 Flickinger and King 1972 Fleet and Plapp 1978

ON, CAN < 1975 TX, USA TX, USA 1968-71 1974-75

LAGE adult

DDT

LAGE adult

TX, USA

1971

DDT

LEKE adult

NC, USA

1991-92

DDT

LEKE juvenile

NY, USA

1980-89

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

LIOL egg LIPG adult LITA adult LITA juvenile MAQ U adult

Australia India Australia Australia

1970-71 1991 1972 1972 DDE = 0.1 mg/kg ww DDT plus metabolites = 0.1 mg/kg ww DDE = 0.5 mg/kg ww DDT plus metabolites = 0.5 mg/kg ww

14.6 DDE/ DDT ratio= 41 Navasota area: 0.50.8 subcutaneous fat=< 25.19 g/kg Range of Means= 10.3-14.1 0.13-39.8 0.52-1.4 ng/g ww

Fleet et al. 1972

< 2 g/kg

Rybitski et al. 1995

Range of Means= ND-11.1

Lake et al. 1994

Best 1973 Ramesh et al. 1992 Birks and Olsen 1987 Birks and Olsen 1987 Lambert 1994b

Zimbabwe 1989-90

DDT

MAST adult

Zimbabwe 1989-90 Total DDT rose significantly with treatments

no DDT treatment s=0.31 ppm lipid, one or more treatment s=1.22 ppm up to 263 g/g lipid (7 g/g ww bw) after 3-6 yrs

Lambert 1993

Table 1- Field Residues - 38

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

MAST adult

Zimbabwe 1989-90 63% of total DDT was DDE in lizards from unsprayed areas and 56 % of DDT in lizards from sprayed areas

total DDT ranged from 1.3225.44 ppm lipid

Lambert 1994b

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

MOBO adult MOSV egg NASI tadpole NECY adult NECY embryo NEER adult

Australia Australia OH, USA LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA

1972 1970-71 1963 1977-79 1977-79 1974-75

DDE = 0.1 mg/kg ww DDT plus metabolites = 0.1 mg/kg ww Range= ND-0.9 ND-0.04 ppm 0.07 ppm 2.8 DDE/ DDT ratio= 63 Navasota area: 0.10.8 Brazos area: 8.537.9 0.3 7.0 DDE/ DDT ratio= 29 3.9 DDT= ND; DDE= 0.06; DDD= 0.04 pooled was 0.58.3 ng/g ww ND 1.4-36.4 0.4-5.3 Range= ND-7.3

Birks and Olsen 1987 Best 1973 Meeks 1968 Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDT

NEER adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

DDT DDT

NEER adult NEFA adult

TX, USA TX, USA

1968-71 1974-75

Flickinger and King 1972 Fleet and Plapp 1978 Flickinger and King 1972 Hall et al. 1985
k

DDT DDT

NEFA adult NELE adult

TX, USA NC, USA

1968-71 < 1985

DDT

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

DDT

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= ND0.17 ppm

Gendron et al. 1997

Table 1- Field Residues - 39

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

NERH adult

TX, USA

1971

DDT DDT

NERH adult NESI adult

LA, USA TX, USA

1977-79 1971

ND-0.11 ppm

Navosta area: 0.71.2 0.14-1.77 Navasota area: 0.10.4; Brazos area: 8.337.4

Fleet et al. 1972

Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet et al. 1972

DDT DDT DDT DDT

NESI

various

ON, CAN < 1975 TX, USA CO, USA ME, USA 1971 1971 1970-72

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); < 0.01- 0.01 Navasota area: 0.1 ND Total DDT= 0.0200.440 0.0112.057 (pooled) ND-1.56 160.57 (SE=98.8)

Campbell 1975 Fleet et al. 1972 Bauerle et al. 1975 Banasiak 1974
k

OPAE adult PICA PLCI adult adult

DDT

PLCI

adult

ME, USA

1966-67 up to 9 years after treatment

Dimond et al. 1968

k

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

PSAU egg PSCR adult RACA adult RACA adult RACA tadpole RACL adult

Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1983 g/kg ww IL, USA LA, USA OH, USA ME, USA 1969 1980 all individuals positive for DDT residues Geometric Mean= ND- 0.03

Best 1973 Russell et al. 1995 Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Niethammer et al.

1963 testes= 1.5 1966-69

1.7 Range of Means= 0.08-0.76

0.2

1.8

1.8

1984 Meeks 1968 Diamond et al. 1975

DDT DDT DDT

RACL adult RACL adult RACL tadpole

IL, USA LA, USA OH, USA

1969 1980 1963

6 of 7 F and 23 of 44 M tested positive for DDT ND ND 11 mo after treatment

Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Niethammer et al. 1984 Meeks 1968

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 40

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range of Means= 0.28-1.47

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

RACL tadpoles ME, USA

1966-69

Diamond et al. 1975

DDT DDT DDT

RAPE adult RAPE egg RAPI adult

Spain Spain CO, USA

1984-86 1983 1960 found dead 0.01 Range= <0.5- 4.0 ppm

0.04- 0.55

Rico et al. 1987 Hernandez et al. 1987 Finley and Pillmore 1963
k

DDT DDT

RAPI adult RAPI tadpole

IL, USA OH, USA

1969 1963

3 M and 0 F tested positive for DDT residues Range= 0.1-2.5: 8h-12 mo; Mean 1 d after 1.3ppm live frog= 56.3-132 ww; dead frog= 13.2-413 ww % lipid 1.1- 3.3 2.8 DDE/ DDT ratio= 97 Brazos area: 0.7 ND 0.8 DDE/ DDT ratio= 8 Navasota area: 1.5; Brazos area: 5.8 0.03 ND

Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Meeks 1968

DDT

RAPR adult

OR, USA

1974

Kirk 1988

DDT DDT

RASP

adult

LA, USA TX, USA

1980 1974-75

ND

Niethammer et al. 1984 Fleet and Plapp 1978

k

REGR adult

DDT DDT DDT

REGR adult SCOC adult STDE adult

TX, USA CA, USA TX, USA

1971 1988 carcass 1974-75

Fleet et al. 1972 Clark et al. 1995 Fleet and Plapp 1978

DDT

STDE adult

TX, USA

1971

Fleet et al. 1972

DDT DDT

STMO egg SUSU egg

Australia Australia

1970-71 1970-71

Best 1973 Best 1973

Table 1- Field Residues - 41

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

DDT

THPR adult

TX, USA

1974-75

DDT

THPR adult

TX, USA

1971

4.1 DDE/ DDT ratio= 32 Navasota area: 0.6; Brazos area: 6.538.5 0.6 0.2 <0.1 0-0.01 0-0.01 ND ND ND-0.03 4.1-7.7 ng/g ww

Fleet and Plapp 1978

Fleet et al. 1972

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

THPR adult TRSC adult UROR UTST UTST VAGI VAGO VAXX adult adult adult egg egg adult

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA CA, USA Australia Australia India NY, USA

1968-71 1968-71 <1970 <1970 1988 carcass 1970-71 1970-71 1987 1972

Flickinger and King 1972 Flickinger and King 1972 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Clark et al. 1995 Best 1973 Best 1973 Ramesh et al. 1992 Kuhr et al. 1974

XXAA adult

DDT

XXAA

DEF demeton Diazinon Diazinon

CHMY CHMY CHMY RACL

Diazinon

RAPI

dichlorvos dicofol dicofol dicofol

CHMY CHMY CNGU

DDT, DDD, DDE total = 6.8 (34.2 ppm dw) In water: DDT= 0.32 ppb; DDD= 0.042 ppb. tadpole NY, USA 1972 DDT, DDE, DDD total = 3.3 (30.6 ppm dw) In water: DDT= 0.32 ppb; DDD= 0.042 ppb juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 found at site 1 at 0.22-0.78 g/L; young of site 4 at 0.09-0.18g/L the year adult & ON, CAN 1993-95 ND at all of the orchard sites young of the year juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND juvenile HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND adult TX, USA 1988 carcass FL, USA 1988 carcass

Kuhr et al. 1974

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Harris et al. 1998

Harris et al. 1998

ND ND ND-12 g/g ww ND- 0.20 g/g ww

ND ND

ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Clark et al. 1995 Clark et al. 1995

CNSE adult

Table 1- Field Residues - 42

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg ND

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dicofol dicofol dicofol dicrotophos dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

RAPE egg SCOC UTST CHMY ACCB adult adult juvenile adult

Spain CA, USA CA, USA HI, USA TX, USA

1983 1988 1988 < 1994 1968 carcass carcass brain= ND

ND ND ND <0.1-0.1 ND ND ND

ACCB various AGCO adult

ON, CAN < 1975 TX, USA 1971

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.02 Navasota area: 0.1; Brazos area: 1.7 Brazos area: 9.7 carcass; mg/kg ww Mean= 0.02; Range = ND-0.09 0.02-0.08 (tail) 1984: L. Okeechobee= ND, L. Griffin= 0.06, L. Apopka= 0.24. 1985: L. Griffin= 0.05, L. Apopka= 0.11 ND

Hernandez et al. 1987 Clark et al. 1995 Clark et al. 1995 Aguirre et al. 1994 Flickinger and King 1972 Campbell 1975 Fleet et al. 1972

dieldrin dieldrin

AGPI adult AGPI adult

TX, USA MS, USA

1971 1988

Fleet et al. 1972 Ford and Hill 1991

dieldrin dieldrin

ALMI adult ALMI egg

FL, USA FL, USA

1985 1984-85

tail muscle

Delany et al. 1988 Heinz et al. 1991

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

AMBA egg Australia BUAM adult/egg IA, USA BUWF various

1970-71 1974 8 (ND-14) (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.01- 0.3 ppm ND-0.028

Best 1973 Punzo et al. 1979 Campbell 1975

k

ON, CAN < 1975

dieldrin

CACA egg

FL, USA

1976

Clark and Krynitsky 1980

Table 1- Field Residues - 43

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dieldrin

CACA egg

GA, USA

< 1974

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

CHMY juvenile HI, USA CHPI adult/egg IA, USA CHSE adult NJ, USA

< 1994 1974

brain= ND 18

trace0.0564 ppm ND

Hillestad et al. 1974

ND 0.03 (M), ND (F) control, ND (M), ND (F) brackish water, 0.07 (M) fresh water

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Punzo et al. 1979 Albers et al. 1986

k

1981-94 13% detection

dieldrin dieldrin

CHSE adult CHSE adult

ON, CAN 1995 NY, USA 1976-78

blood: Range of Means= ND- 3.8 (M) ng/g ww Mean <0.035 ppm Mean= <8.45 ppm Mean 4.24 ppm Mean 0.008 ppm Mean <0.038 ppm Mean 0.038 ppm Mean 0.17 ppm

de Solla et al. 1998 Stone et al. 1980

dieldrin

CHSE adult

NY, USA

1976-78

Stone et al. 1980

dieldrin dieldrin

CHSE adult/egg IA, USA CHSE egg

1974

ND 1988-89: 0.6- 20 ng/g ww 0.09-0.8, Mean= 0.49 mg/kg 0.01-0.94 Range= 2.5-44.6 ng/g ww <0.02 mg/kg at most sites; Max= 0.11 mg/kg

ON, CAN 1986-89

Punzo et al. 1979 Bishop et al. 1991

dieldrin

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1990

egg lipid

Bishop et al. 1994

dieldrin dieldrin

CHSE egg CHSE egg

dieldrin

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981-91 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1981, 84

Bishop et al. 1996 Bonin et al. 1995

Struger et al. 1993

Table 1- Field Residues - 44

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

CNEX adult/egg IA, USA CNNE adult/egg IA, USA COTE adult/egg IA, USA CRAC egg CRNI egg CRNI egg FL, USA Kenya

1974 1974 1974 1979 < 1991

34 ND 5 (ND- 43) ND-0.03 0.03 mg/kg ww Mean= 1.19 mg/kg ww for 15 sites ND ND < 0.010.12 ppm (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.05- 0.6 0.06 carcass 47 Navasota area: 0.1 ND-1.50

Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Hall et al. 1979 Skaare et al. 1991 Wessels and Tannock 1980

k k k

Zimbabwe 1979

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

CRNO egg CRPO egg CRVI adult GRGE various KIFL KIFL adult adult

Australia Australia CO, USA

1970-71 1970-71 1971

Best 1973 Best 1973 Bauerle et al. 1975 Campbell 1975 Flickinger and King 1972 Flickinger and Mulhern 1980 Fleet et al. 1972 Best 1973 Birks and Olsen 1987 Best 1973 Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet et al. 1972

ON, CAN < 1975 TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA Australia Australia Australia LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA 1968-71 1974 1971

LAGE adult LIOL egg LITA adult MOSV egg NECY adult NECY embryo NEER adult

1970-71 1972 0.4 mg/kg ww 1970-71 1977-79 1977-79 embryo= 0.09 ppm 1971

ND 0.03-0.06 ppm Navasota area: >0.01; Brazos area: 1.32.9 0.1 5.7

dieldrin dieldrin

NEER adult NEFA adult

TX, USA TX, USA

1968-71 1968-71

Flickinger and King 1972 Flickinger and King 1972

Table 1- Field Residues - 45

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dieldrin dieldrin

NELE adult NEMA adult

NC, USA

< 1985

0.02 pooled= ND-25.7 ng/g ww

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Hall et al. 1985 Bonin et al. 1995

dieldrin dieldrin

NEMA adult NERH adult

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.00340.020 ppm TX, USA 1971

Gendron et al. 1997 Navasota area: >0.01-0.2 0.24-0.58 <0.010.01-0.13 ppm 0.03 ppm ppm Navasota area: >0.01 Brazos area: 2.37.0 Mean= 0.02; Range= ND-0.12 0.03 ppm Fleet et al. 1972

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

NERH adult NERH embryo NESI adult

LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA

1977-79 1977-79 embryo= 0.09-0.12 ppm 1971

0.02-0.08 ppm

Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984 Fleet et al. 1972

dieldrin dieldrin

NESI

adult/egg IA, USA MS, USA

1974 1988

Mean= 50; Range= ND- 161 carcass; mg/kg ww

NEXX adult

Punzo et al. 1979 Ford and Hill 1991

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

OPVE adult/egg IA, USA PICA PISA adult adult

1974

116

PSAU egg PSCR adult RACA adult RACA adult RACL adult RACL adult RAPE egg

CO, USA 1971 MO, USA 1965-67 aldrin and dieldrin combined 12.35 ppm Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1983 g/kg ww TX, USA LA, USA TX, USA LA, USA Spain 1960 1980 1960 1980 1983 1974 ND

Punzo et al. 1979 Bauerle et al. 1975 Korschgen 1970

k

ND-1.91 Mean= 199.82 3.6 ppm

Best 1973 Russell et al. 1995 DeWitt et al. 1960 Niethammer et al. 1984 DeWitt et al. 1960 Niethammer et al. 1984 Hernandez et al. 1987 Punzo et al. 1979
k k k

ND 23.2 ppm ND ND

RAPI adult/egg IA, USA

Table 1- Field Residues - 46

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

RASP

adult

LA, USA LA, USA TX, USA

1980 1978 1971

ND 0.01 ppm in legs < 0.05 ppm Brazos area: >0.01 ND ND ND Navasota area 0.3; Brazos area >0.01 77.5 ppm 0.04 ND Navasota area >0.01; Brazos area: 12.0 1.3 112 ND-0.19 (F) ND-0.11 (M)

Niethammer et al. 1984

k k

RAXX adult REGR adult

Dowd et al. 1985 Fleet et al. 1972

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

SCGR SCJA

adult/egg IA, USA adult/egg IA, USA

1974 1974 1974 1971

Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Fleet et al. 1972

k k k

SCUN adult/egg IA, USA STDE adult TX, USA

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

STDE not specified STMO egg SUSU egg THPR adult

TX, USA Australia Australia TX, USA

1960 1970-71 1970-71 1971

DeWitt et al. 1960 Best 1973 Best 1973 Fleet et al. 1972

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

THPR adult

TX, USA

1968-71 1974 1978 1978

Flickinger and King 1972 Punzo et al. 1979 Heinz et al. 1980 Heinz et al. 1980 Korschgen 1970
k k k

THRA adult/egg IA, USA THSI THSI THSI THSI adult adult adult WI, USA WI, USA

MO, USA 1965-67 aldrin and dieldrin combined 12.35 ppm adult/egg IA, USA 1974 99 TX, USA 1968-71 1974 1974 1970-71 1970-71 ND ND 0.03 ND-0.03 2.8 1.2

TRSC adult

Punzo et al. 1979 Flickinger and King 1972 Punzo et al. 1979 Punzo et al. 1979 Best 1973 Best 1973
k k

UROR adult/egg IA, USA UTST adult/egg IA, USA VAGI egg VAGO egg Australia Australia

Table 1- Field Residues - 47

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 11.9 ppm 9.8 ppm

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

dieldrin dieldrin dimethoate dioxathion dioxins

XELA XXSN CHMY CHMY CHSE

adult adult juvenile juvenile egg

TX, USA TX, USA HI, USA HI, USA ON, CAN

1960 1960 < 1994 < 1994 1989

brain= ND brain= ND

ND ND Range: ND- 95 mg/kg ww ND-404 g/kg cont. sites; 27108 g/kg control

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

DeWitt et al. 1960 DeWitt et al. 1960 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Norstrom and Simon 1990 Phaneuf et al. 1995

dioxins

RACL adult

PQ, CAN

1988

disulfoton endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan

CHMY juvenile CHMY juvenile CRNI adult RACL adult & young of the year RAPI adult & young of the year AMBA egg CHMY juvenile CHSE adult CRNO egg CRPO egg KIFL adult LIOL MOSV NERH PSAU RACA egg egg embryo egg adult

HI, USA HI, USA Botswana

< 1994 < 1994 1978

brain= ND brain= ND brain <0.01 ppm; spleen <0.01

ND ND 0.783

ND ND 0.047 ppm

ND ND ND ND 0.12 ppm

ON, CAN 1993-95 site 1: 0.53 g/L

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Matthiessen et al. 1982 Harris et al. 1998

endosulfan

ON, CAN 1993-95 ND at all orchard sites

Harris et al. 1998

endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin

Australia HI, USA NJ, USA Australia Australia TX, USA Australia Australia LA, USA Australia LA, USA LA, USA LA, USA

1970-71 < 1994 brain= ND 1981-95 ND 1970-71 1970-71 1974 carcass 1970-71 1970-71 1977-79 embryo= ND-0.01 ppm 1970-71 1980 ND 1980 1980 ND ND

ND

ND ND ND ND 1.3 ND ND ND-0.60

ND

ND

Best 1973 Aguirre et al. 1994 Albers et al. 1986 Best 1973 Best 1973 Flickinger and Mulhern 1980 Best 1973 Best 1973 Sabourin et al. 1984 Best 1973 Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984
k k k

RACL adult RASP adult

Table 1- Field Residues - 48

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat ND ND ND ND ND ND

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

endrin endrin endrin endrin ethion ethoprop Fe Fe

STMO SUSU VAGI VAGO CHMY CHMY ACJA

egg egg egg egg juvenile juvenile adult

ALMI adult

Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1985

ND ND

ND ND 7.1 4.5622.76 (tail)

ND ND

Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Delany et al. 1988

Fe

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

1984: L. Okeechobee 13, L. Griffin= 13, L. Apopka= 11 Mean= 20.1, Range= 11.3-35.2 71.2774.67 g/g Mean= 649, Range= 226-1260

Heinz et al. 1991

Fe

CACA adult

Japan

1990-91

Fe Fe

CACA egg CHMY adult

FL, USA Japan

1977 1990-91

Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe

CHMY adult CHMY juvenile CHXX adult CRPO adult LEOL adult RAES adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Ecuador 1981 Range of Means= 78.5-309 g/g (bone) Czecho1982-84 slovakia

48.9

34.7 8.8

74.7397.8 ppm dw

Mean= Sakai et al. 1995 35.9, Range= 11.4-110 Stoneburner et al. 1980 Mean= Mean= Sakai et al. 1995 1170, 43.3, Range= Range= 92.8-2450 8.8-179 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Range= Aguirre et al. 1994 92.8-2450 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Witkowski and Frazier 1982 Pavel and Kucera 1986
k

Table 1- Field Residues - 49

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Fe Fe

RAES adult RAES egg

Hungary Hungary

< 1997 < 1997

Range of Means= 71.2-389 mg/kg (ovary) Range of Means= 78.2-313 mg/kg 22.7 ND ND ND ND

Puky and Oertel 1997 Puky and Oertel 1997

Fe fenamiphos fenitrothion fenitrothion

VAXX adult CHMY juvenile BUAM larvae RASY tadpole

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND PQ, CAN 1984 < 0.005- 0.123 ON, CAN 1075 0.61 after 1 h (185 times the water conc.); 0.04 at 2 d (18 times the water conc.) brain= ND brain= ND ND 1- 3 d after treatment. Detection limit= 0.01 ppm

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Mamarbachi et al. 1987

k k

Lyons et al. 1976

fensulfothion fenthion fenthion fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate fonophos fuel oil furans furans

CHMY juvenile CHMY juvenile PSTR adult BUWF adult PSCR adult RACL adult RAUT adult CHMY juvenile RACA adult CHSE adult CHSE egg

HI, USA < 1994 HI, USA < 1994 WY, USA < 1982 AR, USA AR, USA AR, USA AR, USA HI, USA CA, USA NY, USA 1979 1979 1979 1979 < 1994 1971 1984

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Powell et al. 1982

k

0.02 ppm < 0.01 ppm < 0.01 ppm < 0.01 ppm brain= ND Fuel oil No. 2 pg/g ww Ranged from trace to 41 mg/kg ww ND 5.5-15 ng/g ww ND ND Range= 6.0- 330 ND ND- 74 ND

Bennett et al. 1983

k

Bennett et al. 1983

k

Bennett et al. 1983

k

Bennett et al. 1983

k

Aguirre et al. 1994 Hagen et al. 1973 Ryan et al. 1986 Norstrom and Simon 1990
k

ON, CAN 1989

HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, alpha, lindane

CHMY juvenile LIPG adult

HI, USA India

< 1994 1991

brain= ND

ND

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Ramesh et al. 1992

Table 1- Field Residues - 50

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body pooled= 0.4-6.8 ng/g ww Mean= 0.37

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

PSCR adult RAPE egg VAXX adult CHSE adult CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1993 Spain India 1983 1987

g/kg ww ND

Russell et al. 1995 Hernandez et al. 1987 Ramesh et al. 1992 de Solla et al. 1998

17-170 ng/g ww blood: Range of Means= 0.5-1.4 (M) ng/g ww Range= ND-2.9 ng/g ww Range= ND-0.020 mg/kg Range= 1.01-24.5 mg/kg ww for 15 sites g/kg ww Mean= 1.37 Mean= 3.64; Range= ND-30.9

ON, CAN 1995 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1981, 84

Bonin et al. 1995

CHSE egg

Struger et al. 1993

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1979

Wessels and Tannock 1980

HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane

PSCR adult XXFR adult

ON, CAN 1983 Greece 1992-93

Russell et al. 1995 Albanis et al. 1996

heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor

ACCB various ALMI adult BUWF various CHMY juvenile CHSE egg

ON, CAN < 1975 FL, USA 1985

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.02 0.04-0.14 (tail) (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.01 brain= ND

Campbell 1975 Delany et al. 1988 Campbell 1975 ND 1988-89: 0.2- 5.6 ng/g ww ND ND ND Aguirre et al. 1994 Bishop et al. 1991

ON, CAN < 1975 HI, USA < 1994 ON, CAN 1986-89

heptachlor heptachlor

GRGE various NERH adult

ON, CAN < 1975 LA, USA 1977-79

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); < 0.01 ND-0.01 ppm

Campbell 1975 Sabourin et al. 1984

Table 1- Field Residues - 51

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor

NESI

various

ON, CAN < 1975 Spain Greece 1983 1992-93

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); <0.01- 0.04 ND Mean= 1.46; Range= ND-3.82 3.1 ppm found dead 1 mo after spraying ND-0.006 brain= ND ND ND 0.17 (M), 0.04 (F) control, ND (M), ND (F) brackish water, 0.38 (M) fresh water ND ND 19.4 ppm

Campbell 1975 Hernandez et al. 1987 Albanis et al. 1996

RAPE egg XXFR adult

heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide

BUAM adult BUXX adult CACA egg CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

TX, USA

1960 1962

DeWitt et al. 1960 DeWitt et al. 1962

k

FL, USA HI, USA NJ, USA

1976 < 1994

Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Aguirre et al. 1994 Albers et al. 1986

1981-96 25% detection

heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide

CHSE adult CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1995 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1981, 84

Blood: Range of Means = ND-1.5 ng/g ww (M) Range = 0.4-10.0 ng/g ww Range = ND-0.010 mg/kg ND-0.04 0.02 ppm 4.2 ppm 0.05 ppm

de Solla et al. 1998 Bonin et al. 1995

CHSE egg

Struger et al. 1993

CRAC egg CRVI adult

FL, USA CO, USA TX, USA LA, USA

1979 1971 1960 1977-79

Hall et al. 1979 Bauerle et al. 1975 DeWitt et al. 1960 Sabourin et al. 1984

HEXX adult NECY adult

Table 1- Field Residues - 52

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 11.3 ppm pooled= ND-7.1 ng/g ww 0.03-0.22 ppm

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide

NEER adult NEMA adult

TX, USA

1960

DeWitt et al. 1960 Bonin et al. 1995

ON, CAN 1988, 90

NERH adult NERH embryo PSCR adult RACA adult RACL adult RACL adult RAPE egg RAPI adult TATO adult

LA, USA LA, USA

1977-79 1977-79 embryo= 0.13-1.76 ppm g/kg ww found dead 1 mo after spraying

0.21-0.70 <0.01ppm 0.03

0.02-0.09

Sabourin et al. 1984 Sabourin et al. 1984

ON, CAN 1983 1962 TX, USA 1960 1962 Spain 1983 1962 BC, CAN 1980

Mean= 1.98 13.5 ppm ND

Russell et al. 1995 DeWitt et al. 1962

k

DeWitt et al. 1960 DeWitt et al. 1962

k

found dead 1 mo after spraying ND found dead 1 mo after spraying

1.5 ppm

13.0 ppm 14 d after 0.072 in treatment stomach = 0.343; 279 d after exposure= ND 20.9 ppm

Hernandez et al. 1987 DeWitt et al. 1962

k

Albright et al. 1980

k

heptachlor epoxide Hg Hg Hg Hg

XELA adult ACCB various ACCR tadpole ACJA adult ALMI adult

TX, USA

1960 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.04- 0.05

DeWitt et al. 1960 Campbell 1975

ON, CAN < 1975 TX, USA 1994 Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1985

<0.5 1.306 0.04-0.61 (tail)

Clark et al. 1998 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Delany et al. 1988

Table 1- Field Residues - 53

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Hg

ALMI adult

FL, USA

1989

Range= 0.78- 3.58 (M) and 0.463.88 ppm (conservation area). Urban canals: 0.17- 2.15 (M); 0.21- 2.52 ppm (F). Meat: 0.130.90 ppm Mean= 4.08 (vs. 5.43-5.68 in Everglades) 1984: ND Mean= 17.73 (vs. 39.7542.15 in Everglades)

Hord et al. 1990

Hg

ALMI adult

SC, USA

1994

Yanochko et al. 1997

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

ALMI egg AMEX adult BOBO adult BOVA adult BUBU adult BUBU adult BUBU adult BUTE adult BUWF various BUXX adult CACA adult

FL, USA Puerto Rico Hungary

1984-85 1988 ND < 1997 kidney~=muscle>skin>muscle> liver>stomach>>ovary (F) lungs= 0.11 (M) lungs= 0.17 (M); 0.14 (F) lungs= 1.11- 1.70 lungs= 0.06

Heinz et al. 1991 Burger et al. 1992 Puky and Oertel 1997 0.37 (M) 2.07 (M) 0.93 (M) Byrne et al. 1975
k

Yugoslavia 1975 Yugoslavia 1975 Yugoslavia 1975 Finland GA, USA < 1984 1972-73

1.25- 2.30

0.17 (M) 1.51 (M); 1.24 (M); Byrne et al. 1975 k 0.14 (F) 0.94 (F) 0.60 (F) k 1.39- 3.44 22.5- 25.5 Range= Byrne et al. 1975 21.0- 25.3 0.04 0.12 0.08 Terhivuo et al. 1984 ND- 0.18
k k

ON, CAN < 1975 MD, USA < 1984 Japan 1990-91

(egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.01- 0.09 0.04- 0.14 Mean= 0.108, Range= 0.0530.189 0.02-0.09 ppm in yolks; 0.01-0.03 ppm in alb Mean= 1.51, Range= 0.2538.15 Mean= 0.247, Range= 0.040.441

Cumbie 1975 Campbell 1975 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Sakai et al. 1995
k

Hg

CACA egg

GA, USA

< 1974

Hillestad et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 54

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Hg

CACA egg

Japan

1990-91

Hg Hg Hg Hg

CACA egg CHMY adult CHPI various CHSE adult

FL, USA

1977

Mean= 1.05, Range= 0.7721.31 0.41- 1.39 g/g 0.002

Sakai et al. 1995

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); < 0.01- 0.39 NJ, USA 1981-86

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Campbell 1975

Hg

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

Hg

CHSE adult

TN, USA

1988

Hg

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

Hg

CHSE egg

Hg Hg Hg

CHSE various CHXX adult CLGU various

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.09- 0.39 Papua New 1980-81 Guinea ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.03

Range= 50-180 ng/g ww

0.46-1.28 0.44 (M), Albers et al. 1986 for all 0.56 (F) sites control, 0.55 (M), 0.41 (F) brackish water, 0.39 (M) fresh water Range < Range= Helwig and Hora 0.02- 0.04 0.05- 0.3 1983 Mean= (red meat) 0.024 Mean= mg/kg 0.145 mg/kg 0.17 1.30 Meyers-Schne et 0.02 Bq/g 0.34 Bq/g al. 1993 ww ww Range Range= Minnesota Pollution <0.020.05-0.30 Control Agency 0.04 mg/kg 1982 mg/kg Bonin et al. 1995

Campbell 1975 0.038 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Campbell 1975

Table 1- Field Residues - 55

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Hg

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1980

Hg

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1981-82

shell= 0.21 g/g; yolk/alb= 0.66 g/g 0.020.535 mg/kg dw 0.131 0.11 0.12 0.02 g/g 0.06 g/g dw dw (pectoral) 0.12 0.39 0.04 g/g dw 0.39

Stoneburner 1984

Phelps et al. 1986

Hg Hg

CRPO adult DECO adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Ireland 1988

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Davenport and Wrench 1990

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

DECO adult GRGE various HYCI adult

Japan 1990-91 ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.09 GA, USA 1972-73 1993-94 Moderate levels were reported 1968-71 0.12 pooled= 70-290 ng/g ww

Sakai et al. 1995 Campbell 1975 Cumbie 1975 Goutner and Furness 1997 Flickinger and King 1972 Bonin et al. 1995
k

0.03

HYXX tadpoles Greece KIFL adult TX, USA

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.0480.19 ppm NESI adult WI, USA 1978 NESI various ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.17- 0.44 PIME hatchling NJ, USA 1985-90 skin= 280 47 RAAR adult Yugoslavia 1975 lungs= 0.47 (F) RACA adult RACA adult RACA tadpole RACL tadpole RACL tadpole GA, USA 1972-73 carcass

Gendron et al. 1997 0.45 Heinz et al. 1980 Campbell 1975 130 27 0.48 (F) 1.96 (F) 0.63 (F) 0.05- 0.26 0.09- 0.44 < 0.10 (M/F) 0.05- 0.10 <0.5 0.04- 0.10 0.51 (M); 0.28 (F) Burger 1992 Byrne et al. 1975
k k

ON, CAN 1970 MD, USA < 1984 TX, USA 1994 MD, USA < 1984

Cumbie 1975 Dustman et al. 1972

k

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Clark et al. 1998 Hall and Mulhern 1984
k k

Table 1- Field Residues - 56

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Hg Hg

RADA adult RAES adult

Yugoslavia 1975 Hungary < 1997

lungs: 0.25 (M) ovary: Range of Means= 3.8-107 Range of g/kg (F) Means= 3.8-107 g/kg Range of Means= 035.2 g/kg

0.30 (M)

0.67 (M)

1.01 (M)

Byrne et al. 1975 Puky and Oertel 1997

Hg

RAES egg

Hungary

< 1997

Puky and Oertel 1997 0.08- 0.15 Range= 0.070.10; Mean= 0.25 Rico et al. 1987 Cumbie 1975
k k

Hg Hg

RAPE adult RAPI adult

Spain GA, USA

1984-86 1972-73

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

RAPI adult RARI adult

ON, CAN 1970 Greece

carcass

(F) 0.18; (M) < 0.1

(F) 0.61; (M) < 0.1

Dustman et al. 1972

k

RASP tadpole RATE adult RATE adult RAXX adult RAXX tadpole THSI THSI adult adult

1993-94 Marsh frogs higher levels of mercury than tree frog tadpoles TX, USA 1994 Yugoslavia 1975 lungs= 1.54 Finland < 1984 lungs= 0.04- 0.08

<0.5 1.25 0.02 < 0.010.14 0.01 3.44 25.9 16.2

Goutner and Furness 1997 Clark et al. 1998 Byrne et al. 1975 0.03- 0.07 0.05- 0.19 0.03- 0.08 Terhivuo et al. 1984 Hall and Mulhern 1984
k k k k

MD, USA < 1984 SC, USA WI, USA WI, USA TX, USA TN, USA 1973-74 total Hg 2.08- 6.41; methyl Hg 00.03; % methyl Hg 0.48- 0.69 1978 1978 1968-71 1987

Cox et al. 1975 0.14-0.41 (F) 0.3-0.4 (M) 0.08 Mean= 0.10 0.04 g/g ww Contents= 40, Shell= ND ppb dw Mean= 0.64 0.33 g/g ww

Heinz et al. 1980 Heinz et al. 1980 Flickinger and King 1972 Meyers-Schne et al. 1993

TRSC adult TRSC adult

ND

Hg

TRSC egg

SC, USA

1996

Burger and Gibbons 1998

Table 1- Field Residues - 57

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle 0.175

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Hg isofenphos lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane

VAXX adult CHMY juvenile AMBA egg CHSE adult CRNO CRPO LIOL MOSV NEMA egg egg egg egg adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1995 Blood: Range of Means = ND-0.3 ng/g ww (M) Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 Australia 1970-71 ON, CAN 1988, 90

ND ND

ND

ND

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994 Best 1973 de Solla et al. 1998 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Bonin et al. 1995

0.03 ND ND-0.04 ND pooled= ND-1.4 ng/g ww ND-0.04 0.01

lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane lindane malathion merphos metals

PSAU egg RAPE adult RAPE egg STMO SUSU VAGI VAGO CHMY CHMY APXX egg egg egg egg juvenile juvenile adult

Australia Spain Spain Australia Australia Australia Australia HI, USA HI, USA AZ, USA

1970-71 1986 1983 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71 < 1994 brain= ND < 1994 brain= ND 1993-94 0.01

Best 1973 Rico et al. 1987 Hernandez et al. 1987 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Best 1973 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Rosen and Lowe 1996
k

ND ND Mean of Bo, Cr, Se, Sr and Zn sig. higher in turtles from Quito. Springs than softshell turtles from the highly cont. Gila River

ND ND ND ND-0.12 ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

metals

CACA adult

TX, USA

1990

heavy metals in liver and kidney (Zn, Fe, Se, Pb, Cu, Cd) were within previously reported ranges

Sis et al. 1993

Table 1- Field Residues - 58

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body ``
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

metals metals

KISO

adult

AZ, USA TX, USA

1989-93 1990 heavy metal conc. in liver and kidney were within previously reported levels. brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND 1 male and 1 female tested for residues 22 of 44 M and 5 of 7 F tested positive for methoxychlor all individuals had residues brain= ND

LEKE adult

Rosen and Lowe 1996 Sis et al. 1993

methamidophos methidathion methiocarb methomyl methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor methylcarbamate metolachlor

CHMY CHMY CHMY CHMY CHMY RACA

juvenile juvenile juvenile juvenile juvenile adult

HI, USA HI, USA HI, USA HI, USA HI, USA IL, USA IL, USA IL, USA HI, USA

< 1994 < 1994 < 1994 < 1994 < 1994 1969 1969 1969 < 1994

ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND

RACL adult RAPI adult CHMY juvenile RACL adult & young of the year RAPI adult & young of the year CHMY juvenile CHMY juvenile RACL tadpole

ND

ND

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Jaskoski and Kinders 1974 Aguirre et al. 1994 Harris et al. 1998

ON, CAN 1993-95 site 2 only at 5.1-8.8 g/L

metolachlor

ON, CAN 1993-95 0.29 g/L at site 2 only

Harris et al. 1998

mevinphos mexacarbate mexacarbate mexacarbate Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg

HI, USA < 1994 HI, USA < 1994 NB, CAN 1985

brain= ND brain= ND 10 ppb ww

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Sundaram et al. 1986 Sundaram 1995 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Hall and Mulhern 1984
k k k

RACL tadpoles NB, CAN < 1995 ACJA adult Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CHMY adult Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CHXX adult Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CRPO adult Papua New 1980-81 Guinea RACA tadpole MD, USA < 1984 RACL tadpole MD, USA < 1984

ND 189 241 287 273 58- 160 14- 29

Table 1- Field Residues - 59

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Mg

RATE adult

Finland

< 1974

male = 294 (wintering )- 604.2 (feeding); female = 335 (preemerging) - 749 (feeding) ppm dw 147 5 d postspray 0.03; 6 mo 2.8; 16 mo 0.05 3.01 (1 mo postspray) prespray= ND; 1 mo. Mean= 0.183; 1 yr Mean= 0.017 0.04- 0.78 0.08 (12 mo postspray) prespray= ND; 1 mo. Mean= 0.144; 1yr Mean= 0.008

Pasanen and Koskela 1974

Mg mirex

VAXX adult ACGR adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MS, USA 1970

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Collins et al. 1973

k

mirex

ACGR adult

GA, USA

1971-72 found dead

Wojcik et al. 1975

mirex

ANCA adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex mirex

BUQU adult BUQU adult

FL, USA GA, USA

1972-74 1971-72 found dead

Wheeler et al. 1977

k k

Wojcik et al. 1975

mirex

BUTE adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 60

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

mirex mirex mirex mirex mirex mirex

BUTE adult BUTE adult CACA egg CHMY juvenile CHSE adult CHSE adult

FL, USA GA, USA FL, USA

1972-74 9 mo= 0.09 1971-72 found dead 1976 brain= ND Blood: Range of Means = 0.210.0 ng/g ww (M) ND-0.005 ND ND ND ND 0.02- 0.94

Wheeler et al. 1977

k k

HI, USA < 1994 ON, CAN 1995 ON, CAN 1988-89

Wojcik et al. 1975 Clark and Krynitsky 1980 Aguirre et al. 1994 de Solla et al. 1998 Hebert et al. 1993b

0.05 0.053.95 1.29 ng/g ww 15.0 ppm 87.6 ppm 1988-89: 0.5- 143 ng/g ww Range= 1.4-2.7, Mean= 1.4 mg/kg (lipid) 0.0032.12 Range= 0.4-133.5 ng/g ww

mirex mirex mirex

CHSE adult CHSE adult CHSE egg

NY, USA < 1983 NY, USA < 1983 ON, CAN 1986-89

Olafsson et al. 1983 Olafsson et al. 1983 Bishop et al. 1991

mirex

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1990

Bishop et al. 1994

mirex mirex

CHSE egg CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981-91 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1981, 84 mirex were higher in egg from L. Ontario relative to other sites LA, USA 1971-72

Bishop et al. 1996 Bonin et al. 1995

mirex mirex

CHSE egg COCP adult

Struger et al. 1993 prespray= ND; 3 mo= 0.053; 1 yr. Mean= 0.111 ND-0.02 Collins et al. 1974

mirex

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1979

Hall et al. 1979

Table 1- Field Residues - 61

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body post-spray 2 wk. Mean= 0.002; 6 mo. Mean= 0.078 post-spray 1 mo. Mean= 0.658; 1 yr. Mean= 0.216 post-spray 2 wk. Mean= 0.044; 1 yr. Mean= 0.074
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

mirex

ENPL adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

EUFA adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

GACA adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex mirex mirex

GACA adult GACA adult GOPO adult

FL, USA GA, USA LA, USA

1972-74 0.01- 0.52 1971-72 found dead 1971-72 0.12- 3.46 prespray= 0.001; 1 mo. Mean= ND; 1 yr. Mean= ND

Wheeler et al. 1977

k k

Wojcik et al. 1975 Collins et al. 1974

mirex mirex mirex

HYCI adult HYFE adult KISU adult

FL, USA FL, USA LA, USA

1972-74 ND 1972-74 0.08 1971-72 post-spray 2 wk. Mean= 0.015; 9 mo= 0.273

Wheeler et al. 1977

k

Wheeler et al. 1977

k

Collins et al. 1974

Table 1- Field Residues - 62

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body pooled= ND-8.0 ng/g ww pooled= ND-19.9 ng/g ww prespray= 0.005; 2 wk. Mean= ND; 1 yr. Mean= 0.054 prespray= ND; 3 mo. Mean= 0.828; 1 yr Mean= 0.02 0.10 (6 mo postspray)
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

mirex

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

mirex

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1988, 90

Bonin et al. 1995

mirex

NERH adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

PLGG adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

PSOR adult

GA, USA

1971-72 found dead

Wojcik et al. 1975

mirex mirex

RAAE adult RACA adult

FL, USA LA, USA

1972-74 0.14 1971-72 post spray 2 wk. Mean= ND; 9 mo Mean= 0.001 ND

Wheeler et al. 1977

k

Collins et al. 1974

mirex mirex mirex mirex

RACA adult RACA adult RACA adult RACL adult

LA, USA FL, USA GA, USA LA, USA

1980

Niethammer et al. 1984 Wheeler et al. 1977

k k

1972-74 0.02- 0.04 1971-72 found dead 1980 ND 0.03- 0.15

Wojcik et al. 1975 Niethammer et al. 1984

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 63

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

mirex mirex mirex

RAGR tadpole RAHC adult RAPI adult

MS, USA FL, USA LA, USA

1972

< 6 mo after application

0.12

Naqvi and de la Cruz 1973 Wheeler et al. 1977

k k

1972-74 0.02- 0.28 1971-72 post-spray 2 wk. Mean= 0.002; 1 mo. Mean= 0.015

Collins et al. 1974

mirex mirex mirex mirex mirex mirex

RAPI adult RASP RASP adult adult

FL, USA LA, USA GA, USA FL, USA FL, USA LA, USA

1972-74 0.01- 0.13 1980 ND 0.08- 0.56 ND

Wheeler et al. 1977

k

Niethammer et al. 1984

k k

1971-72 found dead 1972-74 1972-74 0.02- 0.05 1971-72

RAXX tapdole SCHO adult SCUU adult

Wojcik et al. 1975 Wheeler et al. 1977

k

Wheeler et al. 1977

k

mirex

SCXY adult

LA, USA

1971-72

post-spray 2 wk. Mean= 0.003; 3 mo. Mean= 0.191; 1yr Mean= 0.025 prespray= ND; 3 mo. Mean= 0.032; 1 yr. Mean= 0.042 Range= 1.4-2.5 ppm dw

Collins et al. 1974

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

TECA adult/egg MS, USA

1970-77

Holcomb and Parker 1979

Table 1- Field Residues - 64

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body pre-spray Mean= ND; 2 wk. Mean= ND; 1 mo. Mean= 0.009
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

mirex

TECM adult

LA, USA

1971-72

Collins et al. 1974

mirex

TRSC adult/egg MS, USA

1970-77

Range= 0.04-2.2 ppm dw prespray= 0.016; 3 mo. Mean= 0.024 Range= 0.1-49.5 ng/g ww 0.57 41-61.1 1984: L. Okeechobee 0.14, L. Griffin= 0.15, L. Apopka= 0.14

Range= 0.01-2.1 ppm dw

Holcomb and Parker 1979 Collins et al. 1974

mirex

XXFR tadpole

LA, USA

1971-72

mirex (pmirex) Mn Mn Mn

CHSE egg

ACJA adult AGSS adult ALMI egg

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1984-85

Bonin et al. 1995

41-52

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Heinz et al. 1991

Mn Mn

BUJU adult CACA adult

Malaysia Japan

1990 1990-91

Range of site means; g/g dw Mean= 0.300, Range= 0.1290.446

3.68-11.0 Mean= 2.07, Range= 1.44-2.94

Mn

CHMY adult

Japan

1990-91

Mn

CHMY adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea

0.34

Mean= 1.57, Range= 0.8081.97 Mean= Mean= Sakai et al. 1995 1.60, 0.96, Range= Range= 0.15-2.79 0.48-1.39 Yoshinaga et al. 1992

Lee and Stuebing 1990 Sakai et al. 1995

Table 1- Field Residues - 65

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn

CHMY juvenile CHXX adult

HI, USA

< 1994 0.38 0.77

Range= 0.15-2.79

Aguirre et al. 1994 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Witkowski and Frazier 1982 Burger 1992 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Baudo 1976
k k

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CRPO adult Papua New 1980-81 Guinea LEOL adult Ecuador 1981 Bone: Range of Means = 8.4-35.7 g/g PIME hatchling NJ, USA 1985-90 skin= 3840 558 RACA tadpole RACL tadpole RAES adult MD, USA < 1984 MD, USA < 1984 Italy 1974 highest in male skin 69.7 ppm dw. Females have higher Mn in gonads 53.0 ppm dw 14- 42 1.1

15039 1100

Mn Mn Mn Mn

RAES adult RAES juvenile RAES tadpole TRSC egg

Czechoslo 1982-84 vakia Italy Italy SC, USA 1974 1974 1996 contents= 4477, shell= 3490 ppb dw

23.4- 51.9 ppm dw 25.0 ppm dw avg= 454 ppm dw

Pavel and Kucera 1986 Baudo 1976 Baudo 1976 Burger and Gibbons 1998
k

Mn Mn Mo Mo Mo Mo

VAXX adult XXXA tadpole AGSS adult CACA egg CHMY juvenile CRAC egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MO, USA 1972 Greece FL, USA HI, USA FL, USA < 1997 1977 < 1994 1980 carcass; ppm dw 2.6617.93 g/g

0.56 500-5650 g/g dw 1.24-1.39

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Gale et al. 1973 7.5-8.3

k

0.1-0.6 shell= 25.43 g/g; yolk/alb= 2.37 g/g

Loumbourdis 1997 Stoneburner et al. 1980 Aguirre et al. 1994 Stoneburner 1984

Table 1- Field Residues - 66

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Molybdenum ALMI egg monocrotophos CHMY juvenile myclobutanil RAPI adult & young of the year naled CHMY juvenile Ni AGSS adult Ni ALMI egg

FL, USA 1984-85 HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ON, CAN 1993-95 ND at all of the orchard sites

1984: ND ND

ND

ND

ND

Heinz et al. 1991 Aguirre et al. 1994 Harris et al. 1998

HI, USA Greece FL, USA

< 1994 brain= ND < 1997 carcass; ppm dw 1984-85

ND 34-48 1984: L. Okeechobee 0.07, L. Griffin= 0.05, L. Apopka= 0.09.

ND

ND ND 3.60-7.33

Aguirre et al. 1994 Loumbourdis 1997 Heinz et al. 1991

Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni

BUJU adult CACA adult CACA egg CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

Malaysia Japan FL, USA HI, USA NJ, USA

1990 1990-91 1977 < 1994 1981-87

Range of site means; g/g dw <0.030.116 0.25- 0.27 g/g

1.01-21.4 <0.03 <0.030.27

Lee and Stuebing 1990 Sakai et al. 1995

Ni

CRAC egg

FL, USA

1980

shell= 22.04 g/g; yolk/alb= 2.35 g/g 0.07 0.02 7.60 mg/kg

Stoneburner et al. 1980 0.5-1.0 Aguirre et al. 1994 0.13-0.99 0.35 (M), Albers et al. 1986 for all 0.43 (F) sites Control, 1.24 (M), 1.07 (F) brackish water, 0.45 (M) fresh water Stoneburner 1984

Ni

DECO adult

Ireland

1988

1.62 2.13 0.21, 0.16 (pectoral)

Davenport and Wrench 1990 Vazquez et al. 1997

Ni

DECO egg shell Mexico

1992-93

Table 1- Field Residues - 67

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle 2.59

Liver 4.93

Kidney

Reference

Ni Ni Ni nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor

ERIM adult RAPR adult XXSS adult CACA egg CHSE adult CHSE egg

Saudi 1983 Arabia MT, USA < 1991 Saudi Arabia FL, USA 1983 1976

Sadiq & Zaidi 1984 Linder et al. 1991 Sadiq & Zaidi 1984 Clark and Krynitsky 1980 de Solla et al. 1998 Bishop et al. 1991

g/g ww

thigh= 1.0 1.6 g/g ww 1.7- 5.38 1.87- 4.73 ND-0.009

ON, CAN 1995 ON, CAN 1986-89

blood: Range of Means= ND-10.8 ng/g ww (M) 1986-87: <0.01136; 1988-89: 1.6- 249 ng/g ww Range was ND-0.030 mg/kg ND-0.04 ND-0.03 Range of Means= 48.9-129 0.04 < 0.01 ppm Range of Means= 27.5-86.0

nonachlor

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981, 84

Struger et al. 1993

nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor

CRAC egg CRAC egg LEKE juvenile

FL, USA FL, USA NY, USA

1979 1979 1980-89

Hall et al. 1979 Hall et al. 1979 L. et al. 1994

nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor nonachlor

NELE adult NELE adult NEMA adult NESI adult PSCR adult RACL adult TATO adult

NC, USA NC, USA

< 1985 < 1985

Hall et al. 1985

k k

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= 0.00510.070 ppm WI, USA 1978 0.25 (F) ON, CAN 1983 g/kg ww 0.73 (SE= 0.082) ON, CAN <1997 Range= 0.02-0.72 BC, CAN < 1980 0.31-0.01 from 2791036 d post-spray

Hall et al. 1985 Gendron et al. 1997 Heinz et al. 1980 Russell et al. 1995 Russell et al. 1997 0.373 to 0.016 279- 1036 d postspray Albright et al. 1980
k

Table 1- Field Residues - 68

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 14- 1036 d postspray; 0.9590.090; 0.12-0.33 (F) 0.1-0.21 (M)
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

nonachlor

TATO adult

BC, CAN

< 1980

14-1036 d postspray; 3.2100.160

Albright et al. 1980

k

nonachlor nonachlor

THSI THSI

adult adult

WI, USA WI, USA NJ, USA

1978 1978 1981-98 59% detection

Heinz et al. 1980 Heinz et al. 1980 0.59 (M), 0.31 (F) control, 3.53 (M), 0.64 (F) brackish water, 0.31 (M) fresh water Albers et al. 1986

nonachlor (cis- CHSE adult nonachlor)

nonachlor (cis- CHSE egg nonachlor) nonachlor (cis- NEMA adult nonachlor) nonachlor (cis) ALMI egg

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1988, 90

Range= 1.1-85.7 ng/g ww pooled= 0.7-9.3 ng/g ww 1984: L. Okeechobee ND, L. Griffin= ND, L. Apopka= 0.07 0.87 (M), 0.34 (F) control, 4.01 (M), 0.93 (F) brackish water, 0.68 (M) fresh water

Bonin et al. 1995

Bonin et al. 1995

FL, USA

1984-85

Heinz et al. 1991

nonachlor (transnonachlor)

CHSE adult

NJ, USA

1981-98 53% detection

Albers et al. 1986

Table 1- Field Residues - 69

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

nonachlor (transnonachlor) nonachlor (transnonachlor) nonachlor (trans)

CHSE egg

NEMA adult

ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA ON, CAN 1988, 90

Range= 2.4-198.6 ng/g ww pooled= 1.7-27.3 ng/g ww 1984: L. Okeechobee ND, L. Griffin= 0.05, L. Apopka= 0.11. 1985: L. Griffin= 0.09, L. Apopka= 0.15

Bonin et al. 1995

Bonin et al. 1995

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

Heinz et al. 1991

OCB OCS

RACL adult CACA adult

SC, USA TX, USA

1992-93 2.37- 3.88 ppm (ref= 0.02 ppm) 1990 levels below those considered dangerous for human intake blood: Range of Means= ND-0.4 ng/g ww (M) 0- 1.26 0.63 ng/g ww levels below those considered dangerous for human intake

Fontenot et al. 1995a Sis et al. 1993

OCS OCS

CHSE adult CHSE adult

ON, CAN 1995 ON, CAN 1988-89

de Solla et al. 1998 Hebert et al. 1993b

OCS

LEKE adult

TX, USA

1990

Sis et al. 1993

OCS

NEMA adult

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means= ND0.28 ppm

Gendron et al. 1997

Table 1- Field Residues - 70

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

OCS

RARI

adult

USSR

< 1987

0.00170.002 pond, 0.1560.160 rice (F); 0.00170.002 pond, 0.1550.156 rice brain= ND visceral fat visceral fat brain= ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.57-1.5 0-1.4 0.1-4.6 brain=0-2.8; Range of Means with n=5-6 each of 27 gravid female gravid female 16.4 0-1.61 0-0.1 0-0.7 0-0.16 0-0.55 0-0.54 0.1-501 brain=0.1-1.5; Range of Means with n=5-6 each of 27 gravid female 11.6 Mean 2.3-2.5 0.1-1.9 0-4.2 0.1-4.9 2.1 0.1-1.5 8.5 1.4-2.1 0.1-1.7 0-4.1 0-4.6 3.4 1.4 0.1-1.8 ND ND

Zhukova 1987

oxamyl PAH PAH parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl

CHMY CACA LEKE CHMY CNSP CNTI CNXX

juvenile adult adult juvenile adult adult adult

HI, USA TX, USA TX, USA HI, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA

< 1994 1990 1990 < 1994 <1970 <1970 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 <1970 <1970 <1970 <1970 <1970 <1970 1965 1965 1965

ND

ND

ND

CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX egg COTE UROR UTST CNSP adult adult adult adult

Aguirre et al. 1994 Sis et al. 1993 Sis et al. 1993 Aguirre et al. 1994 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1967 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1967 Culley and Applegate 1966

CNTI adult CNTI adult CNXX adult CNXX adult CNXX adult

Table 1- Field Residues - 71

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle 2.5

Liver

Kidney

Reference

parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl parathionmethyl Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

CNXX adult CNXX egg COTE adult UROR adult ACCR adult ACJA adult AGSS adult

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA IL, USA

1965 1965 <1970 <1970 < 1977

gravid female 8.5 0-0.77 ND 2.7 ppm dw

Culley and Applegate 1966 Culley and Applegate 1966 Applegate 1970 Applegate 1970 Rolfe et al. 1977
k

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA FL, USA 1985 1984-85 1984: L. Okeechobee 0.14, L. Griffin= 0.22, L. Apopka= ND

ND 12.8115.65 0.04-0.12 (tail) 6.7913.32

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Delany et al. 1988 Heinz et al. 1991

ALMI adult ALMI egg

Pb

BUAM adult

PA, USA

1979

Pb Pb Pb

BUAM adult BUJU adult BUW O adult

IL, USA Malaysia PA, USA

< 1977 1990 1979 Range of site means; g/g dw

Range= 7.1-15 mg/kg dw 3.0- 3.5 ppm dw 1.35-12.8 Range= 5.7-13 mg/kg dw 21 ppm Mean= 2.87 ppm in yolk & 12.0 in alb 1.23- 2.18 g/g

Beyer et al. 1985

Rolfe et al. 1977 Lee and Stuebing 1990 Beyer et al. 1985

Pb Pb

BUXX adult CACA egg

MD, USA < 1984 GA, USA < 1974

carcass

2.1- 2.6

4.9

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Hillestad et al. 1974

k

Pb

CACA egg

FL, USA

1977

Stoneburner et al. 1980

Table 1- Field Residues - 72

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Pb

CACC adult

Brazil

Pb Pb Pb

CAYA adult CHMY adult CHSE adult

1985-92 34.4% of CACC and CAYA residues found to be between 500 ppb and 2000 ppb, 14.5% were above 2000 ppb. Brazil 1985-92 `` Papua New 1980-81 Guinea NJ, USA 1981-85

Brazaitis et al. 1996

0.033 ND-0.12 41% detection: 0.07 (M), 0.16 (F) control, 0.19 (M), ND (F) brackish water, 0.10 (M) fresh water

Brazaitis et al. 1996 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Albers et al. 1986

Pb

CHSE adult

MO, USA < 1988

Pb

CHSE adult

MO, USA < 1995

Below tailings dam: carapace: 13.7/g, blood; 5.6g/g. Above tailings dam: carapace: 8.4 g/g, blood: 1.1 g/g. Upstream: carapace: 0.6 g/g, blood: 0.1 g/g. 0.166-0.292 (brain), 0.280-2.514 (blood), 0.977-33.013 (carapace), 1.015-114.563 (bone) g/g ww

Krajicek and Overmann 1988

Pb Pb

CHXX adult CRAC egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1980

Range= 0.1260.264 g/g ww 0.062 shell= 16.42 g/g; yolk/alb3.35 g/g 1.25010.21 mg/kg dw 0.036

Range= 0.1770.490 g/g ww

Overmann and Krajicek 1995

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Stoneburner 1984

Pb

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1981-82

Phelps et al. 1986

Pb Pb

CRPO adult CRVI adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea CO, USA 1971

0.003659 ppm

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Bauerle et al. 1975

Table 1- Field Residues - 73

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Pb

DECO adult

Ireland

1988

0.04 0.03 13.9 mg/kg (shell) Bone: Range of Means = 41.597.2 g/g Rural area: 5.0 1.2 g/g dw Urban site: 200.53 20.0 dw (skin) max= 2.3 607 67 Range= 11-28 mg/kg dw Range of Means= 0.9-1.7 Range= 11-13 mg/kg dw

0.31 0.12 0.03 0.02 (pectoral )

Davenport and Wrench 1990 Vazquez et al. 1997

Pb

DECO egg

Mexico

1992-93

Pb Pb

LEOL adult NAXX adult

Ecuador India

1981 1988

Witkowski and Frazier 1982 Kaur 1988

Pb Pb Pb Pb

NOVI PICA PIME PLCI

adult adult hatchling adult

PA, USA CO, USA NJ, USA PA, USA

1987 1971 ND 1985-90 skin= 1331 256 1979

Storm et al. 1994 Seigel 1993 Burger 1992 Beyer et al. 1985
k

Pb

PLCI

adult

PA, USA

1987

Storm et al. 1994

Pb

PLGL adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Pb

POXX adult

India

1988

Rural areas: 7.00 2.3 g/g dw Urban areas: 150.53 10.0 g/g dw (skin) 0.97 upstream14.0 downstream from tailings pond 14 mg/kg dw 2.5- 3.2

Kaur 1988

Pb

RACA adult

MO, USA 1981-82

Niethammer et al. 1985

k

Pb Pb

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

MD, USA 1982 MD, USA < 1984

Birdsall et al. 1986 Hall and Mulhern 1984

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 74

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Mean for ash site= 11.4; Mean for ref site= 14.1 dw
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Pb

RACA tadpole

SC, USA

1995-96

Rowe et al. 1996

Pb Pb Pb Pb

RACL adult RACL tadpole RACL tadpole RACL tadpole

NJ, USA

1992 ?

femur 1728 g/g dw 14 mg/kg dw 1.4- 1.5 Range of Means= 2.3-5.0 3.66 ppm dw (M) (higher than female) 7.56 ppm dw (F) (higher than male) 0.88 ppm dw avg= 0.97 ppm dw 1.0- 6.2 g/g ww Range= 6.4-14 mg/kg dw thigh= ND ND

96.2 g/g Stansley and Roscoe 1996 Birdsall et al. 1986 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Storm et al. 1994
k k

MD, USA 1982 MD, USA <1984 PA, USA 1987

Pb

RAES adult

Italy

1974

Baudo 1976

Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

RAES juvenile RAES tadpole RAPI adult RAPR adult RASY adult

Italy Italy VT, USA

1974 1974 < 1968

Baudo 1976 Baudo 1976 Range= 1.3- 8.2 Schoeder and Tipton 1968 Linder et al. 1991 Beyer et al. 1985
k k

MT, USA < 1991 PA, USA 1979

Pb Pb Pb

RASY adult RAXX adult TECA adult

VT, USA

< 1968 0.88- 3.2 Range of Means= 21.73-135.86 g/g ww (bone); 0.24-0.47 g/g (skin); 0.10-0.34 g/g (lung) contents= 687, shell= 219 ppb dw

14.8- 31.3 10.2

Schoeder and Tipton 1968 Hall and Mulhern

k

MD, USA < 1984 MO, USA 1977

9.12Range= 46.95 g/g 8.45ww 52.24 g/g

1984 Beresford et al. 1981 Burger and Gibbons 1998

Pb

TRSC egg

SC, USA

1996

Table 1- Field Residues - 75

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 124.8461 ppm dw

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Pb

Pb Pb Pb PCB PCB

TRVU, adult RAES, RATE, PEFU and BUVI VAXX adult XXXA tadpole XXXA tadpole ACCB various ACCR juvenile

Poland

1975

pooled results

Dmowski and Karolewski 1979

k

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MO, USA 1972 MO, USA < 1979 ON, CAN < 1975 IL, USA 1995 intestine= 4419-7329 ppm (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.10- 0.16

0.007 36- 1590 g/g dw 4139 ppm

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Gale et al. 1973 22 ppm

k k

Jennett et al. 1979 Campbell 1975 Reeder et al. 1998

Range of Means= ND-0.81 ND ND at Brazos Range of Means= 711-1671 ng/g 0.01-0.04 (tail) Range of Means= 281-4228 ng/g 1984: L. Okeechobee ND, L. Griffin= 0.08, L. Apopka= 0.17 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.09- 1.34

PCB PCB PCB

AGCO adult AGPI adult ALMI adult

TX, USA TX, USA SC, USA

1976 1976 < 1997

Stafford et al. 1976 Stafford et al. 1976 Cobb et al. 1997

PCB PCB

ALMI adult ALMI egg

FL, USA SC, USA

1985 < 1997

Delany et al. 1988 Cobb et al. 1997

PCB

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

Heinz et al. 1991

PCB

BUWF various

ON, CAN < 1975

Campbell 1975

Table 1- Field Residues - 76

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

PCB

CACA adult

FL, USA

1983

Range= 546, Mean= 13 ppb subcutaneous fat= 82.91140 g/kg Range= 5.4-9.4 ppb, Mean= 6.8 ppb 0.24-1.81 : 0.020.12 ND

PCB

CACA adult

NC, USA

1991-92

Range= 8182, Range of Means= 32-40 7.46- 514 g/kg

McKim and Johnson 1983

Rybitski et al. 1995

PCB

CHMY adult

FL, USA

1983

Range= 43-80 ppb, Range of Means= 57-80 ppb

McKim and Johnson 1983

PCB

CHMY egg

UK

1972

Thompson et al. 1974 ND ND Aguirre et al. 1994 Campbell 1975 Albers et al. 1986

PCB PCB PCB

CHMY juvenile CHPI various CHSE adult

HI, USA < 1994 ON, CAN < 1975 NJ, USA

brain= ND (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 3.51 1981-98 100% detection

ND

41.2 (M), 36.17 (F) control, 291.13 (M), 34.07 (F) brackish water, 23.55 (M) fresh water 4.2 (control); 1600 (cont.)

PCB

CHSE adult

NY, USA

< 1987

PCB

CHSE adult

ON, CAN 1995

Reference: 1.6 (testes), 1.0 (brain), 0.64 (heart), 1.2 (pancreas), 0.41 (lungs). Cont: 100 (testes), 82 (brain), 49 (heart), 48 (pancreas), 13 (lungs) blood: Range of Means= 18.2414.8 ng/g ww (M)

1.0 1.2 Bryan et al. 1987a (control); (control); 72 (cont.) 48 (cont.)

de Solla et al. 1998

Table 1- Field Residues - 77

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

PCB

CHSE adult

ON, CAN 1988-89

PCB

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

PCB

CHSE adult

MN, USA 1981

PCB

CHSE adult

NY, USA

< 1983

PCB PCB

CHSE adult CHSE adult

NY, USA NY, USA

< 1983 1976-78

Mean= 28.9 ppm

PCB

CHSE adult

NY, USA

1976-78

Range= 7.41655.28 ng/g ww Range < Range: 0.2- 60.5; <0.025Mean= 0.086 21.7 mg/kg mg/kg Range < Range: 0.2- 60.5; <0.025Mean= 0.086 21.7 mg/kg mg/kg 3608.3 ppm (total PCBs) 28.3 ppm Mean= Mean= 2990.6 4.24 ppm ppm Mean= Mean= 464.16 0.44 ppm ppm

Hebert et al. 1993b

Helwig and Hora 1983

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 1982

Olafsson et al. 1983

Mean= 66.05 ppm Mean= 7.77 ppm

Olafsson et al. 1983 Stone et al. 1980

Stone et al. 1980

PCB

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1986-89

PCB

CHSE egg

ON, USA

1990

PCB PCB

CHSE egg CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981-91 ON, PQ, 1989-90 CAN; NY, USA

1988-89: 28- 3322 ng/g ww 13.396.4, Mean= 54.3 mg/kg (lipid) 0.32-54.4 Range= 106-5094 ng/g ww

Bishop et al. 1991

Bishop et al. 1994

Bishop et al. 1996 Bonin et al. 1995

Table 1- Field Residues - 78

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

PCB

CHSE egg

NY, USA

PCB

CHSE egg

ON, CAN 1981, 84

Yolk: 0.0161.89 ppm; White & Shell: 0.002680.272 ppm Range= 0.0574.76 mg/kg ww control: 0.187 mg/kg ww (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 0.52- 0.60 0.11-0.86 0.02- 1.53 mg/kg dw ND ND (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 3.10 subcutaneous fat 281- 904 g/kg Range of Means= 476-1250 3.4-6.9 ng/g ww Mean= 23 ppm 13.70 ppm 0.27-0.28 ppm 158- 6.0 g/kg

Bryan et al. 1987b

Struger et al. 1993

PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB

CLGU various CRAC egg CRNI egg EMBL adult EMBL adult GRGE various LEKE adult

ON, CAN < 1975 FL, USA 1979 Zimbabwe 1981-82 ON, CAN 1980 ON, CAN 1980 ON, CAN < 1975 NC, USA 1991-92

Campbell 1975 Hall et al. 1979 Phelps et al. 1986 Ryan et al. 1986 Ryan et al. 1986 Campbell 1975 Rybitski et al. 1995

PCB

LEKE juvenile

NY, USA

1980-89

Range of Means= 218-738

Lake et al. 1994

PCB PCB PCB PCB

LIPG adult MACR adult NAFF adult NECY adult

India ? SC, USA LA, USA

1991 < 1983 < 1995 1977-79

Ramesh et al. 1992 Yawetz et al. 1983 Fontenot et al. 1995b Sabourin et al. 1984

Table 1- Field Residues - 79

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

PCB

NEER adult

TX, USA

1976

PCB PCB PCB

NEFA adult NELE adult NEMA adult

TX, USA NC, USA

1976 < 1985 0.39 pooled= 113-1082 ng/g ww

Hwy 21: 17.0 and 57.4 ppm (n=2). ND for other sites ND (Brazos)

Stafford et al. 1976

Stafford et al. 1976 Hall et al. 1985 Bonin et al. 1995

k

ON, CAN 1988, 90 PCB 1254

PCB PCB PCB

NEMA adult NEMA adult NERH adult

PQ, CAN

1992-93

58.2 mg/kg ww

Gendron et al. 1994 Gendron et al. 1997

ON, CAN 1992-93 gonad: Range of Means: 0.41058.2 ppm LA, USA 1977-79

0.25-0.58 ppm

PCB

NERH adult

TX, USA

1976

5.15ND-0.05 13.65 ppm ppm Hwy21: 11.7123.3 ppm; ND at Navasota)

0.17-0.65 ppm

Sabourin et al. 1984

Stafford et al. 1976

PCB

NESI

adult

SC, USA

PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB

NESI NESI

egg various

RACA adult RACA adult RACL adult

1992-93 watershed= 13.70 ppm; waste site = 2.29 ppm (ref sites 1.23- 2.50 ppm) WI, USA 1978 4.3 ON, CAN < 1975 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 1.93- 6.58 SC, USA 1992-93 2.26- 2.33 ppm (ref site 0.05 ppm) LA, USA 1980 ND LA, USA 1980 ND

Fontenot et al. 1995a Heinz et al. 1980 Campbell 1975 Fontenot et al. 1995a Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984
k k

Table 1- Field Residues - 80

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body 50-112 g/kg (cont sites) vs. 7 g/kg at control Range= 0.03-3.28
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

PCB

RACL adult

PQ, CAN

1988

Phaneuf et al. 1995

PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB

RACL adult RAPE adult RASP adult

ON, CAN <1997 Spain LA, USA LA, USA SC, USA WI, USA WI, USA < 1987 1980 1978 < 1995 1978 1978 (egg, hatchling, liver and/or muscle; see paper); 5.48- 5.68 ND 0.017 ppm in legs

Russell et al. 1997 0.05- 1.08 Rico et al. 1987 Niethammer et al. 1984
k k k

RAXX adult RAXX adult THSI THSI TRSP adult adult various

ND (< 0.1 ppm) 2.26- 3.88 ppm 1.7-5.8 (F) 1.3-3.5 (M)

Dowd et al. 1985 Fontenot et al. 1995b Heinz et al. 1980 Heinz et al. 1980 Campbell 1975

ON, CAN < 1975 India 1987

VAXX adult

pentachlorophe RACA tadpole nol petroleum CHMY adult

ON, CAN 1980 Mexico 1979 Total resolved hydrocarbons (g/g): 2.51 (control LEKE), 10.9 (oiled LEKE), 2,932 (pollutant oil). Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 13.6- 16.9; Al alone= 12.7- 13.0; low pH alone= 13.1- 13.5 g/g dw

4.7-13 ng/g ww 19 ppb 0.36-0.38 0.39-0.58 2.04

Ramesh et al. 1992 Metcalfe et al. 1984

k

Hall et al. 1983

pH, Al

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH) =8.5- 11.5; Al alone=3.5- 9.0; low pH alone=7.1 g/g dw

Range of Means= 10.6-14.7 g/g dw Mean= Mean= 634 20.8 g/g cg/gdw dw Range of Means= 4.2-8.1 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Table 1- Field Residues - 81

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

pH, Al, As

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH) =15.5- 22.0; Al alone=18.8- 19.8; low pH alone=14.2- 18.2 g/g dw

pH, Al, As

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, As

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Ba

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 11.3- 14.0; Al alone= 1.9- 9.8; low pH alone= 9.2 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 143- 169; Al alone= 110- 296; low pH alone= 114- 153 g/g dw

pH, Al, Ba

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Ba

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Be

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 0.093- 0.123; Al alone= 0.09- 0.14; low pH alone= 0.06 mg/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 0.40- 0.44; Al alone= 0.25- 0.30; low pH alone= 0.13- 0.38 g/g dw

pH, Al, Be

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Be

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Cr

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 0.21- 0.38; Al alone= 0.05- 0.18; low pH alone= 0.19 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 16.5- 17.9; Al alone= 15.3- 16.1; low pH alone= 15.7- 17.7 g/g dw

pH, Al, Cr

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Body Range of Means= 11.5-22.6 g/g dw Mean= 2 Mean= g/g dw 6.3 g/g dw Range of Means= 7.6-9.5 g/g dw Range of Means= 73-160 g/g dw Mean= 90 Mean= g/g dw 210 g/g dw Range of Means= 93.9-97.4 g/g dw Range of Means= 0.15-0.19 g/g dw Mean= Mean= 0.07 g/g 0.81 g/g dw dw Range of Means= 0.14-0.22 g/g dw Range of Means= 12.3-14.5 g/g dw Mean= Mean= 1.9 g/g 8.4 g/g dw dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Table 1- Field Residues - 82

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range of Means= 6.2-9.3 g/g dw Range of Means= 11.1-12.5 g/g dw Mean= 1.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 11.8-12.0 g/g dw Range of Means= 14.7-30.2 g/g dw Mean= 6.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 16.5-21.4 g/g dw Range of Means= 1.2-1.8 g/g dw Mean= 1.6 g/g dw Range of Means= 1.3-1.4 g/g dw Range of Means= 0.4-1.1 g/g dw
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

pH, Al, Cr

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Cu

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 9.5- 14.8; Al alone= 4.0- 9.8; low pH alone= 8.6 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=11.2- 15.7; Al alone= 9.8- 12.6; low pH alone= 12.8- 15.0 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Cu

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 2.0 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Cu

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Fe

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=10.9- 12.0; Al alone= 7.4- 11.0; low pH alone= 12.6 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=14.1- 22.9; Al alone= 18.4- 20.9; low pH alone= 19.8- 20.3 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Fe

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 21.5 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Fe

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Mg

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=12.2- 21.6; Al alone= 9.1- 14.3; low pH alone= 14.2 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=1.7- 1.9; Al alone= 1.5- 1.7; low pH alone= 1.4- 1.7 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Mg

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 33.5 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Mg

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Mn

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)=1.5- 1.6; Al alone= 1.3- 1.4; low pH alone= 1.2 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 0.25- 2.3; Al alone= 0.43- 0.79; low pH alone= 0.27- 0.53 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

Table 1- Field Residues - 83

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Mean= 927 g/g dw Range of Means= 0.27-2.3 g/g dw Range of Means= 2.4-3.7 g/g dw Mean= 405 g/g dw Range of Means= 3.0-4.6 g/g dw Range of Means= 6.7-15.1 g/g dw Mean= 4.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 17.5-26.2 g/g dw Range of Means= 31.8-74.0 g/g dw Mean= 3.1 g/g dw Range of Means= 34-55.5 g/g dw
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

pH, Al, Mn

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 1.9 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Mn

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Ni

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 0.33- 4.6; Al alone= 0.35- 0.51; low pH alone= 0.11 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 7.3- 9.4; Al alone= 4.6- 5.4; low pH alone= 4.6- 10 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Ni

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 16.4 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Ni

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Pb

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 7.1- 7.5; Al alone= 2.0- 5.0; low pH alone= 4.4 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 9.8- 13.4; Al alone= 9.7- 17.1; low pH alone= 8.5- 19.7 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Pb

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 19.2 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Pb

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Se

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 5.2- 25.4; Al alone= 1.1- 22.0; low pH alone= 17.2 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 37- 54.8; Al alone= 44.3- 49.8; low pH alone= 43.1- 43.8 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Se

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 11.0 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Se

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 24.2- 42.7; Al alone= 20.0- 28.2; low pH alone= 26.9 g/g dw

Table 1- Field Residues - 84

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range of Means= 10.8-12.7 g/g dw Mean= 16.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 12.2-16.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 20.2-24.7 g/g dw Mean= 11.0 g/g dw Range of Means= 817.7 g/g dw Range of Means= 59.6-66.9 g/g dw Mean= 58.1 g/g dw Range of Means= 59.1-62.1 g/g dw
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

pH, Al, Sr

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 25.8-27.3; Al alone= 17.9-38.8; low pH alone= 12.5-16.8 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Sr

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 50.6 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996bb

pH, Al, Sr

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, V

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 16.6-31.4; Al alone= 17.6-51.5; low pH alone= 13.7 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 27.5-28.0; Al alone= 23.2-23.5; low pH alone= 24.1-24.2 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, V

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 99.3 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, V

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

pH, Al, Zn

ACCC tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH) =15.9-21.8; Al alone =7.0-17.2; low pH alone =14.4 g/g dw Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 78-80.4; Al alone= 69.7-103.1; low pH alone =59-61.6 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Zn

HYVE tadpole

MD, USA 1991

Mean= 78.8 g/g dw

Sparling and Lowe 1996b Sparling and Lowe 1996b

pH, Al, Zn

RACL tadpole

MD, USA 1991

phorate phosalone phosmet phosmet

juvenile juvenile juvenile adult & young of the year phosphamidon CHMY juvenile HI, USA propetamphos CHMY juvenile HI, USA propoxur CHMY juvenile HI, USA

CHMY CHMY CHMY RAPI

Range of Means for control (no metals, reg. pH)= 70.6-71.9; Al alone= 59.4-65.6; low pH alone= 60.1 g/g dw HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND HI, USA < 1994 brain= ND ND ON, CAN 1993-95 ND at all orchard sites

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Harris et al. 1998

< 1994 < 1994 < 1994

brain= ND brain= ND brain= ND

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994

Table 1- Field Residues - 85

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Pu Pu Pu ronnel Ru Se Se Se

COCO adult CRVI adult

CO, USA CO, USA CO, USA HI, USA Greece TX, USA FL, USA HI, USA

< 1977 < 1977 < 1977 < 1994 < 1997 1994 1984-85 < 1994

PIME adult CHMY AGSS ACCR ALMI CHMY juvenile adult tadpole egg juvenile

Lung: <0.11 dpm/g, bone: 0.3 dpm/g. Lung: <0.08 dpm/g, bone: <0.04 dpm/g. Lung: <0.02 dpm/g, bone: 0.05 dpm/g brain= ND carcass; ppm dw

ND 31-34 <0.23 0.30- 0.37

ND

0.27 dpm/g 0.09 dpm/g 0.03 dpm/g ND 34-35

ND

Range= 0.1363.39 < 0.05 3.61 1.4+0.02 (+0.48) (pectoral) Cont. sites: 10.9 (1984); 11.4 (1989); ref sites: 1.5 - 2.1 (1984); 2.1 - 3.6 (1989) g/g dw

Geiger and Winsor 1977 Geiger and Winsor 1977 Geiger and Winsor 1977 Aguirre et al. 1994 Loumbourdis 1997 Clark et al. 1998 Heinz et al. 1991 Aguirre et al. 1994

Se Se

CRNI egg DECO adult

Zimbabwe 1981-82 see paper for residues Ireland 1988

Phelps et al. 1986 Davenport and Wrench 1990 Ohlendorf et al. 1988

Se

PIME adult

CA, USA

1984 -85

Se Se

PIME hatchling NJ, USA RACA adult CA, USA

1985-90 skin= 1947 220 1984 -85

2745 441 45.0 (2588); 2 ref sites= 6.22 g/g dw Mean (ash site)= 25.7; Mean (ref site)= 3.4 dw <0.23

Burger 1992 Ohlendorf et al. 1988

Se

RACA tadpole

SC, USA

1995-96

Rowe et al. 1996

Se

RACL tadpole

TX, USA

1994

Clark et al. 1998

Table 1- Field Residues - 86

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body <0.23

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Se Se

RASP tadpole TRSC egg

TX, USA SC, USA

1994 1996

Contents = 417, shell = 36 ppb dw 0.15 163-396 66.1274.03 g/g 1.02 17-40

Clark et al. 1998 Burger and Gibbons 1998

Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr

ACJA adult AGSS adult CACA egg CHMY adult CHSE adult CHXX adult CRAC egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1977

Sr Sr

CRPO adult PSSC adult

Sr

TRSC adult

Sr

TRSC adult

Sr TCDD

VAXX adult APSE adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea TN, USA 1988 cont. site: (Bq/g ww): 16.5 3.91 (bone), 16.6 3.37 (carapace) Papua New 1980-81 Guinea FL, USA 1980 shell= 529.5 g/g; yolk/alb= 45.65 g/g Papua New 1980-81 Guinea USA 1983 Seasonal rate constants for overall elimination of Strontium ranged from <0.001-0.006/d SC, USA < 1991 Sig dif found between control sites Range: and cont. sites in total body 462.6burdens: (Bq/g body mass) 5098.3, Mean= 1878.7 (cont sites); Mean=< 0.26 (controls) TN, USA 1987 Mean [Link] (Bq/g ww): 4.26x10 4.01x10 (bone), 3.66x10 3.37x10 (carapace) Papua New 1980-81 Guinea TX, USA 1977 ND

0.37

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Stoneburner et al. 1980 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Meyers-Schne et al. 1993 Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Stoneburner 1984

0.17

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Scott et al. 1986

Lamb et al. 1991

Meyers-Schne et al. 1993 0.11 ND ND ND ND Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Harris 1978

Table 1- Field Residues - 87

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

TCDD TCDD

BUTE adult BUXX adult

FL, USA Italy

1973-79 1980

1360 ppt 0.2 ppb 2 yrs after exposure pg/g ww 5 found, major componen t 2378TCDD at 67 ng/kg. Others at 1-6 ng/kg 360 ppt 80-1344 ppt ww 148 ppt ND Mean= 68,000 ppt Range of Means= 87- 637 ppt 1.2- 48 (F); 0.6411.0 (M) ppb ww 320 ppt ww ND-10 420 ppt brain= ND brain= ND ND ND ND-176 ND ND-18 ND 85717000 ppt ww ND 97-3300 ppt ww Range= 232- 474 Range= ND- 107

Young and Cockerham 1982

k k

Fanelli et al. 1980

TCDD TCDD

CHSE adult CHSE egg

NY, USA

1984

Ryan et al. 1986 Struger et al. 1993

ON, CAN 1981, 84

TCDD TCDD

CNSE adult COXX adult

FL, USA

1973-79 trunk= 370- 420 ppt

Young and Cockerham 1982 Lower et al. 1990

k

MO, USA < 1990

TCDD TCDD TCDD

MAFL adult PIME juvenile RACA adult

FL, USA FL, USA AR, USA

1973-79 skin= 20 ppt 1973-79 1984-85 skin: Range of Means= 217-1710 ppt; oviduct: Range of Means= 148-2050 ppt; ovaries: Range of Means= 2700- 10400 ppt 1984-85

Young and Cockerham 1982 Young and Cockerham 1982 Korfmacher et al. 1986a
k k

TCDD

RACA adult

AR, USA

Korfmacher et al. 1986b

k

TCDD TCDD TCDD

THSI

adult

MO, USA < 1990 TX, USA FL, USA HI, USA HI, USA 1977 1973-79 < 1994 < 1994

Lower et al. 1990 Harris 1978 Young and Cockerham 1982 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994
k

TRSC adult XXSN adult

terbufos CHMY juvenile tetrachlorvinph CHMY juvenile os

ND ND

ND ND

ND ND

Table 1- Field Residues - 88

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

thalium Thallium toxaphene/ camphechlor

CHMY juvenile ALMI egg AGPI adult

HI, USA FL, USA MS, USA

< 1994 1984-85 1988 carcass; mg/kg ww 1984: ND Mean= 0.03; Range= ND-1.30 1984: L. Okeechobee= ND, L. Griffin= 0.06, L. Apopka= 0.09. 1985: L. Griffin= 1.1, L. Apopka= 2.4 Range= 15100ppm brain= ND ND pooled= 154 ND Toxaphen e recorded in eggs carcass 0.3 0.5 3.0 carcass; mg/kg ww Mean= 0.33; Range= ND-27.0 ND

Range= 0.8-1.1

Aguirre et al. 1994 Heinz et al. 1991 Ford and Hill 1991

toxaphene/ camphechlor

ALMI egg

FL, USA

1984-85

Heinz et al. 1991

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor

AMTI larvae

MT, USA 1959

Finley 1960

CHMY juvenile CHPI juvenile CHSE adult CRNI egg

HI, USA

< 1994

ND

ND

Aguirre et al. 1994 Finley 1960 Albers et al. 1986 Phelps et al. 1986

MT, USA 1959 NJ, USA 1981-97

Zimbabwe 1981-82

KIFL

adult

TX, USA TX, USA TX, USA MS, USA

1974 1968-71 1968-71 1988

NEER adult NEFA adult NEXX adult

Flickinger and Mulhern 1980 Flickinger and King 1972 Flickinger and King 1972 Ford and Hill 1991

Table 1- Field Residues - 89

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor triazophos V V V Vanadium Zn

RACA adult RACL adult RAPI adult RASP adult

LA, USA LA, USA

1980 1980

0.09 1.1 Range= 68-520 0.21 <0.1 brain= ND ND ND ND Range= 0.2-1.5 6.50 ND

Niethammer et al. 1984 Niethammer et al. 1984 Finley 1960 Niethammer et al. 1984 Flickinger and King 1972 Aguirre et al. 1994 Aguirre et al. 1994 Sadiq & Zaidi 1984 Sadiq & Zaidi 1984 Heinz et al. 1991 Clark et al. 1998
k k k

MT, USA 1959 LA, USA TX, USA HI, USA HI, USA Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia FL, USA TX, USA 1980 1968-71 < 1994 < 1994 1983 1983 1984-85 1994 1984: ND

THPR adult CHMY juvenile CHMY juvenile ERIM adult XXSS adult ALMI egg ACCR tadpole

<1

<1.0- 2.36 1.0- 6.64

Mean= 283 Range= 231- 359 17.6 609-643 14.2-36.0 (tail) 1984: L. Okeechobee 6.7, L. Griffin= 7.6, L. Apopka= 5.6. Range= 56-100 mg/kg dw Range of site means; g/g dw 94.1-166 615-794

Zn Zn Zn Zn

ACJA adult AGSS adult ALMI adult ALMI egg

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Greece < 1997 carcass; ppm dw FL, USA 1985 FL, USA 1984-85

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Loumbourdis 1997 Delany et al. 1988 Heinz et al. 1991

Zn

BUAM adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Zn

BUJU adult

Malaysia

1990

Lee and Stuebing 1990

Table 1- Field Residues - 90

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body Range= 52-55 mg/kg dw 25- 94

e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Zn

BUW O

adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Zn Zn

BUXX adult CACA adult

MD, USA < 1984 Japan 1990-91

Hall and Mulhern Mean= 24.2, Range= 19.5-31.0 Mean= 27.9, Range= 23.2-35 Mean= 25.8, Range= 19.2-30.4 1984 Sakai et al. 1995
k

Zn

CACA egg

GA, USA

< 1974

Zn

CACA egg

Japan

1990-91

Zn Zn

CACA egg CHMY adult

FL, USA Japan

1977 1990-91

Mean= 32.25 ppm in yolk; Mean= 26 ppm in alb Mean= 11.5, Range= 10.5-13.7 73.5380.50 g/g Mean= 30.6, Range= 15.1-45.8 20.4 Mean= 22.3, Range= 12.5-38.1

Hillestad et al. 1974

Sakai et al. 1995

Stoneburner et al. 1980 Sakai et al. 1995

Zn Zn Zn

CHMY adult CHMY juvenile CHSE adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea HI, USA < 1994 NJ, USA 1981-88

Zn

CHXX adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea

15.7

Range= 15.1-45.8 27.7-50.4 8.8 (M), Albers et al. 1986 for all 9.6 (F) sites control, 9.93 (M), 9.79 (F) brackish water, 10.5 (M) fresh water Yoshinaga et al. 1992

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Aguirre et al. 1994

Table 1- Field Residues - 91

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Zn

CRNI egg

Zimbabwe 1981-82

26.5547.5 mg/kg dw 5.8 0.08 0.01 11.9 mg/kg bone: Range of Means: 575-955 g/g max= 189.6 Range= 67-130 mg/kg dw Range of Means= 62.9116.7 Range= 140-170 mg/kg dw 20.9- 42.7 carcass= 93.7 (n=1) 9.7- 15 Range= 24.9- 118 3.7- 6.0 Range of Means= 23.1117.0 128.1181.7 ppm dw 1.89 0.1 2.62 (pectoral) 0.15 1.89 2.62

Phelps et al. 1986

Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn

CRPO adult DECO adult

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea Ireland 1988 1990-91 1992-93 1981 1987 1979

DECO adult Japan DECO egg shells Mexico LEOL adult NOVI adult PLCI adult Ecuador PA, USA PA, USA

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Davenport and Wrench 1990 Sakai et al. 1995 Vazquez et al. 1997 Witkowski and Frazier 1982 Storm et al. 1994 Beyer et al. 1985
k

Zn

PLCI

adult

PA, USA

1987

Storm et al. 1994

Zn

PLGL adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn

RACA adult RACA tadpole RACA tadpole RACL tadpole RACL tadpole RACL tadpole

MO, USA 1981-82 TX, USA 1994 MD, USA < 1984 TX, USA 1994

Niethammer et al. 1985 Clark et al. 1998 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Clark et al. 1998 Hall and Mulhern 1984 Storm et al. 1994
k k k

MD, USA < 1984 PA, USA 1987

Zn

RAES adult

Czechoslo 1982-84 vakia

Pavel and Kucera 1986

k

Table 1- Field Residues - 92

a Species Lifestage c d Contaminant Location Collectio Other Residues b n Date Code

Egg

Whole Body
e

Viscera

Fat

Muscle

Liver

Kidney

Reference

Zn

RAES adult

Hungary

< 1997

ovary: Range of Means= 52.2590 mg/kg (F)

Zn

RAES egg

Hungary

< 1997

Range of Means= 52.2-590 mg/kg Range of Means= 17982736 mg/kg 7.6531.07 thigh= 10.4 Mean= 22.1 Range= 9.77- 66.0 Range= 59-130 mg/kg dw 45- 90.9 (M); 61.0- 88.8 (F) 6.2- 31

Puky and Oertel 1997

Puky and Oertel 1997

Zn Zn Zn

RAPE adult RAPR adult RASP tadpole

Spain

1984-86 g/g ww carcass= 118 (n=1)

Rico et al. 1987 46.5 g/g ww

MT, USA < 1991 TX, USA 1994

Linder et al. 1991 Clark et al. 1998

Zn

RASY adult

PA, USA

1979

Beyer et al. 1985

Zn

RATE adult

Finland

1971-72

Pasanen and Koskela 1974

Zn Zn

RAXX adult TRVU, adult RAES, RATE, PEFU and BUVI VAXX adult XXXA tadpole XXXA tadpole

MD, USA < 1984 Poland 1975 pooled results 180.8533.5 near mill; control = 202.2 ppm dw

Hall and Mulhern 1984 Dmowski and Karolewski 1979

k k

Zn Zn Zn

Papua New 1980-81 Guinea MO, USA 1982 MO, USA < 1979 intestine (with contents): 69264696 ppm

16.9 160-265 g/g dw 2808 ppm

Yoshinaga et al. 1992 Gale et al. 1973 67 ppm

k k

Jennett et al. 1979

Table 2: Field studies not including residue values

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage
b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide 1.56 kg/ha

Location, Area, State, Country Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., CA, USA
c

Code 2,4-D iso-octyl ester CNTI

adult

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1974

Effects

de

Reference

2,4-D iso-octyl ester EUSK 2,4-D iso-octyl ester PHCO 2,4-D iso-octyl ester SCOC 2,4-D iso-octyl ester UTST acephate acephate

adult adult adult adult

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR PESTAPP PESTAPP MORT PHYSIO

1.56 kg/ha 1.56 kg/ha 1.56 kg/ha 1.56 kg/ha 0.56 - 1.6 kg/ha 8oz ai into 64oz/acre

AMLA tadpole BUXX adult

Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., CA, USA Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., CA, USA Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., CA, USA Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., CA, USA mixed wood forest, Larose forest, ON, CAN Lily Bay, Bomantown, Allagash, and T17R13, ME, USA

1974 1974 1974 1974 1975 1977

Mechanical damage (bulldozing of Lillywhite 1977 forests etc.) is more detrimental to small vertebrate populations than herbicides. Lillywhite 1977 No mortality. Lillywhite 1977 Lillywhite 1977 Lillywhite 1977

acephate acephate acephate

PSCR RASY

tadpole tadpole

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT PHYSIO

0.56 - 1.6 kg/ha 0.56 - 1.6 kg/ha 8oz ai into 64oz/acre

mixed wood forest, Larose 1975 forest, ON, CAN mixed wood forest, Larose 1975 forest, ON, CAN Lily Bay, Bomantown, Allagash, and T17R13, ME, USA 1977

Buckner and McLeod 1975 c Mean cholinesterase level for toads Sassaman 1978 collected 1 d post-spray (mean=0.672, range=0.62-0.72 M) were higher than for frogs collected 30 d post-spray (mean=0.595, range=0.48-0.68 M), dif. not sig. No mortality. Buckner and McLeod 1975
k

No mortality.

Buckner and McLeod 1975

k

RAXX adult

agricultural fertilizers XXXA larvae Al aldrin aldrin AMMA embryo RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

ENVIRON POPSUR IMMER PESTAPP PESTAPP MORT MORT MORT 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 89.9 L/ha

ponds, Turew, Wielkopolska, Poland temporary woodland pond, < 1987 coastal region, MD, USA field tests, CA, USA < 1962 pond, (0.025 ha), CA, USA 1962

Mean cholinesterase level for frogs Sassaman 1978 collected 1 d post-spray (mean=0.672, range=0.62-0.72 M) were higher than for frogs collected 30 d post-spray (mean=0.595, range=0.48-0.68 M), dif. not sig. 1977-85 Berger 1989 Embryonic survival negatively correlated with Al conc. in water. Toxic to tadpoles. Albers and Prouty 1987 Mulla 1962
k k

k Appl. rate (ai) 0.11 kg/ha: 30 % Mulla 1963 mortality 5 d after treatment; 100 % mortality at 0.56 kg/ha (ai) 2 d after treatment.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 2

Contaminant algicide
a

Species Lifestage Code PSCR

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country farm pond, MS, USA

c

adult

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1984

Effects

de

Reference

allethrin allethrin

AGBB TRFL

adult adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

50-80 g/s (5 appl.) 50-80 g/s (5 appl.) rice fields, India 175 g ai in 2.24 L/ha 0.11 kg/ha 175 g ai in 2.24 L/ha 175 g ai in 2.24 L/ha

< 1994 < 1994

ambithion aminocarb

XXFR

adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT BEHAV

< 1973

Annual emigration increased from 18 % to 61 % of the population during the study, seemingly as a result of algicides eliminating the population's potential food. Males emigrated farther than females. 10-20 min after, head vibrations occurred. Snakes died after 4 h. Habu snakes had 80% mortality after 4 h and 100% mortality after 8 h. 90 % mortality.

Parker 1984

Abe et al. 1994 Abe et al. 1994

Thirumurthi et al. 1973 Bracher and Bider 1982

k

k k

BUAM adult

aminocarb aminocarb aminocarb aminocarb aminocarb ammonium nitrate

RACL RAPI RASY

tadpole adult adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT BEHAV BEHAV MORT MORT MORT

XXXA adult XXXA larvae RATE adult

mixed forest, Laurentians, 1978-79 Activity decreased during 2 mos PQ, CAN post-spray possibly related to reduced prey availability. Richibucto, NB, CAN < 1974 Mortality in caged tadpoles, no other effects noted. mixed forest, Laurentians, 1978-79 No sig. change in activity over PQ, CAN short term mixed forest, Laurentians, 1978-79 No sig. change in activity over PQ, CAN short term. < 1977 No effects. < 1977 No effects.

Rick and Price 1974

Bracher and Bider 1982 Bracher and Bider 1982 Pearce and Price 1977
k k

k k

10.8-19.9 g/m 2

setup in wheat and grass fields

< 1997

anti-flea product arco artificial light

LAXX adult RACL adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP RAD

PATH MORT HATSUC 22.4 L/ha

< 1984 ponds, Butte Co., CA, USA 1971 Gksu delta, Turkish Mediterranean coast, Turkey 1992

Pearce and Price 1977 5-110 min after appl., toxic effects Oldham et al. 1997 can be observed. It remains to be seen whether fertilizers are responsible for population declines. Noticed eye lesions from a Frye and Gillespie 1984 commercial anti-flea product appl. k No mortality. Rick and Price 1974 Total tracks counted represented 75% of all possible tracks per nest (low emergence rates occurred). Of all tracks counted only 37% of tracks faced seaward. Sufficient conc. of atrazine in water and sediment to account for observed evidence of damage to plant populations which are utilized by tadpoles. Number of tadpoles decreased with increasing atrazine conc. Peters and Verhoeven 1994

CACA egg

atrazine

ACCR

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

IL, USA

1995

Beasley et al. 1995

atrazine

HYCH tadpoles

PESTAPP

DEVOBS

0,81,192 ppb

University of Mississippi Field Station, MS, USA

< 1998

Britson and Threlkeld 1998

Table 2 - Field Studies - 3

Contaminant atrazine
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study MORT

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

adult and young of the year

atrazine

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

atrazine

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

atrazine

RAPI

adult and young of the year

PESTAPP

MORT

atrazine atrazine

RAPI XXFR

tadpole tadpole

PESTAPP PESTAPP

DEVOBS HATSUC

15-25 mg/L

azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl

BUBO tadpole RACA tadpole RACL

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.45 kg/ha

1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at Harris et al. 1998 site 1 were 95 and 20-95% in 1993 and 1994 respectively; site 2 were 50-97 and 7-75%; site 3: 50-100 and 45-92% and site 4 90-100 and 42-97%. PQ, CAN 1993 A sig. dif. was found between corn Lowcock et al. 1997 crop treated fields and control group in genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and DNA profile abnormalities). PQ, CAN 1993 A difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control groups in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. Hamilton, Brantford , 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at Harris et al. 1998 Guelph, ON, CAN site 1: 90-100 and 70-75% in 1993 and 1994 respectively; site 2: 570/0-62%; site 3: 85-100 and 7085% and site 4: 85-87 and 63-85%. < 1996 No sig. growth effects from Detenbeck et al. 1996 treatments after 41 d of exposure. Canon Slade Grammar 1967 Breeding pattern appeared normal, Hazelwood 1970 School, Bolton, Lancaster, however, no eggs hatched for two UK successive yrs. Embryos were found to have malformations including twisted spines, and lower body weights. k pond, (0.025 ha), CA, USA < 1963 No mortality after 24 h Mulla 1963 field tests, unknown Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN PQ, CAN < 1962 Safe to tadpoles Mulla 1962 Harris et al. 1998
k

azinphos-methyl

RACL

adult and PESTAPP young of the year adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at site 1 were 95 and 20-95% in 1993 and 1994 respectively. 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles).

Table 2 - Field Studies - 4

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study GENOTOX

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country PQ, CAN

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1993

Effects

de

Reference

azinphos-methyl

juvenile

azinphos-methyl

RAPI

adult and young of the year tadpole

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

azinphos-methyl Bayer 22408 Bayer 29952 Bayer 34042 Bayer 37289 Bayer 37289 Bayer 37289 Bayer 37289 Bayer 38920 Bayer 38920 Bayer 44831 brodifacoum

SCHA

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole RACA tadpole BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole SCHA SCHA tadpole tadpole

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole RACA tadpole CYAE adult

0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.56, 2.24 aikg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.56 kg/ha 0.56, 2.24 kg/ha 0.22, 0.90 kg/ha

pond, CA, USA pond (0.025 ha), pond (0.025 ha),

There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 1993-95 Azinophos-methyl was nonHarris et al. 1998 detectable at all of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. k < 1963 No mortality after 24 h Mulla 1963 < 1963 < 1963 No mortality after 24 h. 5 % mortality after 24 h at 0.45 kg/ha appl. No mortality after 24 h. Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla et al. 1963
k k k

pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963 field tests, CA, USA pond (0.025 ha), field tests, CA, USA < 1962 < 1963 < 1962

Deemed safe for these appl. rates. Mulla 1962 k No mortality after 24 h. Mulla et al. 1963
k

Deemed safe at these appl. rates. Mulla 1962 k No mortality after 24 h. 100 % mortality to tadpoles. 100 % mortality at each of 0.56 and 2.24 kg/ha. No mortality after 24 h. Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962
k k k k

pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963 field tests, CA, USA < 1962

pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963 pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla et al. 1963

ENVIRON POPSUR

brodifacoum

CYMA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 Numbers remained low and fell Newman 1994 again after eradication program. An increase in captures did not occur until '90-91. No toxicity data is given on the direct effects of brodifacoum/flucoumafen. Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 After 1989 (date of mouse Newman 1994 eradication program) there was a sig increase in the number of individuals caught. No tox data is given on the direct effects of brodifacoum/flucoumafen.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 5

Contaminant brodifacoum
a

Species Lifestage Code HOMA adult

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

brodifacoum brodifacoum

LENI LETE

adult adult

ENVIRON POPSUR PESTAPP BEHAV

brodifacoum brodifacoum

PHGU adult UTPA adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

BEHAV BEHAV

butylate

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

butylate

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

carbaryl carbofuran

RAPI ACCB

tadpoles adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT BEHAV 0.56 kg/ha (6 appl.)

carbofuran

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

Country Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 After 1989 (date of mouse Newman 1994 eradication program) there was a sig increase in the number of individuals caught, numbers fluctuated after '90/91. Overall, since 1989 the numbers were higher than in previous trappings seasons. No toxicity data given. Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 Newman 1994 Round Island, Mauritius 1986 Skinks were found to have a Merton 1987 preference for brodifacoum-loaded pellets in jam and apple but not cabbage or lettuce (rabbit bait). Round Island, Mauritius 1986 Merton 1987 Northwestern Islands off < 1994 This study determined if this lizard Tershy and Breese 1994 of Mexican coast, Mexico would be attracted to poison rat baits of some colours and not others Some colours were less likely to be eaten by this non-target organism than others. PQ, CAN 1993 A sig. difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control group in genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and DNA profile abnormalities). PQ, CAN 1993 A difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control groups in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. Walborn Ranch, Tullock 1959 No adverse effects observed. Finley 1960 Creek, MT, USA rice fields, TX, USA 1970-75 Frogs found paralysed or exhibited Flickinger et al. 1980 k abnormal behaviour 15 min after treatment. Only 1 death recorded. PQ, CAN 1993 A sig. difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control group in genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and DNA profile abnormalities).

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

Table 2 - Field Studies - 6

Contaminant carbofuran
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study GENOTOX

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country PQ, CAN

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1993

Effects

de

Reference

juvenile

carbofuran

XXFR

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

1 kg ai/ha

Fanaye Diri, Senegal

1985

carbophenothion carbophenothion carbophos

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole XXXR not specified RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

0.45 kg/ha 0.45, 1.79 kg/ha 0.6-0.8 L ai/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 0, 25, 51 ppb

field tests, CA, USA

< 1962

A difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control groups in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. In the fields frogs showed abnormal Mullie et al. 1991 behaviour within 4h after appl. After 24h a number of dead frogs were found. k 100 % mortality of tadpoles. Mulla 1962 10 % mortality after 24 h at both rates. Even ultra-low volume sprays (0.6 L ai/ha) caused mortality of birds, reptiles and mammals. Deemed to be safe to tadpoles. Mulla et al. 1963
k

pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963 Ukraine < 1978

Karpenko and Myasoedov 1978 Mulla 1962 Mulla 1963

k k

chlordane chlordane

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

field tests, CA, USA pond, CA, USA

< 1962 1962

chloropyrifos

HYCH tadpoles

PESTAPP

DEVOBS

University of Mississippi Field Station, MS, USA PQ, CAN

chlorothalonil

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

chlorothalonil

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

Cl Cl Cl Cl

AMLJ

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

AMMA adult BUAM adult HYVE adult

West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN

30 % mortality at 0.56 kg/ha appl. rate after 2 d. No mortality at 0.11 kg/ha after 6 d. < 1998 Tadpoles took more time to develop and increased leg malformations were present. 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 1992-94 Negative correlation found between population and chloride. 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94

Britson and Threlkeld 1998 Lowcock et al. 1997

Lowcock et al. 1997

Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a

Table 2 - Field Studies - 7

Contaminant Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Co Co copper sulfate copper sulfate
a

Species Lifestage Code NOVI PSCR PSTR

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN mountain meadow, Yosemite, CA, USA mountain meadow, Yosemite, CA, USA pond, Rhodesia and Zimbabwe pond, Rhodesia and Zimbabwe
c

adult adult adult

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR SUBDERM MORT SUBDERM MORT PESTAPP PESTAPP MORT MORT

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 < 1957 < 1957

Effects

de

Reference

RACA adult RACL adult

RAPA adult RAPI RASE RASY adult adult adult

Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Karlstrom 1957
k

BUBO adult BUCN adult RAXX adult XELA adult

40 uc 20-30 uc

Survived.

crude oil

LEKE

egg

ENVIRON POPSUR

30,000 barrels/d

Cs

ELOB

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Cs

NATA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Cs

PSSC

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

3 toads survived one year. (original Karlstrom 1957 k number tagged not given). < 1961 Rana spp. not killed in 20 ppm Shif and Garnett 1961 treatment. < 1961 XELA not killed by 20 ppm copper Shif and Garnett 1961 sulfate but died rapidly in other treatments. Rancho Nuevo beach, Gulf 1979 70% hatching success with relocated Delikat 1981 of Mexico, Tamaulopus, eggs. Hatching success in the Mexico following year 90%. Savannah R. site, Aiken, 1972-80 11 snakes were found in 1972; 8 Bagshaw and Brisbin 1984 SC, USA snakes were found in 1976 and 21 were found in 1980. Savannah R. site, Aiken, 1972-80 12 snakes were found in 1972; 26 Bagshaw and Brisbin 1984 SC, USA snakes were found in 1976 and 50 snakes were found in 1980. Savannah R. site, Aiken, < 1988 Radiocesium elimination rate Peters and Brisbin 1988 SC, USA constants ranged from 0.00280.0138/d.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 8

Contaminant Cs, Sr, H
a

Species Lifestage Code TRSC

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

adult

Route ENVIRON PHYSIO

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Savannah R. site, GA, USA < 1988

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

cypermethrin

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

cypermethrin

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

DDC

RAPI

adult and young of the year juvenile

PESTAPP

MORT

DDD

ALMI

ENVIRON PHYSIO

DDE

AGCO adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

DDE

AGPI

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

DDE

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

All turtles from the basin Bickham et al. 1988 complexes had elevated Thyac readings (mean=7598 counts/min) whereas no control animals registered above background. Aquatic turtles inhabiting seepage basins had significantly greater variation in DNA content in blood cells. PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. Hamilton, Brantford , 1993-95 Dithiocarbamate was non-detectable Harris et al. 1998 Guelph, ON, CAN at all of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5-100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. L. Apopka, FL, USA 1995 Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. Brazos R., Navasota R., 1976 Agkistrodon spp. had several times Stafford et al. 1976 and Hwy21, central Texas, the NADPH-dependent oxidative TX, USA detoxifying activity of Natrix spp. No consistent differences between sexes in levels of detoxifying enzymes and enzyme activity were observed. Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Stafford et al. 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA L. Apopka, FL, USA 1995 Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 9

Contaminant DDE
a

Species Lifestage Code NEER

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

adult

Route ENVIRON PHYSIO

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

DDE

NEFA

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

DDE

NERH

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

DDT

AGPI

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

3 lbs/64 acres

DDT

ALMI

adult

ENVIRON REPRO

Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA Bull Island, Cape Romain < 1949 National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA L. Apopka, near EPA < 1994 Superfund ord, FL, USA

Agkistrodon spp. had several times Stafford et al. 1976 the NADPH-dependent oxidative detoxifying activity of Natrix spp. Oxidase activity was significantly higher in NAER and NAFA than in NARH. Stafford et al. 1976

Stafford et al. 1976

Apparently unaffected by spraying. Goodrum et al. 1949

DDT

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

L. Apopka, FL, USA

1995

DDT

ALMI

DDT

juvenile male and females ANCA adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

L. Apopka and L. Okeechobee, FL, USA 3 lbs/64 acres Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA golf course greens Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA open pond, FL, USA

1995

6 month old female ALMI had Guillette et al. 1994 plasma estrodiol-17B conc. almost 2 times greater than normal females from control lake; abnormal ovarian morphology with large number of polyovular follicles and polynulear oocytes. Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. Steroid hormones from female and Crain et al. 1998b male alligators were measured. Two chameleons were found affected by the spraying; one was dead, the other was experiencing tremors and paralysis. 95 - 95% control of juvenile toads after 1 treatment. One snake was found completely paralyzed 72 h after spraying. Goodrum et al. 1949

PESTAPP

MORT

< 1949

DDT DDT

BUBO juvenile COCO adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

1.12, 2.24 kg/ha 3 lbs/64 acres 3 lbs/64 acres

< 1962 < 1949

Mulla 1962

Goodrum et al. 1949

DDT

ELQU

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

< 1949

DDT

HYCI

adult

PESTAPP

BEHAV

0.34 - 0.67 kg/ha (4 appl.)

< 1949

Apparently unaffected by the Goodrum et al. 1949 spraying possibly due to the fact that this is a closed canopy species and spraying was done by airplane. k No symptoms. Herald 1949

Table 2 - Field Studies - 10

Contaminant DDT
a

Species Lifestage Code MAST

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study POPSUR

Pesticide groundsprayed

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

adult

DDT

MAST

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

DDT

NASI

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

3 lbs/64 acres 3 lbs/64 acres 0.11, 1.121 kg/ha 0.34 - 0.67 kg/ha (4 appl.) 3 lbs/64 acres 0.34 - 0.67 kg/ha (4 appl.)

DDT

RACA larvae

PESTAPP

MORT

DDT DDT

RACA tadpole RAGR adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT BEHAV

Country Siabuwa, Omay, and 1989-90 MAST wahlbergii declined Matusadona National Park, significantly from 76% of lizards at NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe untreated sites (n=8) through 72% after three annual treatments (n=4), to 48% after 4-6 treatments (n=6). Matusadona National Park, 1989-90 Frequency of occurrence of MAST Siabuwa, Omay Communal relative to other species declined Area, Zimbabwe significantly with increasing number of spray treatments; abundance lower in sprayed areas; significantly more trees were occupied by MAST at unsprayed sites. Bull Island, Cape Romain < 1949 26 h after spraying, one snake was National Wildlife Refuge, found unable to move and SC, USA convulsing. Bull Island, Cape Romain < 1949 Larvae were found dead after National Wildlife Refuge, spraying. SC, USA pond, CA, USA < 1963 0 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha; 80 % mortality at 1.121 kg/ha after 2 d. open pond, FL, USA < 1949 Lack of coordination and death.

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

Lambert 1993

Lambert 1994b

Goodrum et al. 1949

Goodrum et al. 1949

Mulla 1963

k k

Herald 1949

DDT

RAPI

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

DDT

RAPI

adult

PESTAPP

BEHAV

Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA open pond, FL, USA

< 1949

Adult frogs were found dead after spraying. Lack of coordination, and death. Some showed signs of recovery.

Goodrum et al. 1949

< 1949

Herald 1949

DDT

RASY

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

woodland pools, Hubbard Co., MN, USA up to 4.5 kg/ha 0.4-0.5 kg/ha 0.06, 0.45 kg/ha forest, [Link], CAN ditches, pools, gravel pit, UK coastal plain ponds, Savannah, GA, USA

< 1957

DDT DDT DDT

RASY

adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

< 1949 < 1973 < 1950

2.5 d after spray dead frogs found Fashingbauer 1957 k on each pool. 2 -3 mos after spraying, no live frogs were found. Very slight effect on amphibians. Speirs 1949 k Mortality, frantic behaviour, snout Cooke 1973b k abnormalities. k A few frogs were killed by DDT Tarzwell 1950 (0.11) as dust or emulsion. DDT emulsions more toxic than solutions and dusts. 11 snake species were found dead or Wassersug and Hoff 1979 dying after spraying.

RATE tadpole XXFR adult

DDT

XXSN

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

5 kg/km riverine forest

Guinea savanna zone, Lame Burra, Dan Bagudu, Rafin Dinya, Nigeria

1974

Table 2 - Field Studies - 11

Contaminant deltamethrin
a

Species Lifestage Code AGAC adult

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Omay Communal area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

deltamethrin

LYCA

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Omay Communal area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

deltamethrin deltamethrin

LYCH

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR PESTAPP POPSUR 250 mg/ha (5 appl.)

MAQU adult

Omay Communal area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Mutoko District, < 1987 Zimbabwe Omay Communal area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

No sig. difference in species Lambert 1994a composition before and after spray. Authors suggest that long term direct or indirect (prey) effects were unlikely. No sig. difference in species Lambert 1994a composition before and after spray. Authors suggest that long term direct or indirect (prey) effects were unlikely. Lambert 1994a No effects of deltamethrin on Grant and Crick 1987 populations of Rainbow skinks were noted at treated sites. No sig. differences in species Lambert 1994a composition before and after spray. Authors suggested that long term direct or indirect (prey) effects were unlikely. Lambert 1994a Lambert 1994a Lowcock et al. 1997

deltamethrin

MAQU adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

deltamethrin deltamethrin deltamethrin

MAST

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR GENOTOX

MAVV adult RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

Omay Communal Area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Omay Communal area, 1990 NW Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe PQ, CAN 1993

deltamethrin

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

Diazinon

RACL

adult and young of the year adult and young of the year not specified

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

Diazinon

RAPI

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN Japan

Diazinon

XXSN

ENVIRON MORT

There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at site 1 were 95 and 20-95% in 1993 and 1994 respectively; and site 4 90-100 and 42-97%. 1993-95 NSD at all of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. < 1979 Pesticide kills Habu snake with use of "open traps with adhesive seats containing pesticides without polluting the environment.

Lowcock et al. 1997

Harris et al. 1998

Harris et al. 1998

Kihara and Yamashita 1979

Table 2 - Field Studies - 12

Contaminant dichlobenil dichlobenil dichlobenil dicofol
a

Species Lifestage Code BUBU adult RATE adult TRVU ALMI adult egg
b

Exposure Route PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

f

Study DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS

Pesticide 1 mg/L granules 1 mg/L granules 1 mg/l granules

Location, Area, State, Country pond, UK

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1977

Effects

de

Reference

ENVIRON MORT

dicofol

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

dicofol

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON MORT

dicofol

ALMI

dieldrin

ALMI

juvenile males and females juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

No deaths or changes in activity or Cooke 1977 k development within 32 d. pond, UK < 1977 No death or changes in activity or Cooke 1977 k development with 32 d. k pond, UK < 1977 No deaths, changes in activity or Cooke 1977 development; continued to breed. Apopka, Griffin, Jessup L., 1983-86 Clutch viability lower on L. Apopka Woodward et al. 1993 Okeechobee, FL, USA and higher on L. Griffin than any other lake. Annual clutch viability declined on L. Apopka during the study. L. Apopka, FL, USA 1995 Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. Apopka, Griffin, Jessup L., 1980-87 Juvenile alligator density relatively Woodward et al. 1993 Okeechobee, FL, USA stable during 1980-87 on Griffin and Jessup lakes, but plunged to 10 % of 1980 level on Apopka coincident with falling clutch viability. L. Apopka and L. 1995 Steroid hormones from female and Crain et al. 1998b Okeechobee, FL, USA male alligators were measured. L. Apopka, FL, USA Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. Chipangali area, Rukuzi, 1962-64 Snakes were caught and died later. Wilson 1972 Mwita and Jafulira, Zambia Many other mammals and birds were either found dead or died after capture from this spraying. Chipangali area, Rukuzi, 1962-64 Wilson 1972 Zambia Chipangali area, Rukuzi 1962-64 Wilson 1972 and Mwita, Zambia Chipangali area, Rukuzi 1962-64 Wilson 1972 and Jafulira, Zambia Chipangali area, Jafulira, 1962-64 Wilson 1972 Zambia Chipangali area, Rukuzi, 1962-64 Wilson 1972 Zambia 1995

IMMER

PHYSIO

dieldrin

BOFU

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

3.7% knapsack spray

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

CRHT DITY

adult adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT

HENO adult LYCP adult

MENY adult

3.7% knapsack spray 3.7% knapsack spray 3.7% knapsack spray 3.7% knapsack spray 3.7% knapsack spray

Table 2 - Field Studies - 13

Contaminant dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin
a

Species Lifestage Code RACA tadpole RACA tadpole TESE adult

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

f

Study MORT MORT MORT

Pesticide 0.11 - 0.56 kg/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 3.7% knapsack spray

Location, Area, State, Country field tests, CA, USA pond Chipangali area, Rukuzi and Chamatunda, Zambia
c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1962 1962

Effects

de

Reference

Complete tadpole kill.

Mulla 1962

dieldrin

THKI

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

3.7% knapsack spray 800 g/ha

dieldrin

XXSN

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

diesel

CLMA juvenileadult

ENVIRON POPSUR

spill

Chipangali area, Jafulira, Rukuzi and Chamatunda, Zambia Guinea savanna zone, Lame Burra, Dan Bagudu, Rafin Dinya, Nigeria Hayford Creek, Trinity R., CA, USA

100 % mortality after 1 d in each Mulla 1963 k of 0.11 and 0.56 kg/ha appl. areas. 1962-64 Snakes were caught and died later. Wilson 1972 Many other mammals and birds were either found dead or died after capture from this spraying. 1962-64 Wilson 1972

1974

11 snake species were found dead or Koeman et al. 1978 dying after spraying. Bury 1972

1970

diesel

RABO tadpole

ENVIRON POPSUR

spill

Hayford Creek, Trinity R., CA, USA

diesel

THCO adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

spill

Hayford Creek, Trinity R., CA, USA

diflubenzuron diflubenzuron dioxins

HYRE SCHA GRFL

tadpole tadpole adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

0.04-0.045 lb ai/acre 0.04-0.045 lb ai/acre

foothills, CA, USA foothills, CA, USA Pascagoula R., MS, USA

ENVIRON POPSUR

diquat diquat diquat diquat

BUBU adult RACA tadpole RATE adult TRVU adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

DEVOBS BEHAV DEVOBS DEVOBS

1 mg/L sprayed 0.5 ppm ai/acre 1 mg/L sprayed 1 mg/L sprayed

pond, UK pond, USA pond, UK pond, UK

1 turtle found dead on bottom of one of the sections of the stream. 2 juvenile turtles found in poor condition. Eyes and necks of all three were swollen. Movements of live turtles were uncoordinated and they were unable to either swim or sink. 1970 1843 individuals were killed. Some were beginning the stages of metamorphosis. No adult frogs found dead. 1970 36 dead snakes found. Several snakes were seen that appeared to be noticeably sluggish in their movements. 1974 HYRE tadpoles tolerated the treatment. 1974 SCHA tadpoles tolerated the treatment. 1995-96 Populations downstream from mill since dioxin release in 1991 have disappeared. < 1977 No death or changes in activity or development within 32 d. < 1977 No mortality. < 1977 < 1977

Bury 1972

Bury 1972

Miura et al., Miura et al., Mendonca et al. 1996

Cooke 1977

Johnson and Gieke 1977

No deaths or changes in activity or Cooke 1977 k development within 32 d. No death or changes in activity or Cooke 1977 k development within 32 d; continued to breed.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 14

Contaminant diquat, nabam
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL

b

Exposure
f

Study GENOTOX

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country PQ, CAN

c

Route adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1993

Effects

de

Reference

diquat, nabam

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

1993

endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan

BUBO juvenile CHXE

PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT

1.12 kg/ha 14 g a.i/ha 0.11 kg/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha

residential area, unknown savanna woodland, Zimbabwe pond pond, CA, USA pond, CA, USA

< 1962 < 1979 < 1962 1962

adult (caged PESTAPP ? not given) RACA tadpole PESTAPP RACA tadpole RACA tadpole PESTAPP PESTAPP

There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 98 % control of juvenile toads in 24 Mulla 1962 k h. k No deaths after 19 d post Cockbill 1979 treatment. k Complete die off of tadpoles. Mulla 1962

endosulfan

RACL

adult and young of the year adult and young of the year juvenile adult

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

endosulfan

RAPI

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

endosulfan endosulfan

SCHA XXSN

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

1.12 kg/ha 800-1000 g/ha 0.11 - 0.56 kg/ha 0.11 - 0.56 kg/ha 0.047 mg/L

residential area, unknown Guinea savanna zone, Lame Burra, Dan Bagudu, Rafin Dinya, Nigeria field tests, CA, USA

60 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha; 100 Mulla 1963 k % mortality at 0.56 kg/ha. 1962 100 % mortality 0.56 kg/ha after 1 Mulla 1963 k d; 10 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha after 1 d. 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at Harris et al. 1998 site 1 were 95 and 20-95% in 1993 and 1994 respectively and ref site 1 were 97-100 and 87-97%. 1993-95 Endosulfan was non-detectable at all Harris et al. 1998 of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5-100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. k < 1962 98 % control of toads in 24 h. Mulla 1962 1974 11 snake species were found dead or Koeman et al. 1978 dying after spraying. Complete kill of tadpoles. 90 % mortality after 5 d at 0.11 kg/ha; 100 % mortality after 1 d. Caged tadpoles alive only at most distant test stations after 72 h. Mulla 1962 Mulla 1963
k k k

endrin endrin endrin

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole RAES tadpole (without devel. limbs)

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

< 1962

pond (0.025 ha), CA, USA 1962 artificially evacuated pool, < 1979 unknown

Wohlgemuth and Trnkova 1979

Table 2 - Field Studies - 15

Contaminant endrin
a

Species Lifestage Code RATE adult

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study MORT

Pesticide 0.047 mg/L

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country artificially evacuated pool, < 1979 unknown

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

estradiol

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

L. Apopka and [Link], FL, USA

< 1995

ethyl guthion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion

RACA tadpole BUAM not specified RACA tadpole RACL RASE not specified adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT

0.22 , 0.90 kg/ha 0.14 kg/ha 0.14 kg/ha (2 appl.) 0.14 kg/ha

pond (0.025 ha), unknown < 1963 pond, NB, CAN < 1969

Wild population had strong leg cramps and paralysis of limbs and died. 7 weeks after treatment repopulated pond. Synthesis of 17-estradiol was sig. dif. when ovaries from the cont. and control lakes were compared in vitro. Additionally, testes obtained from the cont. lake, L. Apopka, synthesized significantly higher conc. No mortality after 24 h. No mortality. No mortality. No mortality.

Wohlgemuth and Trnkova 1979

k

Guillette et al. 1995

Mulla et al. 1963

k k

Pearce and Teeple 1969 Rick and Price 1974

k

Fundy National Park, NB, < 1974 CAN pond, NB, CAN < 1969 northern NB, CAN 1991

Pearce and Teeple 1969

ENVIRON POPSUR

fenitrothion

RASE

adult

PESTAPP

POPSUR

210 g /ha (2 9 lakes and ponds within 1991 appl.) forested areas, Northern New Brunswick, NB, CAN

fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenoprop

RASY RASY XXFR XXFR

adult tadpole adult adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT POPSUR

0.14 kg/ha (2 appl.) 0.14 kg/ha (2 appl.) 0.5 kg/ha

Fundy National Park, NB, < 1974 CAN Fundy National Park, NB, < 1974 CAN rice fields, India < 1973 Long Pond, NY, USA 1957

Areas that have been heavily McAlpine 1997a sprayed over the previous 5 yrs had a lower abundance of mink frogs. Low spray areas (not sprayed after McAlpine et al. 1998 1987): mean frog density=7.09 and 20.95; Medium spray areas (sprayed in 1990 only): mean frog density= 65.43 and 12.05; High spray areas: mean frog densities= 0.71, 3.52, 3.86, 3.99, 6.15. k No mortality. Rick and Price 1974 No mortality. 100% mortality. No obvious effect on local population of frogs, no change in abundance. No effect noted in frogs, obvious population changes were not evident. No obvious effect on local abundance of adults. Populations were not affected after treatments (7.7-15 ppb for 20 and 30 min). 100 % mortality. Rick and Price 1974
k k

Thirumurthi et al. 1973 Pierce 1958

fenoprop

XXFR

adult

PESTAPP

POPSUR

Long Pond, NY, USA

1959

Pierce 1960

fenoprop fenthion

XXXT adult XXFR adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP

POPSUR POPSUR 24 L/12 min.at150 km/h 0.5 kg/ha

Long Pond, NY, USA Njoro Dam and Gicheha farm, E. Africa, Kenya rice field, India

1957 1988

Pierce 1958 Keith et al. 1994

fenthion

XXFR

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

< 1973

Thirumurthi et al. 1973

Table 2 - Field Studies - 16

Contaminant fenthion
a

Species Lifestage Code XXFR

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study POPSUR

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

tadpole

Country 24 L/12 min Njoro Dam and Gicheha at150 km/h farm, E. Africa, Kenya

Study Date 1988

Effects

de

Reference

FLII MLO flocoumafen

RACA adult CYAE adult

PESTAPP

MORT

ENVIRON POPSUR

flocoumafen

CYMA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

flocoumafen

HOMA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

flocoumafen

LENI

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

fluoranthene, UV

AMMA larvae

IMMER

MORT

fluoranthene, UV

RAPI

larvae

IMMER

MORT

fluoranthene, UV

XELA

larvae

IMMER

MORT

fluoride

AMMU adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

2.24 L/ha (4 pond, Butte Co., CA, USA 1971 sprays) Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 Captures increased significantly between 85/86 and 86/87 then fell between 86/87 and 87/88; subsequently, numbers caught remained low and fell again between 89/90 and 90/91 but increased between 90/91 and 91/92. Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 After 1989 (date of mouse eradication program) there was a sig. increase in the number of individuals caught. No toxicity data given. Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 After 1989 (date of mouse eradication program) there was a sig. increase in the number of individuals caught. No toxicity data given. Mana Island, New Zealand 1986-93 Capture rates were usually low, yet declined significantly between 1985/1986 and 86/87 and between 86/87 and 87/88. From 88/89 captures rose, but fell significantly again between 90/91 and 91/92. No tox data given. Corvallis, OR, USA <1998 Larvae hatched already dead at 25 g/L conc. of fluoranthene and UV exposure. Without UV exposure, <5% mortality. Corvallis, OR, USA <1998 At 125 g/L fluoranthene and no UV exposure hatching success was 67% and larvae were otherwise unaffected. With UV exposure, 57% hatched yet all were dead upon hatching. Corvallis, OR, USA <1998 At 25 g/L fluoranthene conc., embryos hatched already dead, <5% mortality occurred when there was no UV exposure. Tomago, NW of 1994 No apparent effects on survival; Newcastle, Hunter Valley, vegetation and fluoride levels were AUS related and often abundance was more likely attributed to lack or presence of certain vegetation.

Tadpoles were not affected after Keith et al. 1994 treatments (17ppb exposure for 10 min). k No mortality. Hagen et al. 1973 Newman 1994

Newman 1994

Newman 1994

Newman 1994

Hatch and Burton 1998

Hatch and Burton 1998

Hatch and Burton 1998

Letnic and Fox 1997

Table 2 - Field Studies - 17

Contaminant fluoride
a

Species Lifestage Code CATE adult

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Tomago, NW of Newcastle, Hunter Valley, AUS Tomago, NW of Newcastle, Hunter Valley, AUS Tomago, NW of Newcastle, Hunter Valley, AUS Tomago, NW of Newcastle, Hunter Valley, AUS Tomago, NW of Newcastle, Hunter Valley, AUS Fort Stewart Army base, GA, USA
c

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1994

Effects

de

Reference

Letnic and Fox 1997

fluoride

CTRO

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1994

Letnic and Fox 1997

fluoride

CTTA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1994

Letnic and Fox 1997

fluoride

LADE

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1994

Letnic and Fox 1997

fluoride

LAGU

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1994

Letnic and Fox 1997

fuel oil

AMOP larvae

IMMER

DEVOBS

1994

fuel oil fuel oil fuel oil G-27365 G-28029 G-30493 G-30493 G-30493 G-30493 G-30494 G-30494 G-30494 G-30494 GC-3582

AMTI 10 wk hatchlings AMTI 6 wk hatchlings RACA adult RACA tadpole RACA tadpole BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole SCHA SCHA tadpole tadpole

IMMER IMMER PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT DEVOBS MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT 112.1 L/ha (4 sprays) 0.22, 0.90 g/ha 0.45,1.79 kg/ha 0.22,0.90 kg/ha 0.22 0.90 kg/ha 0.22,0.90 kg/ha 0.22,0.90 kg/ha 0.11,0.45 kg/ha 0.11,0.45 kg/ha 0.11,0.45 kg/ha 0.11,0.45 kg/ha 0.45,1.8 kg/ha

Fort Stewart Army Base, 1994 GA, USA Fort Stewart Army Base, 1994 GA, USA pond, Butte Co., CA, USA 1971 pond pond field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA < 1963 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 < 1962

Survival rates did not differ between Lefcort et al. 1997 treatments, however, impacted sites had animals that weighed less with shorter snout-vent lengths. LC24 was 31.63 ml/L water; LC48- Lefcort et al. 1997 LC96=19.88 ml/L water. Effect of oil on growth is not sig. Lefcort et al. 1997 No mortality. No mortality after 24 h. No mortality after 24 h. Deemed safe to tadpoles. No mortality. Deemed safe to tadpoles. No mortality after 24 h. Deemed safe to tadpoles. 5 % mortality at 0.45 kg/ha; no mortality at 0.11. Deemed safe to tadpoles. No mortality at 0.11; 5 % mortality at 0.45 kg./ha. No morality at 0.45 kg/ha; 100 % mortality at 1.8 kg/ha. Hagen et al. 1973 Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962
k k k k k

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole SCHA SCHA tadpole tadpole

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

RACA tadpole

Table 2 - Field Studies - 18

Contaminant GC-3582 glyphosate
a

Species Lifestage Code RACA tadpole RACL

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study MORT GENOTOX

Pesticide 0.45,1.79 kg/ha

Location, Area, State, Country pond

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1963 1993

Effects

de

Reference

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

PQ, CAN

glyphosate

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

1993

glyphosate

RASY

egg masses

PESTAPP

HATSUC

0,1.44,1.8 kg/ha 0-1.8 kg/ha

Avis, Ivy, Jasper and Earl townships, ON, CAN Jasper, Ivy, Avis and Earl townships, ON, CAN

1997

glyphosate

RASY

juvenile

PESTAPP

DEVOBS

1997

HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT

0.11,0.56 kg/ha 0.11,0.56 kg/ha

field tests, CA, USA pond, CA, USA

< 1962 1962

100 % mortality at 1.79 kg/ha; no Mulla et al. 1963 k mortality at 0.45 kg/ha. A sig. difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control group in genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and DNA profile abnormalities). A difference was found between Lowcock et al. 1997 corn crop treated fields and control groups in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. Deformities were much greater for Glaser 1998 sites sprayed with VISION compared to control sites. Growth did not differ between Glaser 1998 VISION treatments yet juveniles were smaller than controls in VISION treated areas. k Deemed safe to tadpoles. Mulla 1962

heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor

CHSE

adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT

EUXX adult HAST HEPL LAGE NEER NERH PSSC adult adult adult adult adult adult

0.25 lb/acre (2 appl.) 0.25-2.0 lb/acre 2.0 lb/acre 0.25-2.0 lb/acre 2.0 lb/acre 0.5 lb/acre 0.25 lb/acre 0.25-2.0 lb/acre 2.0 lb/acre 0.11,0.56 kg/ha 0.11,0.56 kg/ha 2.0 lb/acre

N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA field tests, CA, USA pond, CA, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA

30 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha after Mulla 1963 k 6 d ; 10 % mortality after 1 d in 0.56 kg/ha with no additional mortality to 6 d. 1958-61 1 found dead. Ferguson 1963b 1958-61 Some species before applications but never after. 1958-61 1 found dead. 1958-61 10 mos after appl. wrinkled and nearly dead. 1958-61 1 found dead. 1958-61 2 found dead, attributed to consumption of cont. fish. 1958-61 1 found dead. 1958-61 Species disappeared soon after the treatment. 1958-61 1 found dead. < 1962 Deemed toxic to tadpoles. 1962 No mortality in 0.11 kg/ha; 80 % mortality at 0.56 kg/ha after 2 d. 1958-61 1 found dead. Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Mulla 1962 Mulla 1963
k k

RACA adult RACA tadpole RACA tadpole SCUN adult

Ferguson 1963b

Table 2 - Field Studies - 19

Contaminant heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor
a

Species Lifestage Code SCXX

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

f

Study MORT MORT MORT

Pesticide 0.25-2.0 lb/acre 2.0 lb/acre 0.25-2.0 lb/acre

Location, Area, State, Country N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA N. Mississippi, MS, USA
c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

adult adult adult

TECA XXSN

Hg

CACC

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil University of Mississippi Field Station, MS, USA Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Reconquista river, Argentina

Hg

CALA

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1958-61 Some species before applications but never after. 1958-61 1 found dead, numerous others were found unharmed. 1958-61 7 snakes of 4 species were seen before spraying and only one snake was found afterwards (COCO). 1985-92 Metals are carried up through the food chain and detected in crocodile tissues at levels regarded as of serious concern. 1985-92

Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b Ferguson 1963b

Brazaitis et al. 1996

Brazaitis et al. 1996

Hg

CAYA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1985-92

Brazaitis et al. 1996

Hg

HYCH tadpoles

PESTAPP

DEVOBS

0.4 ppm to water column

< 1998

Tadpoles took more time to metamorphose.

Britson and Threlkeld 1998

Hg

MENI

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Hg

PAPA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1985-92 Metals are carried up through the Brazaitis et al. 1996 food chain and detected in crocodile tissues in levels regarded as of serious concern. 1985-92 Brazaitis et al. 1996

Hg

PATI

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1985-92

Brazaitis et al. 1996

industrial effluent

BUAR embryo stages 13, 18 and 25

ENVIRON MORT

1994

industrial effluent

PSCR

tadpole

IMMER

MORT

Delmarva Peninsula, E. coast of USA

1991

industrial effluent

RAPI

larvae

IMMER

MORT

Delmarva Peninsula, E. coast of USA

1991

LC50 of control site=0.0035, LC50 Herkovits et al. 1996 of downstream sites=0.0155; river water was approx. 10 times more toxic than a chosen reference point. Tests were done in cold (12C) and Diamond et al. 1993 warm (20C) test water situations (winter and summer). LC50=0.46 (cold) and >0.53 (warm) mg/L; NOEC 0.77 and >0.96 mg/L. Tests were done in warm (20C) Diamond et al. 1993 test water situations. NOEC survival >0.35; growth=0.35 mg/L.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 20

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code RAPI

b

Exposure Route IMMER

f

Study MORT

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Delmarva Peninsula, E. coast of USA

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1991

Effects

de

Reference

industrial effluent

tadpole

kepone kepone leptophos Linuron

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole XXFR RACL

PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT GENOTOX

not PESTAPP specified adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

0.11,0.56 kg/ha 0.11,0.56 kg/ha 1.0 kg/ha

field tests, CA, USA pond, CA, USA rice field, India PQ, CAN

< 1962 1962 < 1973 1993

Tests were done in cold (12C) and Diamond et al. 1993 warm (20C) test water situations (winter and summer). LC50=0.42 (cold) and 1.44 (warm) mg/L; NOEC 0.66 and 1.60 mg/L. k Deemed safe to tadpoles. Mulla 1962 No mortality after 24 h. 100 % mortality 48 h after spraying. There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. No measured adverse effect on lizards was demonstrated. Brain AChE levels were not inhibited. No brain ChE inhibition, changes in abundance, effects on lipid storage patterns noted. Mulla 1963
k k

Thirumurthi et al. 1973 Lowcock et al. 1997

Linuron

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

1993

Lowcock et al. 1997

malathion

ANCO adult

PESTAPP

PHYSIO

4-6 oz/acre

Miragoane Valley, Haiti

1972

McLean et al. 1975

malathion

PLGL

adult

PESTAPP

PHYSIO

5.6 kg/ha (10 appl.) 5.6 kg/ha (10 appl.)

oak poplar forest, NC, USA oak poplar forest, NC, USA PQ, CAN

< 1985

Baker 1985

malathion mancozeb

PLGL RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

PHYSIO GENOTOX

< 1985 1993

Baker 1985

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

mancozeb

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

1993

metalaxyl

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

1993

There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. Lowcock et al. 1997

Table 2 - Field Studies - 21

Contaminant metalaxyl metals
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL RARI

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country PQ, CAN Ironwork area, Ironwork Katowice region, Poland Japan
c

juvenile adult

Route PESTAPP GENOTOX ENVIRON PHYSIO emissions

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1993 < 1980

Effects

de

Reference

methomyl

XXSN

not specified

ENVIRON MORT

< 1979

methylarsonic acid metolachlor

HYCH tadpoles ACCR adult

PESTAPP

DEVOBS

0,109,219 ppb

ENVIRON POPSUR

University of Mississippi Field Station, MS, USA IL, USA

< 1998 1995

Frogs collected from an area close to the factory had lower metabolic rates than those from farther away. Pesticide kills Habu snake with use of "open traps with adhesive seats containing pesticides without polluting the environment. Increased frequency of lordosis.

Lowcock et al. 1997 Pytasz et al. 1980

k

Kihara and Yamashita 1979

metolachlor

RACL

metolachlor

RAPI

metribuzin

RACL

adult and PESTAPP young of the year adult and PESTAPP young of the year adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN PQ, CAN

MORT

GENOTOX

metribuzin

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

mexacarbate

RACL

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

1 oz in 0.15 NB, CAN U.S.G./acre

mexacarbate

RACL

tadpole

PESTAPP

MORT

0.007 kg/ha

mexacarbate

RACL

tadpoles

PESTAPP

MORT

2 sprays of 70 g/ha

Acadian Forest Experiment Station, NB, CAN NB, CAN

Sufficient conc. of metolachlor and/or atrazine in water to account for observed damage to plant populations utilized by ACCR tadpoles. 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at site 2 were 50-95 and 7-87% in 1993 and 1994 respectively. 1993-95 Hatching success/survival rates at site 2 were 5-70 and 0-62% in 1993 and 1994 respectively. 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 1969 Green frog counts in both control and experimental ponds followed similar patterns. Frog numbers at ponds either remained relatively stable or increased slightly, depending on age composition, numbers of frogs and other factors. < 1974 No toxic effects noted.

Britson and Threlkeld 1998 Beasley et al. 1995

Harris et al. 1998

Harris et al. 1998

Lowcock et al. 1997

Lowcock et al. 1997

Pearce and Rick 1969

Rick and Price 1974

< 1995

After 3 d, no mexacarbate residues were found in pond sediment or tissue of frogs.

Sundaram 1995

Table 2 - Field Studies - 22

Contaminant mexacarbate
a

Species Lifestage Code RASY

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study MORT

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

tadpole

Country 1 oz in 0.15 NB, CAN U.S.G./acre

Study Date 1969

Effects

de

Reference

mexacarbate

RASY

tadpole

PESTAPP

MORT

0.007 kg/ha

Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg mine drainage

AMLJ

adult

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON DEVOBS

AMMA adult BUAM adult HYVE NOVI PSCR PSTR adult adult adult adult

RACA adult RACL adult

RAPA adult RAPI RASE RASY NECE adult adult adult adult

Acadian Forest Experiment Station, NB, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN Olympic Mine Dam, Roxby Downs, AUS

< 1974

Some mortality occurred in both Pearce and Rick 1969 control and treated cages but was attributed to natural causes. One treated pond had sig mortality; the pond consisted of a shallow ditch with a culvert connecting it to a pond, death was attributed to observed oil. k Mortality noted in population. Rick and Price 1974

mine drainage myclobutanil

RARI RAPI

not specified adult and young of the year

ENVIRON PHYSIO PESTAPP MORT

naled

RACA tadpole

PESTAPP

MORT

0.56 kg/ha

1992-94 Negative correlation found between Hecnar and M'Closkey population and magnesium. 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Negative correlation found between Hecnar and M'Closkey population and magnesium. 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992-94 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a 1992 Incidence of abnormality (usually Read and Tyler 1994 ectrodactyly) ranged from 1.1-3.1% at different sites. Katowice Steel Plant area, 1976-77 No adverse effects from steel plant Zlotecka et al. 1979 Poland found. Hamilton, Brantford , 1993-95 Myclobutanil was non-detectable at Harris et al. 1998 Guelph, ON, CAN all of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5-100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. k pond < 1963 No mortality after 24 h. Mulla et al. 1963

Table 2 - Field Studies - 23

Contaminant NaPCP NaPCP NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 Ni Ni
a

Species Lifestage Code RAXX adult XELA AMLJ adult adult

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP PESTAPP

f

Study MORT MORT

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON PHYSIO

AMMA adult BUAM adult HYVE NOVI PSCR PSTR adult adult adult adult

RACA adult RACL adult

RAPA adult RAPI RASE RASY ERIM XXSS adult adult adult adult tissue adult tissue

Country pond, Rhodesia and < 1961 Zimbabwe pond, Rhodesia and < 1961 Zimbabwe West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara 1992-94 escarpment, ON, CAN Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabian 1983 coastline, Saudi Arabia Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabian 1983 coastline, Saudi Arabia < 1961 < 1961 1967

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

Rana spp. killed rapidly in treatment. XELA killed rapidly in treatment.

Shif and Garnett 1961 Shif and Garnett 1961

niclosamide niclosamide niclosamide

RAXX adult XELA adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

XXXA adult

pond, Rhodesia and Zimbabwe pond, Rhodesia and Zimbabwe 0.3-1.0 ppm ponds, OH, USA

Negative correlation found between Hecnar and M'Closkey population and NO3. 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Negative correlation found between Hecnar and M'Closkey population and NO3. 1996a Animals dead or dying; liver had Sadiq and Zaidi 1984 higher conc. than muscle Animals dead or dying; muscle Sadiq and Zaidi 1984 tissues generally had higher conc. than liver. Rana spp. killed rapidly in Shif and Garnett 1961 treatment. XELA killed rapidly in treatment. Shif and Garnett 1961 Stevenson and Addis 1967

niclosamide nitrate

XXXA tadpole AMLJ adult

PESTAPP

MORT

0.3-1.0 ppm pond, OH, USA West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN

ENVIRON POPSUR

Frogs were killed in all ponds treated with 1.0 ppm. Toxicity of pond remained for 2 to more than 6 weeks. 1967 Tadpoles were killed in all treatment ponds. 1992-94 No correlation between nitrate and population decline.

Stevenson and Addis 1967 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a

Table 2 - Field Studies - 24

Contaminant nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nonachlor
a

Species Lifestage Code AMMA adult BUAM adult HYVE NOVI PSCR PSTR adult adult adult adult
b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN West of Niagara escarpment, ON, CAN L. Apopka, FL, USA
c

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON PHYSIO

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1992-94 1995

Effects

de

Reference

RACA adult RACL adult

RAPA adult RAPI RASE RASY ALMI adult adult adult juvenile

not applicable

NANA adult

ENVIRON DEVOBS

Vendee, France

< 1982

not applicable

PLCI

male and female

ENVIRON DEVOBS

Glascow Mntn., Parrsboro, 1982 NS, CAN New Haw, Surrey, UK 1993

not applicable

RATE adult

ENVIRON PATH

Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a No correlation between nitrate and Hecnar and M'Closkey population decline. 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996a Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. The bifurcation of the body was at Naulleau 1982 2 cm distance from the snout of the two heads. The division in two of the organs is more important in the half forebody than in the half backbody. High incidence of limb skeletal Hanken 1983 variation, 12 carpal, 12 tarsal patterns are described in paper. Large poxvirus-like particles were Drury et al. 1995 found in viscera and skin. Virus isolated from 16 of 17 animals.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 25

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code RATI

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country

c

not applicable

adult

Route ENVIRON DEVOBS

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1976

Effects

de

Reference

oxamyl

RACL

adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

GENOTOX

oxamyl

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

oxamyl

RATE tadpole

ENVIRON DEVOBS

paraquat

RATE tadpole

PESTAPP

MORT

parathion parathion parathion

BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole RACA not specified SCHA SCHA tadpole tadpole

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT

parathion parathion parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl pathogen

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP OTHER

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT OTHER

BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole SCHA SCHA tadpole tadpole

0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 1.12, 0.11 kg/ha (6 appl.) 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha 0.11, 0.45 kg/ha

It was noted during a student Acharjyo and Misra 1976 demonstration that 15 of 75 male specimens had well developed vocal sacs, testis and nuptial pads, yet fully developed oviducts opening into the cloaca. PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). PQ, CAN 1993 There was no difference between Lowcock et al. 1997 potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. k ditches beside agricultural < 1981 Caged tadpoles maintained near Cooke 1981 fields, UK potato field showed more deformities. No other fields treated with oxamyl. Dover Beck, River Trent, 1964-66 Some mortality did occur after appl. Way et al. 1971 Oxton, Nottinghamshire, of the herbicide. UK k field tests, CA, USA < 1962 Deemed safe to tadpoles. Mulla 1962 pond < 1963 No mortality after 24 h. Mulla et al. 1963
k

wetland habitats in < 1966 agricultural areas, CA, USA field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA pond field tests, CA, USA pond Link Cove, Deepdale, Westmorland, UK < 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963 1973

k 1.12 kg/ha abundance or survival Mulla et al. 1966 not seriously affected; 0.11 kg/ha no apparent effect on populations. k Deemed safe to tadpoles. Mulla 1962

No mortality after 24 h. Deemed safe to tadpoles No mortality after 24 h. Deemed safe to tadpoles. No mortality after 24 h.

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

Mulla et al. 1963

RATE egg

Clumps of eggs were found spoiled. Fryer 1973

Table 2 - Field Studies - 26

Contaminant Pb
a

Species Lifestage Code CACC

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil Rio deBanco,Rio Ajarahj, Rio Mucajai, N. Central Roraimo, Brazil
c

adult

Route ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

Pb

CAYA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

1985-92 Metals are carried up through the Brazaitis et al. 1996 food chain and detected in crocodile tissues in levels regarded as of serious concern. 1985-92 Brazaitis et al. 1996

Pb Pb Pb

RACA egg RACA tadpoles RAPA egg

IMMER IMMER IMMER

HATSUC DEVOBS HATSUC Skeet Range, Sussex Co., NJ, USA Skeet Range, Sussex Co., NJ, USA

< 1997 < 1997 1996

Pb

RAPA tadpole

IMMER

DEVOBS

1996

PCB

ACCR

juvenile

ENVIRON REPRO

Crab orchard national 1995 wildlife refuge, Carbondale, IL, USA Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA

PCB

AGCO adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

PCB

AGPI

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

PCB

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA L. Apopka, FL, USA 1995

260-1688 g/L of lead had no effect Stansley et al. 1997 on hatching success of tadpoles. 260-1688 g/L lead had no acute Stansley et al. 1997 effects on tadpoles of RACA. 25%-100% of range water (198Stansley et al. 1997 3150 g/L) hatching success not affected. 25%-100% range water (198-3150 Stansley et al. 1997 g/L lead), 100% mortality occurred after 10 d. One intersex individual found in Reeder et al. 1998 control area only. sex ratios differed significantly between cont. and control sites. Agkistrodon spp. had several times Stafford et al. 1976 the NADPH-dependent oxidative detoxifying activity of Natrix spp. No consistent differences between sexes in levels of detoxifying enzymes and enzyme activity were observed. Stafford et al. 1976

PCB

NAFF

adult

ORAL

PATH

cont watershed, SC, USA

< 1995

PCB

NEER

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA

Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. PCB contamination may have Fontenot et al. 1995b affected habitat quality of the cont. creek resulting in a depauperate snake helminth fauna. Agkistrodon spp. had several times Stafford et al. 1976 the NADPH-dependent oxidative detoxifying activity of Natrix spp. Oxidase activity was significantly higher in NAER and NAFA than in NARH.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 27

Contaminant PCB
a

Species Lifestage Code NEFA

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

adult

Route ENVIRON PHYSIO

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

PCB

NERH

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

PCB

RAXX adult

ORAL

PATH

Brazos R., Navasota R. and 1976 Hwy21, central Texas, TX, USA contaminated watershed, < 1995 SC, USA

Agkistrodon spp. had several times Stafford et al. 1976 the NADPH-dependent oxidative detoxifying activity of Natrix spp. Oxidase activity was significantly higher in NAER and NAFA than in NARH. Stafford et al. 1976

perylene

AMTI adult

ENVIRON PATH

<1987

pesticides

ACCR

adult

ENVIRON REPRO

Ponds throughout state of 1993-95 Illinois, IL, USA

pesticides

BUAM late tadpole ENVIRON DEVOBS or early juv.

St. Lawrence R. Valley, S. Quebec, PQ, CAN

1992-93

pesticides

BUME adult

PESTAPP

PHYSIO

water sources cont with pesticides, unknown St. Lawrence R. Valley, S. Quebec, PQ, CAN

< 1984

pesticides

RACA late tadpole ENVIRON DEVOBS or early juv.

1992-93

pesticides pesticides pesticides

RACL RAPI RARI

late tadpole ENVIRON DEVOBS or early juv. late tadpole ENVIRON DEVOBS or early juv. adult PESTAPP PHYSIO

St. Lawrence R. Valley, S. Quebec, PQ, CAN St. Lawrence R. Valley, S. Quebec, PQ, CAN rice field discharge canal, N. Caucasus, USSR

1992-93 1992-93 < 1962

Frogs from a PCB-cont pond were heavily infected, while parasite levels in frogs from a PCB-cont creek were markedly lower than frogs from the cont pond and reference sites. Perylene was not responsible for skin neoplasms in these salamanders. 2.6% of individuals showed intersex prevalence (9 individuals) that may or may not be attributed to contamination of the areas. Malformations in hind limbs were found to be abundant in areas with agricultural use of pesticides compared to control areas. Higher sister chromatid exchange frequency noted in field specimens exposed to same solution. Malformations in hind limbs were found to be abundant in areas with agricultural use of pesticides compared to control areas. Hemoglobin content increased, leucocytosis observed and number of stab-nuclear neutrophils and monocytes in the leucocytic formula of the blood increased in frogs from the rice field.

Fontenot et al. 1995b

Anderson and Anderson 1987 Reeder et al. 1998

Ouellet et al. 1997

Chakrabarti et al. 1984

Ouellet et al. 1997

Ouellet et al. 1997 Ouellet et al. 1997 Zhukova 1987

k

Table 2 - Field Studies - 28

Contaminant phorate
a

Species Lifestage Code RACL

b

Exposure
f

Study GENOTOX

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country PQ, CAN

c

Route adult; 2nd PESTAPP and 3rd year

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1993

Effects

de

Reference

phorate

RACL

juvenile

PESTAPP

GENOTOX

PQ, CAN

phosmet

RAPI

adult and young of the year

PESTAPP

MORT

Hamilton, Brantford , Guelph, ON, CAN

phosphamidon

NTXX not specified

PESTAPP

POPSUR

1.25 lb/acre

S. Louisiana, LA, USA

phosphamidon phosphamidon phosphamidon pollution

RACA not specified RAPI not specified XXFR adult AMTI adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

POPSUR POPSUR MORT

1.25 lb/acre 1.25 lb/acre 0.25 kg/ha

S. Louisiana, LA, USA S. Louisiana, LA, USA rice field, India sewage and asphalt waste cont lake, Playa L., TX, USA paper factory and municipal gutter cont areas, S. Sakhalin, USSR waste water treatment, factory oxidation pond, Shanghai, China

There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). 1993 There was no difference between potato crop treated fields and control group in terms of genotoxic effects (chromosomal fragmentation and abnormal DNA profiles). Juveniles showed physical deformities and illnesses. 1993-95 Phosmet was non-detectable at all of the orchard sites; hatching success ranged from 5-100%; survival ranged from 0-95%. 1961-62 There was no apparent harm to any of the various species of wildlife after control spraying for Forest Tent Caterpillars. 1961-62 1961-62 < 1973 < 1978 75 % mortality.

Lowcock et al. 1997

Lowcock et al. 1997

Harris et al. 1998

Oliver 1964

Oliver 1964 Oliver 1964 Thirumurthi et al. 1973

k

ENVIRON PHYSIO

pollution

BUBU adult

ENVIRON DEVOBS

< 1984

k Hepatic microsomal aryl Busbee et al. 1978 hydrocarbon hydroxylases levels were elevated; bladder contents were mutagenic using Ames test. Developmental abnormalities and Mizgireuv et al. 1984 k dysplasia. k Sister chromatid exchange Wen et al. 1984 frequencies of samples were markedly higher than frequencies of controls. Both natural and artificial objects Hirth 1987 occurred on the beach at the very high frequency of about 1 object every 64 cm. Hirth 1987

pollution

BUBU adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

< 1984

pollution

CHMY adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

Tortuguero National Park, 1985 Oregon, Costa Rica

pollution pollution

DECO ERIM

adult adult

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

Tortuguero National Park, 1985 Oregon, Costa Rica Tortuguero National Park, 1985 Oregon, Costa Rica

Hirth 1987

Table 2 - Field Studies - 29

Contaminant pollution
a

Species Lifestage Code RAAM adult

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country paper factory and municipal gutter cont areas, S. Sakhalin, USSR paper factory and municipal gutter cont areas, S. Sakhalin, USSR Minsk and Berezinsky Reserve, USSR polluted region, unknown
c

Route ENVIRON DEVOBS

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1984

Effects

de

Reference

Developmental abnormalities and dysplasia. 31 - 42 % animals with limb abnormalities; 5 - 11.5 % with chondrodysplasia lesions. No difference in chromosome aberration frequencies in frogs in two regions. Level of genetic damage in frogs from polluted regions was higher than in those from protected areas. Deemed safe to tadpoles. 10 % mortality at 0.22; 0 % mortality at 0.90. Deemed safe to tadpoles.

Mizgireuv et al. 1984

pollution

RACH adult

ENVIRON DEVOBS

< 1984

Mizgireuv et al. 1984

pollution

RATE adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

< 1985

Elisyeyeva et al. 1985

pollution

RATE adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

< 1986

Kraskowski et al. 1986

k k

ronnel ronnel ronnel ronnel rotenone

BUBO tadpole BUBO tadpole SCHA SCHA KISU tadpole tadpole adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT

0.22, 0.90 kg/ha 0.22 , 0.9 kg/ha 0.22, 0.90 kg/ah 0.22, 0.90 kg/ha 3 mg/L

field tests, CA, USA pond, feild tests, CA, USA pond,

< 1962 < 1963 < 1962 < 1963

Mulla 1962

Mulla et al. 1963 Mulla 1962

k

rotenone

RAPI

larvae

PESTAPP

MORT

rotenone

TRCR

larvae

PESTAPP

POPSUR

rotenone

TRVU

larvae

PESTAPP

POPSUR

rotenone

XXAA adult

IMMER

MORT

10 % mortality at 0.22; 0 % mortality at 0.90. L. Conroe, 8100 ha 1980-81 More than 10 dead or dying turtles reservoir in Montgomery, were observed in 3 out of 6 coves TX, USA after appl. of rotenone. 0.05, 0.125 shallow ponds, GA, USA < 1982 Partial mortality of resident l/L populations of larval frogs in 5 l/L (0.125 l/L) treatment. pond conc British Chrome and < 1992 Following piscicide appl., numerous 0.2 mg/L Chemicals Ltd. Nature sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Reserve, Urlay Nook, aculeatus) were removed from the Cleveland Co., UK pond. Adult TRCR were observed in the pond with no apparent ill effects. pond conc British Chrome and 1992 Following piscicide appl., numerous 0.2 mg/L Chemicals Ltd. Nature fish were removed from the pond. Reserve, Urlay Nook, Introduced aquatic plants provided Cleveland Co., UK cover for TRVU larvae which hatched in July of the same year. 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 Fish Seed Multiplication 1970 There were a number of small frogs ppm in pond Farm ponds, Jamalpur, that died with Rotenone treatment Mymensiugh District, but an equal number were found to Pakistan rest on the shore along the water line. Attempts to drive them into the water were unsuccessful. (Note: temperature 26 - 34.5C.)

Mulla et al. 1963

McCoid and Bettoli 1996

Burress 1982

McLee and Scaife 1992

McLee and Scaife 1992

Haque 1971

Table 2 - Field Studies - 30

Contaminant rotenone
a

Species Lifestage Code XXAA tadpole

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study POPSUR

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country British Chrome and Chemicals Ltd. Nature Reserve, Urlay Nook, Cleveland Co., UK
c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1992

Effects

de

Reference

rotenone

XXSN

adult

IMMER

MORT

1.0, 1.5, 2.0 Fish Seed Multiplication ppm in pond Farm ponds, Jamalpur, Mymensiugh District, Pakistan

sewage

AMTI adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

sewage lagoon, Reese Air Force Base, Hurlwood, Lubbock Co., TX, USA

sewage

MACR adult

ENVIRON POPSUR

sewage

MACR adult

ENVIRON BEHAV

Israel

tack trap

ELOB

adult

DERMAL

BEHAV

Rum Creek Widllife Management Area, Monroe Co., GA, USA

tannery wastes

XELA

larvae

ENVIRON GENOTOX

Midi-Pyrenees, France

toxaphene/ camphechlor

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

L. Apopka, FL, USA

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor

AMTI adult AMTI larvae BUBO juvenile

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT 1.12, 2.24 kg/ha

Walborn Ranch, Tullock Creek, MT, USA Walborn Ranch, Tullock Creek, MT, USA golf course greens

After the removal of the fish McLee and Scaife 1992 species the pond was restocked with toad tadpoles that grew and metamorphosed normally that same year. 1970 One aquatic snake was found dead in Haque 1971 the pond 48 h after piscicide treatment. At the same time another snake was noted entering the water with no apparent ill effect. < 1977 AMTI inhabiting the sewage lagoon Rose and Harshbarger 1977 became neotenic, and approx. onethird developed neoplastic skin lesions including cancer. < 1984 100-150 turtles were found living in Gasith and Sidis 1984 various sewage lagoons and oxidated lagoons; this displayed outstanding adaptability of this species. < 1985 Turtles older than one year are Sidis and Gasith 1985 opportunistic omnivores, younger turtles tend to be more carnivorous, changing to more herbivorous with age. In sewage cont. habitats saprobiontic material replaces vascular aquatic plants and filamentous algae eaten. 1978-79 Pine gum spread liberally on dressed Johnson 1983 pine boards supported in vertical position. Gum dried within a few h and was not effective; additive to prevent drying used (tack trap a.i. was polyisobutylene). < 1997 Measured EROD activity in liver Bekaert et al. 1997 and number of micronucleated erythrocytes. 1995 Significantly lower testosterone in Crain et al. 1997 plasma in alligators from cont. lakes than from control lakes, 17estradiol did not vary; GAM aromatase activity was decreased in cont. lakes. 1959 Found dead after spraying. Finley 1960 1959 < 1962 Found dead after spraying. Finley 1960

95 - 98 % control of juvenile toads. Mulla 1962 k

Table 2 - Field Studies - 31

Contaminant toxaphene/ camphechlor
a

Species Lifestage Code CHPI

b

Exposure Route PESTAPP

f

Study MORT

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Walborn Ranch, Tullock Creek, MT, USA
c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date 1959

Effects

de

Reference

adult

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor trichlorphon

RACA tadpole RACA tadpole RAPI SCHA THSI GAGA adult juvenile adult adult

PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP PESTAPP

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO

0.11, 0.56 kg/ha 0.11, 0.56 kg/ha

field tests, CA, USA pond, CA, USA Walborn Ranch, Tullock Creek, MT, USA golf course greens Walborn Ranch, Tullock Creek, MT, USA Canary Islands, Spain

< 1962 1962 1959 < 1962 1959 < 1993

74 were found alive 1 d after spraying, 67 were found alive 12 d after spraying, some displayed symptoms of poisoning , a lack of coordination, 15 were found dead (others may have been lost to a raccoon predator). 100 % kill of tadpoles.

Finley 1960

Mulla 1962

0 % mortality at 0.11 kg/ha; 100 % Mulla 1963 k mortality at 0.56 kg/h after 1 d. 19 were found dead after spraying. Finley 1960 95 - 98 % control of juvenile toads. Mulla 1963 k 2 were found dead after spraying. Finley 1960

1.12, 2.24 kg/ha

10 kg/ha

UV UV UV UV-B

BUBO egg HYRE RACS egg egg

RAD RAD RAD RAD

HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC

Cascade Mntns., OR, USA < 1994 Cascade Mntns., OR, USA < 1994 Cascade Mntns., OR, USA < 1994 OR, USA 1994

AMGR embryo

UV-B

AMTI egg

RAD

POPSUR

CO, USA

< 1996

UV-B

BUBO embryo

RAD

HATSUC

280-340 nm Rocky Mountain National 1994 UV-B Park, CO, USA Sierra de Gredos, Central Spain, Spain Sierra de Gredos, Central Spain, Spain 1996 1996

UV-B UV-B

BUBU embryo BUCA embryo

RAD RAD

MORT MORT

High sensitivity to OP and Fossi et al. 1995 extremely slow recovery of serum BChE with respect to other vertebrate species; high correlation found between the destructive biomarker brain AChE and the nondestructive biomarker serum BChE 24 h after treatment. BUBO exhibited reduced hatching Blaustein et al. 1994b success compared to HYRE. HYRE experienced greater hatching Blaustein et al. 1994b success than BUBO and RACS. RACS exhibited lower hatching Blaustein et al. 1994b success than HYRE. The hatching success of AMGR was Blaustein et al. 1995 significantly greater under sunlight lacking UV-B than under unfiltered sunlight or sunlight filtered to remove shorter wavelengths but not UV-B. Sig. mortality occurred at UV-B Carey et al. 1996 levels between 95.8 and 273 uW/cm2 . No difference in hatching success Corn 1998 for embryos exposed to 0-100% ambient UV-B radiation. UV-B radiation had a detrimental Lizana and Pedraza 1998 effect on embryo survival. No difference found between Lizana and Pedraza 1998 treatments and controls.

Table 2 - Field Studies - 32

Contaminant UV-B
a

Species Lifestage Code BUWO larvae

b

Exposure Route RAD

f

Study POPSUR

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country CO, USA

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1996

Effects

de

Reference

UV-B

BUWO tadpoles

RAD

POPSUR

CO, USA

< 1996

UV-B

HYCA embryo

RAD

HATSUC

Cold Creek, Santa Monica 1996 Mntns, Los Angeles, CA, USA Victoria, BC, CAN 1995

UV-B UV-B

HYRE HYRE

egg egg

RAD RAD

MORT HATSUC

ponds outside Victoria, BC, 1995 CAN

UV-B

HYRE

embryo

RAD

HATSUC

UV-B

HYRE

larvae

RAD

MORT

Cold Creek, Santa Monica 1996 Mntns, Los Angeles, CA, USA ponds outside city, 1995 Victoria, BC, CAN

BUBO had more tolerance to UV-B than BUWO between 95.8 and 273 uW/cm2 . 95.8-273 uW/cm2 ; toadlets had more tolerance than tadpoles for UV-B radiation. Solar UV-B had dramatic effects on embryonic survival, no effect on hatching time for surviving embryos. No sig. differences between treatments No differences in hatching success between treatments (blocked UV, ambient sunlight, and UV-B enhanced by 15-30%). UV-B had no effect on hatching success or time to hatch. Reduced survival occurred for enhanced UV-B (15-30%); treatments (18%) compared to ambient sunlight and control treatments. 1 month later: 18.4% survival, 16/20 had lens opacities. Hatching success was unaffected by UV-B; photolyase activity was high relative to other amphibians. Significantly high increase in egg mortality with enhanced UV-B treatment. Sig. differences in hatching success between treatments (blocked UV, ambient sunlight) and the enhanced UV-B (15-30%) treatment. 56% hatched for UV-B enhanced and 90% hatched in ambient sunlight. Reduced survival occurred for enhanced UV-B (15-30%); treatments (2.6%) compared to ambient sunlight and control treatments. 1 month later: 2.6% survival. 12/16 had lens opacities.

Carey et al. 1996

Carey et al. 1996

Anzalone et al. 1998

Flamarique et al. 1998 Ovaska et al. 1997

Anzalone et al. 1998

Ovaska et al. 1997

UV-B UV-B

HYRE

tadpole

RAD RAD

MORT GENOTOX

Victoria, BC, CAN Williamette Valley, OR, USA Victoria, BC, CAN

1995 1995

Flamarique et al. 1998 Blaustein et al. 1996

RAAU egg

UV-B

RAAU egg

RAD

MORT

1995

Flamarique et al. 1998

UV-B

RAAU egg

RAD

HATSUC

ponds outside city, Victoria, BC, CAN

1995

Ovaska et al. 1997

UV-B

RAAU larvae

RAD

MORT

ponds outside city, Victoria, BC, CAN

1995

Ovaska et al. 1997

UV-B

RAAU tadpole

RAD

MORT

Victoria, BC, CAN

1995

Flamarique et al. 1998

Table 2 - Field Studies - 33

Contaminant UV-B
a

Species Lifestage Code TATO embryo

b

Exposure Route RAD

f

Study HATSUC

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Cold Creek, Santa Monica 1996 Mntns, Los Angeles, CA, USA Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabian 1983 coastline, Saudi Arabia Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabian 1983 coastline, Saudi Arabia L. Apopka, L. Woodruff, 1995 FL, USA L. Apopka, L. Woodruff, FL, USA Aragon R., Pyrennean mountains, Spain coast, NC, USA Ottertail Co. Iowa, USA 1995

Study Date

Effects

de

Reference

Vanadium Vanadium various

ERIM XXSS ALMI

adult tissue adult tissue egg

ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON PHYSIO

various

ALMI

juvenile

ENVIRON PHYSIO

various various various

ALOB

larvae

ENVIRON MORT ENVIRON DEVOBS ENVIRON PATH

1988 1980

CHMY hatchlings RAPI adult

Solar UV-B had dramatic effects on embryonic survival, no effect on hatching time for surviving embryos. Animals dead or dying; liver conc. higher than muscle. Animals dead or dying; liver conc. higher than muscle. Specimens had affected plasma conc, corticosterone and cortisol levels. Specimens had affected plasma conc, corticosterone and cortisol levels. Bacteria-induced mortality; toxins involved? Teratology observed.

Anzalone et al. 1998

Sadiq and Zaidi 1984 Sadiq and Zaidi 1984 Guillette et al. 1997

Guillette et al. 1997

Marquez et al. 1995 Schwartz and Peterson 1984 Mckinnell 1982

various pesticides

CHRA adult

PESTAPP

MORT

1-10 ppm total pesticides

1966-75 11 frogs developed renal adenocarcinomas from Minnesota (50 frogs), yet none developed renal adenocarcinomas from Iowa (65 frogs). Hargeisa, Marodijeh valley, < 1997 Avoided heavily contaminated Africa, Ethiopia areas. Japan < 1988 1997 Morphological abnormalities were noted in specimens at study sites. Avoided heavily contaminated areas. Avoided heavily contaminated areas. Avoided heavily contaminated areas. Avoided heavily contaminated areas. Absent Absent Absent

Lambert 1997b

various pesticides various pesticides

CYPY adult GEPA adult

ENVIRON POPSUR PESTAPP POPSUR

various pesticides

HEPA adult

PESTAPP

MORT

various pesticides

PSSM

adult

PESTAPP

MORT

various pesticides

VAAM adult

PESTAPP

MORT

Zn Zn Zn

ACCC ACCC ACCC

adult egg larvae

ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

1-10 ppm of Hargeisa, Marodijeh valley, < total Africa, Ethiopia pesticides 1-10 ppm Hargeisa, Marodijeh valley, < total Africa, Ethiopia pesticides 1-10 ppm Hargeisa, Marodijeh valley, < total Africa, Ethiopia pesticides 1-10 ppm Hargeisa, Marodijeh valley, < total Africa, Ethiopia pesticides Aquashicola creek, Lehigh < R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh < R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh < R., Palmerton, PA, USA

Meyer-Rochow and Asashima 1988 Lambert 1997b

1997

Lambert 1997b

1997

Lambert 1997b

1997

Lambert 1997b

1993 1993 1993

Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993

Table 2 - Field Studies - 34

Contaminant Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
a

Species Lifestage Code AMJE AMJE AMJE

b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA
c

adult egg larvae

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993

Effects Present Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Present Present Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent Absent

de

Reference

Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993

AMMA adult AMMA egg AMMA larvae AMOP adult AMOP egg AMOP larvae BUAM adult BUAM egg BUAM larvae BUWO adult BUWO egg BUWO larvae CRAA adult CRAA egg CRAA larvae DEFU DEFU DEFU DEOC DEOC adult egg larvae adult egg

Table 2 - Field Studies - 35

Contaminant Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
a

Species Lifestage Code DEOC EUBB EUBB EUBB EULL EULL EULL
b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA
c

larvae adult egg larvae adult egg larvae

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993

Effects Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Present Present Absent Absent Present

de

Reference

Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993

GYPO adult GYPO egg GYPO larvae HESC HESC HESC HYVE HYVE HYVE adult egg larvae adult egg larvae

NOVV adult NOVV egg NOVV larvae PLCI PLCI PLCI PLGG adult egg larvae adult

Table 2 - Field Studies - 36

Contaminant Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
a

Species Lifestage Code PLGG PLGG PSCR PSCR PSCR PSRR PSRR PSRR PSTR PSTR PSTR
b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State, Country Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA
c

egg larvae adult egg larvae adult egg larvae adult egg larvae

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Study Date < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993

Effects Absent Absent Present Absent Present Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Absent Present Absent Absent Absent

de

Reference

Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993

RACA adult RACA egg RACA larvae RACL RACL RACL adult egg larvae

RAPA adult RAPA egg RAPA larvae RAPI RAPI RAPI adult egg larvae

Table 2 - Field Studies - 37

Contaminant Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn ZnSO4
a

Species Lifestage Code RASY RASY RASY SCHH SCHH SCHH TEHE
b

Exposure
f

Study

Pesticide

Location, Area, State,

c

adult egg larvae adult egg larvae adult

Route ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR ENVIRON POPSUR PESTAPP BEHAV

g Endpoint Appl. Rate

Country Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA Aquashicola creek, Lehigh R., Palmerton, PA, USA 1 mL of 2% Italy

Study Date < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1993 < 1981

Effects Present Present Present Absent Absent Absent

de

Reference

Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993 Storm et al. 1993

Exposed did not exhibit normal Chelazzi et al. 1981 homing behaviour and were located diffused around the release point.

Table 3: Acute toxicity values from laboratory studies

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

1,1dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dimethylbenzene 1,3,5Cycloheptatriene 1,3dichloropropane 1,3dichloropropanol 1,5,9Cyclododecatriene 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 1-amino-2propanol 1-methyl4(tert)butylbenzen e 1R, aSCypermethrin 1R, aSCypermethrin 1RS-resmethrin 1RS-resmethrin 2,2-DPA 2,2-DPA 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-T

AMMA larvae XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

>100, >135 55, >135 73 41 63 450 1.6 24 420 5.0

26, 108

LC50 given for hard (185 mg/L) and Slonim 1986 k soft water (16 mg/L) respectively. Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Birge et al. 1977
k k k k k k k k

RACA tadpoles RAPI adult

INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 20 20 20 21-22 21-22 21-22 21-22 21-22

RACA tadpoles RAPI adult

ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) BUMA tadpole (1-2 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk)

trans= 0.20, cis= 0.04 trans= 0.65, cis= 0.16 trans= 5.6, cis= 1.2 trans=> 60, cis= 1.3 11.1 g/L 5.2 g/L 3.3 g/L 228 425 210 2.5 g/L 205 382 190

Cole and Casida 1983 Cole and Casida 1983 Cole and Casida 1983 Cole and Casida 1983 4.2 g/L 2.0 g/L 200 340 169 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976
k k k k k

k k k k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 2

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

2,4,6 trichlorophenol 2,4-D 2,4-D amine 2,4-D amine 2,4-D amine 2,4-D amine 2,4-D amine 2,4-D butylate 2,4-D iso-octyl ester

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

17.2 25 21-22 21-22 21-22 15.5 13.77 255 346 321 100 1498.36 33.73 9.03 228 333 300

1.2 8.05 200 288 287 100

Holcombe et al. 1987 Vardia et al. 1984 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Sanders 1970
k k k k

BUME not specified ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) BUMA tadpole (2 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RALI adult RALI adult TRCR adult

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993

k Animals immersed in Agroxone 5 Zaffaroni et al. 1986a (37% 2,4-D; 63% diluents and emulsifiers) LT50 values (2,4-D): 150 ppm = 14 h (M); 125 ppm = 52 h (F); 75 ppm = 102 h (M), 132 h (F); 50 ppm = 440 h (M). Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 k k k k k k k k

2,4-D sodium 2-butanol 2-methyl-2propanol 3,5,5-trimethyl-1hexanol 3,6-dioxo-1,8octanediol 3-bromopropylene

BUBJ XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA

tadpoles larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae larvae (3-4 wk)

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20 20 24 20 20 20 16 20 7.2

>40 1530 2450 13.5 3047 0.66 0.34 2.4 656

Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987

3-chloropropylene XELA 4-aminopyridine 4-methyl-2pentanol RASP XELA

Marking and Chandler 1981 Zwart and Slooff 1987

k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 3

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

6-chloropicolinic acid 9AA

PSTR CHSE

tadpole (1 wk) embryo

IMMER IMMER

15.5 202

18

12

6.0

Sanders 1970

TI50: 1.4 (swimming), 0.7 Sabourin et al. 1985 (pigmentation), 1.2 (malformation). EC50: 1.7 (swimming), 3.2 pigmentation. 8816 6433 20000 logLC50= 5.54 mol/L Geen et al. 1984
k k

acephate acephate acetone acetone acetone

AMGR larvae (69 d) RACL tadpoles AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA tadpole (3-4 wk post hatch) embryo (tail bud) larvae tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

22 21

Lyons et al. 1976 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997

20

20000

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

acetone acetone acetone

IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

24000 logLC50= 5.62 mol/L 24000

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k k k

acridine acridine acrolein acrylonitrile adifenphos Aerozine-50 Aerozine-50 Ag Al Al

XELA XELA XELA BUGR

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 0.125-2.0 mg/L pH+CON T INJECT

room room 17

13.2 6.2

7.1 5.4 4.5 0.007 14.22 mg/L 11.59 mg/L (n=2) 1.88 6.7 2.5 >10 0.0062 5.2 0.0041 ~0.38

72 h LC50= 5.5 mg/L. 72 h LC50= 4.9 mg/L.

Davis et al. 1981 Davis et al. 1981

Holcombe et al. 1987 Tong et al. 1996 Pan and Liang 1993 Slonim 1986 Slonim 1986
k k

RALI adult AMMA larvae AMOP larvae BUME tadpoles AMJE embryo

20-24 20-24 29-34 10

> 10 > 10 0.0073

Khangarot and Ray 1987 Horne and Dunson 1994b LC10 (NOEC)= 0.3 mg/L; LC100= 0.7 mg/L. Herkovits et al. 1997a

BUAR embryo

0.5

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 4

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Al alachlor

GACA embryolarvae BUAM adult

IMMER 0.1-1000 mg/L IMMER 22 Means; early=5.7, late=4.3 Means; early=14.9, late=7.3 Means; early=3.9, late=3.3 Means; early=11.5, late=3.5

7 d LC50= 0.05 mg/L. NOEC for early stage= 1.4 and late stage= 0.47.

Birge et al. 1979a Howe et al. 1998

alachlor

RAPI

aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin alkylbenzene sulfonate allylamine allylamine allylamine

ACCR ACGR

tadpoles 0.1-1000 (stage 29 mg/L and 40) young adult young adult

IMMER

22

NOEC for early stage= 2.0 mg/L and Howe et al. 1998 late stage= 0.47. 36 h LC50: 0.2- 0.75 mg/L. 36 h LC50: 0.2- 0.3 mg/L. Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970 36 h LC50: 0.05-10.0 mg/L.
k

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER ORAL IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) BUWO young adult RAHE RAHE RATI XELA adult adult

25.627.7 25.627.7 15.5 25.627.7

2.0

0.68

0.15

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Vijay and Jayantha Rao 1990a Vijay and Jayantha Rao 1990b Srivastava et al. 1988

2.0-3.0

2.6 19-20 21 250

2.4 2.4

Oral intubation: 24 h LD50= 2.2 mg/kg; 48 h LD50= 2.5 mg/kg. 56-100 mg/L

adult tadpole (3-4 wk) AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA XELA larvae (3-4 wk) tadpole (3-4 wk post hatch) tadpoles

Canton and Slooff 1982b Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997

1.8 logLC50= 1.50 mol/L 20 1.8

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

allylamine allylamine allylamine allylamine

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20 20

5 logLC50= 2.14 mol/L 12.4 1.8 -5.0

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Zwart and Slooff 1987
k k

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k

aminocarb amitrole

RACL

IMMER IMMER

21 21-22

247, 234 5.2 g/L

206 5.0 g/L

118 3.0 g/L

Lyons et al. 1976 Johnson 1976

k

ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk)

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 5

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

ammonium nitrate BUAM tadpoles ammonium nitrate HYRE embryo ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate amoben anilazine/ triazine aniline aniline aniline PSTR RACL RAPI XELA RALI RALI AMMA AMME tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles embryo adult adult adult adult

25-50 mg/L ND- 32.4 mg/L 5-45 mg/L 10-50 mg/L 10-35 mg/L ND- 60 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

202

LC50: 39.3 (38.75-39.82). 10 d LC50= 25.0 mg/L. LC50: 17.0 (15.91-18.07). LC50: 32.4 (29.66-35.25). LC50: 22.6 (21.63-23.58). 5 d LC50= 27.5 mg/L. 2.86 1.56 440 logLC50= 3.67 mol/L

Hecnar 1995 Schuytema and Nebeker 1999 Hecnar 1995 Hecnar 1995 Hecnar 1995 Schuytema and Nebeker 1999 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

202 202 202

aniline aniline aniline aniline aniline

AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA XELA XELA embryo (tailbud) larvae

20

440

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER room room 20

560 logLC50= 3.85 mol/L 1620 1350 1400 560

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 940 150 72 h LC50= 1150 mg/L. 72 h LC50= 540 mg/L. Davis et al. 1981 Davis et al. 1981
k k k

anthracene As asomate asozine a-terthienyl a-terthienyl

larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) RAPI embryo (stage 25) GACA embryolarvae RALI adult RALI adult PSCR tadpoles RAPI embryo (stage 25)

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k k

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 9.94 0.931 0.003

LC50 from sunlight exp: 30 min= 0.065 mg/L; 5 h= 0.025 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 0.04 mg/L.

Kagan et al. 1984 Birge et al. 1979a

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Kagan et al. 1987 30 min LC50= 0.11; 2 h LC50= 0.018. Kagan et al. 1984
k k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 6

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

atrazine

BUAM embryo

0.058-48.2 mg/L

IMMER

atrazine atrazine

BUAM embyro BUAM tadpoles (stage 29 and 40) RACA embryo

0.058-48.2 mg/L 0.1-1000 mg/L 0.051-45.8

IMMER IMMER 22

>48 Means; early=66.4, late=15.8

LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 48 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 100 % hatchability at 0.058 mg/L to 80% at 48.2 mg/L; % survival of normal organisms at 4 d post hatch= 100% at 0.058 mg/ and 68% at 48.2 mg/L. Birge et al. 1983 Means; NOEC for early stage= 1.9 mg/L and Howe et al. 1998 early=26.5, late stage= 0.69. late=10.7. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 11.55 Birge et al. 1980 mg/L; % hatchability= 95 %; % survival of normal organisms at 4 d post hatching= 86 % at 0.051 mg/L and 0 % at 14.8 mg/L. Birge et al. 1983 LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 20.20 Birge et al. 1980 mg/L; 98 % hatchability at 16 mg/L; % survival of normal organisms= 98 % at 0.6 mg/L and 13 % at 33.9 mg/L; 4 d post hatching survival= 97 % at 0.17 and 4 % at 33.9 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 22.89 Birge et al. 1980 mg/L; % survival of normal organisms at hatching= 98 % at 0.11 mg/L; 21 % at 48.7 mg/L; 4 d post hatching= 5 % at 48.7 mg/L. Means; NOEC for early stage= 5.1 mg/L and Howe et al. 1998 early=47.6, late stage= 0.65. late=14.5 Means; NOEC for early stage= 0.22 and late Howe et al. 1998 early=1.8, stage= 0.15. late=1.5 Means; NOEC for early stage= 0.47 mg/L Howe et al. 1998 early=6.5, and late stage= 0.15. late=2.1

atrazine

IMMER

atrazine atrazine

RACA embyro RAPA embryo

0.051-45.8 mg/L 0.16-33.9

IMMER IMMER

0.41

atrazine

RAPI

embryo

0.11-48.7

IMMER

atrazine

RAPI

atrazine, alachlor

atrazine, alachlor

tadpoles (stage 29 and 40) BUAM tadpoles (stage 29 and 40) RAPI tadpoles (stage 29 and 40)

0.1-1000 mg/L 50:50 mixture: 0.11000 mg/L 50:50 mixture: 0.11000 mg/L

IMMER

22

IMMER

22

IMMER

22

Means; early=69, late=45.3 Means; early=4.4, late=2.9 Means; early=12.1, late=5.9

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 7

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

azinphos-methyl

AMGR larvae (6 wk <0.01-3.6 old) mg/L AMMA larvae <0.01-3.6 mg/L 4.2-17.5

IMMER

Guthion 2S formulation =1.67 Guthion 2S formulation = 1.90 20-30 15.5 0.68 0.31 0.13 4.14 mg/L >3.60 2.94 mg/L 220, 440 125, 300 18.2-21.2, >10 23.5 31.5, 23.7 18.2, >1 18.2, 5.65 - LC50 given for hard (400 mg/L) 8.02 water and soft (20-25 mg/L) water respectively. 31.5, 3.15 LC50 given for hard (400 mg/L) water and soft (20-25 mg/L) water respectively.

Nebeker et al. 1998

azinphos-methyl

IMMER

Nebeker et al. 1998

azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl azinphos-methyl Bacillus sphaeris Bacillus sphaeris Be

ANCA adult

ORAL IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

LD50= 98 mg/kg. LD50 occurred at Hall and Clark 1982 45.5% ChE inhibition. Sanders 1970
k

BUWO tadpole (3-4 wk) HYRE tadpoles 0.01-9.67 mg/L PSCR tadpole (3-5 <0.01-3.6 wk old) mg/L XELA tadpoles 0.02-11.4 mg/L RABU tadpoles RABU tadpoles AMMA larvae

NOAEL= 1.78 mg/L; LOAEL= 9.67 Schuytema et al. 1995 mg/L. Nebeker et al. 1998 NOAEL= 0.34 mg/L; LOAEL= 1.72 Schuytema et al. 1995 mg/L. Mathavan and Velpandi 1984
k

Mathavan and Velpandi 1984

k k

Slonim and Ray 1975

Be

AMOP larvae

IMMER

31.5, 4.21

Slonim and Ray 1975

benlate benthiocarb/ thiobencarb benthiocarb/ thiobencarb benzene benzene benzene

RALI BUBJ RALI

adult tadpoles adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

47.74 3.5 2.34-2.80 370 logLC50= 3.68 mol/L 370

Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch)

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 8

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

benzene benzene benzene benzene

RAPI XELA XELA XELA

embryolarvae adult adult larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) larvae (3-4 wk) tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

3.66 mg/L 190 logLC50= 3.39 mol/L 190

Birge and Cassidy 1983 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

benzene benzene hydrochloride BHC bis(2hydroxyethyl) ether bis(2hydroxypropyl) amine bis(2-propenyl) amine bis(3hydroxyethyl) ether BPMC buprofezin butachlor cadmium nitrate cadmium nitrate calcium oxide CAMA Captan carbaryl carbaryl

XELA RAHE

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 14-19 15.5 20 5.97 mg/L 13

190 5.97 7.1 3065 3.97 3.2 LC12= 5.97, LC72= 5.97.

Zwart and Slooff 1987 Khangarot et al. 1985 Sanders 1970

k

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) XELA larvae (3-4 wk) XELA larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) adult adult adult adult adult adult adult tadpoles tadpoles 0-35

Zwart and Slooff 1987

IMMER

20

410

Zwart and Slooff 1987

XELA XELA

IMMER IMMER

20 20

25.5 3181

Zwart and Slooff 1987 Zwart and Slooff 1987

k k

RALI RALI RALI AMMA XELA RALI RALI BUBJ BUBJ

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 15.5 20 20.5 - 21.8

8.65 284.05 1.621 1.3 32 206.74 106.87 3.0 7.2 18.2 - 20.8 16.8 - 20.6

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff et al. 1983 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k k

BUBU tadpoles (26-37 d)

Marchal-Segault 1976

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 9

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

carbaryl

RAHE

tadpoles

IMMER

12-17

150

107.9 (94.19119.8)

55.34 (42.7369.07)

LC12= 150. LC72= 63.89 (51.6577.49). 24 h EC 50= 0.11 ppm.

Khangarot et al. 1985

carbaryl carbaryl, UV-B

XELA HYVE

embryo tadpoles

1-30

IMMER

18

4.7

carbaryl, UV-B

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

carbendazim

RAHE

tadpoles

IMMER

12-17

carbendazim carbofuran

RALI MIOR

adult embryo

1-120 mg/L

IMMER IMMER

carbofuran

MIOR

tadpoles

1-60 mg/L

IMMER

carbofuran carbofuran

RAHE RAHE

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

29 12-17

26.3 (20.61- 22.73(19.0- 16.02 31.61) 28.81) (12.6219.90) 173.79 44.23 (34.41356.857) 13.47 (8.55721.213) 7.8 150 150 112.7 (97.88128.4) 0.028

Carbaryl alone was 10 times less toxic than that tested with UV-B of 112.3 W/cm 2 (LD50). 3.86-64 W/m 2 severely affected Zaga et al. 1998 swimming activity, LD50= 80.4 W/m 2 for UV-B alone. With 65 W/m 2 , LC50 for carbaryl is 1.73 mg/L. LC12= 26.30 (20.61-31.61). LC72= Khangarot et al. 1985 21.52 (17.88-26.79).

Elliot-Feeley and Armstrong 1982 Zaga et al. 1998

Pan and Liang 1993 Pawar and Katdare 1984

Pawar and Katdare 1984

96 h LC100: 10.0 mg/L. Safe conc: 2.14 mg/L. LC12= 150. LC72= 133.2 (118.0150.1).

Andrews and George 1991 Khangarot et al. 1985

carbofuran carbophenothion carbophenothion CCl4

RALI PSTR RAPI BUFO

adult tadpole (1 wk) adult embryo 0.02-92.5 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

15.5 24

0.1

11.23 0.05

Pan and Liang 1993 Sanders 1970 15 d LC50= 155. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 92 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 0.02; 66 % hatch at 92.5 mg/L; 0 % normal embryo at 4 d post hatch at 92.5 mg/L.
k k

Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Birge et al. 1980

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 10

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

CCl4

RACA embryo

0.026-65.7 mg/L

IMMER

CCl4

RAPA embryo

0.02-92.5 mg/L

IMMER

Cd

AMGR larvae (3 mo)

Cd Cd

AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) BUAR tadpoles BUAR tadpoles BUAR tadpoles BUME tadpoles BURE adult (F)

0.505,0.193, IMMER 0.049, 0.0152 and < 0.002 mg/L IMMER IMMER

211

468.4

LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 1.50 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 100 % hatchability at 0.026 mg/L; % survival of normal organisms at time of hatching= 100 % and at 4 d post hatching= 99 % at 0.026 mg/L; 0 % hatched at 65.7 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 3.62 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 96 % hatchability at 0.02 and 5 % at 92.5 mg/L; 0 % normal embryo hatched at 92.5 mg/L. Nebeker et al. 1995

logLC50= 0.26 mol/L 20 1.3 mg/L

Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER

25 25 201 29-34

4.05 (3.475.11) 9.92 (8.7611.30) 3.34 (2.943.38) 19.81 mg/L

3.15 (2.83.63) 8.60 (7.629.75) 2.52 (2.222.86) 11.91 mg/L

2.65 (2.31- 72 h LC50: 2.87 (2.52-3.33). 3.11) 6.77 (5.97- 72 h LC50: 7.84 (6.95-8.93). 7.65) 2.08 (1.83- LC72= 2.23 (1.96-2.54). 2.40) 8.18 mg/L 24 h= 18; 48 h= 22; 96 h= 6.2. 7 d LC50= 0.04 mg/L.

Ferrari et al. 1993 Ferrari et al. 1993 Muino et al. 1990 Khangarot and Ray 1987 Hilmy et al. 1986d Birge et al. 1979a
k k k

GACA embryolarvae MIOR tadpoles

25.526

2.62 (2.42.8)

2.48 (2.02.8)

1.58 (1.41.8)

Cd Cd

MIOR

tadpoles 0- 0.8 mg/L

IMMER INJECT

25.5

2.62, 2.78

2.48, 2.66

1.58, 1.81 3.7

RACA tadpoles

For 4 wk old tadpoles. LC24: 2.78 Jayaprakash et al. 1987 (2.4-3.0) mg/L; LC50: 2.66 (2.22.8) mg/L; LC96: 1.81 (1.4-2.0) mg/L. LC values for 1 wk old and 6 wk old Rao and Madhyastha 1987 k tadpoles respectively. Zettergren et al. 1991a

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 11

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Cd

RACL

tadpoles

IMMER

~52

Cd

RAES

adult

Cd Cd Cd Cd

RALU RAPI XELA XELA

tadpoles tadpoles adult

2.8 g i.p; INJECT 0.025 g in solution 10,20,50 IMMER 0.1- 0.8 mg/L INJECT IMMER IMMER 20

Cd residues accumulated Richard 1993 preferentially in the liver with a BCF of 3.41 after 25 d of exposure to 1 mg/L. I.p. injection 2.8 g/kg body wt (close Biczycki and Czechowicz 1992 to LD50). 16.59 15.81 3.7 Lefcort et al. 1998 Zettergren et al. 1991a Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

22.49 logLC50= 2.32 mol/L

Cd Cd, Zn

Cd, Zn CdCl2

larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA tadpole (3-4 wk) BUAR embryo 0.05 mg/L Zn; 0.025 mg/L Cd RALU tadpoles 1,2.5,5,10 XELA embryo

32 mg/L

IMMER IMMER

20

3.2 LC100=1 and less with Zn.

Canton and Slooff 1982a Herkovits and Prez-Coll 1995

IMMER IMMER

5.6/5.9 202

4.53/4.72

4.44/4.52

chemical XELA manufacture plant chlordimeform chlordimeform RALI RANI

embryo

adult adult

0.1, 1, 10, 50 IMMER 20.5 and 100% effluent IMMER 10 -3 - 10 -4 M TISPREP

LC values for Cd/Zn respectively. Lefcort et al. 1998 TI50: 1.0 (swimming), 1.1 Sabourin et al. 1985 (pigmentation), 1.3 (malformation). EC50: 1.3 (swimming), 1.2 pigmentation. 6 d LC50= 65.2%, LC1= 0.14%. Birge et al. 1985

39.64 I.p injection of 300 mg/kg of 20 g adults produced 80% mortality within 24 h. 1.20 mg/L LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 40 mg/L; 99 % hatchability at 0.0075 mg/L and 76 % hatch at 40.0 mg/L.

Pan and Liang 1993 Watanabe et al. 1976

k

chlorobenzene chloroform

RAPI BUFO

embryolarvae embryo

IMMER 0.0075-40.0 mg/L IMMER

Birge and Cassidy 1983 Birge et al. 1980

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 12

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

chloroform

PSCR

embryo

0.0087-32.9 mg/L

IMMER

chloroform

RAPI

embryo

0.013-26.9 mg/L

IMMER

chloropyrifos chlorothalonil Citrex Co Co Co

RALI RALI XELA

adult adult tadpole (3-4 wk) GACA embryolarvae LITA egg LITA larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

2.40 0.25 21 10000, 18000 mg/L

LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 0.76 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 97 % hatchability at 0.0087 mg/L and 0 % hatched at 32.9 mg/L; 0 % normal embryos hatched at 32.9 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 4.56 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 100 % hatchability at 0.013; 18 % hatch at 26.9; 0 % survival of hatched normal embryos at 26.9 mg/L. Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Canton and Slooff 1982b 7 d LC50= 0.05 mg/L. Birge et al. 1979a
k k

25 25

copper sulfate copper sulfate Cr Cr Cr cresol cresol cresol

RAPI

larval (post hatch) XELA larvae (3-4 wk) BUME tadpoles BUME tadpoles GACA embryolarvae AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

19.4 20 29-34 57.97 1.7 53.43 49.29 224.91

LD50 values (Gy): 0.6 for fertilized Panter 1986 k egg (75 h); 3.3 for late cleavage. k LD50 values (Gy): tail bud (33h)= Panter 1986 9.9; heartbeat (3d)= 10.4; early limb bud (9-10 d)= 20.2; toe development (40-50 d)= 24.9 metamorphosis (60 d)= 18.3; young frog (80d)= 18.7. k 72 h LC50= 0.15. Land and Guttman 1973 Zwart and Slooff 1987
k k

Khangarot and Ray 1987 Pant and Gill 1982 7 d LC50= 0.03 mg/L. Birge et al. 1979a Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997
k

40 logLC50= 2.57 mol/L 20 40

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

cresol

IMMER

38

Slooff et al. 1983

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 13

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

cresol cresol

XELA XELA

adult larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) embryo

IMMER IMMER 20

logLC50= 2.55 mol/L 38

Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k

Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu

AMJE

BUME tadpoles GACA embryolarvae HYCH tadpoles MIOR tadpoles

pH+CON T IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

10 29-34 0.843 0.446

0.3150.01 0.32 7 d LC50= 0.04 mg/L. 0.0245 5.04 (4.75.1)

Horne and Dunson 1994b Khangarot and Ray 1987 Birge et al. 1979a
k k

25.526

5.61 (5.45.8)

5.31 (5.05.4)

Cu Cu Cu Cyanatryn cyanazine cyhalothrin cypermethrin cytosine arabinoside dairy effluent

MIOR RAPI XELA

tadpoles tadpoles adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER

25.526

5.61, 6.04

5.31, 5.74

5.94, 5.38 0.0761 0.0795

Gottschalk 1995 For 4 wk old tadpoles. LC24: 6.04 Jayaprakash et al. 1987 (5.6-6.4) mg/L; LC50: 5.74 (5.46.2) mg/L; LC96: 5.38 (5.0-5.8) mg/L. LC values for 1 wk old and 6 wk old Rao and Madhyastha 1987 k tadpoles respectively. Gottschalk 1995 Vaal et al. 1997

logLC50= 0.78 mol/L 30 >100 0.004 LC50= 0.0065 mg/L. LD50= 45-50 g/egg.

RATE tadpoles BUBJ tadpoles

Haddow et al. 1974 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

RALI adult RATE tadpoles LAVI embryo BUBU tadpoles

15-40 g % dilutions

Pan and Liang 1993 Paulov 1990 Raynaud 1982

DDD DDD

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk)

IMMER IMMER

15.5 15.5

0.70 0.61

0.32 0.5

30.59% 96 h LC100: 40%. 96 h LC100: Chockalingam and Balaji 1991 (29.8-31.41) 24.4% (23.21-25.59 %). 96 h LC84: 36.5 % (35.34-37.70 %). Rate of respiratory activity: 0% effluent: 1.175, 6%: 0.939, 12%: 0.762, 18%: 0.528, 24%: 0.176. k 0.14 Sanders 1970 0.4 Sanders 1970
k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 14

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT DEF deltamethrin

ACCR BUBJ

young adult tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER ORAL IMMER IMMER

25.627.7 31 20 15.5 25.627.7 15.5 0.7 - 1.3 0.5 - 0.8

36 h LC50: 0.62-50.0 mg/L.

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

BUBU tadpoles 0.2-3.2 (26-37 d) BUWO tadpole (1-7 wk) BUWO young adult PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RALI adult RATE adult BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) BUAR tadpole 0- 0.02 mg/L (stage 2627) BUAR tadpole 0- 0.02 mg/L (stage 2830) RACA tadpoles RALI RAPI adult adult

LC72= 0.4 ppm.

Marchal-Segault 1976 Sanders 1970

k

5.3, 5.4, 2.4, 1.8, 1.3, 1.0, 0.75, 1.0, 2.2, 1.4 0.41, 0.75 0.1, 0.03 36 h LC50: 0.4-50.0 mg/L. 1.4 0.9 0.38 0.8

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970

k

Pan and Liang 1993 24 20 d LD50= 7.6 mg/L. Harri et al. 1979 Sanders 1970 LC72= 0.00709 (0.00628- 0.0081). Salibian 1992
k k

10-15 15.5 201 1.2 0.76 0.011930 (0.009420.01639) 0.01684 (0.014250.02099) 0.13 0.006 20 18 0.35 13.35(8.45- 19.61(13.35 21.03) -29.3)

0.42 0.00437 (0.003720.00519) 0.0045 (0.004020.005)

deltamethrin

IMMER

201

LC72= 0.01204 (0.010590.01398).

Salibian 1992

Deltamethrin deltamethrin Deltamethrin deltamethrin DFP DFP di gu shuang diazinon diazinon

INJECT IMMER INJECT IMMER INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER

20

Cole and Casida 1983 Pan and Liang 1993 Cole and Casida 1983 Thybaud 1990 7 d LD50= Parathion= 967 ppm LD50 Paraoxon= 188 ppm. 7 d LD50= 1450 ppm.

RATE tadpoles BUVI BUVI RALI BUBJ RALI adult adult adult tadpoles adult

Edery and Schatzberg-Porath 1960 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath 1960 Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k k

356.62 14 4.48- 11.48

Pan and Liang 1993

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 15

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

dicamba dicamba dichlorvos dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) RALI adult ACCR young adult ACGR young adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER <0.00010.182 mg/L <0.00010.1799 0.05- 0.1 <0.00010.1705 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

21-22 21-22

220 205

202 166 6.70

185 106

Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976

k k

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) BUWO young adult PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RACA tadpoles RACA tadpoles RALI RAPI RAPI XELA adult adult tadpoles adult

25.627.7 25.627.7 15.5 25.627.7 15.5

36 h LC50: 0.3- 0.85 mg/L. 36 h LC50: 0.3- 0.4 mg/L. 1.1 0.4 0.15 36 h LC50: 0.1-5.4 mg/L. 0.23 0.22 0.10 0.0303 0.0087 0.10 Mortality: NOAEL= 0.0123; Mortality: LOAEL= 0.0523 mg/L. Mortality: NOAEL= 0.004; Mortality: LOAEL= 0.0112 mg/L. Frogs in 200 cc solution for 30 d. 0.0713 logLC50= -0.77 mol/L 0.0468 0.0495 0.0404

Pan and Liang 1993 Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970
k

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970

k

Schuytema et al. 1991 Schuytema et al. 1991 Pan and Liang 1993 Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Schuytema et al. 1991 Vaal et al. 1997
k

25

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin diethanolamine dimefox dimefox

XELA XELA XELA XELA BUVI BUVI

juvenile

< 0.002IMMER 0.1069 mg/L tadpoles <0.002- 0.169 IMMER mg/L tadpoles <0.002IMMER 0.2009 mg/L larvae (3-4 IMMER wk) adult INJECT adult INJECT

Mortality: NOAEL= 0.0174; Schuytema et al. 1991 Mortality: LOAEL= 0.01069 mg/L. Schuytema et al. 1991 Mortality: NOAEL= 0.0316; Mortality: LOAEL= 0.0829 mg/L. Schuytema et al. 1991 Zwart and Slooff 1987 7 d LD50= 1,410.
k k

20 25

1174

Edery and Schatzberg-Porath

1960 7 d LD50= 1410 ppm injection into Edery and Schatzberg-Porath k dorsal lymphatic sac. 1960

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 16

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

dimethachlon dimethoate dimethoate

RALI adult RACY adult RAHE tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER

23 12-17

30.0, 37.0 0.00782 (0.007030.00858)

93.27 17.7, 24.0 0.00782 (0.007030.00858) 2.25 0.55

Pan and Liang 1993 8.0, 11.5 0.00782 (0.007030.00858) Mudgall and Patil 1987 LC12= 0.00812 (0.0073- 0.00887). Khangarot et al. 1985 LC72= 0.00782 (0.00703- 0.00758) mg/L. Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k

dimethoate dinoseb diuron diuron diuron diuron diuron diuron DMSA DMSA DRC-1339 DRC-1347 DRC-2698 duo sai wan EBP emisan endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan endosulfan endothall endrin

RALI BUBJ HYRE HYRE RAAU RACA XELA XELA ADBR LIPE RASP RASP RASP RALI RALI RACY BUBJ

adult tadpoles embryo tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles embryo tadpoles tadpole (1-2 wk) tadpole (1-2 wk) larvae larvae larvae adult adult adult (M) tadpoles 0-29.1 mg/L 0-29.1 mg/L 0-29.1 mg/L 0-29.1 mg/L 0-29.1 mg/L 0-29.1 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 25 29 0.1419

10 d LC50> 29.1 mg/L. 14 d LC50= 8.1-14.5 mg/L. 10-21 d LC50= 12.7->29.1 mg/L. 14 d LC50= 10.8-19.6 mg/L. 4 d LC50 => 29.1 mg/L. 14 d LC50= 22 mg/L. 21-22 21-22 16 16 16 5.36 8.23-9.44 27.5 9.0 0.1344 0.1230 0.509 0.012 0.0020 1.8 Incipient lethal level= 0.105. 96 h LC100: 0.7 mg/L. Safe conc: 12 mg/L. 96 h NOEL: 0.00055. 600 324 63 41 525 310 453 271 44 32 >30

Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Schuytema and Nebeker 1998 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976
k k k k k

Marking and Chandler 1981 Marking and Chandler 1981

5.5 mg/L

Marking and Chandler 1981 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Kanamadi and Saidapur 1992a Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k

BUME larvae RAHE RALI RATI tadpoles adult tadpoles

Vardia et al. 1984 Andrews and George 1991 Pan and Liang 1993

20 15.5 20

0.0021 3.2

0.0018 1.2 0.010

Gopal et al. 1981 Sanders 1970

k

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) ACCR larvae

Hall and Swineford 1981

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 17

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin

ACCR ACGR

young adult young adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

AMMA larvae AMOP larvae BUAM larvae BUBJ tadpoles

25.627.7 25.627.7 20 20 20 12 15.5 25.627.7 15.5 20 17.421.2 12-17 0.57 0.46

36 h LC50: 0.04- 0.06 mg/L. 36 h LC50: 0.02- 0.045 mg/L. 0.056 0.018 0.010

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Hall and Swineford 1981 Hall and Swineford 1981
k k k

Hall and Swineford 1981 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k k

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) BUWO young adult PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RACA larvae RACA tadpoles RAHE tadpoles

0.12 36 h LC50: 0.03- 0.095 mg/L.

Sanders 1970

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970

k k

0.29

0.29

0.18 0.002 72 h LC50= 0.0025.

Hall and Swineford 1981 Thurston et al. 1985

k

0.00494 (0.003890.00689)

0.00085 (0.000670.00115)

endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin endrin

RASP RASP RASP RASP RASY

egg juvenile larvae larvae larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 20 20 20 20 20 0.98862.0086 (2107 d) 0.0289 0.7098 (2107 d) 16.8 0.028 20

0.00021 (0.0001530.000285 0.025 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.034

LC12= 0.0066 (0.00591- 0.00753). Khangarot et al. 1985 LC72= 0.000372 (0.0002290.000475) mg/L. Exposed for 24 h, observed at 96 h. Hall and Swineford 1981 k Exposed for 24 h, observed at 96 h. Hall and Swineford 1981 k Exposed for 24 h, observed at 96 h. Hall and Swineford 1981 k Exposed for 24 h, observed at 96 h. Hall and Swineford 1981 k Exposed for 24 h, observed at 96 h. Hall and Swineford 1981 k Exposure to 2 - 107 d old tadpoles: Wohlgemuth 1977 k 72 h LC50= 0.0147 - 0.4253 mg/L. Perevozchenko 1975 Pan and Liang 1993 Materna 1991
k

RATE tadpoles

eptam esfenvalerate esfenvalerate

XXXA tadpoles RALI RAPI adult tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER

17-20

0.00729

EC50 for convulsive behaviour was 0.00485 mg/L.

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 18

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

esfenvalerate

RAPI

tadpoles

IMMER

20

0.00729

esfenvalerate

RASP

tadpoles

0- 11.5 g/L

IMMER

18, 22

EC50 for convulsive behaviour was Materna et al. 1995 0.00485 mg/L; mortality after recovery period from 96 h exposure. For convulsive behaviour: Materna et al. 1995 EC50(18C): 0.00340, mortality < than 50% at 18C. EC50 (22C): 0.00614 mg/L, LC50 (22C): 0.00729 mg/L. Zwart and Slooff 1987 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

ethanolamine ethyl acetate ethyl acetate ethyl acetate

XELA

larvae (3-4 wk) AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) AMMA adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk) XELA adult XELA larvae (3-4 wk) XELA larvae (3-4 wk) XELA tadpole (512 d) XELA tadpole (512 d) AMME adult XELA RALI adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20

220 145 logLC50= 3.23 mol/L

20

150

ethyl acetate ethyl acetate ethyl acetate

IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

180 logLC50= 3.31 mol/L 180

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

ethyl propionate ethyl propionate ethyl propionate ethyl propionate ethylene glycol ethylenediamine ethylenethiourea ethylpropionate ethylpropionate fei fu san

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20

54 54 mg/L 56 56 326 10 d LC50= 250 mg/L. 10 d LC50= 100 mg/L. logLC50= 2.72 mol/L logLC50= 2.74 mol/L 8.69

Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980 Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980 Zwart and Slooff 1987
k k k k k

20 20 22 22

Birch and Mitchell 1986 Birch and Mitchell 1986 Vaal et al. 1997 Vaal et al. 1997 Pan and Liang 1993

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 19

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion

BUBJ MIOR MIOR RACL

tadpoles embryo tadpoles tadpoles 0-2000 1-13 mg/L 0.5-3 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT 21 9.9

9.0 3.21 (2.873.604) 1.14 (0.8221.603) 4.9 LD50= 2220 mg/kg (Trevan's method), 2182 mg/kg (Reed and Muench method). LD50= 2400 mg/kg (Trevan's method), 2342 mg/kg (Reed and Muench method). EC50 at 18C= 4.2; 25C= 3.7; 30C= 0.17 (embryo abnormalities that lead to post-hatching death). 60 42 27 0.002 20 0.27
-6

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

Pawar and Katdare 1984 Pawar and Katdare 1984 Lyons et al. 1976 Pan and Liang 1993 Gromysz-Kalkowska et al. 1993a Gromysz-Kalkowska et al. 1993a Elliot-Feeley and Armstrong 1982 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976
k k k k

7.8 11.72

RALI adult RATE adult (F)

fenitrothion

RATE adult (M)

0-2000

INJECT

fenitrothion

XELA

embryo

10-30

IMMER

fenoprop fenoprop fenoprop fenpropathrin fenpropathrin fenpropathrin fenthion fenthion

ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) BUMA tadpole (2 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) RALI adult RAPI adult XELA adult 0-6

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT TISPREP IMMER IMMER

18, 25, 18-25C= 30 >10; 30C= 0.33 21-22 77 21-22 21-22 60 35

54 34 22

Pan and Liang 1993 Cole and Casida 1983

k

BUBU tadpoles (26-37 d) RAHE tadpoles

20 12-17

2.1 - 2.6 0.00142 (0.00080.00182)

2.0 - 2.2 0.00094 (0.000870.00137) 0.33 0.19

1.8 - 2.2 0.00084 (0.000780.00091)

Lateral line: 1 - 1.5 h at 5X 10 M; Vijverberg et al. 1982b k sciatic nerve 24 h at 10-5 M. k LC72= 1.9 ppm. Marchal-Segault 1976 LC12= 0.00156 (0.000860.00255). LC72= 0.00094 (0.00087- 0.00137) mg/L. Khangarot et al. 1985

fentin-acetate fenvalerate fenvalerate

BUBJ RALI RAPI

tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER INJECT

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

Pan and Liang 1993 Cole and Casida 1983

k

20

0.13

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 20

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

fenvalerate

XELA

adult

5 X 10 -6 M lat. line; 10-5 M sciatic

TISPREP

Lateral line: 23 h exposure; sciatic nerve 10 -5 M 24+ h exposure. 0.42 18-22 18-22 18-22 18-22 18-22 18-22 3.81 X 10 -3 % % mortality % mortality at 24 h at 48 h At time of hatching: LC50= 3.79X 10 -3 %, LC90= 5.01X 10-3 %. 1-24 h: 0.006%: TE50 was 8.08 h and the TE90 was 10.54 h. At time of hatching: LC50= 1.62 X 10 -3 %, LC90= 4.78 X 10-3 %. At time of hatching: LC50= 3.68 X 10 -3 %, LC90= 4.89X 10-3 %. At time of hatching LC50= 4.97 X 10 -3 %, LC90= 7.36 X 10-3 %. 24 h LC90= 5.11X 10 -3 %. 1 h LC50= 0.09 mg/L. >40 7 d LC50= 0.05 mg/L. 202 202 89.6 (73.6108.9) 52.6 (39.370.5) 88.7 (68.6114.6) 83.6 (67.4103.6) 49.4 (40.560.2) 51.8 (42.163.8) 78.0 (62.9- LC72= 72.0 (62.9-96.6). LC values 96.6) are in mg/L. 39.7 (31.1- LC72= 44.2 (34.7-56.3). 50.5)

Vijverberg et al. 1982b

ferbam FIT FIT FIT FIT FIT FIT fluoranthene fluoroacetamide Ge glyphosate glyphosate

BUBJ

tadpoles

IMMER IMMER 0 - 3.5 X 10 -3 IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER technical grade formulation (as glyphosate ai) formulation (as glyphosate ai) technical grade formulation (as glyphosate ai) technical grade IMMER IMMER

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

RAAR embryo RAAR tadpoles RADA embryo RARE embryo

Plotner and Gunther 1987 Plotner and Gunther 1987 Plotner and Gunther 1987 Plotner and Gunther 1987 Plotner and Gunther 1987 Plotner and Gunther 1987 Kagan et al. 1985
k k

RATE embryo RATE tadpoles RAPI BUBJ embryo (stage 25) tadpoles

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

GACA embryolarvae CRIN adult CRIN adult

Birge et al. 1979a

Bidwell and Gorrie 1995 Bidwell and Gorrie 1995

glyphosate

CRIN

juvenile

IMMER

202

Bidwell and Gorrie 1995

glyphosate glyphosate

CRIN CRIN

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

202 202

No effect up to 180.0 mg/L of Bidwell and Gorrie 1995 glyphosate (technical) alone. 100% mortality at 22.5 mg/L (48h) Bidwell and Gorrie 1995 and at conc. above 45 mg/L (24h). No effect after 96 h of exposure. No Bidwell and Gorrie 1995 LC50s calculated.

glyphosate

LIMO

adult

IMMER

202

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 21

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

glyphosate

LIMO

adult

glyphosate

LIMO

tadpoles

formulation IMMER (as glyphosate ai) technical IMMER grade formulation IMMER (as glyphosate ai) 0-5.7 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 1-70 mg/L IMMER

202

180

Bidwell and Gorrie 1995

202

glyphosate

LIMO

tadpoles

202

127.0 (90.0- 121.5 180.0) (111.2132.9) 12.7(9.011.6 (10.318.0) 13.1) 100% mortality 14 4.0

110.8 (95.2- LC72= 116.0 (102.2-131.8) mg/L. 128.4) 7.66 (6.19.6) LC72= 10.6 (9.0-12.4) mg/L.

Bidwell and Gorrie 1995

Bidwell and Gorrie 1995

glyphosate

RASY

tadpoles

Glaser 1998 5.4 3.8 24 23.37 (18.84329.00) 7.27 (5.6409.364) 0.94 4.4 2.7 Sanders 1970 Sanders 1970
k k k

HCH, beta, lindane BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) HCH, beta, lindane PSTR tadpole (1 wk) HCH, gamma, BUBJ tadpoles lindane HCH, gamma, lindane HCH, gamma, lindane HCH, gamma, lindane HCH, gamma, lindane heptachlor heptanol heptanol Hg Hg Hg MIOR embryo

15.5 15.5

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Pawar and Katdare 1984

MIOR RALI

tadpoles adult

1-60 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20 19-22 logLC50= 0.17 mol/L 0.4 18 15.5 8.63 (7.589.84) 0.85 logLC50= 2.65 mol/L logLC50= 2.58 mol/L

Pawar and Katdare 1984 Pan and Liang 1993 Thybaud 1990

RATE tadpoles BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) AMME adult XELA ACCR adult

5.88 (5.396.43) 0.76

0.44

Sanders 1970

Vaal et al. 1997 Vaal et al. 1997 7 d LC50= 10.4 mg/L. Birge et al. 1979b Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

embryolarvae AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk)

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 22

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

AMOP embryolarvae BUDD embryolarvae BUFO embyro BUME tadpoles BUPU embryolarvae BURE adult (F) GACA embryolarvae GACA embryolarvae HYCH embryolarvae HYGR embryolarvae HYSQ embryolarvae HYVE embryolarvae MIOR embryo (gastrulatio n) MIOR tadpole (1, 4 wk) MIOR tadpole (810 wk) MIOR tadpoles

IMMER IMMER 0.001-10 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

19-22 19-22 65.9 29-34 19-22 0.0528 0.0456 0.0436

7 d LC50= 107.5 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 40 mg/L.

Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1983

k k

Khangarot and Ray 1987 7 d LC50= 36.8 mg/L. I.m. injection. 7 d LC50= 0.001 mg/L. Birge et al. 1979b
k k

Hilmy et al. 1986a Birge et al. 1979a Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b
k k k k k k

19-22 19-22 19-22 19-22 19-22 21-25 0.1704

7 d LC50= 1.3 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 2.4 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 2.5 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 2.4 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 2.6 mg/L.

Ghate and Mulherkar 1980a LC values for 1 wk old and 6 wk old Rao and Madhyastha 1987 k tadpoles respectively. Ghate and Mulherkar 1980a For 4 wk old tadpoles. LC24: 2.41(2.0-2.8) mg/L; LC48: 2.07 (1.8-2.4) mg/L; LC96: 1.43 (1.01.8) mg/L. 7 d LC50= 2.8 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 67.2 mg/L. Jayaprakash et al. 1987

Hg Hg Hg

IMMER IMMER IMMER

25.526 21-25 25.526

2.04, 2.41

1.68, 2.07

1.12, 1.43 0.1184

2.04 (1.82.2)

1.68 (1.41.8)

1.12 (0.91.3)

Hg Hg

PSCR RAGR

embryolarvae embryolarvae

IMMER IMMER

19-22 19-22

Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b

k k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 23

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg hopcide hun mie wei hydrazine

RAHC embryolarvae RAHE embryolarvae RAPI embryolarvae RAPI embyro RATI RATI XELA XELA adult (F) adult (M) adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER 0.001-10 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

19-22 19-22 19-22 7.3 231 23 19.02 18.95 18.3 18.04 logLC50= 0.46 mol/L 0.1 0.1 21.64 22.00 8, 5.2 18.3 16.1

7 d LC50= 65.9 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 59.9 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 7.3 mg/L.

Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1979b Birge et al. 1983

k k k

72 h LC50: 18.5 mg/L. 72 h LC50: 16.74 mg/L.

Mudgall and Patil 1988 Mudgall and Patil 1988 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980 Zwart and Slooff 1987 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993
k k

larvae (3-4 wk) XELA larvae (3-4 wk) RALI adult RALI adult AMMA larvae

20 20

22.224 202

>10, >10

5.3, 2.3

hydroxyurea

CHSE

embryo

IMMER

>200

iprobenfos iprobenfos iron methanoarsenate isobutyl alcohol isocarbophos isoprocarb isoprothiolane Kadethrin

BUBJ RALI BUBJ XELA RALI RALI RALI RAPI

tadpoles adult tadpoles larvae (3-4 wk) adult adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT 20

10 6.31 >40 18.3 9.32 4.34 7.79- 21.70 20 1.2

k LC50s given for hard (185-232 Slonim 1986 mg/L as CaCO3 ) and soft water (16 18 mg/L CaCO3 ) respectively. TI50: 2.8 (swimming), 2.9 Sabourin et al. 1985 (pigmentation), 4.5 (malformation). EC50: 197 (swimming), 192 pigmentation. Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 k

Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k k

Zwart and Slooff 1987 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Cole and Casida 1983
k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 24

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Kasugamycin KCl KCl MAFA malachite green malachite green malachite green malathion malathion

BUBJ MIOR MIOR

tadpoles egg tadpoles 0.1- 0.7 % 0.1- 0.7 %

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 4.2-17.5 ORAL IMMER 16 16 20-30 23-27 23-27 >0.5 %

6.4 0.3458 % 0.1414 % 0.25% (hindlimb) 0.0680 1.03 0.173 72 h LC50= 0.2732 %. 8 d: 0.16%.

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

Padhye and Ghate 1992 Padhye and Ghate 1992 Pan and Liang 1993 Bills et al. 1977 Bills et al. 1977
k k k

RALI adult BUXX larvae NOVI RAPI adult larvae

79.67 0.3555 3.9 0.38

ANCA adult

BUAR tadpole (15- 0 - 8 mg/L 20 d)

19.22.4

Bills et al. 1977 LD50= 2324 mg/kg. LD50 occurred Hall and Clark 1982 at 44.4% ChE inhibition. In combination with poly amines, Venturino et al. 1992 malathion had the following LC50 values: putrescine (0.2 mM)= 18.40.7, putrescine (1.0mM)= 15.0, spermadine 0.2 mM)= 10.92.1, spermine (0.2 mM)= 14.53.2. Sanders 1970 Sanders 1970 96 h LC100: 6.00 mg/L. Safe conc: 0.65 mg/L. LC12= 0.00354 (0.002910.00430). LC72= 0.000613 (0.00055- 0.00069) mg/L. 15 d LC50= 150.
k k

malathion malathion malathion malathion

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RAHE tadpoles RAHE tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

15.5 15.5 29 12-17

1.9 0.56

0.5 0.32

0.42 0.20 4.14

Andrews and George 1991 Khangarot et al. 1985

0.000846 (0.0007980.00094)

malathion malathion Maneb

RALI RAPI TRCR

adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER

0.000613 (0.000550.00069) 2.27

0.00059 (0.000430.00078)

Pan and Liang 1993 Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965

k

24 18

MCPA

RALI

adult

IMMER

226.97

LT50: 125 mg/L= 84 h (M), 285 h Zaffaroni et al. 1978 k (F); 100 mg/L= 28 h (M), 195 h (F); 75 mg/L= 19 h (M), 255 h (F); 50 mg/L= 76 h (M), 168 h (F); 25 mg/L= 255 h (M), no data for females. Pan and Liang 1993

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 25

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

mercury(II)chlorid e mercury(II)chlorid e mercury(II)chlorid e mercury(II)chlorid e Mervinphos (OP) MET metamidophos methiocarb methomyl methoxychlor methoxychlor methylene chloride methylene chloride methylene chloride mexacarbate mie chu wei mine drainage Mipafox Mn Mn

AMMA adult RAHE RAHE XELA embryo juvenile adult 0-5.0 mg/L 0-1.0 mg/L

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT 0-100 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 15.5 15.5 0.76 0.44 22 16 15.6 mg/L 8.5 210.5 210.5

0.35 LC50/3h: 1.43 (1.24-1.52) mg/L. 0.68 (0.470.71) mg/L 0.1 96 h LD50= 850 9.1 mg/L LC72= 11.0 mg/L. 8.7 >40 0.11 0.42 0.33 LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 32 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 0.022 and 80 % at 32.1 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 30.61 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 0.017 and 52 % hatch at 46.8 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 32 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 0.022 mg/L and 72 % at 32.1 mg/L. Estimated 14 d LD50= 283-800. 12.40 Mine Drainage: 260 mg/L Fe; 39 mg/L Zn; 3.7 mg/L Cu. LD50= 3580 mol/kg. 7 d LC50= 1.42 mg/L. 25.526

Slooff et al. 1983 Punzo 1993a Punzo 1993a Slooff et al. 1983 Juarez and Guzman 1984b Liu et al. 1996 Pan and Liang 1993 Marking and Chandler 1981 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k k k k

BUAR adult BUBU tadpoles RALI adult RASP larvae BUBJ tadpoles

14.4 mg/L 27.16

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk) BUFO embryo 0.022-32.1 mg/L RACA embryo 0.017-46.8 mg/L 0.022-32.1 mg/L

Sanders 1970 Sanders 1970

Birge et al. 1980

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

RAPA embryo

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

RACA adult (M) RALI adult BUBO zygote RATI adult GACA embryolarvae MIOR tadpole (1, 4wk)

INJECT IMMER IMMER TISPREP IMMER IMMER

Tucker and Crabtree 1969 Pan and Liang 1993

Porter and Hakanson 1976 Chattopadhyay et al. 1986 Birge et al. 1979a
k

16.62, 17.56 16.03, 16.52 14.84, 14.33 LC values for 1 wk old and 6 wk old Rao and Madhyastha 1987 k tadpoles respectively.

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 26

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

Mn

MIOR

tadpoles

IMMER

25.526

MO-338 molinate molinate molinate MTMC nabam

RALI adult BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) RALI adult XXXA tadpoles RALI XELA adult tadpole (512 d) egg tadpoles adult tadpole (1 wk) adult larvae (3 wk) larvae (3-4 wk) tadpoles 0.1- 0.7 % 0.1- 0.7 %

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

15.5

16.62 (16.2- 16.03 (15.6- 14.84 (14.6- For 4 wk old tadpoles. LC24: 17.56 17.0) 16.4) 15.4) (17.0-17.8) mg/L; LC50: 16.52 (16.0-16.8) mg/L; LC96: 14.33 (14.0-14.8) mg/L. 6.195 33 28 14 34.98 15.1 16.75

Jayaprakash et al. 1987

Pan and Liang 1993 Sanders 1970

k

Pan and Liang 1993 Perevozchenko 1975 Pan and Liang 1993
k

17-20 22

NaCl NaCl NaCl naled NaPCP naphthalene n-butanol nereistoxin nereistoxin n-heptanol n-heptanol

MIOR MIOR XELA PSTR RALI XELA XELA BUBJ

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

23-27 23-27 20-23 15.5

0.6482 %

0.5604 %

0.2711 % 0.69% (hindlimb) 1.7

Treatment was continuous for 10 d; Birch and Mitchell 1986 k LC50 was determined at 10 d post exposure 10 d LC50= 2 ppm. 72 h LC50= 0.4222 % NaCl. Padhye and Ghate 1992 8 d: 0.50%. Padhye and Ghate 1992 LC50= 250-280 mM/L. Romspert 1976 Sanders 1970
k

2.2

2.0 0.17

Pan and Liang 1993 2.1 Edmisten and Bantle 1982 Zwart and Slooff 1987
k k k

28 20 1200 5.6 0.12- 0.14 52 52

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

n-heptanol n-heptanol n-propanol n-propanol

RALI adult AMMA adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA larvae (3-4 wk) AMMA adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch)

20

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20

44 44 4000 4000

Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980 Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

20

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 27

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

n-propanol n-propanol

XELA XELA

Ni Ni

adult larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) BUME tadpoles GACA embryolarvae RALI adult

IMMER IMMER

20

4000 4000

Slooff et al. 1983 Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k k

IMMER IMMER IMMER

29-34

53.21

34.3

25.32 7 d LC50= 0.05 mg/L.

Khangarot and Ray 1987 Birge et al. 1979a

k

Ni dinuthyldithiocarb amate san nifurpirinol RAPI nitrite nitrobenzene nitrofen nitrofen NPAN NPAN NTA

261.18

Pan and Liang 1993

larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 1.19-451 mg/L 99.3-547 mg/L 1.19-451 mg/L 2.49-520 mg/L 0.97-479 mg/L IMMER

16 25

6.9

0.770 1.09

Marking et al. 1977

k k

AMTE larvae RAPI BUBJ RALI RAPI XELA BUFO embryolarvae tadpoles adult embryo larvae embyro

0.64 mg/L 3.8 40.06 Estimated ED50= 4-5 mg/L. 2.1 - 2.3 EC50 (teratogenesis) for exposure from blastula to hatching= 4.6 - 4.8. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 451 mg/L; 102 % hatchability at 1.19 mg L and 73 % at 451 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 271.8 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 99.3 mg/L and 0 % at 547 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 237.9 mg/L; 105 % hatchability at 1.19 mg/L and 40 % at 451 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 181.2 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 2.49 mg/L and 0 at 520 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 60.4 mg/L; 95 % hatchability at 0.97 mg/L and 0 % at 479 mg/L. 560-1000 mg/L

Huey and Beitinger 1980b Birge and Cassidy 1983

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k

Pan and Liang 1993 Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1977 Birge et al. 1980
k k

20-200 mg/L

NTA

BUQU embryo

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

NTA

RACA embyro

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

NTA

RAPA embryo

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

NTA

RAPI

embyro

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

NTA

XELA

tadpole (3-4 wk)

IMMER

21

Canton and Slooff 1982b

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 28

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

omethoate OMPA PA-14 paraoxon paraoxon paraoxon

RALI RAPI RASP BUVI BUVI RAPI

adult adult larvae adult adult adult (M)

IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT INJECT 1 g/g body wt INJECT with 1 g paraoxon/5l solvent INJECT

244.24 24 12, 16, 7.5, 4.5, 2.6 22 16 15 d LC50= 2900. 5.9, 4.2, 2.3 Exposure at 3 temperatures, respectively. 7 d LD50= 188.

Pan and Liang 1993 Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Marking and Chandler 1981
k k k

Edery and Schatzberg-Porath

1960 7 d exposure: Parathion LD50= 967 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath k ppm; Paraoxon LD50= 188 ppm. 1960 44.0 Potter and O'Brien 1963

paraoxon paraoxon paraquat paraquat paraquat paraquat paraquat paraquat paraquat

RARI

adult

7 d LD50= 91. LD50= 9.4 mol/kg. 320 315 14 15.5 21-22 15.5 54 204 43 25 153 37 26 100 28 262

Edery and Schatzberg-Porath 1960 Chattopadhyay et al. 1986 Johnson 1976

k k k

RATI adult ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) BUBJ tadpoles BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RAES adult RAPI egg/embryo 0-10.0 mg/L

TISPREP IMMER 21-22 IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k k

Sanders 1970

Johnson 1976 Sanders 1970

paraquat paraquat

RAPI SCNA

not specified tadpoles (stage 25/26)

technical grade a.i. 6.5-50 mg/L

IMMER IMMER 16 39 30

1.5 22

LD50 at 20C= 260 mg/kg; LD100 Barabas et al. 1985 k at 20C= 360 mg/kg. LC50 values for formulation Linder et al. 1990 product: 0.5 (96 h), 1.6 (10 d), 1.6 (30 d) mg/L; technical grade product: 1.3 (96 h), 4.2 (10 d), 3.1 (30 d) mg/L. Linder 1988 LC72= 25 mg/L. Lajmanovich et al. 1998

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 29

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion parathion

ANCA adult BUAR adult BUAR embryo BUAR larvae BUBJ tadpoles BUVI BUVI adult adult

4.2-17.5

ORAL INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT INJECT

20-30 3352

LD50= 8.9 (4.7-13.2) mg/kg. LD50 Hall and Clark 1982 occurred at 22.7% ChE inhibition. LC120= 20.2 mg/L. LC120= 4.5 mg/L. 7.2 Juarez and Guzman 1984b Anguiano et al. 1994 Anguiano et al. 1994 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k

16 16 27 15.5 LD50= 10 1.6 1.4 4.74 24 20-30 1.0

7 d LD50= 967.

Edery and Schatzberg-Porath

k

1960 7 d exposure: Parathion LD50= 967 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath k ppm; Paraoxon LD50= 188 ppm. 1960 Yawetz et al. 1983 Sanders 1970
k

MACR adult PSTR RALI RAPI tadpole (1 wk) adult adult

3 drops in soybean oil

ORAL IMMER IMMER IMMER

Pan and Liang 1993 15 d LC50= 10. LD50= 82.7 (56.2-187.9) mg/kg. LD50 occurred at 51.4% ChE inhibition. Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Hall and Clark 1982
k

parathion-methyl ANCA adult

4.2-17.5

ORAL

parathion-methyl RACY adult parathion-methyl RACY tadpoles parathion-methyl parathion-methyl Pb Pb Pb Pb pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol RALI RATI BUAR GACA RACY RACY AMMA AMME adult tadpoles embryo embryolarvae adult (F) adult (M) adult adult

IMMER 3.0-10.0 mg/L IMMER IMMER 4.0-10.5 mg/L IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

23

51.4

43.3, 46.3

39, 36 8.75 96 h LC100= 9.5 mg/L. The safe level was determined to be 4.0 mg/L. 96 h LC100 h= 10.25 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 0.04 mg/L.

Mudgall and Patil 1987 Noor Alam 1989

11.48 9.5 20-21 0.47-0.9

Pan and Liang 1993 Noor Alam and Shafi 1991 Perez-Coll et al. 1988 Birge et al. 1979a
k

231 231

1895.8 1687.5 logLC50= 0.05 mol/L

1770.8 1583.3 0.3

1632.3 1540.7

72 h LC50: 1625.0 mg/L. 72 h LC50: 1541.7 mg/L.

Mudgall and Patil 1988 Mudgall and Patil 1988 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

pentachlorophenol AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch)

20

0.30

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 30

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

pentachlorophenol BUBJ

tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER 17.218.2 12-17

0.25 0.207 0.05799 (0.038480.0479) 37.58 (0.030530.0501) 0.01844 (0.014760.02402)

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981

k k

pentachlorophenol RACA tadpoles pentachlorophenol RAHE tadpoles

Thurston et al. 1985

pentachlorophenol XELA

adult

64.8-2604 g/g of worm

ORAL

23

pentachlorophenol XELA pentachlorophenol XELA pentachlorophenol XELA

adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

0.26 logLC50= 0.01 mol/L 0.26

LC12= 0.0825 (0.06427- 0.1009). Khangarot et al. 1985 LC72= 0.0287 (0.02396- 0.03794) mg/L. NOAEL: 638 g/g (based on intake Schuytema et al. 1993 of approx. 8 g/g/ frog/d). Threshold for adverse effects: 0.8 mg/L of waterborne pentachlorophenol. Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin phenanthraquinone phenazine phenol

larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) RACA tadpoles RACA tadpoles RACA tadpoles RAPI RALI adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER

24 17.318 20

7033 ppb 7.033 0.115 trans= 7.5, cis= 0.14 0.69 19.42 LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 0.089 mg/L; 102 % hatchability at 0.01 mg/L and 76 % at 0.89 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch> 10 mg/L; 98 % hatchability at 0.0009 mg/L and 68 % at 10.2 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 0.60 mg/L; 100 % hatchability at 0.0009 mg/L and 14 % at 10.2 mg/L. LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 11.23 mg/L; 98 % hatchability at 0.0007 mg/L and 53 % at 21.8 mg/L.

Jolly et al. 1977 Jolly et al. 1978

k k k

Thurston et al. 1985 Cole and Casida 1983 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Birge et al. 1980

RALI adult BUAM embyro

0.010- 0.89 mg/L 0.0009-10.2 mg/L 0.0009-10.2 mg/L 0.0007-21.8 mg/L

phenol

BUFO

embyro

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

phenol

RACA embyro

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

phenol

RAPA embyro

IMMER

Birge et al. 1980

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 31

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

phenol phenol

RAPI RAPI

embryolarvae embyro

IMMER 0.0047-11.5 mg/L 5 IMMER

0.04 mg/L

Birge and Cassidy 1983 LC50 at 0 d post-hatch= 0.05 mg/L; Birge et al. 1980 94 % hatchability at 0.0047 mg/L and 0 at 1.09 mg/L. k 0.5, 2, 4, 15 h observation. Nagel and Urich 1981 > 51 Holcombe et al. 1987 Cole and Casida 1983 0.12
k k k

phenol phenol phenothrin phenyl mercury acetate phosdrin phosphamidon phosphamidon phosphamidon phoxim picloram

RATE adult XELA RAPI BUBJ RAPI tadpoles adult tadpoles adult

INJECT IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 17.2 20 trans=> 20, cis= 6.0

Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 15 d LC50= 12. 1195 LD50= 1.1 mg/kg body wt.
k

24

Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Juarez and Guzman 1984b Meenakshi et al. 1996b Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Sanders 1970
k k k

BUAR adult CAVE RALI RALI ADBR

adult (M) adult adult tadpole (1,2 and 4 wk) picloram LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) piperonyl butoxide PSTR tadpole (1wk) pirimiphos ethyl RALI adult polyamines BUAR tadpole (15- 4 and 8mg/L 20 d)

21-22 21-22 15.5

143, 210 120 1.8 (0.40 8.2)

209.59 2.65 123, 182 116 1.3 (0.30 12) 0.38

95, 154 105 1.0 (9.0)

19.22.4

In combination with poly amines, malathion had the following LC50 values: putrescine (0.2 mM)= 18.40.7, putrescine (1.0mM)= 15.0, spermadine 0.2 mM)= 10.92.1, spermine (0.2 mM)= 14.53.2.

Pan and Liang 1993 Venturino et al. 1992

polyoxin procymidone prometryne propachlor propanil

RALI RALI RALI RALI BUBJ

adult adult adult adult tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

88.85 371.17 22.88 0.80-1.71 2.5

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 32

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

propanil propanoic acid butyl ester propanoic acid butyl ester propanolol propanolol propoxur pyrene pyrethrin pyridaphenthion pyridine pyridine pyridine

RALI adult BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) PSTR tadpole (1 wk) AMME adult XELA BUBJ XELA RAPI adult tadpoles embryo (stage 25) adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

15.5 15.5

22 20 logLC50= 4.82 mol/L logLC50= 4.82 mol/L

11.89-14.28 20 18 10

Pan and Liang 1993 Sanders 1970 Sanders 1970

k k

Vaal et al. 1997 Vaal et al. 1997 35 1 h LC50= 0.14. Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k k

Kagan et al. 1985

20

5.8 3.81 950 logLC50= 4.08 mol/L

RALI adult AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) RAPI embryolarvae XELA adult XELA adult XELA embryo (mid-late blastula) larvae

Cole and Casida 1983 Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997

20

950

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

pyridine pyridine pyridine pyridine

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER room

395 mg/L 1400 logLC50= 4.39 mol/L 3800 2570

Birge and Cassidy 1983 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 72 h LC50= 2340. Teratogenicity EC50: 24 h= 2190; 48 h= 1550; 72 h= 1350; 96 h= 1200. 72 h LC50= 1200. Davis et al. 1981
k

pyridine pyridine

XELA XELA

IMMER IMMER

room 20

1660

1590 1400

1090

Davis et al. 1981

k k

pyridine quinalphos/ chinalphos

larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA tailbud embryo RACY tadpoles 4.0-9.5 mg/L

Slooff and Baerselman 1980

k

IMMER IMMER

room

9550

3390

2460 8.0

72 h LC50= 2820.

Davis et al. 1981

96 h LC100= 9.0 mg/L. The safe Noor Alam 1989 level conc. was determined to be 5.0 mg/L.

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 33

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

quinalphos/ chinalphos quinoline quinoline rotenone rotenone rotenone rotenone rotenone rubber effluent

RATI XELA XELA

tadpoles larvae

5.0-10.0

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 16 17.2 20.5 0.58 0.33 room room 135 200 117 148

8.75 95 129

96 h LC100= 9.5 mg/L. 72 h LC50= 107. 72 h LC50= 129. LC100= 100 gamma/L.

Noor Alam and Shafi 1991 Davis et al. 1981 Davis et al. 1981 Hamilton 1941 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k k

tailbud embryo AMTI metamorph osis BUBJ tadpoles RAPI RASP XELA XELA metamorph osis larvae tadpoles embryo

LC100= 100 gamma/L. 0.5 > 0.04 LC50 (6d)= 22.9% effluent. LCI(6d)= 0.03%. 2560 7.6 logLC50= 1.78 mol/L 20 7.0

Hamilton 1941 Chandler and Marking 1982 Holcombe et al. 1987 Birge et al. 1985
k k

S salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde

RALI adult AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) adult

0.1, 1, 10, 50 IMMER and 100% effluent IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde

IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

7.7 logLC50= 1.80 mol/L 7.7

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k k

s-bioallethrin Sb Se Se

RAPI

INJECT IMMER IMMER 2-20 IMMER

20

1.7 7 d LC50= 0.3 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 0.09 mg/L.

Cole and Casida 1983 Birge et al. 1979a Birge et al. 1979a
k k

GACA embryolarvae GACA embryolarvae XELA tadpoles

23

72 h LC50= 8.04. Median survival time: 4.7 d in 2 ppm; 4.0 d in 5 ppm; 2.54 d in 10 ppm.

Browne and Dumont 1979

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 34

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

sha chong dan sha chong shuang Sn

RALI adult RALI adult GACA embryolarvae sodium aluminium XELA tadpole (3-4 silicate wk) sodium arsenate ADBR tadpole (1-2 wk) sodium arsenate BUMA tadpole (1-2 wk) sodium arsenate LIPE tadpole (1-2 wk) sodium LITA adult fluoracetate sodium fluoracetate sodium fluoracetate sodium fluorocrotonate sodium nitrate sodium nitrate sodium thiocyanate soman Sr sulfotep swep RAPI XELA RAPI HYRE XELA XELA adult adult adult embryo embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT 21 21-22 21-22 21-22 152 195 108

9.151 62.58 7 d LC50= 0.09 mg/L. 5600-10000 mg/L 96 123 60

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Birge et al. 1979a
k k

Canton and Slooff 1982b Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976
k k k

119 150 92

INJECT INJECT INJECT

LD50 for single injection approx. 60 McIlroy et al. 1985 k ppm. Time to death 78.4 h (median). k LD50= 150. Chenoweth 1949 LD50> 500. LD50= 25. 10 d LC50= 578 mg/L. 5 d LC50= 438.4 mg/L. 22 10 d= 2000; treatment was continuous for 10 d. LC50 determined at 10 d post exposure. LD50= 1.38 mmol/kg. 7 d LC50= 0.16 mg/L. 0.53 10.36 Chenoweth 1949 Chenoweth 1949
k k

ND- 578 mg/L IMMER ND- 871.6 IMMER mg/L tadpole (5IMMER 12 d) TISPREP RAD IMMER IMMER

Schuytema and Nebeker 1999 Schuytema and Nebeker 1999 Birch and Mitchell 1986
k

RATI adult GACA embryolarvae RALI adult RALI adult

Chattopadhyay et al. 1986 Birge et al. 1979a

k

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 35

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

tar

XELA

embryo (blastula)

IMMER

room

tar

XELA

tar

XELA

embryo (mid-late blastula) juvenile

IMMER

0.83%

Raw tar 96 h LC50= 3.13 mg/L (96 Schultz et al. 1983 k h EC50= 0.70 mg/L); ether soluble acid fraction 96 h LC50= 5.26 mg/L (96h EC50= 2.48 mg/L); ether soluble base fraction 96 h LC50= 5.34 mg/L (96 h EC50 - 1.02 mg/L) mono/di aromatic fraction 96 h LC50= 27.91 mg/L (96 h EC5. EC50= 0.48%. Schultz et al. 1982

IMMER

room

TEEP TEPP TEPP TEPP tetrachlorophthalide

RAPI BUVI BUVI RARI BUBJ

adult adult adult adult tadpoles

IMMER INJECT INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER 0-500 INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER 2.0 mg/L IMMER

24 25 540

k Raw tar 96 h LC50= 163 mg/L; Schultz et al. 1983 ether soluble acid fraction 96 h LC50= 425 mg/L; ether soluble base fraction 96 h LC50= 299 mg/L mono/di aromatic fraction 96 h LC50= 776 mg/L; poly aromatic fraction 96 h LC50= 529 mg/L. k 15 d LC50= 60. Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath

7 d LD50= 540 ppm. 25 34 >40 1182.01 LD50= 151-192; males> females. 20 trans=> 20, cis= 1.8 1703.09 17 20 1.98 LC50= 12.99.

1960 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath 1960 Edery and Schatzberg-Porath 1960 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k k k

tetrachloroRALI adult phthalide tetrachlorvinphos RATE adult (m/f) tetramethrin TF128 TFM TFM RAPI RALI HYVE adult adult larvae

Pan and Liang 1993 Gromysz-Kalkowska et al. 1993b Cole and Casida 1983 Pan and Liang 1993 Chandler and Marking 1975 Kane et al. 1993
k k

RACA adult

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 36

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

TFM TFM TFM TFM TFM TFM thalium thanite thiocyclam thiophanatemethyl thiram toluene toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor

RACA adult RACA larvae RACA larvae RACA larvae RACA tadpoles RAPI larvae GACA embryolarvae RALI adult RALI adult RALI adult XELA RAPI ACCR ACCR not specified embryolarvae larvae young adult

12-15

SUBDER M IMMER 17 IMMER SUBDER M IMMER IMMER 17 IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 20 25.627.7 20 20 20 15.5 25.627.7 15.5 20 0.012 0.60 0.29 20 2.59 0.059 472.29

LC50= 15.35. 3.55 LC50= 0.95. LC50= 11.62. 1.39 2.76 96 h LC90= 2.31 mg/L. 7 d LC50= 0.11 mg/L.

Kane et al. 1993 Chandler and Marking 1975 Kane et al. 1993 Kane et al. 1993 Kane 1985 Chandler and Marking 1975 Birge et al. 1979a
k k k

2.0 mg/L 12-15

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Seuge et al. 1983
k

0.017, 0.025 0.014, 0.022 0.013, 0.021 0.39 mg/L 0.076 36 h LC50: 0.5-5.4 mg/L. 0.034 0.342 0.034 0.14 36 h LC50: 0.57-5.4 mg/L. 1.7 0.70 0.50 0.099 24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration )= 0.312.

Birge and Cassidy 1983 Hall and Swineford 1981

k

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967

AMMA larvae AMOP larvae BUAM larvae BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) BUWO young adult PSTR tadpole (1 wk) RACA larvae RALI adult

24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration)= Hall and Swineford 1981 k 0.227. 24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration)= Hall and Swineford 1981 k 0.170. 24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration)= Hall and Swineford 1981 k 0.038. Sanders 1970
k

Ferguson and Gilbert 1967 Sanders 1970

k k

Hall and Swineford 1981 Pan and Liang 1993

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 37

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor TPN triadimeform trichloroethylene trichloroethylene trichloroethylene

RASP RASY BUBJ

larvae larvae tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

20 20 0.16 12.96 48 logLC50= 2.56 mol/L 20 48

0.13 0.195

24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration)= Hall and Swineford 1981 k 0.193. 24 h EC50 (behavioural aberration)= Hall and Swineford 1981 k 0.036. Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k

RALI adult AMMA adult AMME adult AMME larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) XELA adult XELA adult XELA larvae (3-4 wk post hatch) adult adult tadpoles tadpoles

Pan and Liang 1993 Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

trichloroethylene trichloroethylene trichloroethylene

IMMER IMMER IMMER 20

45 logLC50= 2.53 mol/L 45

Slooff et al. 1983 Vaal et al. 1997 Slooff and Baerselman 1980
k

trichlorphon tricyclazole tridemorph trifluralin trifluralin tuzet UV UV UV UV UV, dieldrin

RALI RALI RAHE BUBJ

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER RAD RAD RAD RAD RAD

12-17

0.78 (0.70.84)

17.98 19.43 0.53 (0.460.59) 14 0.17 10.77

0.41 (0.26- LC12= 0.82 (0.75- 0.88) LC72= 0.7) 0.53 (0.46- 0.59).

Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Khangarot et al. 1985 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k

BUWO tadpole (4-5 wk) RALI adult BUFO adult 8.1 rad/s BUFO BUFO XXFR XXFR juvenile tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles 8.1 rad/s 8.1 rad/s 1 1

15.5

0.18

0.10

Sanders 1970

20-24 20-24 20-24

30 d LD50= 2329 rad; 50 d LD50= 1780 rad. 30 d LD50= 1000 rad; 50 d LD50= 100 rad. 30 d LD50= 1670 rad; 50 d LD50= 100 rad. LT50= 50 min with 1 ppm exposure. LT50= 30 min with 1 ppm exposure.

Pan and Liang 1993 Landreth et al. 1974 Landreth et al. 1974 Landreth et al. 1974 Georgacakis et al. 1971 Georgacakis et al. 1971

Table 3 - Acute Laboratory Data - 38

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Contaminant Exposure Concentration Route f

e

Temp
h

LC24

LC48

LC96

Other Mortality/Effects Data

de

Reference

VIN

CHSE

embryo

IMMER

202

W ye quing shuang yi ji dao fen san zinc methanearsonate zineb zineb Zn Zn Zn Zn

GACA embryolarvae RALI adult RALI adult RALI adult BUBJ tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER 4.6960 25.526 25.526 31.25 29-34 235.68 1.53 71.87

TI50: 1.9 (swimming), 2.2 Sabourin et al. 1985 (pigmentation), 2.7 (malformation). EC50: 3.1 (swimming), 2.7 pigmentation. k 7 d LC50= 2.9 mg/L. Birge et al. 1979a Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 Pan and Liang 1993 7 d LC 50= 40. Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
k

RALI adult BUME tadpoles GACA embryolarvae HYCH tadpoles MIOR tadpole (1-4 wk) MIOR tadpoles

Pan and Liang 1993 7 d LC50= 19.86- 47.26. 7 d LC50= 0.01 mg/L. Khangarot and Ray 1987 Birge et al. 1979a Gottschalk 1995 Rao and Madhyastha 1987
k k k

Zn

IMMER

Zn Zn Zn

RALU RAPI RAPI

tadpoles adult tadpoles

25,50 100

IMMER IMMER IMMER

24

7 d LC50 ranged from 22.41 - 24.06 for 1 wk old tadpoles; 23.08 - 25.42 for 4 wk old tadpoles. 24.06 (23.6- 23.42 (23.0- 22.41 (22.0- For 4 wk old tadpoles. LC24: 25.42 24.4) 23.8) 22.8) (24.8-25.6) mg/L; LC50: 24.38 (24.0-24.8) mg/L; LC96: 23.08 (22.6-23.4) mg/L. 28.38 28.38 28.38 LC72= 28.38. 15 d LC50= 155. 10.20-10.48

Jayaprakash et al. 1987

Lefcort et al. 1998 Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Gottschalk 1995

k

Table 4: Laboratory studies not including acute toxicity data

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS PHYSIO PHYSIO
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

1,1dimethylhydrazine 1,1dimethylhydrazine 1,1dimethylhydrazine 1,2dimethylhydrazine 1,2dimethylhydrazine 1,2dimethylhydrazine 1-4dichloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene 2,4-D 2,4-D 2,4-D 2,4-D

XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA RAPI RAPI ALMI ALMI RATE RATE

embryo embryo larvae embryo embryo larvae adult adult adult egg tadpole (hindlimb) tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT INJECT

0- > 5 mg/L 1-20 mg/L 0.1-1.0 mg/L 0->50 mg/L 10-80 mg/L 0.1-1 mg/L

> 5 mg/L teratogenic. Failure to elongate, tail kinks most common abnormalities observed. 10 % malformation at 1 mg/L. 100 % malformation at 20 mg/L. Susceptible during neurulation. < 1 mg/L had no effect on survival or metamorphosis; higher conc. lethal. < 40 mg/L not toxic if embryo transferred to uncontaminated water prior to hatching; > 50 mg/L teratogenic. 100 % malformation at >40 mg/L. 100 % mortality in larvae at 1 mg/L within 7 d. Continuous contact with 0.1 mg/L allowed normal metamorphosis. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. No interaction with estrogen receptors. No effect on endocrine parameters. No mortality or behavioral changes at conc. up to 50 ppm for 48 h. 1 mg/L of Na salt and 2 mg/L of diethylamine salt sig. inhibited metamorphosis. Addition of thyroidin (1-5 mg/L) hinders action of the hormone stimulating metamorphosis. Exposure for 48 h: ND at 0.1 g detection limit.

Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976b Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976b Greenhouse 1976a Safe et al. 1976 Safe et al. 1976 Vonier et al. 1996 Crain et al. 1997 Cooke 1972b
k k k

k k k k k k

TISPREP DEVOBS DERMAL PHYSIO IMMER MORT IMMER DEVOBS

0.14-14

Buslovich and Borushko 1976

2,4-D 2,4-D 2,4-dichloroaniline 2-AAF 2-AF 2-methoxyethanol 2-methoxyethanol

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT MORT 20 16 8.7

XXXA not specified XELA tadpoles RACA RACA XELA XELA tadpoles tadpoles adult embryo adult juvenile

Cooke 1972b In Russian, effects of 2, 4-D butyl ester on amphibians given. Skokova and Lobanov 1973 100 d NOEL: mortality/growth= 1; development= 0.32 mg/L. Slooff and Canton 1983 k 10 -8 - 5 x10 - Increasing frequency of micronuclei and rubricytes in blood Krauter 1993 5 M cells. 0- 5 x10 -6 M 2-AF more toxic than 2AAF on red blood cells, cell lysis Krauter 1993 eventually occurred. 0-15000 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>3. 0-10000 mg/L Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postDaston et al. 1991 fertilization. 0.5 % Sig. bradycardia when the newts were exposed to anesthetic. Pitkin and Pettyjohn 1992 3-MC treated alligators showed greater rates of enzyme Jewell et al. 1989 activity and greater rates of induction of specific enzymes that may protect against toxicity of 3-MC.

2-phenoxyethanol NOVV 3ALMI methylcholanthrene

IMMER PHYSIO SUBDER MORT M

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 2

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

3PLWA larvae methylcholanthrene 3PLWA not methylcholanthrene specified 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl RAES adult

IMMER INJECT

GENOTOX PHYSIO

0.5

Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 315/1000. An increase in metabolism of hydroxycoumarin and resorufin derivatives occurred. Microsomal protein content and ratio of liver and body weights are presented. After 10 d of holding frogs in water, four metabolites of 4-4'dichlorobiphenyl were found in water samples that were similar to those found from rat or rabbit metabolism. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Egg hatch not sig. affected by conc. up to 798 mg/L; effect in first wk post hatch mortality. Growth rate decreased and abnormalities increased in larvae exposed to 382 and 798 mg/L. All tadpoles exposed to 5 ppm survived. Sig. decrease in mean activity time recorded at 1000 ppm but not at 500 ppm. Approximately 0.6 ppm after 1 d (identical to conc. in water). Conc. dependent enhanced metamorphosis in acetone-treated animals. At 50 mg/L rate of precocious metamorphosis was not sig. dif from that produced by 0.1 mg/L thyroxin. DMSO showed no effect. > 400 ppm= 100% mortality; 300 ppm= 50% mortality; 200 ppm no lethal effect during 1 wk observation. At 10 ppm accelerated metamorphosis by 2 d in 80% animals; 20% did not complete metamorphosis and were malformed. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 0.2 ppm= 12/1000; 2 ppm= 74/1000. It was concluded that Ag activates the Ca channel by acting on SH groups in a Ca channel protein. Results indicate that mobilization of the ACh quanta readily available for release might be a common mechanism underlying both frequency facilitation and two components of PTP (augmentation and potentiation). Results not extracted from paper.

Fernandez et al. 1989 Marty et al. 1992

INJECT

PHYSIO

250

Tulp et al. 1976

4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl RAPI 4-chlorobiphenyl acephate RAPI

adult adult

INJECT INJECT

PHYSIO PHYSIO HATSUC

Safe et al. 1976 Safe et al. 1976 Geen et al. 1984

k

AMGR egg/larvae IMMER

acephate acephate acephate acetone

RACA RACL RACL ACGR

tadpoles larvae tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT BEHAV RESIDUE DEVOBS 21 1 0-50 mg/L

Hall and Kolbe 1980 Lyons et al. 1976 Lyons et al. 1976
k k

Pollard and Adams 1988

acetone

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

Paulov and Paulovova 1983

acridine orange Ag AH5183

PLWA larvae RAJA RANI adult adult

IMMER

GENOTOX 20-22

0.2-2 10 M 5-20 M

Fernandez et al. 1989 Aoki et al. 1993 Maeno and Shibuya 1988

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

Al Al alachlor

RATE XELA ALMI

tadpoles adult adult

IMMER

DEVOBS 7.4-7.6

800, 1600

TISPREP MORT TISPREP DEVOBS

20-100 g/mL Atrial muscle membrane potentials were examined. 27.4 IC50= 27.4, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor.

Cummins 1986a Meiri and Shimoni ? Vonier et al. 1996

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 3

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

alachlor alachlor aldrin

ALMI BUVU ACCR

adult (F) embryo adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER PHYSIO MORT 0.312- 5 % 21-24

aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin

ACGR BUAR GRGE RACY RAES

adult embryo adult (F) adult adult

IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT 0.53, 5.3 and 53 M 19-26 18 7.9

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

TISPREP PHYSIO

aldrin

RAES

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

18

aldrin aldrin aldrin

RAHE RAHE RAHE

adult adult not specified

IMMER IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO 0.24 mg/L

aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin aldrin

RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI

adult adult adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER

BEHAV RESIDUE

25

5.68-5.90 0.15- 0.30 11 ppb

Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with various environmental chemicals and with 17-estradiol. Very toxic to embryo and tadpole developmental stages. Frogs collected from areas treated or untreated with pesticide and exposed to 0.03 or 0.05 g/mL. Percent mortality lower in frogs from treated fields than those collected from no or minimal treatment. 0.01 g/mL= 40% mortality; 0.05 g/mL= 70% mortality in 36 h. 5 ppm= 100% mortality at 15 d, 15 ppm= 100% mortality at 10 d. 1 ppm not toxic. Inhibition of Na-, K-, and Mg-dependent ATPase may have been related to cell membrane alteration. % conc. ranged from 0.006 (215 min) to 0.125 (55 min) ppm where time is time until death. Motor end plate: 10-5 and 10-4 M exerted both pre-and postsynaptic actions; caused increase in end-plate potential frequency and decrease in amplitude. Sartorius nerve muscle: 25 x10-5 M produced increase in endplate potential to 4 times control level at 20 min, after which amplitude declined and transmission completely blocked. Glycogen increased; lipid increased; cholesterol increased; pyruvate decreased; lactate increased in kidney. Glycogen increased; lipid increased; cholesterol increased; pyruvate decreased; lactate increased in liver. Effects after 1 wk exposure were: depletion of protein in brain, muscle, kidney and intestine; after 2 wks exposure there was an increase in amino acid levels and 4 wks of exposure showed enhanced protease activity and amino transferases. At 30 d exposure, 8 dead in 0.30 ppm; at 0.23 and 0.15, 0 frogs dead. Decreasing rate of accumulation by abdominal skin vs time. In abdominal skin, no changes in short circuit current at 2 x 10 -4 M. Microsomal metabolism in liver (apparent Vmax and Km values): Vmax= 0.056 nmol/min/mg; Km= 43 nmol/mg. Motor end plate: 10-5 and 10-4 exerted both pre- and postsynaptic actions; caused increase in end-plate potential frequency and decrease in their amplitude.

Arnold et al. 1997 Constantini and Panella 1975 Vinson et al. 1963
k

Vinson et al. 1963

k k

Juarez and Guzman 1984a Wells et al. 1974 Rane and Mathur 1978 Akkermans et al. 1974
k k

Akkermans et al. 1975b

Vijay and Jayantha Rao 1991 Vijay and Jayantha Rao 1991 Joseph and Rao 1991

Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Kaiser and Dunham 1972 Webb et al. 1979
k k k k

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO 18

Ronis and Walker 1985 Akkermans et al. 1974

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 4

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

aldrin

RATE

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

18

aldrin

RATE

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

18

aldrin aldrin

XELA XELA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

19-21 10

allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin allethrin

RAES RAES RAPI RATE RATE XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA

adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER BEHAV 18 7.3 22

10 -7 M

Motor end plate: 10-5 and 10-4 exerted both pre- and postsynaptic actions; caused increase in end-plate potential frequency and decrease in their amplitude. Sartorious nerve-muscle 25 x 10-5 M produced an increase in end-plate potential to 4 times control levels at 20 min, after which amplitude declined and transmission completely blocked. Lateral-line organ: 25 x 10-6 and 75 x 10-6 M failed to induce repetitive activity. Spinal cord: application of 1 x 10-5 M in vitro caused potentiation of spinal reflex activity, increase in spontaneous activity of ventral and dorsal roots and reduction of spinal inhibitory mechanisms. Motor end plate: negative temp. coefficient. Peripheral nervous system studied.

Akkermans et al. 1974

Akkermans et al. 1975b

Akkermans et al. 1975a Akkermans et al. 1975c

k k

Wouters et al. 1977

k k

van den Bercken 1977 Takeno et al. 1977

k k

10 - 10 10 M
-7

-6

-4

Nerve muscle studied. Motor end plate: negative temp. coefficient. Peripheral nervous system studied.

Wouters et al. 1977 van den Bercken et al. 1973a

k

10

-5

5, 1 2 15 2 x10 -5 M

1-4 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials. Excitation and convulsions within 10 min at 5 ppm. Excitation at 1 ppm.

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 van den Bercken et al. 1973a
k

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO 20-24

Lateral line organ studied. Similarity between aldrin and DDT van den Bercken et al. 1973a k noted. Myelinated fibre of sciatic nerve. Peripheral nervous system studied. van den Bercken et al. 1980 van den Bercken 1977 van den Bercken and Vijverberg 1979
k k

0.33-3.3 x10 6 M

allethrin

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

15

10-40 M

Pronounced repetitive activity in sensory fibres; similar results in cutaneous touch receptors and lateral line organ. k Repetitive activity induced by 1-3 ppm for 20 - 40 min in Akkermans et al. 1975a lateral line. Cutaneous touch receptors produced repetitive activity after 5 min exposure to 10 -5 M or 15 min to 10 -6 M. Sodium channel gating and reduced selectively the rate of Vijverberg et al. 1982a closing of the activation gate in myelinated nerve fibre.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 5

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

amaranth

HYGR

tadpoles

IMMER

0, 0.00125%

amaranth aminocarb

XELA RACL

embryolarvae larvae adult

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS BEHAV 21 5, 10

Authors suggest the effects of staining on growth can severely bias long-term mark-recapture studies or studies on the relationship of growth rate to other variables which use stained animals. Lowest effect conc. = 25000 mg/L. Developmental toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Results not extracted from paper.

Travis 1981

Sakamoto et al. ? Lyons et al. 1976 Secoy 1979

k

ammonium carbonate THRA

DERMAL BEHAV

ammonium hydroxide

THRA

adult

DERMAL BEHAV

ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate

PSTR RACL RAPI RATE RATE

tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER

BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV

202 202 202

7.5-8.0 7.5-8.0 7.5-8.0

DERMAL MORT IMMER MORT

0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L 49.4 g/m 2 6.2-12.4 g/m 2

Investigative behaviour described, animals that immersed their heads quickly began to show signs of distress such as foaming at the mouth, gaping and rubbing the side of the head on the floor of the cage. Investigative behaviour described, contact with liquid Secoy 1979 ammonium on the head resulted in distress such as foaming at the mouth, gaping and rubbing side of the head along the floor of the cage. Some mortality by 3-7 d; survival decreased sig. over time; Hecnar 1995 behavioural and morphological abnormalities within 24-48 h. Some mortality by 3-7 d. Survivorship decreased over time. Hecnar 1995 Some mortality by 3-7 d. Survivorship decreased over time. EC50= 107 min in dry soil and 84 min in moist soils. EC50= 6.9 g/m 2 , effects usually lead to eventual death. This study concluded that it is uncertain whether fertilizers contribute to population declines. Results not extracted from paper. EC50= 1.9 g/m 2 ; acutely toxic; markedly reduced activity and change in ventilation pattern. Larvae exposed to 50 mg/L showed no sig. dif. to control larvae in feeding rate, mass at metamorphosis or time to metamorphosis. 2 wk and 90 d exposure. 10000 ppm toxic to adults; 100000 ppm toxic to all adults within 2 h. 100 ppm not toxic to juveniles; 1000 ppm toxic to juveniles but not adults; 100 % mortality at 72 h at 10000 ppm. Arginine vasotocin sig. increased dehydration in AMTI adults, which was also true for larvae but not for neotenes. Arginine vasotocin induces water loss in larvae (similar to results for adults but not similar to neotene response). Hecnar 1995

Oldham et al. 1997 Oldham et al. 1997

ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate

RATE RATE TRVU

adult DERMAL BEHAV adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV larvae IMMER MORT 50-500 mg/L

Oldham et al. 1993 Oldham and Hilton-Brown 1992 Watt and Oldham 1995

aniline ansar ansar arginine vasotocin arginine vasotocin

XELA SCCO SCCO AMTI AMTI

tadpole IMMER (stage 38) adult IMMER juvenile adult larvae IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO

1-10000 ppm 100-100000 ppm 100-100000 ppm

Dumpert 1987 Judd 1977 Judd 1977

k k

Norman 1981 Norman 1981

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 6

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

arginine vasotocin Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Arosurf 66-E2 As

AMTI ALMI CHPI CHPI

neotene adult adult adult

IMMER

TISPREP DEVOBS INJECT INJECT ORAL INJECT IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER ORAL PHYSIO PHYSIO RESIDUE PHYSIO GENOTOX PHYSIO PHYSIO DEVOBS MORT 4

37.2 100

MACR adult MACR adult PLWA larvae RAPI RACA HYCI PICA adult tadpoles tadpoles adult

750 100 0.025- 0.05

0.1 g/g 0.68 mg/m 2 fed avg. of 2.00 Mg (6 rats) 3.0-6.0 10-20 mM 3 mM

Arginine vasotocin did not sig. decrease dehydration in neotenes, which was not the case for adults and larvae. IC50= 37.2 (inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor). 4-5 fold increase in P4501A in hepatic microsomes. Purified turtle P450 fractions may be useful in further studies of the catalytic function of the inducible proteins. Liver conc. was found to be ~690ppm; 30 times higher than that found in environment. Low but sig. increase in P4501A in hepatic microsomes. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 4/1000 for all treatments. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Antibodies usually produced in response to heat shock were produced by contaminant stress. Results not extracted from paper. 7 snakes regurgitated, 6 had no observable effects.

Norman 1981 Vonier et al. 1996 Yawetz et al. 1997 Yawetz et al. ? Yawetz et al. 1983 Yawetz et al. 1997 Fernandez et al. 1989 Safe et al. 1976 Dunlap and Matsumura 1997 Webber and Cochran 1984 Brock 1965
k

As ASA ASA

RACA RACA RATE

tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE PHYSIO

TISPREP PHYSIO

ascorbic acid atrazine atrazine atrazine atrazine

XELA ACCR ALMI ALMI BUVU

embryolarvae tadpoles adult egg embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS 30-600 ppb 20.7 0.14-14 1.25- 30 %

IMMER DEVOBS TISPREP DEVOBS DERMAL PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

atrazine atrazine atrazine

PLWA larvae RASY XELA tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX 20 DEVOBS DEVOBS

5-8

0.3 30-600 ppb 0.08-10

Results not extracted from paper. ATP and phosphocreatine content decreased rapidly after exposure. Unionized weak acid form of acetylsalicylic acid increased gastric mucosal permeation of ions above a threshold conc. of 3 mM. Lowest effect conc.= 250 mg/L. Developmental toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. No sig. difs among treatments. IC50= 20.7 (inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor). Induced aromatase activity in male hatchlings. Very toxic to embryo and tadpole developmental stages. Exposed individuals exhibited histochemical modifications involving either cholinesterases or phosphatases. No effect on erythrocytes under all conditions tested (dif. pH, light and dark). No sig. dif. among treatments. None of the tadpoles that survived 10 ppm completed metamorphosis.

Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Spenney and Brown 1977 Flemstrom 1979

Sakamoto et al. ? Gucciardo and Farrar 1996 Vonier et al. 1996 Crain et al. 1997 Constantini and Panella 1975

L'Haridon et al. 1993 Gucciardo and Farrar 1996 Blandin and Ramsdell 1995

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 7

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

atrazine (nnitrosoatrazine) atropine, soman Ba

PLWA larvae RACA RACA adult adult

IMMER

GENOTOX 20 22-23

0-3.75-15 10M (soman and atropine)

51-93/1000 micronucleated erythrocytes.

L'Haridon et al. 1993 Heppner and Fiekers 1992 Ray 1980

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

Ba

RANI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

BaP BaP

PLWA larvae PLWA larvae

IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX RESIDUE

BaP BaP

PLWA larvae TISPREP PHYSIO (stage 23) PLWA newt INJECT PHYSIO

BaP

RAPI

adult

TISPREP GENOTOX

BaP

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

PHYSIO

22

BaP

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

BaP Be

XXFR XXFR

adult embryo

TISPREP GENOTOX IMMER DEVOBS

Neuron membrane potentials were measured; effects are mediated by activation of muscarinic receptors. K stimulated pNPPase seems to be completely dependent on magnesium; Barium is a completely insufficient substitute for Mg in this respect. 3-5 mM Mobilization of the ACh quanta readily available for release might be a common mechanism underlying both frequency facilitation and two components of PTP in muscle tissue (augmentation and potentiation). 0.025- 0.1 Fequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 0.025 ppm= 27; 0.1 ppm= 304. 0.075- 0.3 Ratio of BaP in larvae to that in surrounding water after 12 h x10 -3 was approximately 200; not dependent on dose; maximal levels attained after 12 h. Contaminated larvae placed in uncontaminated water lost 99% contaminant after 100 h. 0.01- 0.75 Increase incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes after >2 d of exposure. 0.166 mg-150 Organosoluble- and water-soluble compounds were collected x10 +6 cpm in in the medium of injected animals demonstrating the 200 l DMSO capability of PAWL to metabolize BaP into hydroxylated products. 0.01 mg/mL Three fold increase in sister chromatid exchange at 0.01 mg/mL in ambient water. Mitotic index reduced and cell cycling time lengthened in dose-dependent manner. 0-4.0 mg/L Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes increased with increasing conc. (68/1000 at 0.5 mg/L; stage 50); a decrease in micronucleated erythrocytes was observed at doses higher than 0.5 mg/L (26/1000 at 1.0 mg/L). 31-248 nM Mean numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes were 1.7, 6.3 BaP and 16.4/1000 after exposure to BaP. Levels of both DNA adducts and micronuclei were greatly reduced in animals exposed previously to 31 and 248 BaP, but assayed at metamorphosis. < 20.0 g/mL No evidence of genotoxicity after 1 wk in eye lens epithelium. Development interfered with at N/5000 to N/1000.

Maeno and Shibuya 1988

Fernandez et al. 1989 Grinfeld et al. 1986

k

Grinfeld et al. 1986 Marty et al. 1995

Geard and Soutter 1986

Van Hummelen et al. 1989

Sadinski et al. 1995

Kung et al. 1987

k k

Dilling and Healey 1926

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 8

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

benthiocarb/ thiobencarb

THEL

adult

ORAL

benzene benzene benzomate benzpyrene benzpyrene benzpyrene BHC BHC bioresmethrin

RAPI TRCR EUOS XELA XELA XELA RAPI RAPI XELA

adult adult adult adult juvenile juvenile adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER INHAL SUBDER M SUBDER M INJECT IMMER INJECT PHYSIO MORT PATH PATH PATH BEHAV PHYSIO 25

0.1% v/v 250 1-2% 1.5 mg (crystal)

No mortalities were observed for either field or lab trials. Author determined that direct acute effect is minimal since no mortality was observed with doses as high as 48 mg (623 mg/kg). Benzene has a rapid and reversible effect on ISC, causing a decrease in ISC and net NA+ transport. Results not extracted from paper. 1 h lethal time to survival past 3 d at 1% conc. Lymphosarcomas developed in 11 animals between 86 and 288 d. 9 animals developed lymphoid tumours of liver, kidney, spleen or abdominal wall muscle. Tumours were found in the kidneys (5), liver (6) and spleen (6). At 170 ppm 3 frogs dead after 30 d exposure, at each 80 and 60 ppm no mortality. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Lateral line sense organ exposure from 2-3 h in vivo caused weak repetitive activity. Peripheral nerve exposure caused repetitive activity within first 2 h of exposure. This conc. caused a max number of 2 end plate potentials and 1 action potential in muscle fiber. Destruction of mature erythrocytes which stimulated differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes in blood. High boron caused body deformities and swimming difficulties. High boron caused body deformities and swimming difficulties. High boron caused body deformities and swimming difficulties. High boron caused body deformities and swimming difficulties. 72 h lethal time to survival past 3 d. Delayed metamorphosis. No mortality; weight gain and time to metamorphosis increased. Lavage with n-butanol had no effect on response to presentations of either cyclohexanone or dimethyl disulfide.

Littrell 1983

Blankemeyer and Bowerman 1993 Garavini and Seren 1978 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Balls 1964 Balls 1964 Balls 1964 Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Safe et al. 1976 Vijverberg and van den Bercken 1982
k k k

5.82-6.23 6.0-17.0

TISPREP PHYSIO

5 x10 -6 M

bioresmethrin

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO PHYSIO HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC MORT DEVOBS MORT

18

7.3

10

-5

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Zwart and Slooff 1987
k

bis(2-hydroxypropyl) XELA amine boron AMJE boron boron boron BPMC BTH14 BTH14 butanol (n-butanol)

larvae (3- IMMER 4 wk) egg IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INHAL IMMER IMMER

0-100 mg/L 0-100 mg/L 0-100 mg/L 0-100 mg/L 2% 10 mg/L

Laposata and Dunson 1998 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Paulov 1987c Paulov 1985
k

AMMA egg BUAM egg RASY EUOS RATE RATE AMTI egg adult tadpoles tadpoles adult

DERMAL BEHAV

Mason and Morton 1982

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 9

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

butylated hydroxyanisole Ca, pH

PLWA larvae RATE tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX DEVOBS 4-7

0.5-1.5 1-16mg Ca

cadmium sulfate caffeine

XELA RACA

embryolarvae adult

IMMER

DEVOBS 10mM

TISPREP PHYSIO

caffeine caffeine

RAPI RAPI

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

15

7.0-7.2 7.1-7.2

5 mM 5 mM

caffeine caffeine calcium chloride calcium chloride calcium chloride calcium chloride calcium chloride calcium chloride caprolactam carbaryl

XELA XELA RABR RACA RANI RAPI RATE

adult embryo tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO 5.6-7.7 25 25

0-350 mg/L 0-800 mg/L 1-10 g/L 2.5-5.0 mM 2.5-5.0 mM

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER PHYSIO GENOTOX BEHAV

TRSC adult PLWA larvae RABL tadpoles

50-105 3.5, 5.0, 7.2 mg/L 222 222 8.1 10 -3 M carbaryl

carbaryl carbaryl

RAES RAES

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

carbaryl

RAPI

adult

DERMAL RESIDUE

Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 7- 8/1000 for all Fernandez et al. 1989 treatments. Calcium had no effect on limb deformities but development Cummins 1986b rate increased at 16 mg Ca. With a different diet, growth rate decreased at pH= 4. Lowest effect conc= 1 mg/L. Developmental toxicity Sakamoto et al ? occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Caffeine prolonged the after hyperpolarization of an action Fujimoto et al. 1980 potential, reduced the amplitude of ACh potential and induced slow rhythmic hyperpolarizations in a 20mM solution of calcium. High lactate and glucose-6-phosphate conc. and a reduced Nassar-Gentina et al. 1981 phosphocreatine conc. were noted after caffeine. The distribution of precipitate in muscles exposed to caffeine McCallister and Hadek 1973 indicate that this alkaloid acts at some site other than the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio= 20. Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days Daston et al. 1991 postfertilization. Mortality occurs after 24 h= 3 g/L or after 8 h= 5 g/L. Mahajan et al. 1979 An increase in calcium exposure resulted in no effect on Sasayama et al. 1983 serum Ca. An increase in calcium exposure resulted in no effect on Sasayama et al. 1983 serum Ca. Radioactive calcium determines distribution and transport of Diecke and Stout 1981 calcium in cells. An increase of calcium resulted in increased inhibition of ion Curran and Gill 1962 transport on frog skin and decrease in net sodium transport. Elimination rates were not affected by the dietary treatment. Hinton and Whicker 1992 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 50 ppm= Fernandez et al. 1989 10/1000; 100 ppm= 18/1000. Tadpole activity diminished by 90% at 3.5 mg/L, activity Bridges 1997 completely ceased at 7.2 mg/L as early as 24 h after immersion. Carbaryl affects the permeability of Cl-; does not affect Lippe et al. 1992 permeabiliity of Na+ and thiourea across skin. Carbaryl increased the short-circuit current across the isolated Ardizzone et al. 1990 frog skin in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was due to the stimulation of sodium absorption and chloride secretion. k Half time rate of dermal penetration 64 min. Shah et al. 1983

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 10

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

carbaryl carbaryl carbaryl carbaryl carbaryl carbaryl

RAPI RATE RATI RATI RATI XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO BEHAV PHYSIO PHYSIO BEHAV PHYSIO

2 x10 -4 M 0.1- 0.001% 0.002- 0.006 % 0.004- 0.006 % 0-5 mg/L 0.0001%0.1% 25 0.1-10

tadpole IMMER (stage 25) adult IMMER adult tadpoles IMMER IMMER

Sig. increases in the short-circuit current and decreases in the Webb et al. 1979 k resistance in abdominal skin. Exposure to 0.001 - 0.005 % caused death within 10 - 24 h; Rzehak et al. 1977 k short exposure (30, 15 min) caused frantic swimming. Exposure had no effect on amylase or lipase activities. Deshmukh and Keshhavan Hepatic vitamin A storage sig. reduced and serum vit A elevated. Feeding and excretion increased with increasing conc. Mortality during metamorphosis sig. at 2 mg/L. High conc. resulted in contraction and separation of muscle fibres, lower conc. resulted in bent tails, oedema, inhibited growth and development and up to 65% mortality. 0.1 ppm erratic swimming and severe uncoordination; 10 ppm some stopped swimming completely; all recovered from exposure - 2 wks later: > 90% survived normally in all exposure conc. groups. 65 W/cm2 - 100% mortality within 24 h with carbaryl yet <10% mortality without carbaryl. 1987 Keshavan and Deshmukh 1984
k k k

Peter Marian et al. 1983 Rzehak et al. 1977

k

carbaryl

XELA

tadpole IMMER (stage 1920) tadpoles IMMER

MORT

Elliot-Feeley and Armstrong 1982

carbaryl, UV-B

XELA

embryo

IMMER

HATSUC

carbofuran

RAPI

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

22

0.88-293 W/m 2 alone or with carbaryl 10 -3 - 10 -5 M

Zaga et al. 1998

carbon disulfide

MIOR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

carbophenothion Cd Cd

RAPI

adult

IMMER IMMER ORAL

PHYSIO DEVOBS RESIDUE 201 211 6.8 7.2

AMGR larvae AMGR larvae (3 mo)

Cd

AMGR larvae (3 mo)

IMMER

MORT

211

6.8

k Muscle contraction evoked by nerve or muscle stimulation Takeno et al. 1977 were suppressed Response to indirect nerve stimulation was suppressed more effectively than response to direct muscle stimulation at 25 x 10 -4 M. 0-20 12 L/100 mL induces abnormal morphogenesis of notochord Ghate 1985b L/100mL and embryonic oedema, no mortality occurred. 16L/100mL caused 90% mortality in 24 h and 100% mortality in 48 h. 120-200 Progressive anaemia, decreased white cell count, neutropenia, Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 k lymphcytosis, flaccid paralysis, extensive skin shedding. < 0.002Mean limb regeneration decreased as Cd increased after 24 d Nebeker et al. 1994 0.5045 mg/L exposure. 1173, No growth effects were seen in larval feeding. Tissues did Nebeker et al. 1995 548,305,146,8 increase in Cd conc. with increase in food exposure conc., but 8,33 and 26 bioaccumulation did not occur in the larvae within the g/g exposure time. 0.535,0.227,0. No mortality occurred but growth was sig. reduced at 0.535 Nebeker et al. 1995 106,0.0045,0. and 0.227 mg/L. LOAEL= 0.227 mg/L, NOAEL= 0.106 013, <0.002 mg/L. The tissue conc. increased from 0.79 g/g at 0.013 mg/L mg/L to 4.13 g/g at 0.535 mg/L.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 11

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Cd

AMGR metamorp ORAL hosis (18 mo) AMTI BUAR BUAR BUAR BUAR larvae embryo embryo

RESIDUE

5701, 2458,and 982 g/g 17-25 20, 30 18-21 0.1-10 mM 6 x10 -7 - 1.5 x10 -5 M 0.1-4 mg/L 0.03-4.0 0.06- 0.50 mg/L for 15240 min 201 5.3-6.8 1.0 mg/L Cd 6.2

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER DEVOBS MORT DEVOBS RESIDUE

No effects on growth occurred. Tissues did increase in Cd conc. with increase in food exposure conc., but food retention was low at the two higher food conc. because of regurgitation of the pellets. Decrease in photocurrent; Cd with Ca blocked the entry of ions. At high conc. of Cd early malformations are sig. increased whereas at low conc. higher temp. prevents alterations. Results not extracted from paper. High mortality; delayed development; alterations in gastrulation and neurulation processes. Similar uptake levels were found in all stages of embryos. Range of uptake after 60 min of exposure was 0.0002- 0.006 g/embryo and 0.004- 0.023 g/embryo after 240 min of exposure. There is evidence that inorganic ions have a protective action on the toxic effects of Cd. Conc. determined after 24 - 96 h. Highest in liver 127 mg/g after 48 h, dropped to 101 after 96 h; 72 mg/g in muscle after 24 h dropped to 14 mg/g after 96 h; heart 13 - 21; kidney 29-47; lung 5 - 18; spleen 1 - 3; blood 2 - 17. 10 -7 M - 10 -5 M did not affect electrical properties of stomach mucous epithelial cells. 10-4 M decreased membrane potential to 66% of control. Conc. effect at hatching and post hatching mortality.

Nebeker et al. 1995

Menini and Rispoli 1988 Perez-Coll et al. 1986 Herkovits and Prez-Coll 1993 Perez-Coll et al. 1985
k

embryo (2 IMMER cell stage) embryo IMMER (stage 525) tadpoles adult (F) IMMER INJECT

Perez-Coll and Herkovits 1996

Cd Cd

BUAR BURE

PHYSIO RESIDUE

Muino et al. 1990 Hilmy et al. 1986b

k

Cd

CYPY

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

10 -4 M - 10 -7 M 7.5-8.0 1.34-122.8 2.25-6.75

Kanno et al. 1978

k

Cd Cd

GACA NOVI

egg adult

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS

Cd

RACA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cd

RACA

adult

INJECT

RESIDUE

Cd Cd

RACA RACA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

Increased mortality with increased Cd conc. to 80% at 675 ppm Cd after 51 d. Onset of limb regeneration delayed in all exposure groups. 2 mM 413 % increase in short circuit current with epidermal application; no change in SCC when externally applied to abdominal skin. 0.5 once + 1.0 Cd conc. (SD): 24.3 (9.5) g/g ww, 181 g/g whole tissue for body wt liver; 21.8 (6.7) g/g ww, 22.5 g/g whole tissue; repeated metallothionein was induced in liver and kidney tissue. 2 mM Decreased skin resistance upon epidermal application. 5.0-12.5M Eyes: depressed rod receptor potential 50% in high Cd while leaving cone response unaffected.

Birge et al. 1977 Manson and O'Flaherty 1978

k k

Takada and Hayashi 1978a

Suzuki and Akitomi 1983

Arita et al. 1979

k k

Fox and Sillman 1979

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 12

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Cd

RACA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

1 mM

Cd

RACA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

10 M

Cd Cd

RACA RACA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

5-50 M 10 -7 - 2 mM

Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

RACA RACA RACA RACL RAHE RAJA RAJA RANI RANI RANI RANI RAPI

tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER

RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE PHYSIO RESIDUE PHYSIO RESIDUE PHYSIO DEVOBS DEVOBS 0.5 mg 0.225 Cd/kg 0.225 0.225 Cd/kg 0.225 4 4 10
-3

0.5 body wt repeated

adult (M) INJECT adult INJECT adult adult adult egg tadpoles adult INJECT INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER

Increase short circuit current to 126%. Cd uncompetitive on the binding reaction of Na with a Na entry channel in abdominal skin. No interaction between Cd and ouabain effects on Na transport. Reduced acetylcholine release from cardiac nerve. Did not alter compound action potential of nerve trunk or affect pacemaker activity. Synaptic transmission sensitive to the toxic effects of lead and cadmium. Uptake into abdominal skin 150 M/kg ww with 2 mM treatment for 20 min. Conc. effect in activity of ouabainsensitive and ouabain-insensitive ATPase inhibition. Results not extracted from paper. 66.8 (5.6) g/kg= whole body mean conc. (standard deviation). Cd conc. in liver (SD): 12.1 (3.4) g/g ww, 8.1 (0.74) g/g whole tissue; metallothionein induction in liver. Residues accumulated preferentially in the liver with a BCF of 3.41 after 25d of exposure to 1 mg/L. Male reproductive effects; enzyme activities altered. Liver: Cd= 53.5; Cu= 175 Kidney: Cd= 65.7; Cu= 9.04. No effect on conc. of 10 elements in livers and kidneys except Cu. Liver: Cd= 53.9; Cu= 48.2 Kidney: Cd= 56.8; Cu= 10. No effect on 10 element conc. except Cu. Partial reduction in primordial germ cells at the 9-12 mm body length stage. Abnormalities in many embryos.

Takada and Hayashi 1981a

Hayashi and Takayama 1978

k

Kober 1977b Takada and Hayashi 1978b

k

Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Suzuki and Akitomi 1983 Richard 1993 Kasinathan et al. 1987 Suzuki et al. 1986 Suzuki et al. 1986 Suzuki et al. 1986 Suzuki et al. 1986 Hah 1978 Hah 1978
k k k k k k

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cd Cd Cd

RAPI RAPI RAPI

embryo embryolarvae larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT RESIDUE

21.122.2

0-2.5 1.0-76.5 in water 1.04-1074 sediment

No inhibition of Na transport across isolate epithelial tissue, Hillyard et al. 1979 k however, inhibition transport across frog urinary bladder and large intestine. k Increased survival with exposure occurring during later Birge and Just 1975b developmental stages and lower Cd conc. k 99% survival after exposure to enriched sediments. Francis et al. 1984 Results not extracted from paper. Francis et al. 1984
k

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 13

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Cd

RARI

adult (F)

IMMER

RESIDUE

200

Cd Cd

RATE RATE

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO INJECT RESIDUE

Cd Cd

RATE

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO PHYSIO

Cd Cd Cd

RAXX tadpole IMMER (mid-limb bud stage) RHSC adult INJECT TRSC TRSP juvenile adult INJECT ORAL

PHYSIO PHYSIO RESIDUE

Cd Cd

XELA XELA

adult adult

IMMER

RESIDUE

4 groups of frogs were analyzed according to number of days left in detoxification after exposure (range= 10-30 d); liver, kidney, skin and muscle residues. Changes in the potential dif. across the skin; suggested to be a reversible effect. 0.12- 0.24 Sig. accumulation in liver and kidney. Within 10 d of mg/100 g/d for exposure to > 0.002 % CdCl2 in the aquatic environment, sig. 10 d amounts of Cd found in skin; small amounts in liver and kidney. 0.12- 0.24 Subcutaneous injections for 10 d. mg/100g/d Developing liver and mesonephros are involved in responses to toxic metals, accumulation of Cd ions are present after aqueous Cd exposure. Injection of 0.225 mg Cd/kg 11 times during 15 d induced metallothionein (single isoform). 10 body wt/d Cadmium in liver was bound to metallothioneins which had a for 6 d composition similar to those MTs found in mammalian liver. 2 mg Authors suggest that softshell turtles are able to tolerate relatively large conc. of Cd initially and over long periods of time. 29 100 d exposure: whole body: 3.77; liver 4.02; kidney 8.22. Decreased permeability constant in K and Na systems in myelinated nerve fibres; reversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along potential nerve axis. Histopathological lesions on lung.

Vogiatzis and Loumbourdis 1997 Natochin and Jones 1992 Vail'eva et al. 1987
k

Vail'eva et al. 1987

Zettergren et al. 1991b

Suzuki et al. 1986

Thomas et al. 1994 Robinson and Wells 1975

Canton and Slooff 1982a Arhem 1980

k

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cd Cd

XELA XELA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO ORAL RESIDUE 24

0.3

Cd Cd, Mg

XELA XELA

embryo embryo

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS 18

Cd, Zn

BUAR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

Cd, Zn

BUAR

embryo

IMMER

MORT

Low accumulation without affecting essential metal levels: approx. 2.2 mg Cd/frog (liver and kidney: 1.0 and 0.5 g respectively). Intramuscular administration: accumulation of Cd in kidney and liver by inducing a Cd-binding protein. Embryos cannot tolerate >2 ppm Cd, stages of organogenesis are most sensitive. 0.001-10 High Mg during Cd exposure resulted in reduced effects. Low Mg and Cd exposure lead to increased severity in deformation conc. effect with Cd exposure. 0.25 mg/L Cd; 80% survival and 15% malformed when exposed to Cd alone; 0,2,4 mg/L Zn 92% survival and 11% malformed when exposed to Cd and 2mg/L Zn. 1 mg/L This study showed that by employing potentized microdose solutions it is possible to reduce the lethal effects of cadmium on BUAR embryos to varying degrees.

Canton and Slooff 1982a Suzuki and Tanaka 1983

Ramusino 1980

k k

Miller and Landesman 1978

Herkovits and Prez-Coll 1990 Herkovits and Prez-Coll 1991b

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 14

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT MORT DEVOBS MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2 CdCl2

ALMI RATI XELA XELA XELA XELA

adult adult adult embryo embryolarvae tadpole (stage 5458) tadpoles embryo (tail bud) adult adult (F) embryo adult

INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

1.0 body wt 200 g

cekapur chloranil

RAES XELA

IMMER IMMER

MORT PHYSIO

18-22

chlordane chlordane chlordane chlordane

ALMI ALMI BUAR RAPI

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER MORT BEHAV 5.7-5.79

chlordane chlordane

RAPI XELA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER RESIDUE

chlordane chlordimeform chlordimeform

XELA BURE RACA

adult adult adult

IMMER ORAL

PHYSIO PHYSIO

TISPREP PHYSIO

chlordimeform chlordimeform

RANI RAPI

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

Cadmium was found in liver bound to proteins. Decreased ovarian and oviduct weight / 100 g body wt. Ovaries contained large number of yolk atretic follicles. 0-1.0 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>100. 0-10.0 mg/L Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postfertilization. Lowest effect conc.= 1 mg/L. Developmental toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. 50-100 mg/L Pretreatment with Cd or Zn resulted in decreased mortality with subsequent exposure to Cd conc. effect with Cd exposure. 0.001- 0.01% 100 % mortality in all exposure groups. 0-2 5% survival at 2 ppm after 24 h. Surviving embryos showed alterations in the development of the otolith, optic cup and pigmentation. Movement was sporadically convulsive. No interaction with estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with various environmental chemicals and with 17-estradiol. 1-15 100 % mortality at 5 and 15 ppm on day 20 and 14 respectively. 1 ppm not toxic. 0.25- 0.5 Mortality= 8 of 20 frogs at 0.5 ppm. No mortality at 0.38 or 0.25 ppm. Neuromuscular changes produced excessive thrashing and abnormal reaction to stimulation. 2 x10 -4 M No sig. changes in short circuit current or resistance in abdominal skin. 5 ppb Time for max absorption was 96 h exposure (biomass 80g/8L); bioaccumulation factor for cis-chlordane was 108; max conc. accumulated was 0.207 ppm; half-life 3.3 wks. 1 Vitellogenin induction was not dif. between chlordane treated frogs and controls. 90 Liver neoplastic lesions (lymphocarcinomas) appeared in 15 of 82 animals. Chlordimeform is liver carcinogen in BURE. 10 -3 - 10 -5 M Caused slow contraction and inhibited ACh-induced contraction in noncompetitive manner. K+ induced contraction was also inhibited in non-competitive manner. 10 -3 - 10 -5 M Contraction and inhibition of ACh-induced contraction in non-competitive manner. 0.1 - 1 mM 0.1 mM suppressed amplitude of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials. 1 mM blocked end-plate potential completely.

Bell and Lopez 1985 Pramoda and Saidapur 1986 Daston et al. 1991 Daston et al. 1991 Sakamoto et al. ? Woodall et al. 1988
k k

Gunther and Plotner 1986 Anderson and Prahlad 1976

k

Vonier et al. 1996 Arnold et al. 1997 Juarez and Guzman 1984a
k k

Kaplan and Overpeck 1964

k

Webb et al. 1979

Khan et al. 1979b

Palmer et al. 1998 El-Mofty et al. 1982 Watanabe et al. 1975

k

Watanabe et al. 1975 Wang et al. 1975

k

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 15

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

chlordimeform chloroaniline

XXFR XELA

adult embryo

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS <0.1-100

chlorobenzene chloroform chloropyrifos chloropyrifos chloropyrifos chloropyrifos

RAPI RAPA BUBO EUOS HYRE RAPI

adult embyro juvenile

INJECT IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO MORT PHYSIO MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO 23-24 0.0075-40.0 mg/L 30 ppb 1-2% 25-500 ppb 10
-9

Local anesthetic activity (0.6 X procaine) on isolated frog sciatic nerves. All embryos in 100 ppm died within 3 wks. 85 % and 20 % of animals held at 1 and 10 ppm respectively had completed larval development after 13 wks. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. 100 % hatch at 0.0075 mg/L; 58 % hatch at 40.0 mg/L. Exposure of hydrated toads lowered temp tolerance. 24-72 h lethal time. Temp. tolerance sig. lowered. Acetylcholine in ciliated epithelial cultures was measured in frog palate and frequency of ciliary beats decreased with exposure to the compounds. EC50 was greater than conc. measured for locomotion defects or mortality. Exposure of hydrated toads sig. lowered temp tolerance.

Yim et al. ? Dumpert 1987

k

Safe et al. 1976 Birge et al. 1980 Johnson and Prine 1976 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Johnson 1980a
k k

adult INHAL tadpole (3 IMMER wk) adult IMMER

- 10 -5 M

Swann et al. 1996

chloropyrifos

TRVU

adult juvenile

IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT PHYSIO GENOTOX

18 23-24

96 30 ppb

van Wijngaarden et al. 1993 Johnson and Prine 1976 Gauthier et al. 1993
k

chlorpyrifos-methyl BUBO chromium salts

PLWA larvae

cismethrin cismethrin Cl

XELA XELA RAPI

adult adult embryo

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

18 8-22

7.3

ClNO2 Co Co

RACA CYPY XELA

tadpoles adult adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

25

7.3

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

Congo red

XELA

adult

IMMER

MORT

125 ml/L, 250 High numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (22/1000 ml/L of river erythrocytes). water 10 -5 1-4 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials. 1-5 x10 -6 M 5 x 10 -6 M caused repetitive activity within the first 2 h of exposure. 0- 0.9 mg/L Prior to hatching (stage 19) no dif. observed between treated and controls. At stages 19-25: at 0.9 and 0.6 mg/L there was 100% mortality post-hatch. At 0.3 and 0.04 mg/L there was slower development and reduced survival. 13:1 and 5.2:1 Methemoglobin levels were not elevated above control levels. ratio Cl:NO2 10 -7 - 10 -4 M No affect on electrical properties of the stomach epithelial cells. Decreased permeability constant in K and Na systems, reversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along potential nerve axis. 0-1000 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>10.

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Vijverberg et al. 1982b Tarnowski 1977
k

Huey and Beitinger 1980a Kanno et al. 1978 Arhem 1980

k k

Daston et al. 1991

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 16

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Congo red copper sulfate

XELA RACY

embryo adult

IMMER INJECT

0-1000 mg/L

copper sulfate copper sulfate copper sulfate copper sulfate copper sulfate CORT

RAPI RAPI RAPI XELA

adult egg tadpoles adult (F)

IMMER INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT MORT MORT 22

4.9-5.7

5.2-5.7

XXXA juvenile KASE tadpoles

DEVOBS

coumaphos cow manure

THRA RATE

adult DERMAL BEHAV adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV

Cr Cr Cr Cr, Zn, Fe

PLXX RACA RATI PLXX

larvae tadpoles tadpoles larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX RESIDUE PHYSIO GENOTOX

crude oil crude oil

CACA juvenile CHMY juvenile

ENVIRON BEHAV ENVIRON BEHAV

crude oil

RAAR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

Cs Cs Cs

COCO ELOB LAGE

adult adult adult

RAD RAD RAD

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

Death and defects were noted in embryos exposed for 4 d Daston et al. 1991 post-fertilization. 100-200 g Progressive reduction in total number of blood cells following Patil and Shivaraj 1984 k i.m. injection of 100 and 200 g CuSO 4 for 40 d. White blood cells increased for first 7 d then gradually decreased. Hemoglobin reduced. k 0.0001- 0.1 % 100 % mortality > 0.005%; 100% survival < 0.0015 %. Kaplan and Yoh 1961 k 0.04-1.56 No effect. Land and Guttman 1973 mg/L 0.04-1.56 0.31 mg/L was fatal to tadpoles. Weights of tadpoles grown Land and Guttman 1973 k mg/L in 0.06 or 0.16 mg/L were lower than controls. 0.0005% At conc. of 0.0015%: 11/16 died within 24 d; at conc. of Fingal and Kaplan 1963 0.10% 0.002%: 100% mortality occurred within 15 d. <0.2 mg/L resulted in 100% mortality; Spanish paper. de la Torre and Lopez Revol 1991 1.1 M After 5 d, frogs developed a hole in the snout, loss of Hayes et al. 1997 connective tissue and epidermis, shorter bodies and hind limbs. These effects are similar to those of DDT. Investigative behaviour noted. Secoy 1979 Frogs exposed to wet cow manure exhibited high lung and Oldham et al. 1993 buccal ventilation rates within 15 min. Exposure to dry manure did not result in these effects. 0-10 mg/L At 1 mg/L, sig. number of micronucleated red blood cells Godet et al. 1996 formed. Results not extracted from paper. Burger and Snodgrass 1998 2 100 % mortality after 72 h > 2 ppm. Abnormalities observed Abbasi and Soni 1984 k in pigmentation, tail fin and alimentary canal. 0-2.5 mg/L Sig. number of genotoxicity effects, more dramatic than Godet et al. 1996 (Cr)/0-25 mg/L when metals were tested alone. (Fe)/0- 0.75 mg/L (Zn) Results not extracted from paper. Vargo et al. 1986 Limited ability to avoid oil slicks; respiration, skin, blood Vargo et al. 1986 chemistry and salt gland function sig. affected. Oil in ears, eyes, esophagus and feces. 0.25-1.00 ml/L Highest embryonic mortality at 0.75 ml/L. All hatched larvae Pyastolova and Danilova k died within a few days 0.25 ml/L 88% of larvae died within 1986 first wk. Results not extracted from paper. Staton et al. 1974 Results not extracted from paper. Staton et al. 1974 Results not extracted from paper. Staton et al. 1974

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 17

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT BEHAV DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Cs Cs Cs Cs Cu Cu Cu

MAFL NATA NESI PHPL

adult adult adult adult

RAD RAD RAD RAD IMMER IMMER

BUAM tadpoles BUBO larvae CYPY adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cu

RAPI

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cu

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

Cu Cu

XELA XELA

adult adult

INJECT

RESIDUE

Results not extracted from paper. Results not extracted from paper. Results not extracted from paper. Female sterility owing to regression of ovaries was judged to be the cause of the population decline. Avoided 0.10 mg/L; attracted to 0.93 mg/L. 0.02-3.7 mg/L High conc.: 100 % mortality within 12 h. Low conc.: all metamorphosed. 10 -7 - 10 -4 M 10 -4 M Cu decreased membrane potential to 67% of control. Effect of ion increased as conc. increased. Slight changes in effective membrane resistance and electrical coupling. 10 -6 M 10 -6 M Cu little effect. 10-6 M Cu and 10 -5 ACh cause larger contractions than ACh alone. Exposure to Cu and ACh for 10-15 min resulted in spontaneous spasmodic contraction. 0.01- 0.05 % Inhibited growth, accumulation of pigment in liver and stomach cells; high mortality; after transfer to tap water some survivors returned to normal. 1 Residues, Cu sig. accumulated in kidney with i.m. injection.

Staton et al. 1974 Staton et al. 1974 Staton et al. 1974 Medica et al. 1973 Birge et al. 1993 Porter and Hakanson 1976 Kanno et al. 1978
k k

Miller and MacKay 1983

k

Jordan et al. 1977

Suzuki et al. 1983

TISPREP PHYSIO

Cu

XXFR

embryo

IMMER

MORT

Cu, Zn

RAPI

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

cyanatryn cyanazine cyanide cyclohexanone

RATE ALMI RAPI AMTI

tadpoles adult adult adult

IMMER

BEHAV

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP BEHAV DERMAL BEHAV 7.4

cyclohexanone cycloheximide

DEXX

adult

DERMAL BEHAV INJECT PATH

CAXX adult

Slowed kinetics of K system; decreased permeability in K and Arhem 1980 k Na systems, reversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along potential nerve axis in myelinated nerve. k N/500000 (see Few tadpoles survived many days after leaving the spawn. Dilling and Healey 1926 paper for details) All mixture experiments with Cu and Zn resulted in 100 % Gottschalk 1995 mortality within 9 h of exposure indicating synergistic action. k 0.2-200 Animals exhibited lethargy, spasmodic twitching, lack of Scorgie and Olsen 1979 feeding with exposure at various conc. 19 IC50= 19, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of Vonier et al. 1996 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. 10 -1 - 10 -3 Rapid decline in sciatic nerve response occurred at 10 -1 but Beck et al. 1982 very little inactivation noted for 10 -2 , 10 -3 . 0.1- 0.5 M Lavage with cyclohexanone decreased response to Mason and Morton 1982 cyclohexanone. 0.05 M produce more persistent response decrements than 0.01 M. 2, 16 and 25 Hyperactivity; weight loss; no mortality immediately after Whitaker 1993 exposure. 1-10 Mortality occurred after 9, 16 and 21 d for 3 of the lizards Coulson and Hernandez 1971 after 1mg/kg injections.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 18

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

cyclophosphamide cyfluthrin cyfluthrin cyfluthrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin

PLWA larvae AGAG AGCA BOCO RAES RATE RATE RATE RATE XELA XELA adult adult adult adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER TISPREP IMMER

GENOTOX PATH PATH PATH PHYSIO RESIDUE 15

0.5-10

Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 0.5 ppm= 12/1000; 10 ppm= 171/1000. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. 1,10.100,200, No depolarization of axon membrane occurred; dif. results 500 M than those found for deltamethrin and fenvalerate. Results not extracted from paper. Biotransformation accounts for some of the observed dif. in the susceptibility of these four species to pyrethroids. Mean conc. of cis-cypermethrin in brain associated with toxic effects: 0.08. Clastogenic activity and increase in number of micronucleated red blood cells. Frequency-dependent suppression of action potential, no repetitive activity. In lateral line organs long trains of impulses in vitro at 1-5 x 10 -6 M for 3 h; in sciatic nerve up to 10 -5 M for more than 24 h did not induce repetitive activity after a single stimulus. No repetitive activity with respect to end plate potentials were observed, however, up to 60 action potentials occurred. 0.015- 0.025 ppm: clastogenic activity and increase in number of micronucleated red blood cells. Fenvalerate and cypermethrin inhibit Na transport in frog skin. Various developmental defects observed. No interaction with estrogen receptors. Oxidative damage to embryonic cells; biproducts and chelating agents effects also reported. Abnormal behaviour; whole body residues from exposure to 1.0 ppm increased up to 48 h then decreased by 120 h; no mortality occurred. IC50>50, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Displaced estrogen at binding sites. DDE in combination with DDD in eggs interacted with 17estradiol and reduced binding.

Fernandez et al. 1989 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Tippe 1987 Edwards and Millburn 1985 Edwards et al. 1987 Edwards et al. 1986 Rudek and Rozek 1992 van den Bercken and Vijverberg 1979 Vijverberg et al. 1982b
k k

TISPREP PHYSIO RESIDUE DEVOBS

adult (m/f) IMMER tadpoles adult adult IMMER

300 in water 20 20-24 0.001- 0.025

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

cypermethrin cypermethrin cypermethrin cytosine arabinoside DDA DDC DDCN

XELA XELA XXFR LAVI ALMI MIOR RATE

adult tadpoles adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER DEVOBS PHYSIO

18 20

7.3

10 -4 - 10 -6 0.001- 0.025

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Rudek and Rozek 1992 Yu et al. 1986 Raynaud and Wolff 1981 Vonier et al. 1996 Ghate 1985a Cooke and Zoro 1975

egg/embry INJECT DEVOBS o adult TISPREP DEVOBS embryo IMMER DEVOBS tadpoles IMMER RESIDUE (stages 513) adult TISPREP DEVOBS adult (F) egg TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS

25

900-1200 mg

0.5 21-32 0.001-1.0

DDD DDD DDD

ALMI ALMI ALMI

>50

Vonier et al. 1996 Crain et al. 1998a Vonier et al. 1996

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 19

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DDD

CHPI

adult

ORAL

RESIDUE

23-27

100 body wt

DDD DDD

RAPI TRSC

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO ORAL RESIDUE 23-27

2 x10 -4 M 100 body wt

DDD

TRSC

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

53, 106 and212 M

DDD DDE DDE DDE DDE

TRSC ALMI ALMI ALMI CHPI

adult (F) adult adult (F) egg adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS ORAL RESIDUE 23-27

>50

100 body wt

DDE

TRSC

adult

ORAL

RESIDUE

23-27

100 body wt

DDE

TRSC

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

53, 106 and 212 M

DDE DDOH DDT

TRSC ALMI ACCR

adult (F) adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS DERMAL MORT 21.123.9 21.123.9

11.1 0.01- 0.05 g/mL 0.01- 0.05 g/mL

DDT

ACGR

adult

DERMAL MORT

DDT

AGPI

juvenile

DERMAL PATH

3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.165, 0.070, 0.040, ND, 0.610. Brain: ND, 0.208, ND, ND, 1.502. Fat: ND, ND, ND, ND, 5.295. Excrement: 0.002, 0.028, 0.143, 0.081, 0.083 (ppm). Decrease in skin resistance and increase in short-circuit current. 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.014, 0.204, 0.244, 0.141, 0.109. Brain: 3.166, 2.041, 2.333, ND, 17.194. Fat: ND, ND, ND, ND, 55.55. Excrement: 0.049, 0.041, 0.049, 0.048, 0.221. Sig. inhibition of brain cell membranes and soluble and light microsomes, as well as highly sig. inhibition of all other fractions occurred at 212 M. Displaced estrogen at binding sites. IC50>50, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Displaced estrogen at binding sites. DDE in combination with DDD in eggs interacted with 17estradiol and reduced binding. 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.064, 0.182, 0.163, 0.171, 0.786. Brain: ND, 0.277, ND, 0.179, 0.30. Fat: 1.084, 1.036, 2.553, 2.406, 6.576. Excrement: ND, ND< 0.001, 0.003, 0.018. 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.256, 0.292, 0.361, 0.237, 0.230. Brain: 0.284, 0.423, 0.411, 0.007, 0.725. Fat: 7.682, 14.104, 9.003, 8.343, 7.580. Excrement: 0.001, 0.004, ND, 0.001, 0.038. In vitro treatment with 212 M resulted in inhibition of all cellular fractions of the brain. 106 M had similar effects, except in myelin and cell membranes, where little effect was noted. Displaced estrogen at binding sites. IC50= 11.1, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Field observations following treatment suggested selective pressures appeared sufficient to have forced expression of resistant genotypes if present in the population. Field observations following treatment suggested selective pressures appeared sufficient to have forced expression of resistant genotypes if present in the population. Behavioural abnormalities; recovery after 1 wk.

Owen and Wells 1976

Webb et al. 1979

Owen and Wells 1976

Witherspoon and Wells 1975

Crain et al. 1998a Vonier et al. 1996 Crain et al. 1998a Vonier et al. 1996 Owen and Wells 1976

Owen and Wells 1976

Witherspoon and Wells 1975

Crain et al. 1998a Vonier et al. 1996 Boyd et al. 1963

Boyd et al. 1963

Munro 1949

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 20

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DDT DDT DDT

ALMI

adult

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

>50

ALMI adult (F) BUAM adult

35

DDT DDT DDT DDT

BUAR BUAR BUBU BUBU

embryo tadpole (31 d) tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS PHYSIO RESIDUE BEHAV

room

1, 5, 15 1 0.005- 0.5

IC50>50, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. DDT had the greatest binding affinity to estrogen sites. After 1-3 h, a slight increase in short-circuit current was observed in transepithilial tissue in toad bladder. Oxygen consumption was also low and a loss of intracellular potassium occurred. 5 and 15 ppm produced 100 % mortality on day 16 and 12 respectively. 1 ppm reduced time to metamorphosis. Activity of beta-glucuronidase in tail fin treated with 21 ppm DDT. Activity in treated toads sig. greater than in control. 0.09 - 478 DDT; 0.22 - 5.1 DDE (24-48h exposure).

Vonier et al. 1996 Crain et al. 1998a Sides and Finn

Juarez and Guzman 1984a Juarez and Guzman 1986 Cooke 1972b Cooke 1972b
k k k

DDT

BUXX adult

IMMER

MORT

DDT

CHPI

adult

ORAL

RESIDUE

23-27

DDT

CRNI

juvenile

ORAL

RESIDUE

DDT DDT

EUOS RACA

adult adult

INHAL IMMER

MORT MORT

DDT DDT

RACA RACL

tadpole IMMER (limb bud) adult IMMER

DEVOBS MORT

DDT DDT

RAHE RAPI

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER RESIDUE

BUBU more resistant than RATE. BUBU survived despite tissue conc. of > 300 ppm. Tadpoles most susceptible just before or just after developing hind limb buds. Mortality occurred in: 1 of 4 taking poisoned insects; 2 of 3 receiving capsules; 1 of 2 sprayed;1 of 2 treated with drops of standard spray on water. Total mortality of the 11 toads was 45%. 100 body wt 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.336, 0.883, 0.044, ND, 3.936. Brain: ND, 2.828, ND, 2.890, 2.890. Fat: 0.454, ND, ND, ND, 33.068. Excrement: 0.045, 0.028, 0.143, 0.081, 0.237. 1 (83.4Ci/kg) High levels of radioactivity are present in yolk sac, bile and liver. Strong radiolabeling in the bile and liver indicate that the hatchlings possess the ability to excrete substantial amounts of 14C-DDT derived radioactivity via bile. 1-2% 48 h lethal time for both conc. One fed 6 poisoned flies, developed slight symptoms for 1 d and recovered. One was dusted with DDT and remained unaffected. One was fed two capsules in the stomach of a small frog; it developed symptoms in 20 h and died in 2 d. Reduced tail regeneration in all exposed groups Decrease tail regeneration (mm) in higher DDT conc. Mortality occurred in: 3 of 4 fed poisoned insects, 1 of 1 fed one capsule, 1 of 1 immersed shoulder-deep in emulsion for 2 h, 1 of 1 treated with 1 drop of standard spray on water for 2.5 h. 10 min exposure time. Results not extracted from paper.

Logier 1949

Owen and Wells 1976

Skaare et al. 1991

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Logier 1949

Weis 1975

Logier 1949

Rajendra et al 1980

k k

Kaiser and Dunham 1972

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 21

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DDT DDT DDT DDT

RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI

adult adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO DERMAL RESIDUE INJECT IMMER BEHAV MORT

2 x10 -4 M 1 100

DDT DDT

RAPI RARI

tadpole IMMER DEVOBS (limb bud) adult TISPREP PHYSIO

5, 25 ppb 5 x10 -4

DDT DDT DDT DDT

RASE RASY RASY RASY

adult adult adult embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT RESIDUE HATSUC

0.001- 0.003 ppm 0.025 ppm

DDT

RASY

embryo

IMMER

RESIDUE

9-21

0.025 ppm

DDT DDT DDT DDT DDT

RASY RATE RATE RATE RATE

tadpoles adult adult adult adult

IMMER INJECT IMMER INJECT ORAL

RESIDUE BEHAV RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE

15-21

0.001- 0.003 ppm

Exposure did not produce a short circuit current or resistance Webb et al. 1979 k in abdominal skin. k Half time of dermal penetration 703 mins. Shah et al. 1983 k Increased activity, violent leg extensions after 6 h Isaacon 1968 maintained till death. Mortality occurred in: 2 of 3 fed poisoned insects, 1 of 1 Logier 1949 sprayed with 1 drop DDT on water, 1 of 2 sprayed with standard spray. k Tail regeneration (mm) reduced at higher DDT conc. All Weis 1975 exposed individuals exhibited reduced regeneration. Prevented Ca binding in globular phospholipidic micelles and Craciun et al. 1981 k facilitated Ca removal from the laminar phospholipidic micelles. 100% mortality occurred within 9 d. Logier 1949 One specimen was fed 5 poisoned insects but was unaffected. Logier 1949 Only trace residues found in head, lung, gut and rest of body. Licht 1976a k High conc. in liver and fat. No abnormal effects on morphology or hatching success of Licht 1985 k embryos in stages 13, 16, or 18 to 0.025 ppm for 24 h; signs of DDT poisoning observed in embryos treated at stage 20. k Stage 13= 0.188 at 9C - 0.167 at 21C; stage 16= 0.142 Licht 1985 1.58; stage 18=.145 - 0.160; stage 20= 0.956 - 1.57 Jelly content= 0.015 - 0.019. k Liver tissue levels reached max at 24 h. Licht 1976b Behavioural abnormalities. Exposure for 1 h. Residues: DDT= 1.3 - 16 % of that originally present in test medium. Liver 16.9 ppm; muscle 1.4 ppm. Cooke 1974 Cooke 1970 Cooke 1974
k k k

12

DDT DDT

RATE RATE

adult egg (spawn)

ORAL IMMER

PHYSIO BEHAV

5 ppm 0.5

k Residues: tissue DDT conc. was correlated with fat conc. of Harri et al. 1979 tissues; strong accumulation in fat body, liver, gall bladder, ovary, spleen and bones; minimal accumulation in spinal cord; no activity in kidney, oviduct, heart or skeletal muscle. Single dose of DDT did not affect the activities of hepatic Harri 1980 mixed function oxidase components. Hyperactive 8 - 13 d after hatching. Development and weight Cooke 1972b k gain were retarded. Exposure to 0.5 ppm when ova beginning to elongate or when head and body of each tadpole distinguishable had no effect.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 22

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DDT DDT

RATE RATE

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE DEVOBS

0.005- 0.5 0.1

DDT DDT

RATE RATE

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO MORT 20

nknown 0.01-10

DDT DDT DDT DDT

RATE RATE RATE RATE

tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

BEHAV RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE

0.1 0.1 0.05

19.4 ppm detected in tadpole hatched from fresh spawn exposed to DDT. 48 h exposure: 29% developed snout abnormalities; 3% died; all affected individuals that reached tail resorption stage died; disrupted development and hyperactivity. Behavioural abnormalities induced by exposure to DDT was hyperactivity and general lack of coordination. Hind limb bud stage 20 % mortality at 10 ppm; 70% mortality at 10 ppm. Small-medium hind legs stages: 10 % mortality at 10 ppm, 50 % mortality at 10 ppm. No toxic effects in tadpoles; hyperactivity, tendency to float near surface; deformities in small tadpoles. Residues: large tadpoles= 2.5; small tadpoles= 7.5.

Cooke 1972b

k k

Osborn et al. 1981

Osborn 1980 Cooke 1970

k

Cooke 1979 Cooke 1979

k k

DDT

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

DDT

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

DDT

RATI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

DDT DDT

RATI STOC

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER MORT

Residues: pp'-DDT 0.50 - 1.2 g; pp'-DDE < 0.001 - 0.01 g. Cooke 1971 k k 0.0001- 0.001 Residues: exposed to 0.0001 ppm= pp'-DDE ND - 0.82; Cooke 1973a 0.001 ppm exposure= ND - 4.3, No mortality at body levels of 2 - 5 ppm. Acute exposure, tissue levels of 2 ppm can cause hyperactivity in tadpoles and death in small frogs. k Tadpoles more susceptible either just before or just after Cooke 1972b developing hind limb buds and at these and later stages they become hyperactive when tissues contained 2-4 ppm. Abnormal snouts noted in RATE treated with 0.02 or 0.5 ppm for 48 h. k Treated tadpoles became hyperactive. Newts (TRCR) made Cooke 1971 sig. more lunges at hyperactive RATE tadpoles than at controls. 0.1- 0.3 % Decreased Vit A storage in liver, greater decrease with Keshavan and Deshmukh k increased exposure time (24 - 96 h). Increased serum Vit A 1984 levels with increased DDT noted. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 % Enzyme activity sig. decreased. Deshmukh and Keshhavan Two animals were sprayed with standard spray, one very lightly. Both developed symptoms the next day and died within 2 d. A control sprayed with oils only died within 5 d. Mortality occurred in: 1 of 3 that were fed frogs that had Logier 1949 taken poisoned insects, 2 of 2 fed capsules, 2 of 3 sprayed with standard spray. Another snake sprayed with standard spray developed poisoning symptoms but recovered after one wk. k Results not extracted from paper. Cooke 1971 1987 Logier 1949
k

DDT

THXX adult

IMMER

MORT

DDT

TRCR

adult

IMMER

BEHAV

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 23

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DDT DDT

TRCR TRSC

adult adult

ORAL ORAL

RESIDUE RESIDUE 23-27 100 body wt

Residues: DDT= 0.23 - 0.65; DDE= < 0.002 - 1.38. 3, 6, 12, 24 h and 3 wks, respectively: Liver: 0.179, 1.077, 0.112, 0.202, 1.063. Brain: 2.727, 1.723, ND, ND, 1.656. Fat: ND,3.625, ND, ND, 34.805. Excrement: 0.116, 0.190, 0.094, 0.096, 0.616. Highly sig. inhibition of the Na+, K+ and Mg+ dependent ATPase in all cellular fractions of the brain occurred with 212 M. DDT had the greatest binding affinity to estrogen sites. Estradiol and DES treatments induced the most vitellogenin; DDT treatments induced smaller amounts of vitellogenin in a dose-dependent fashion. 0.5 ppm exposure resulted in 10 % mortality after 24 h and 35 % mortality after 48 h. Tadpoles appeared frantic at 0.005 after 48 h. 4 leg stage= 1.5 - 116 DDT; 0.13 - 2.7 DDE.

Cooke 1971 Owen and Wells 1976

DDT

TRSC

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

53, 106 and 212 M

Witherspoon and Wells 1975

DDT DDT

TRSC TRSC

adult (F) TISPREP PHYSIO adult (M) INJECT PHYSIO

21

Crain et al. 1998a Palmer and Palmer 1995

DDT

TRVU

larvae

IMMER

BEHAV

0.005, 0.5

Cooke 1972b

DDT DDT

TRVU XELA

larvae adult

IMMER

RESIDUE

0.005- 0.5

TISPREP PHYSIO

DDT DDT

XELA XELA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

15 15

10-40 M

DDT

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

20-24

5 x10 -4 M

DDT DDT

XELA XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO PHYSIO

19-21 21

2-5, 10 -5 M

Cooke 1972b Increase in amplitude of negative after-potential and slowing van den Bercken et al. 1973b down of the falling phase of action potential without affecting resting potential; no repetitive activity. Modified sodium channel gating selectively reduced the rate Vijverberg et al. 1982a of closing of the activation gate in myelinated nerve fibre. Myelinated nerve fibre from sciatic nerve exposed to 4 x10- van den Bercken et al. 1980 k 5 M induced a Na tail current which was similar to that induced by exposure to allethrin. Pronounced repetitive activity in sensory fibres only, van den Bercken and depolarizing following action potential; repetitive activity Vijverberg 1979 similar in cutaneous touch receptor and lateral line organ. k Repetitive activity recorded after 2-5 ppm exposure. Akkermans et al. 1975a A protein identified as vitellogenin was extractable from the plasma of treated frogs but it was not extractable from the plasma of control specimens. 3.3%-93.3% mortality occurred for these two conc. of DDT. All frogs died within 4 - 72 h after injection into dorsal lymph sac. Some died after injection of 10 mg/kg. Membrane hyperpolarization reduced and delayed in K free medium in presence of 5 x 10-4 . Development delayed in 100 ppm for 80 d. Developed forelegs at 50 d only. 40% underwent complete metamorphosis, 40% developed into giant tadpoles without forelegs, 20 % died. Palmer and Palmer 1995

adult (M) INJECT

DDT DDT DDT defenuron

XXFR XXFR XXFR RATE

adult adult adult

INJECT INJECT

MORT MORT

15-70 150 5 x10 -4

Tripod 1947 Ellis et al. 1944

k k

TISPREP PHYSIO DEVOBS

Craciun and Agrigoroaei 1978

k

tadpole (2 IMMER d)

Paulov 1977b

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 24

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint HATSUC

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DEHP

RAAR

embryo (2-3 d)

IMMER

DEHP deltamethrin deltamethrin deltamethrin deltamethrin

RAAR AGAG AGCA BOCO PELI

tadpoles adult adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER ORAL

RESIDUE PATH PATH PATH MORT

deltamethrin

PENA

adult

ORAL

MORT

deltamethrin deltamethrin

RAES RAES

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

deltamethrin deltamethrin deltamethrin

XELA XELA XELA

adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

20-24

Hatching success decreased with increased DEHP levels; approx. 50 % hatched when exposed to sediments with 150 mg/g weight. Survival of tadpoles did not differ; no abnormalities; no delayed hatching observed. 10-800 Exposure for 60 d. DEHP accumulated in tadpoles at conc. ranging from 0.28 - 246.80 ppm ww. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. Spray used for locust control. Study was done to determine risk in animals that eat locusts. Results showed that highest risk are for those subadults feeding on early instar locusts. Spray used for locust control. Study was done to determine risk in animals that eat locusts. Results showed that highest risk are for those subadults feeding on early instar locusts. 1,10.100,200, Depolarization of axon membrane occurred. 500 M Open current conditions: 10-6 did not provoke changes in Na fluxes; at 10 -5 M a slight inhibition of the Na after 30 min noted, no change in Cl fluxes. Failed to induce repetitive activity, small long lasting depolarization after potential. 10 -6 M Frequency dependent depression of the action potential. 7.3 10 - 10
-4 -6

Larsson and Thuren 1987

Larsson and Thuren 1987 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Stewart and Seesink 1996

Stewart and Seesink 1996

Tippe 1987 Salibian 1983

k

van den Bercken and Vijverberg 1979 Vijverberg and van den Bercken 1979 Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986
k

18

deltamethrin (desXELA cyano-deltamethrin) DES TRSC

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO PHYSIO

18 21

7.3

3 x10 -5

adult (M) INJECT

DES

XELA

adult (F)

IMMER

PHYSIO

DES

XELA

adult (M) INJECT

PHYSIO

21

DFP DFP DFP

RAXX adult RAXX adult RAXX adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

22 22 22

8.0 8.0 8.0

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Estradiol and DES treatments induced the most vitellogenin; Palmer and Palmer 1995 DDT treatments induced smaller amounts of vitellogenin in a dose-dependent fashion. 1 ppm for 11 d Exposed animals showed substantial induction of serum Palmer et al. 1998 vitellogenin, indicating that the frogs are capable of responding to estrogenic agents present in the environment. A protein identified as vitellogenin was extractable from the Palmer and Palmer 1995 plasma of treated frogs but it was not extractable from the plasma of control specimens. Results not extracted from paper. Wang and Murphy 1982 Results not extracted from paper. Wang and Murphy 1982 Results not extracted from paper. Wang and Murphy 1982

No repetitive end plate potentials for R-cis, S-cis and trans and R-trans and R-cis were able to produce up to 60 action potentials. 15-30 end plate potentials and 2-18 action potentials.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 25

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DFP DFP DFP diazepam

RAXX adult RAXX adult XXFR adult RAPI adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

22 22

8.0 8.0

20-22

diazepam

RAPI

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

7.3

diazinon dichlone dichlorfenthion

EUOS XELA RAPI

adult embryo (tail bud) adult

INHAL IMMER

MORT DEVOBS 22

Results not extracted from paper. Results not extracted from paper. Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found in chicken and rat brain. 1 x10 -5 M Effects of DMSO and ethanol (1%) were analysed. DMSO (0.22 M) increased rate of efflux of diazepam and ethanol (0.55 M) had no sig. effect on rate of efflux. No dramatic effect was noted for either solvent. 5 x10 -5 - 5 x10 - The sartorius muscle was not affected by diazepam, however, 6 M twitch tension was increased and tetanus tension decreased. An increase in the calcium pool was also observed. 3% 3-6 h lethal time. 0.075-> 0.2 100 % survival at 0.075 ppm; 0 % survival > 0.2 ppm. 0 - 10
-3

Wang and Murphy 1982 Wang and Murphy 1982 Andersen et al. 1977 Degroof 1979

Degroof et al. 1980

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Anderson and Prahlad 1976 Takeno et al. 1977
k k

TISPREP PHYSIO

dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene dichloroglyoxime dichlorvos

RAPI THRA XXFR RAHE

adult adult adult tadpoles

INJECT

PHYSIO

DERMAL BEHAV TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

37 0.75, 1.5 and 37.5 mg/L 22

dichlorvos

RATI

tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO

dichlorvos

XXFR

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

10 mM

dicofol dicofol dicrotophos dieldrin dieldrin

ALMI EUOS XXFR ALMI ALMI

adult adult adult adult adult (F)

TISPREP DEVOBS INHAL MORT TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO

45.6 1-2%

Only small suppressive effect on muscle contraction evoked by direct or indirect stimulation at 1 x10-3 M No effect at lower conc. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Investigative behaviour noted. Dose related inhibition of acetylcholine-stimulated contraction of the rectus abdominis muscle. Arrested growth at 10 wks. Mortality began to occur at 12 wks. Delayed metamorphosis. Total body protein and liver glycogen was less than controls. Decreased body weight. Locomotor/behavioural effects, increased heart rate observed. Lighter pigmentation observed at higher doses. Shrinking of the melanophore occurred at all doses. Eliminated response to carbamylcholine almost completely. Amount of inhibition was strongly dependent upon conc. of OP and temp. Cis-nonachlor: IC50= 45.6, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition. of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. 6-12 h lethal time. Inhibition of membrane voltage response of muscle to carbamylcholine which was dependent upon conc. and temp. No interaction with estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with various environmental chemicals and with 17-estradiol.

Safe et al. 1976 Secoy 1979 Zmeili and Khalili 1990 Raj et al. 1988

Tomar and Pandey 1988

Dekin et al. 1978

Vonier et al. 1996 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Dekin et al. 1978
k

Vonier et al. 1996 Arnold et al. 1997

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 26

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

dieldrin

BUAR

embryo

IMMER

dieldrin

BUAR

embryotadpole larvae oocytes

IMMER

RESIDUE

dieldrin dieldrin

BUAR BUAR

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO

dieldrin

BUAR

oocytes

TISPREP PHYSIO

0-50

6-10

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

BUBU BUBU EUOS GRGE LITA

tadpoles tadpoles adult adult (F) embryo

IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE BEHAV

Embryos developed in 0.2 and 20 mg/L died between 20 -2 5 de Llamas et al. 1985 k d: 25-30% of those developed in 0.02 mg/L had front legs earlier than controls. 0.02-2.0 mg/L Behavioural abnormalities; decreased phospholipid content Gauna et al. 1991 and altered morphology; no effect on body weight, protein content and enzyme activities. k 0.02-2.0 mg/L Hyperactivity in larvae, change in AChE activity. de Llamas et al. 1985 4 mg/L Authors suggest that after agonist-dependent hydrolysis of Fonovich De Schroeder et al. phosphonositides, PIP and PIP2 kinases are activated in 1991 control but not in dieldrin-treated oocytes. 10 -5 - 10 -12 M Phospholipase C activity interacted with dieldrin. Enhanced deSchroeder and d'Angelo degradative activity was noticed for doses from 10-9 to 10 -7 1995 M. k 0.02- 0.5 3.4 - 138 ppm (24-48 h). Cooke 1972b 0.02-2 mg/L 0.5 1-2% 0.53, 5.3 and 53 M 0.01- 0.1 No mortality; behaviour and snout abnormalities. 24 h lethal time to survival past 3 d at 1% conc. Inhibition of Na, K and Mg dependent ATPase may have been related to cell membrane alteration. Otolith, otic capsule and cephalic pigmentation abnormalities after exposure to 0.1 ppm for 7 h; acceleration of growth relative to controls. No effects at 0.01 ppm. Mortality increased with conc. and time: 96.2% at 0.0648 mg/L, 100% at 0.1548 mg/L. Deformities increased with conc. and time: 11.2% at 0.0648 mg/L, 23.8% at 0.1548 mg/L. Generally not smaller than controls. No sig. effects on frequency and amplitude of end-plate potentials, or on end-plate membrane potential. Decreasing rate of accumulation by skin over time. Half time rate of dermal penetration= 3766 mins. No sig. effects on frequency and amplitude of end-plate potentials, or on end-plate membrane potential. Results not extracted from paper. Cooke 1972b Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Wells et al. 1974 Brooks 1981
k k

INHAL MORT TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

dieldrin

RACA

embryo

IMMER

MORT

<0.0020.1548 mg/L

Schuytema et al. 1991

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

RAES RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI

adult adult adult adult adult adult juvenile

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER RESIDUE

10 -5 - 10 -4 M 110 ppb 1 10 -5 - 10 -4 M 0.01070.1675 mg/L 2 x10 -4 M <0.00010.167.5 mg/L

Akkermans et al. 1974

k k

Kaiser and Dunham 1972 Shah et al. 1983

k k

DERMAL RESIDUE TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER MORT

Akkermans et al. 1974 Schuytema et al. 1991

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER MORT

k Sig. increases in short circuit current while decreasing the Webb et al. 1979 resistance. 6.2% mortality at 0.0212 mg/L, 100% at 0.1675 mg/L. Schuytema et al. 1991 Convulsions, body and rear leg rigidity, lethargy and bloating at 0.1675 mg/L. Appetite lessened after 14 d.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 27

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

dieldrin dieldrin

RAPI RAPI

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

22

0.00080.0021 mg/L < 0.00010.0261 mg/L 10 -5 - 10 -4 M 0.0008- 0.5 0.02- 0.5

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

RATE RATE RATE

adult tadpoles tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER RESIDUE BEHAV

0.6 g/g (bioconc. factor= 690 190) at 0.0008 mg/L and 0.8 g/g (bioconc. factor= 390 40) at 0.0021 mg/L. Mortality increased with conc. and time: 52.5% at 0.0101 mg/L, 100% at 0.0261 mg/L. Survivors at higher conc. were larger than controls. No sig. effect on frequency and amplitude of end-plate potentials, or on end-plate membrane potential. 0.17 - 42.9 ppm (24-48h).

Schuytema et al. 1991 Schuytema et al. 1991

Akkermans et al. 1974 Cooke 1972b

k

dieldrin

TRSC

adult

INJECT

RESIDUE

28

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

XELA XELA XELA

adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

10

TISPREP PHYSIO

dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin dieldrin

XELA XELA XELA XELA

adult juvenile tadpoles tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER MORT DEVOBS MORT

dieldrin

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

dieldrin

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

dieldrin diethanolamine dimethoate

XELA tadpoles PLWA larvae BUME tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT GENOTOX 20 PHYSIO

5-8

0.5 produced 5 % mortality and abnormal behaviour after 24 Cooke 1972b k h, 47% mortality after 48 h. Snout abnormalities noted. 0.02 ppm had no effect. 20 Rate of absorption in tissue after injection was slow and Pearson et al. 1973 erratic; Residues: Body fat 445-1329 > Liver 46-117 > Kidney 13-59 > Brain 8-27 > Muscle 4-7 > Plasma 3-7. Values are ranges in tissue after 70d. 0-5 x10 -5 M Application failed to produce any sig. effects in spinal cord. Akkermans et al. 1975c k 1 Dieldrin treated frogs showed sig. levels of vitellogenin Palmer et al. 1998 induction. Increase in amplitude of negative after-potential; slowing of van den Bercken et al. 1973b falling phase of action potential; no effect on resting potential; no repetitive activity. 5 x10 -4 M, 3-5 Preparation taken from animals showing severe symptoms of Akkermans et al. 1975a k poisoning after exposure to 3-5 ppm. 0.0021 mg/L Results not extracted from paper. Schuytema et al. 1991 075-6.0 ppb Highest dieldrin conc. retarded development. Blandin and Ramsdell 1995 <0.0001Mortality increased with conc. and time: 56.2% at 0.0097 Schuytema et al. 1991 0.0247 mg/L mg/L, 100% at 0.0247 mg/L. No sig. dif. in size. Increase in size with increase in conc. noted but not found to be sig. dif. due to variability within replicates. <0.001Mortality increased with conc. and time: 82.5% at 0.010 Schuytema et al. 1991 0.0225 mg/L mg/L, 100% at 0.0225 mg/L. No sig. dif. in size observed between treated and control animals. <0.001Mortality increased with conc. and time: 93.8% at 0.0205 Schuytema et al. 1991 0.0482 mg/L mg/L and 100% at 0.0482 mg/L. Sig. smaller rate of growth than controls. 0.0023 mg/L Not determined. Schuytema et al. 1991 75 No effect under all conditions; (dif. pH, light and dark). L'Haridon et al. 1993 k 0.05 Melanophore size increased sig. in tadpole tails, punctoPandey and Tomar 1985 stellate melanophores were visible and developed dendritic processes and branching.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 28

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

dimethoate dimethoate

RATI RATI

egg egg

IMMER IMMER

30-38 30-38

dimethoate dimethoate dimethoate dimethyl disulfide dinitrocresol dinocap dinocap dinoseb dinoseb diphacin diquat diquat

RATI RATI XELA AMTI XELA XELA XELA XELA XELA PICA RAPI RAPI

tadpole IMMER (limb bud) tadpoles <2d adult <2d adult embryo adult embryo adult egg IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT

30-38 30-38 20

0.0001- 0.001 Delayed and deceased incidence of metamorphosis in exposed Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta k % eggs; < 0.0002 % no effects. 1981 0.0001Eggs treated with 0.0001 - 0.0009 % exhibited increased time Dutta and Mohanty-Hejmadi k 0.0009 % to metamorphosis, decreased average larval length at 1978 metamorphosis and conc. dependent mortality. No eggs treated with 0.001 - 0.009 % dimethoate reached metamorphosis. 80% metamorphosed at 0.001 %; < 0.001 no effect. Delayed Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta k metamorphosis at 0.0001 - 0.001 %. 1981 0.00010.0009 % Increased exposure conc. lead to increased time to metamorphosis and decreased avg length at metamorphosis. Dutta and Mohanty-Hejmadi 1978
k

DERMAL BEHAV IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER ORAL IMMER MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT DEVOBS DEVOBS 18 20

0.1- 0.5 M

0-1.0 mg/L 0-10 mg/L 0- 0.1 mg/L 0- 0.1 mg/L fed avg. of 14.74 mg 100

100 d NOEL: Mortality= 1; Development= 32; Growth= 32 Slooff and Canton 1983 k mg/L. Lavage with dimethyl disulfide decreased response to Mason and Morton 1982 dimethyl disulfide in behaviour tests. 100 d NOEL: Mortality= 0.32; Development= 0.32; Growth= Slooff and Canton 1983 k 0.32 mg/L. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>10. Death and defects were noted in embryos exposed for 4 d Daston et al. 1991 post-fertilization. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>5. All tadpoles died from exposure. Daston et al. 1991 18 snakes showed no observable effects when fed rats. Brock 1965 Bimber and Mitchell 1978 Dial and Dial 1987
k k

embryo IMMER (gastrula) adult embryo (tail bud) embryo (tail bud) egg INJECT IMMER

diquat diquat

RATE XELA

PHYSIO DEVOBS

20-25

diquat, nabam distillery effluent

XELA RAHE

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO HATSUC 31

Reduced viability and increased exogastrulation. None survived beyond 14 d post-hatch. 2-10 mg/L 15 d old embryo exhibited increased survival over gastrula stage embryos (78 % vs 34 % respectively). At 10 mg/L > 70 % survival 16 d post treatment in 2 and 5 mg/L. 4 L/g body wt Labeled compounds were taken up by various tissues. 0.5-2.0 Reduced body size and pigmentation; 15 ppm produced some distortion in body shape; 95 % survival at 0.5 ppm; 20 % survival at 20 ppm. 0.75 diquat/2 100 % mortality within 6 d. Size of larvae reduced, melanin nabam synthesis retarded, muscle fibres less developed. 0.3-2.1% Rate of hatching decreased and rate of mortality increased with increasing effluent conc. Hatching was delayed by 1 - 2 d and hatching success dropped to 42 - 46 %.

Lindquist et al. 1988 Anderson and Prahlad 1976

k

Anderson and Prahlad 1976 Andrews et al. 1990

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 29

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

distillery effluent

RAHE

tadpoles

IMMER

31

0.3-2.1%

distillery effluent

DMN

RAMA tadpole IMMER (prehindlimb) AGAG adult ORAL

DEVOBS

RESIDUE

DMN DMN DMN DMN DMN DMN DMN DMN DMN

BUBU CYPY NOVI RAES RATE TRAL TRCC TRVU XELA

adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult 9 mo old

INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT

DMN

XELA

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

DMN

XELA

toadlets

IMMER

MORT

DMN

XELA

toadlets (1 INJECT yr)

MORT

No mortality occurred in 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 % exposure groups. 94% survival occurred in 1.2% group and 0% survival after 72h in 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1 % exposure groups. 0.03- 0.12 % Increased conc. reduced period of limb bud emergence and tail resorption; elevated values for length of limbs, tail and body wt of adults. 50 dose once 30% had liver damage due to daily repeated oral doses, or 1 daily/50 d generally no liver damage was observed in the case of one 50 mg/kg dose. 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.23 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.13 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.22 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.10 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.32 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.19 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.11 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 0.1 mg Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.18 (% CO2 added/160 mg liver/ 90 min.). 5 mg/100 g After 39 wks, 9 of 16 animals had developed macroscopically-visible liver cysts, 3 had kidney cysts, 1 with pancreatic cyst. Histological examination found additional cysts. 0.1 mg Due to the fact that DMN is rapidly eliminated from the body and the low rate of metabolism by Xenopus liver in vitro, DMN is unlikely to be toxic or carcinogenic in Xenopus. 5 3 years after beginning of exposure, noted distended abdomens in several individuals. All animals died within the next 6 mos; 10 with macroscopically-visible liver cysts, 5 with kidney cysts and 2 with large pancreatic cysts. 180-260 Cysts were detected microscopically as early as 16 d after mg/100 g beginning of the treatment and macroscopically at intervals up to 670 d. Cysts developed in liver, kidney and pancreas.

Andrews et al. 1990

Haniffa et al. 1985

Maduagwu and Anosa 1981

Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Rao et al. 1979 Knowles et al. 1982

Rao et al. 1979

Knowles et al. 1982

Knowles et al. 1982

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 30

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO DEVOBS PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

DMN DMSO DMSO

XELL ACGR RAPI

adult tadpoles not specified adult

INJECT IMMER IMMER

0.1 mg 50 mg/L

DNP

RAPI

INJECT

PHYSIO

DNP DODPA DODPA DODPA DODPA Domal Dosanex Dosanex DPH DPH EB

RATE RAPI RAPI XELA XELA RAES BUVU BUVU XELA XELA CHSE

adult embryo larvae embryo larvae tadpoles embryo embryo adult embryo egg

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT PHYSIO MORT MORT MORT DEVOBS 18-22

10 -4 M 0-1 g/L 0-1 g/L 0-1 g/L 0-1 g/L

Mean CO2 production is reduced to 0.07 (% CO2 added/160 Rao et al. 1979 mg liver/ 90 min.). DMSO had no effect on rate of metamorphosis. Pollard and Adams 1988 Prolonged exposure to DMSO (15%) blocks action Larsen et al. 1996 potentials. Effects on chloride transport were also measured. DMF, DMA, HMPA and acetone effects were compared. Specific immune responses in BM may result in a 20-fold Zettergren et al. 1988 increase in the frequency of antigen-related plasma cells among total mononuclear cells. 10 -4 M caused rise in miniature end-plate potential frequency Statham et al. 1978 k 30 min after application following reduction in first 20 min. Up to 1 g/L not toxic; no deleterious effects on development. Greenhouse 1976a k Up to 1 g/L not toxic; no deleterious effects on development. Greenhouse 1976a k Up to 1 g/L not toxic; no deleterious effects on development. Greenhouse 1976a k Up to 1 g/L not toxic; no deleterious effects on development. Greenhouse 1976a k Gunther and Plotner 1986 Constantini and Panella 1975 Constantini and Andreoli 1972 Daston et al. 1991 Daston et al. 1991 Crews et al. 1989

edrophonium

RAPI

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

22

EDS

POSS

adult (M) INJECT

PHYSIO

EDS

RAES

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

EMF

NOVI

adult

PHYSIO

0.001- 0.01% 100% mortality in all exposure groups. 1- 2 % Toxic effects observed only at high conc. 0.05- 0.5 ppt Toxic for embryos, less so for larvae. 100% mortality at 0.25 - 0.5/1000 and low survivorship for 0.5 - 0.15/1000. 0-75 mg/L Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>1.5. 0-75 mg/L Death and defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days post-fertilization. Eggs exposed to estradiol or an estrogen agonist (R2858) caused all embryos incubated at male-producing temps to develop as females. 10 -3 - 5 x10 -4 Neuromuscular transmission suppressed at 5 x10-4 M and M 1x10 -3 M. Contraction evoked by muscle stimulation also suppressed. No effect at 1 x 10-4 M. 100 body wt Plasma androgen levels decreased 5-7 d after EDS injection, alongside interstitial tissue destruction and mast cell appearance, with slight but sig. increases on Day 11 and 28. Testicular androgen levels did not change. 100 Plasmas androgen level were extremely low on day 4 after EDS and remained unchanged after; in testes androgen levels decreased on day 4 but increased thereafter to control levels. 5 times An increase in the amount of lymphocytes was present in ambient for 5- experimental animals compared to controls, indicating 6d physiological stress due to electromagnetic field exposure.

Takeno et al. 1977

Minucci et al. 1995

Minucci et al. 1990

Moran and Bennett 1991

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 31

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

endosulfan endosulfan endrin endrin endrin endrin

ALMI XELA BUBJ PICA RACA RACY

adult

TISPREP DEVOBS PHYSIO BEHAV MORT MORT PHYSIO

>50 1 20 fed avg. of 1.64 Mg 2 1-10

adult (M) IMMER tadpoles IMMER adult adult adult ORAL ORAL IMMER

IC50=>50, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Endosulfan proved toxic at this conc. 24 h EC50: aberrant behaviour= 0.0013. 5 snakes died, 2 regurgitated and 5 showed no observable effects. Frogs force-fed mosquitofish which had been exposed to 2 ppm endrin solution for 7 d: 100 % mortality. Liver and intestine demonstrated microscopic cellular changes: nuclear degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation and cell necrosis. 5 % mortality in 0.03 ppm; no mortality at 0.2 or 0.015 ppm. No sig. effect on the short circuit current or resistance in abdominal skin. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 23/1000. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>5. Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postfertilization. Activity level decreased at or < 3.6 g/L; dose dependent increase in mortality; decreases in body sizes noted. IC50=0.0078, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. These data suggest the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in oviducts of alligators. Caused sex reversal from male to female. Estradiol and DES treatments induced the most vitellogenin; DDT treatments induced smaller amounts of vitellogenin in a dose-dependent fashion. Ovaries contain and secrete testosterone and estradiol, which are stimulated by a gonadotropin preparation promoting ovulation and meiotic maturation. A protein identified as vitellogenin was extractable from the plasma of treated frogs but it was not extractable from the plasma of control specimens. Enhanced enzymatic activity of asparate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. 100% mortality in 10 min. at 1000 ppm; no effect at <800 ppm for 8 d old tadpoles; 100% mortality for tadpoles kept in 500 ppm from day 7 to day 22.

Vonier et al. 1996 Palmer et al. 1998 Hall and Swineford 1981 Brock 1965
k

Rosto and Ferguson 1968 Mathur and Rane 1979

endrin endrin epichlorohydrin epinephrine epinephrine esfenvalerate estradiol estradiol estradiol estradiol

RAPI RAPI

adult adult

IMMER

BEHAV

25

5.78-5.86 0.015- 0.03 2 x10 -4 M 1-2 0-600 mg/L 0-500 mg/L

Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Webb et al. 1979

k

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER GENOTOX MORT MORT BEHAV 20 6.6-9.2

PLWA larvae XELA adult XELA RASP ALMI ALMI ALMI TRSC embryo tadpoles adult adult (F)

Fernandez et al. 1989 Daston et al. 1991 Daston et al. 1991 Materna et al. 1995 Vonier et al. 1996 Vonier et al. 1997 Crain et al. 1997 Palmer and Palmer 1995

0.8- 10 g/L 0.0078

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO 25

egg IMMER adult (M) INJECT

0.014-14 21

estradiol

XELA

adult

TISPREP DEVOBS

Fortune et al. 1977

estradiol

XELA

adult (M) INJECT

PHYSIO

21

Palmer and Palmer 1995

ethanol ethanol

RATE RATE

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO DEVOBS

1000 pm 0-1000

Paulov 1987b Paulov 1987b

k k

tadpole (8 IMMER d)

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 32

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

ethanol

RATI

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

0.5-4.0 M

ethanol ethidium bromide ethyl acetoacetate

XELA

embryo

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS GENOTOX

22-24

7.3

1-2% (pure) 12.5-37.5 0.1- 0.5 M

PLWA larvae AMTI adult

DERMAL BEHAV

ethylene dibromide ethylenethiourea ethylenethiourea ethylenethiourea ethylmethane sulfonate ethylmethane sulfonate ethylmethane sulfonate ethylnitrosurea

PLWA larvae MIOR XELA XELA RAPI

IMMER

GENOTOX DEVOBS MORT

1-5.0 5.0-50.0 0-1000 mg/L 0-1000 mg/L 0.3 mg/L

embryo IMMER (gastrula) adult IMMER embryo adult

IMMER MORT TISPREP GENOTOX

XELA XXFR

tadpoles adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

22, 26

TISPREP PHYSIO

0, 50 and 100 mg/L 25-200

PLWA adult

UNAVAIL PATH

ethylnitrosurea eulan wa new

PLWA larvae RATE tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX DEVOBS 11-15

1-10 0.1-1.0 mg/L

eulan wa new Fe Fe

RATE BUBO PLXX

tadpoles larvae larvae

IMMER IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE DEVOBS GENOTOX

0.01-1 mg/L 20-144 mg/L 0.6-25 mg/L

Results indicate that ethanol-induced contraction may be due to release of ACh or ACh-like neurotransmitter and that calcium acts as mediator to produce these effects. Reduced brain length, reduced body size, hypoplasticity of the anterior region around the mouth. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 12.5 ppm= 7/1000; 37.5 ppm= 13/1000. Lavage with ethyl acetoacetate produce selective response decrements to cyclohexanone; lavage with 0.5 M produced more persistent response decrements than 0.01 M. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 1 ppm= 14/1000; 5 ppm= 26.5/1000. 80 % mortality at 50 ppm; 2 % at 10 ppm; 22 % abnormal at 5 ppm; > 5 ppm= 100 % abnormal. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. No effects observed. 7 fold increase in sister chromatid exchanges; mitotic index reduced and cell cycling time lengthened in dose-dependent manner. Micronucleated RBCs increased with increasing conc. at both temps. Increase in pre-mitotic, Gs, population and decrease in mitosis; micronucleated cells present; genotoxicity effects (eye epithelial cells). 10/50 animals developed fibro- and hemangiosarcomas, nephroblastomas and a cavernous hemangioma. No tumors of the nervous system occurred. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 1 ppm= 50/1000; 10 ppm= 197/1000. High conc.: decreased movement for first 48 h, slower development, abnormalities, decreased feeding rate and weight, 925% mortality. Low conc.: retarded development, no mortality. Residues: 0.53 - 24.1 (35-36 d exposure).

Kela et al. 1994

Nakatsuji 1983 Fernandez et al. 1989 Mason and Morton 1982

Fernandez et al. 1989 Ghate 1986

k

Daston et al. 1991 Daston et al. 1991 Geard and Soutter 1986
k

Van Hummelen et al. 1989 Kung et al. 1987

k

Schmidt 1980

Fernandez et al. 1989 Osborn and French 1981

k

Osborn and French 1981

k 144 mg/L= 100 % mortality within 24 h; 30 mg/L 100 % Porter and Hakanson 1976 mortality within 20 d; 20 mg/L all metamorphosed. At 12.5 mg/L and greater, high level of micronuclei induction Godet et al. 1996 in red blood cells; at 0.6 - 4.5 mg/L no genotoxicity observed.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 33

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Fe

RACA

fenitrothion fenitrothion

tadpoles ORAL (stages 2029) AMMA larvae IMMER BUAM tadpoles IMMER

Changes in metalloprotein, ferritin, is tracked through developmental metamorphosis in tadpoles. 15 15 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1 and 8d exp) 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 1-13 mg/L 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 1, 2, 5 and 9 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 1 1-2 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 1, 2, 5 and 9 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 0.2 mg/100 g body wt 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0

Osaki et al. 1974

BEHAV BEHAV

2 ppm led to initial paralysis; almost 100% mortality Berrill et al. 1995 occurred at 9 ppm. Lack of avoidance behaviour at 2 and 5 ppm; rapid recovery; Berrill et al. 1995 relatively unaffected at 9 ppm. Behavioural and morphological abnormalities. No effect. Pawar and Katdare 1983 Berrill et al. 1994

fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion

MIOR RACA RACA RACA

embryo embryo tadpole (8d old) tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS BEHAV BEHAV

25

15 15

Initial paralysis and rapid recovery at 5 ppm; >80% died at 9 Berrill et al. 1995 ppm within 24 h. of exposure. 30% mortality at 5 ppm; 100% mortality at 9 ppm. Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RACA RACA

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS BEHAV 15

Behavioural abnormalities increased with level and duration of exposure; impaired development observed. Initial paralysis and rapid recovery of survivors; 100% mortality at 9 ppm, treated at 1 d old. No effect. 5.3 after 1 h. Peaked at 11.5 at 1 d.

Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion fenitrothion

RACL RACL RACL RACL

embryo larvae larvae not specified tadpole (8d old) tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS RESIDUE BEHAV BEHAV 21 15

Berrill et al. 1994 Lyons et al. 1976

k

Sig. decrease in mean activity time recorded at 2 ppm but not Lyons et al. 1976 k at 1 ppm. 50% mortality at 2, 5 and 9 ppm following exposure. Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RACL RACL

IMMER IMMER

BEHAV BEHAV

15 15

No effect at 1 and 2 ppm; 5-20% mortality at 5 and 9 ppm. Approx. 50% mortality at 2, 5 and 9 ppm.

Berrill et al. 1995 Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion

RACL

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RAES RAPI

adult (M) INJECT embryo IMMER

PHYSIO DEVOBS 15

Tadpoles unresponsive to prodding or paralysed from 2.0-8.0 Berrill et al. 1994 ppm, yet all but those exposed at 8.0 ppm recovered within 3 d. Fenitrothion selectively inhibited some esterase fractions. Zikic et al. 1988 No effect. Berrill et al. 1994

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 34

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint BEHAV BEHAV

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RAPI RAPI

tadpole (8d old) tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

15 15

1, 2, 5 and 9 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp) 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 1, 2, 5 and 9

Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; mortality occurred after 24 h. Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; lack of avoidance response; recovery occurred by 24 h; minimal mortality.

Berrill et al. 1995 Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion

RAPI

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

15

Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; minimal mortality; 100% recovery Berrill et al. 1995 after 11d. Tadpoles unresponsive to prodding or paralysed from 2.0-8.0 Berrill et al. 1994 ppm, yet recovered within 3 d. Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; mortality within 24 h. Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RAPI RASY

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS BEHAV 15

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RASY RASY

tadpole (1 IMMER and 8d old) tadpole IMMER (8d old) tadpoles IMMER

BEHAV BEHAV

15 15

1, 2, 5 and 9 1, 2, 5 and 9 (1d and 8d exp)

Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; mortality occurred after at least 24h. Paralysis at 5 and 9 ppm; recovery occurred within 24h; minimal mortality. Complete mortality at 0.000001 %.

Berrill et al. 1995 Berrill et al. 1995

fenitrothion fenitrothion

RATI RATI

egg tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

MORT DEVOBS

30-38 30-38 0.000010.00004 % 0.1-10

Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta

k

fenitrothion

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

25

fenoprop fenoprop fenpropathrin fenthion fenthion fenthion

LIEW LITA XELA BUBO HYRE RACA

adult adult adult juvenile

IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT 18 23-24 7.3

80-400 80-400 10
-5

1981 > 40 % metamorphosed <0.00003 % at feeding stage and 100 Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta k % metamorphosed <0.00003 % at limb bud stage. Delayed 1981 metamorphosis in all exposure groups. After 18 h all tadpoles in 10 ppm were dead; at 0.1 ppm Elliot-Feeley and Armstrong swimming behaviour was increasingly impaired up to about 15 1982 h at which point tadpoles swam erratically but were still able to exhibit avoidance behaviour. k No mortality. Johnson 1976 No mortality. 15-30 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials. Sig. lowered temp tolerance. Temp. tolerance sig. lowered. Johnson 1976 Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Johnson and Prine 1976 Johnson 1980a
k k k

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO PHYSIO RESIDUE

60 ppb 25-100 ppb 0.01-1

tadpole (3 IMMER wk) tadpoles IMMER

Fentin

RAES

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

20-22

k Sig. bioconc.: average= 62 times. Maximum level found in Hall and Kolbe 1980 pooled sampled was 320 ppm. No fenoxon detected in tissues (metabolite) at 0.5 ppm detection limit. 0, 0.005, 0.01, Total residues: 0.005 mg/L (N= 6):139 ng/g. 0.01mg/L (N= Semlitsch et al. 1995 0.02 mg/L 6): 280 ng/g 0.02 mg/L (N= 26): 2257 ng/g; reduced swimming behaviour.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 35

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate fenvalerate FIT FIT FIT FIT

AMMA larvae RACL RAES RAPI XELA XXFR tadpoles adult tadpoles adult adult

IMMER

15-20 15-20

0.01 mg/L

IMMER MORT TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER MORT TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER PHYSIO HATSUC HATSUC MORT MORT

15-20 18

7.3

RADA egg RAES RAES RARE egg tadpoles tadpoles

18-22 18-22 18-22 18-22

FIT FIT flumethrin flumethrin flumethrin fluoranthene, UV

RATE RATE AGAG AGCA BOCO AMMA

egg tadpoles adult adult adult embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

HATSUC MORT PATH PATH PATH MORT

18-22 18-22

22-25

fluoranthene, UV

RAPI

embryo

IMMER

MORT

22-25

fluoranthene, UV fluoroacetamide fluoroacetamide fluoroacetamide formalin formalin formalin formalin

XELA COJU MAMO VIPA EUOS RABE RABE THRA

larvae adult adult adult adult tadpoles tadpoles adult

IMMER ORAL ORAL ORAL INHAL IMMER IMMER DERMAL

MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT MORT BEHAV

22-28

Little recovery from 0.01 mg/L after 11 d, even at higher temp. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. 1,10.100,200, Depolarization of axon membrane occurred. 500 M 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. 10 -5 15-30 end plate potentials and up to 60 action potentials were observed. Fenvalerate and cypermethrin inhibit Na transport in frog skin. 0.001- 0.01% 52% hatched in control groups, 0% hatched in 0.006 and 0.01 % FIT. 0.001- 0.01% 92.5 % hatched in control, 0 % hatched in 0.01% FIT. 0.001- 0.01% Increase in tadpole size resulted in increased survivorship at low conc. Tadpoles were fed during FIT exposure. 0.003% Exposure for 1-24 h at 0.003% FIT; time required to kill 50% at given conc.= 8.17 h; time required to kill 90%= 13.40 h. 0.001- 0.01% 96 % hatched in control group, 27% hatched in 0.006% FIT. 0.001- 0.01% Increased size of tadpoles resulted in increased survival time. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. <0.074 Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. 0,25,125,250, UV + PAH caused 10% mortality at 125 g/L and 100% at 625, 1250 625 g/L. Only 5% mortality, however, occurred when 1250 g/L fluoranthene was administered without UV exposure. 0, 25, 125, No effect when UV was administered alone, 15% mortality at 250, 625, 125 g/L with UV, 80% mortality and 100% malformation at 1250 625 g/L of fluoranthene yet without UV exposure only 20% mortality occurs at 625 g/L fluoranthene. 0, 5, 25, 125 No effects with filtered UV-B and fluoranthene exposures. 0.8-3.2 Species survived treatment. 0.4-1.6 Species survived treatment. 0.1- 0.4 Species survived treatment. 3% 24 h lethal time. 200-300 L/L After 1 h exposure 100% died. 0-384 L/L After 24 h of exposure, 100% mortality occurred at 76 L/L. The animals which immersed their heads in formalin quickly began to show signs of distress such as foaming at the mouth, gaping and rubbing their head on the floor of the cage.

Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993 Tippe 1987 Berrill et al. 1993 Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Yu et al. 1986 Gunther and Plotner 1986 Gunther and Plotner 1986 Gunther and Plotner 1986 Plotner and Gunther 1987

Gunther and Plotner 1986 Gunther and Plotner 1986 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Mutschmann et al. 1991 Hatch and Burton 1996

Hatch and Burton 1996

Hatch and Burton 1996 Braverman 1979 Braverman 1979 Braverman 1979 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Carmichael 1983 Carmichael 1983 Secoy 1979

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 36

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

fuel oil

RACA

tadpoles

IMMER

0.13-10 % by vol. 20-24 5 M - 1 mM

GABA garlic gibberellin

RACA THRA BURE

adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO DERMAL BEHAV ORAL PATH

10 /50g body wt (3x/wk for 5 mo)

Tadpole residues: 7,000 ppb (by weight) for 0.1 % oil exposure and 33,000 ppb (by weight) for 2.5% oil exposure; behavioural abnormalities noted. GABA sig. decreased amplitude of action potential in frog ganglion cells. Investigative behaviour noted. Carcinogenic effects.

McGrath and Alexander 1979

Kato et al. 1978 Secoy 1979 El-Mofty and Sakr 1988

growmore HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane

RATE EUOS BUAR RAPI RAPI RAPI

adult adult tadpoles adult adult adult

DERMAL BEHAV INHAL IMMER INJECT IMMER MORT MORT RESIDUE RESIDUE 1-2% 0.4 ppb

10 100 M

Lung and buccal ventilation rates provide a reliable indication of acute toxicity of growmore. 24-72 h lethal time. >50% mortality. Brain= 3.7 - 55.5; liver 6.5 - 53; fat 10.0 - none; (18, 23, 38 d after exposure). Decreasing rate of accumulation by skin over time. Frequency of end-plate potentials increased by 327 % and amplitude reduced to 21 % of controls. Neuroblastoma cells: 1-100 M did not sig. modify action potentials elicited of affect Ca channels. Increased short circuit and resistance in abdominal muscle.

Oldham et al. 1993 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Ferrari et al. 1997 Whitacre and Ware 1967 Kaiser and Dunham 1972 Joy et al. 1987
k k k

TISPREP PHYSIO

HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane

RAPI RAPI

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO DERMAL PHYSIO

2 x10 -4 M 10

Webb et al. 1979

HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor epoxide hexachlorophene

RATE RATE XELA BUAR BUAR RAPI RAPI RAPI XXFR

adult adult egg embryo tadpoles adult adult adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT RESIDUE

18-23

5 x10 -5 M 5 x10 -5 M 0.5-2 1-15

k Initial rate of lindane movement through live or dead skin Kaiser and Dunham 1972 was 0.680 ppb/h; at 8 h rates were 0.691 and 0.666 ppb/h respectively. 40 min exposure caused extensive damage to myofilaments; Publicover et al. 1979 k 20 min exposure had little effect. Marked increased in miniature end plate potential frequency. Publicover et al. 1979 k Hatching rate 31 % at 2 ppm and 52 % at 0.5 ppm. At 2 Marchal-Sgault and Ramade k ppm, 100 % mortality in 6 wk old tadpoles. 1981

20

0.1 ppb 6 ppb 2 x10 -4 M

5 and 15 ppm produced 100 % mortality on d 15 and 13. 1ppm reduced time to metamorphosis. Approximately 30% mortality. Decreasing rate of accumulation by skin over time. No sig. effects on short circuit current or resistance.

Juarez and Guzman 1984a Ferrari et al. 1997 Kaiser and Dunham 1972 Wheeler et al. 1977
k k k

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO 22

Liver microsomal metabolism App Vmax= 0.013 nmol/min/mg. App VKm= 29 nmol/kg in liver microsomes. 1.2 x10 -4 - 1.6 50 % hemolysis in washed nucleated cells at 12 x 10-4 M. x10 -4 M 16x10 -4 M produced 50 % hemolysis in nucleated erythrocytes in whole blood.

Ronis and Walker 1985 Flores and Buhler 1974

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 37

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

hexamethylphosphoramide hexazinone hexazinone hexazinone hexazinone hexazinone hexazinone Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg

PLWA larvae RACA RACA RACL RACL RAPI RAPI GACA RACA RACA RANI RANI RAPI RATI RATI embryo tadpoles embryo tadpoles embryo tadpoles egg adult tadpoles egg tadpoles adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS PHYSIO RESIDUE DEVOBS DEVOBS

30-60 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.146-122.83

15

15 7.5-8.0

0.8 0.4- 0.8

Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 30 ppm= 19/1000; 10 ppm= 28/1000. No effect. Behavioural abnormalities with eventual recovery over duration of exposure. No effect. No effect. No effect. No effect. 41 - 49 % mortality at hatching; 52 - 65 % mortality at 4 d post hatch. Irreversible decrease in rod response amplitude; did not affect cones of eyes. 36 (1.7) g/kg= whole body mean conc. (standard deviation). Damage to primordial germ cells, slower proliferation rate. Lethal to tadpoles. Abnormal tadpoles at 0.4 and 0.8 ppm. No effects on force or relative potentiation were observed unlike in rat tissue. 203 Hg accumulated in kidney and liver.

Fernandez et al. 1989 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Birge et al. 1977
k k

Fox and Sillman 1979

Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Hah 1978

k k

TISPREP PHYSIO INJECT INJECT RESIDUE RESIDUE 10 Ci/100 g

Hah 1978 Oliveira et al. 1994 Dustman et al. 1972 Mehra et al. 1980
k k

Hg Hg Hg

XELA XELA XELA

adult egg embryo

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER DEVOBS DEVOBS 18-20 18 6.6-8.4

Hg HPB

XELA RACA

embryolarvae tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

MORT PHYSIO 18

7.3 8.8

inject 10 Residues: 203 Hg accumulated in both high and low MW Ci/100 g body fractions of kidneys, 2, 4 and 7 d after administration. In wt liver, 203 Hg appeared in high MW fractions at 2 d, in both high and low at 4 and 7. Irreversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along the potential nerve axis. 20-100 ppb Exposure resulted in mortality, retarded development of survivors, deformities of eyes, heart, tail and intestine. 0.001-1 1 ppm Hg lethal; increased Hg conc. resulted in moderate to severe deformities; increasing Mg resulted in decreased toxic effects. 0.16- 0.34 4 d post hatch survival 46 % in 0.16 g/L; 28 % at 0.34 g/L. 0.010 mg/L

Arhem 1980

Schowing and Boverio 1979 Miller and Landesman 1978

k k

Birge et al. 1979b

HPB HPB

RACA RACA

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE RESIDUE

18

9.8 3.7

bioconc. factor: 134. Gills: 1.726 (SD=0.305). Liver: 0.017 Knezovich et al. 1989 (SD=0.012). Kidneys: 0.049 (SD=0.042). Fat bodies: 0.056 (SD=0.069). Stomach: 0.031 (SD=0.018). Intestine: 0.236 (SD=0.337). Skin: 0.312 (SD=0.081). mg/L. gill>intestine>skin>stomach> liver (15,000, 6,200, 5,600, Knezovich and Inouye 1993 3,600, 500 pg/mg, respectively). GI tract had 29,000 pg/mg. int>skin>stomach>gill>liver: (37, 17, 13, 12, 5 pg/mg, Knezovich and Inouye 1993 respectively). GI tract= 540 pg/mg.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 38

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

HPB hydrazine hydrazine

RACA XELA XELA

tadpoles embryo embryo

ORAL IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE DEVOBS DEVOBS

250 ng 1-100 mg/L

hydrazine hydrazine sulfate hydrocarbons

XELA XELA

larvae embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS GENOTOX

PLWA larvae

hydrocarbons I

RATE DEHS

tadpoles adult

IMMER PHYSIO DERMAL MORT

I imidazole Ingran JKU0422 K (fertilizer)

NOVI XXFR BUVU XELA RATE

adult adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

TISPREP PHYSIO

embryo IMMER PHYSIO adult (M) TISPREP PHYSIO adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV

20

7.4

KCl KCl kepone lanthanum LAS

RABR RAPI ALMI RAPI RACY

tadpoles not specified adult adult tadpoles

IMMER MORT TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP DEVOBS IMMER IMMER PHYSIO MORT 25

5.6-7.7

stomach= 4 pg/mg, intestine= 35 pg/mg, GI tract= 96 pg/mg. 100 % malformation > 10 mg/L. Susceptible during neurulation. 5-10 mg/L Normal development in 5 mg/L but did not survive as larvae if not transferred to < 1 mg/L at hatching. Malformation in some batches of eggs at 10 mg/L. 0.1-1 mg/L > 1 mg/L produced irreversible toxic effects and death within 24 - 48 h. 0.1 mg/L not toxic. 10-40 mg/L 100 % malformation at 40 mg/L. Susceptible during neurulation. 32 ml/L, 125 Even at lowest dilution, 32ml/L, double the amount of ml/L, 250 ml/L micronuclei, sig. higher numbers for 250 ml/L. of river water QSAR investigations using previously published data set. 89-179 g/mL Residual iodine found in temporary holding containers, reversibly bound to the plastic used during cleaning. Acute toxicity. A sig. fraction of the injected dose continued to circulate as inorganic iodide at 7 and 14 d following injection. Calcium efflux increased from sarcoplasmic reticulum to myo-filament containing space. 0.312- 50 % Very toxic to embryo and tadpole developmental stages. 10 -7 -10 -4 M Repetitive activity or frequency dependent suppression of sciatic nerves was not induced by phenylpyrazoles. At 1/4 SCI two treated frogs exhibited convergence of buccal and lung ventilation rates characteristic of a toxic effect after 3.5 h. 1-10 g/L Mortality occurs after 48 h with 6 g/L or 5 g/L after 120 h. 30 mM K Na-activated Ca efflux is inhibited. 34 0- 0.4 mM IC50= 34, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Below 0.4mM, La inhibits a component with high affinity to La representing 40% of Ca efflux. Dose dependent reactions to increases in conc.: 0% survival at 0.06 ppm, acute toxicity range was 0.0377- 0.0635, 100% survival between 0.01- 0.04. Malformations produced. AChE appeared relatively insensitive to inhibition. Neurotoxic esterase activity could not be demonstrated in HYCI. The AChE I50 for leptophos-oxon was 1.7 x 10-6 M.

Knezovich and Inouye 1993 Greenhouse 1976b Greenhouse 1976a

k k

Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976b

k k

Gauthier et al. 1993

Lipnick 1989 Stoskopf et al. 1985

Dunn and Dent 1980 Stephenson 1981 Constantini and Panella 1975 Klis et al. 1991b Oldham and Hilton-Brown 1992 Mahajan et al. 1979 Chapman et al. 1981 Vonier et al. 1996 Stout and Diecke Lal et al. 1983

7.2-7.5

0- 0.15

LAS leptophos leptophos

XELA

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS PHYSIO PHYSIO

BUMA adult IMMER HYCI tadpole/ad IMMER ult

Ramusino 1980 Fulton and Chambers 1983 Fulton and Chambers 1983

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 39

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

leptophos leptophos leptophosoxon Leunarex Leunarex

PSCR RAPI

tadpoles adult

IMMER PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO DERMAL DEVOBS IMMER IMMER MORT MORT

22

HYCH embryo RAES RATE tadpoles tadpoles

18-22 18-22

Li

BUAR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

18-20

Li Li

RAPI RARI

egg embryo

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS

Li Li Li lithium carbonate lithium chloride lithium chloride lithium chloride lithium chloride malathion

XELA

embryo

INJECT IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS 19 7.73

XXXA egg XXXA egg XELA RAFU TRCR XELA XELA BUAR embryolarvae egg adult egg embryolarvae embryo

IMMER DEVOBS DERMAL PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS

18-20 20

malathion malathion malathion

BUAR BUAR EUOS

embryo larvae adult

IMMER IMMER INHAL

PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT

No symptoms observed. No effect on muscle contraction evoked by indirect or direct stimulation at up to 25 x 10 -4 M. 0-7.5 100 % mortality in 7.5 ppm; 0% abnormal embryos after dermal exposure for 24 h. 0.001- 0.01% Two sizes of tadpoles exposed to solution. Both 24 and 31 mm tadpole groups recorded 100% mortality in 0.01%. 0.001- 0.01% Enhanced swimming activity immediately after placement in solution with increasing lethargy and death at high conc. 0% mortality at 0.001%, mortality at 0.003 - 0.006%. Lithium chloride produces anomalies only in certain stages of embryonic development. Most sensitive stages are between 8 and 112 blastomeres. Severity of effects increased with increased duration of exposure, conc., or temp. Plasma membrane protein composition is altered due to lithium action, lithium may interfere in the process of mRNA translation. Results suggest role for altered polyphosphoinositide cycle activity in lithium-induced teratogenesis. 0.04-1.56 No effects on eggs. mg/L Severity of effects increased with increased duration of exposure, conc., or temp. Lowest effect conc.= 10 mg/L. Developmental toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. LiCl In French. Anomalies of gastrular movements and late morphogenesis by LiCl treatment during the marginal zone formation. 0.117- 0.165 Exposed larvae (gastrula stage) exhibited deficiencies in the M head (microencephalia) and notocord (phase specific breaks). Lowest effect conc.= 10 mg/L. Developmental toxicity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. 0.47-47.3 47.3 mg/L= 100 % mortality within 5 d. 0.47 mg/L allowed mg/L larval development and metamorphosis. Increase exposed time resulted in inhibition of AChE. 0-70 mg/L At 44 mg/L mortality increased sig; morphological abnormalities increased with conc. 0.0047-47.3 No detectable effects. mg/L 3% 48 h lethal time. 2.5 x10 -4 M

Fulton and Chambers 1983 Takeno et al. 1977

k k

Fulton and Chambers 1985 Gunther and Plotner 1986 Gunther and Plotner 1986

Bustuoabad et al. 1977

Hall 1942

Lazou and Beis 1993

Busa and Gimlich 1989 Pasteels 1945 Hall 1942

k

Sakamoto et al. ? Pasteels 1942 Zaffaroni et al. 1979 Backstrom 1953 Sakamoto et al. ? de Llamas et al. 1985
k

Rosenbaum et al. 1988 de Llamas et al. 1985

k

Kihara and Yamashita 1978

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 40

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

malathion malathion

HYRE LAPA

tadpole (3 IMMER wk) adult ORAL

30.837.8 18-27

25-50 ppb 1-3

malathion

MIOR

malathion malathion malathion

PLCI PLGL RAHE

embyro (yolk plug) adult adult adult

IMMER

DEVOBS

25

1-20

k Temp. tolerance sig. lowered; onset of spasms occurred at Johnson 1980a lower temp. at 50 ppb (34.1C) than 25 ppb (37.5C). Heavy lipid accumulation for all doses in kidney and liver and Ozelmas and Akay 1995 intestine as well as congestion and degeneration of the kidney; 2mg/kg resulted in edema and necrosis of fatty tissue. 5 ppm lethal, 10 ppm resulted in 35% mortality at 96 h; 15 Pawar et al. 1983 k ppm= 100 % mortality after 96 h.

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO

5.6 kg/ha

TISPREP PHYSIO

malathion

RAPI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

malathion

RAPI

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

malathion malathion malathion

RATE RATI RATI

tadpoles egg

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS

Brain cholinesterase was sig. inhibited. No changes in feeding, endurance or co-ordination. 5.6 kg/ha Brain cholinesterase was sig. inhibited No changes in feeding, endurance or co-ordination. 10-30 Results indicate that action of malathion is similar to that of pharmacologically active myo- and neuro-toxic agent; decreased twitch amplitude. 50-175 20 dead after 15 d at 175 ppm; progressive anemia and leuocopenia occurred with successively higher conc.; white blood cell count showed progressive neutropenia and lymphocytosis with increasing conc. 5 ml/kg ChE activity (L CO2 /50mg/10 min): 1126 (corn oil controls ), 1004 (treated). TOTP treatment alone did not sig. affect cholinesterase activity, but it potentiated the anticholinesterase action of malathion by 100-fold in frogs. 0.125 and 1.25 Sig. dif. noted in mortality, mobility and growth in exposure mg/L groups. 0.00001No tadpoles from eggs treated with 0.00001 % to 0.004 % 0.004 % metamorphosed. 0.000010.005 % 30-38 17-20 24 24 24 0.00010.0007 % 5 5 5 5 None metamorphosed at conc. 0.00001 % to 0.005 %.

Baker 1985 Baker 1985

k k k

Kowsalya et al. 1987

Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965

Cohen and Murphy 1970

Ranke-Rybicka 1972 Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981 Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981
k k

malathion maneb maneb maneb maneb

RATI TRCC TRCC TRCC TRCR

tadpole IMMER (feeding stage) tadpole IMMER (limb bud) adult adult adult (F) adult IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS PATH DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS

< 100 metamorphosed > 0.0002 %; increased time for metamorphosis. No tumours were found in any animals; some edema; spleen enlargement. Severe limb abnormalities in all regenerated limbs.

Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981

k k k

Zavanella et al. 1979 Zavanella et al. 1984 Arias et al. 1982

Growth retardation, skeletal malformation and vascular disturbances of the regenerating limb. Delayed growth, reduced melanogenesis and malformations in Arias and Zavanella 1979 k regenerated limbs.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 41

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

maneb

TRCR

adult

DERMAL PHYSIO

16-21

0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mg/L

maneb

XELA

embryo (yolk plug) adult adult adult embryo embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

MCPA MCPA meldrin mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride

TRCC TRCC EUOS BUAR MIOR

IMMER IMMER INHAL IMMER IMMER

MORT PATH MORT DEVOBS MORT

18 232

22 21-25

7.2 7.1

mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride

MIOR RACY

tadpole (8-10 d) adult (gravid)

IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT

21-25

7.1

mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride

RACY RAHC RAHE

adult (M) IMMER oocytes IMMER gametes IMMER

MORT PHYSIO DEVOBS 210.5

7.24 7.23

mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride mercury(II)chloride mesotocin

RAPI RAPI RAPI XXNE AMTI

adult embryo larvae adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT INJECT

MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO

For both experiments no sig. changes in the relative proportions of the white blood cells were found after exposure to maneb at any of the conc. tested. 1-5 Growth retardation, absence or reduction of malanogenesis in eye, shortened tail, distinct notochord waviness. At higher conc. organisms were unable to swim as well and control specimens. LT50 (lethal time for 50% of individuals) in h: 300 mg/L= 17 h (M), 21 h (F); 1600 mg/L= 35 h male, 455 h (F). 0,100, 200 and No carcinogenic activity of MCPA. 400 mg/L 1-2% 3-6 h lethal time. 0- 0.05 mg/L Evidence of dose and stage related teratogenicity and delayed and irregular development. 50 g-300 300 g/L produced almost total mortality within 24 h. 200250 g/L; morphological abnormalities and retarded growth also observed; Most died within 72 h 100-150 g/L produced low mortality, abnormalities were less severe. No sig. changes at 50 g/L. 50-300 Survivors at 100-200 g/L has distended body cavities and were sluggish after 24-48 h. various Exposed individuals exhibited weight loss, sig. reduction in ovarian mass and reduction in 1st and/or 2nd growth phase oocytes. 0.94 mg/L No sig. variation in body mass; other body size indices varied. 0.88 mg/L Loss of body weight after 30 d at 6.9 ppm; decrease in ovarian mass for all tests; no mortality. 0-5.0 mg/L Percent fertilized decreased sig. with increasing conc. of mercuric chloride. No effect at 0.5 mg/L, 69% fertilization at 1.0 mg/L, 27% fertilization at 2.5 mg/L, 0% fertilization at 5.0 mg/L. 0.5-50 10 ppm= 100 % mortality at 8 d. < 7.5 ppm no mortality within 10 d. 0.0001-10 Cleavage and blastula stages most sensitive. 78-96 % survival in 0.0001; 0% in 10 ppm. 0.5-50 0.5 ppm 100 % survival for 10 d. > 25 ppm lethal within 1 d. 10 body wt 5 ng/g A decrease in serum protein not due to hemodilution was observed after mercury treatment. Mesotocin (a possible diuretic in salamanders) caused glomerular filtration rate to increase from 0.204 to 0.319 ml/10g/h.

Zaffaroni et al. 1979

Bancroft and Prahlad 1973

Zaffaroni et al. 1986b Zavanella et al. 1988

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Rengel and Pisano 1989 Ghate and Mulherkar 1980a
k

Ghate and Mulherkar 1980a

Kanamadi and Saidapur 1991

Kanamadi and Saidapur 1992b Punzo 1993b Punzo 1993a

Birge and Just 1975a Birge and Just 1975a Birge and Just 1975a Kikuchi et al. 1976

k k k

Hartenstein and Stiffler 1981

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 42

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

mesotocin mesotocin mesotocin

AMTI NOVI TAGR

larvae adult adult

IMMER INJECT INJECT

metal oxides

PLWA larvae

IMMER

GENOTOX

metals

XXFR

embryo

IMMER

MORT

metals

XXXA tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

metals methallibure methane sulfonate

XXXA tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

TAGR adult (M) IMMER PHYSIO BUMA adult TISPREP PHYSIO

37

methane sulfonate

RAPI

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

methomyl methoprene methoprene methoprene methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor methoxychlor

EUOS BUBO BUBO BUBU

adult juvenile tadpoles tadpoles

INHAL IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT PHYSIO MORT DEVOBS

23-24 22-26

Mesotocin restored glomerular filtration rate to 148 after Stiffler et al. 1981 vasotocin caused a decrease from 127 to 92 l/10g/h. 5 ng/g Results not extracted from paper. Hartenstein and Stiffler 1981 5 ng/g Mesotocin (a possible diuretic in adult salamanders) caused Hartenstein and Stiffler 1981 glomerular filtration rate to increase from 0.136 to 0.171 ml/10g/h. (not a sig. increase). 125 ml/L, 250 High numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (22/1000 Gauthier et al. 1993 ml/L of river erythrocytes). water various Increased conc. resulted in increased incidence of Mironova and Andronikov abnormalities in embryos; higher mortality in earliest 1992 embryogenic stages. Increased incidence of malformations from laboratory Pascoe et al. 1994 exposures to reservoir surface water samples with increasing metals conc. Effects observed were associated with Cu, Cd and Zn. Results of surface water analysis were spatially variable; no Linder et al. 1994 statistically sig. acute toxicity found in tadpoles after 96 h. 1 mg Methallibure sig. reduced the androgen levels. Moore 1977 Sulfide and sulfoxide showed no response curve to ACh; Smith et al. 1996 sulfone and phystigmine showed cumulative conc. response curve to ACh. 150 body wt Produced a flaccid paralysis and loss of the righting reflex in a Wayson et al. 1976 number of species, including the frog. Frog regained righting reflex after 113 min on avg. 1-2% 1-3 h lethal time. Kihara and Yamashita 1978 k 100 ppb Lowered temp. tolerance. Johnson and Prine 1976 1 10 No adverse effects were observed, 0% mortality at 1 ppm. Inhibitory effect upon development in both amphibian and domestic chicken eggs. No interaction with estrogen receptors. Conc. <10 mg/L did not result in appreciable mortality, however, early hatching was a typical response >0.1mg/L. Startle response in larvae ten days after hatching was altered with exposure to 0.3 mg/L or greater. No changes in organ weights, feeding, behaviour or survival. Residues not correlated with exposure. At 0.8 ppm 40 % mortality at 30 d. No sig. effect on the short circuit current or resistance of abdominal skin. Miura and Takahashi 1973 Paulov 1976 Vonier et al. 1996 Ingermann et al. 1997 Ingermann et al. 1997 Hall and Swineford 1979
k k

ALMI adult AMMA embryo AMMA larvae BUAM adult RAPI RAPI adult adult

TISPREP DEVOBS IMMER HATSUC IMMER IMMER IMMER BEHAV RESIDUE BEHAV

<= 10 mg/L <= 10 mg/L 0.024- 0.325 5.95-6.31 0.4- 0.8 2 x10 -4 M

Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Webb et al. 1979

k

TISPREP PHYSIO

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 43

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

methoxyfluorane

RAPI

adult

DERMAL MORT

methyl demeton

RATI

egg

IMMER

DEVOBS

30-38

0.000010.00003 % 0.000010.00004 % 0.000010.0008 % 2, 16 and 25

methyl demeton

RATI

methyl demeton

RATI

tadpole IMMER (feeding stage) tadpole IMMER (limb-bud) adult adult

DEVOBS

DEVOBS

Effective anesthestic for RAPI; initial excitement (2 min) followed by 38 min deep anaesthesia; recovery 7 h. Pulse and cloacal temp were unaffected, but respiration slowed. 20 % metamorphosis at 0.00003 %; 50 % metamorphosis at 0.00001 %; 42 - 472 d for metamorphosis in exposed groups compared to 337 in control. 40 % metamorphosed in 0.00004%; 80% metamorphosed at 0.00001 % 51 - 565 d mean time for metamorphosis in exposed groups compared to 333 d in control. < 0.0005 % 100 % metamorphosed; delayed metamorphosis.

Wass and Kaplan 1974

Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981

k

Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981

k

Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981 Whitaker 1993 Boyarsky et al. 1949

k k

methyl ethyl ketone DEXX methyl fluoroacetate RACL

DERMAL BEHAV IMMER PHYSIO

methyl isothiocyanate methyl mercury chloride methyl mercury chloride

XELA

NOVI RAPI

embyro (yolk plug) adult adult

IMMER

DEVOBS

IMMER

DEVOBS

TISPREP PHYSIO

methyl mercury chloride methyl mercury chloride

RAPI RAPI

adult embryo

INJECT IMMER

MORT DEVOBS 21

methyl mercury chloride methyl mercury chloride methyl mercury chloride methylarsonic acid methylarsonic acid

RAPI

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

XELA XXNE LIEW LITA

embyro adult adult adult

IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER

HATSUC PHYSIO MORT MORT

Hyperactivity; weight loss; no mortality immediately after exposure. 0.001-50 mM 5 mM blocks nerve in 3 - 4 h; 50 mM blocks within 15 h. 0.005 and 0.001 M produced 80 and 25 % respectively; inhibition of respiration after 2 h. 0.001-600 ppb 10 d mortality: 5 % in 0.001 ppb and 100 % in 10 ppb. Embryos exposed to 100-500 ppb did not survive after 5 d; those exposed to 60 ppb did not complete neurulation. 0.1-1.0 Delayed metamorphosis; regeneration rate increased; 100% mortality in 10 ppm after 8 d. 10 -3 - 10 -4 M Dimethylmercury did not alter the electrical resistance or the short circuit current across the skin at a conc. of 10 -3 M. Methylmercuric chloride at 10-4 M reduced both the electrical resistance and short circuit current. 20 No toxic effects with injection into dorsal lymph sac or with immersion. 5-30 ppb Tail defects, exogastrulation, stunting and poor general development, death and severe defects occurred over a narrow range of conc. and increased with exposure time and increased conc. 0.001-1.0 Increased lethargy, irritative movement, abnormal swimming postures, difficulties breathing and death at 0.05 - 0.01. 40 % mortality at 24 h; 0.5 - 10 ppm. 100 % mortality at 24 h. 0.0004-1.0 Decreased hatching success and increased mortality with increased conc. 10 body wt A decrease in serum protein not due to hemodilution was observed after mercury treatment. 300-400 No mortality. 130-520 No mortality after 96 h.

Birch and Mitchell 1986

k

Chang et al. 1976

Yorio and Bentley 1973

Yorio and Bentley 1973 Dial 1976

k

Chang et al. 1974

Dumper and Zietz 1984 Kikuchi et al. 1976 Johnson 1976 Johnson 1976
k k

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 44

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

methylarsonic acid

RAPI

tadpoles

SUBDER PHYSIO M IMMER DEVOBS

methylhydrazine

XELA

embryo

methylhydrazine methylhydrazine

XELA XELA

embryo larvae

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS

Mg Mg Mg Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg Mg, Zn

RACA RANI XXFR XELA RACA

tadpoles tadpoles adult embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT

25 25

18 7.4

microbes

tadpole TISPREP PHYSIO (stage 1518) PLWA larvae IMMER PHYSIO

Mimic 240LV

BUAM tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

15-20

Mimic 240LV Mimic 240LV

RACA RACA

embryo tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS

15-20 15-20

Mimic 240LV

RACL

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

15-20

Mimic 240LV

RACL

metamorp IMMER hosis tadpoles embryo IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS

15-20

Mimic 240LV Mimic 240LV

RACL RAPI

DEVOBS DEVOBS

15-20 15-20

Mechanism by which lead stunts neuronal growth is Cline and Witte 1994 independent of NMDA receptor activity or retinotectal synaptic transmission. 0-> 10 mg/L < 5 mg/L harmless if embryos transferred to uncontaminated Greenhouse 1976a k water by completion of neurulation. Teratogenic at > 10 mg/L. 3-15 mg/L 100 % malformation at 15 mg/L; 1 % malformed at 3 mg/L. Greenhouse 1976b k k 0.1-1.0 mg/L 1 mg/L produced irreversible toxic effects and death within Greenhouse 1976a 48 h. Normal metamorphosis occurred in larvae in continuous contact with 0.1 mg/L. 2.5-5.0 mM An increase in Mg exposure resulted in increased serum Mg. Sasayama et al. 1983 2.5-5.0 mM An increase in Mg exposure resulted in increased serum Mg. Sasayama et al. 1983 Calcium efflux increased from sarcoplasmic reticulum to Stephenson 1981 myo-filament containing space. Mg ions moderated the toxicity of lead, cadmium, manganese Miller and Landesman 1978 k and mercury. 2.5-50 mM 90 % nuclear survival occurred in the presence of 50uM Zn Doyle et al. 1981 Mg; 50 M Zn with 1mM Mg that would cause unstable liver nuclei in frogs at (2-10 mM) Mg conc. alone. k Larvae reared in untreated tap water had higher levels of Jaylet et al. 1987 micronucleated erythrocytes than those reared in filtered water. 2, 4 and 8 Initial response to single pulse exposure included complete Coulson 1995 mg/L paralysis and bloating of the cranial area. Behavioural abnormalities were also evident. 2,4 and 8 mg/L No hatching occurred prior to completion of exposure. Less Coulson 1995 than 10% hatch failure occurred at all conc. 2, 4 and 8 For newly hatched (single pulse) minimal mortality occurred. Coulson 1995 mg/L Less than 30% exhibited abnormal avoidance at 4 mg/L and recovery occurred rapidly. 2, 4 and 8 For mid- to late neurulating embryos hatching had completed Coulson 1995 mg/L by the end of exposure in all treatments. Successfully hatched tadpoles exhibited no morphological or behavioural abnormalities. 2, 4 and 8 No morphological or behavioural abnormalities were observed Coulson 1995 mg/L in late stage tadpoles. At termination of exposure there was no dif. Between control and treated animals. 2, 4 and 8 Minimal mortality at all treatment levels with newly hatched Coulson 1995 mg/L tadpoles. 2,4 and 8 mg/L No hatching occurred prior to completion of exposure. Less Coulson 1995 than 10% mortality occurred at all conc.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 45

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Mimic 240LV

RAPI

tadpoles

IMMER

15-20

2, 4 and 8 mg/L 2, 4 and 8 mg/L 2.79

Mimic 240LV

RASY

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

15-20

mine drainage mine drainage mirex mirex Mn Mn

BUBO

zygote

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS MORT MORT MORT 12

LEMA larvae XELA XELA RACA XELA adult embryo tadpoles adult

For newly hatched (single pulse) minimal mortality occurred. Less than 30% exhibited abnormal avoidance at 4 mg/L and recovery was quick (within exposure period). Less than 30% newly hatched tadpoles were unresponsive to prodding at 4 mg/L, most recovered within the exposure period. All zygotes placed in mine drainage died within 12 h and before they reached the cleavage stage. Mortality rate was a function of exposure time and conc.

Coulson 1995

Coulson 1995

Porter and Hakanson 1976

k k

0-5 mg/L 0-5 mg/L

IMMER RESIDUE TISPREP PHYSIO

Mn

XELA

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

18

0.001-10

MNNG monochloramine MPP+ MPP+ MPP+ MPTP

XEBO adult PLWA larvae (2 mo) EUOS adult RACL adult RACL adult TATO adult

INJECT IMMER INHAL INJECT INJECT INJECT

PATH PHYSIO MORT BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV

200.25 1-2% 1-5 5 100-400 varying dosages/d 100-400 varying dosages/d 100-2000 2% 4-40 600 mg/L

Mathews and Morgan 1982 Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>3.3. Defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days postDaston et al. 1991 fertilization. Results not extracted from paper. Burger and Snodgrass 1998 k Decreased permeability constant in K and Na systems; Arhem 1980 reversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along potential nerve axis. High Mg conc. during Mn exposure resulted in decreased toxic Miller and Landesman 1978 k [Link] Mn conc. increased deformities and decreased survival; 0.2 - 200 Mg in addition to Mn exposure. Results not extracted from paper. Picard et al. 1982 Increased number of micronuclei. Gauthier et al. 1989 72 h lethal time to survival past 3 d at 1% conc. 44/48 animals showed reduced motor ability below 5 mg/kg. All were impaired at 5 mg/kg. Far more toxic than parent compound (MPTP). Most died in each treatment within 8 d of injections. Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Barbeau et al. 1985 Barbeau et al. 1985 Barbeau et al. 1985

MPTP

TATO adult

INJECT

BEHAV

MTBE MTMC Myristate Na3NTA

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER INHAL IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS MORT GENOTOX MORT

EUOS adult PLWA larvae RAPI tadpoles

Motor impairment occurred, mainly "freezing" where animal is "paralyzed" in an awkward position for extended periods of time. 100 ppm in water led to increased weight, stimulated metamorphosis; < 2000 ppm had no lethal effect. 24-48 h lethal time. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 4 ppm= 9/1000; 40 ppm= 25/1000. No sig. mortality occurred in buffered solutions of 600 mg/L or less.

Barbeau et al. 1985

Paulov 1987a

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Fernandez et al. 1989 Flannagan 1971

k

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 46

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Na3NTA nabam

XXXS XELA

larvae embryo (stage 1011) embryo (yolk plug stage) embyro (yolk plug) tadpoles adult adult embryo

IMMER IMMER

350 mg/L 4

Survived up to 350 mg/L over 96 h in buffered solutions; complete mortality in unbuffered solutions with pH > 9.4. Alteration in pigment of retina, notochord and skin at ultrastructural level. Waviness of notochord and punctuate melanophores.

Flannagan 1971

k k

Prahlad et al. 1974

nabam

XELA

IMMER

DEVOBS

22

1-3

Bancroft and Prahlad 1973

k

nabam

XELA

IMMER

DEVOBS

10-1000 ppb

57 % survival in control groups and 56-60 % survival in exposed groups at 10 d > 30 ppb 62 - 96 % abnormal. Mortality occurs at 6 g/L after 48 h or 3 g/L after 72 h. Salt load resulted in increased osmotic water flow and tritiated water diffusion. Salt load resulted in increased osmotic water flow and tritiated water diffusion. 5 mg/L: highly embyrotoxic, growth and development retardation, death in 24 h. 3 mg/L: survivors were 'highly retarded' and malformed; after 72 h general edema, abnormal bending of body, kinky notochord. EC50(30min)= 4.4 mg/L; dose response relationship on Na active transport. Purified turtle P450 fractions may be useful in further studies of the catalytic function of the inducible proteins. One snake died shortly after voluntarily ingesting n-butyl sulphide, other behavioural observations are noted. Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found in chicken and rat brain. Gastrulation is most resistant stage.

Birch and Mitchell 1986

NaCl NaCl NaCl NaDEDC

RABR RACA RAPI MIOR

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO DEVOBS

5.6-7.7

1-10 g/L 1 M NaCl /g 1 M NaCl/g 0.5 -5 mg/L

Mahajan et al. 1979 Parsons et al. 1990 Parsons et al. 1990 Ghate and Mulherkar 1980b
k

naphthalene

RAPI

adult adult adult adult embryo juvenile

TISPREP PHYSIO INJECT PHYSIO

1-30 mg/L

Blankemeyer and Hefler 1990 Yawetz et al. ? Secoy 1979 Andersen et al. 1977 Ramusino 1980 Dejours et al. 1989b
k

napthoflavone (NF) CHPI n-butyl sulphide neostigmine NH3 NH3, temp NH4, pH NH4Cl, NH3 THRA XXFR XELA XELA

DERMAL BEHAV TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER pH+CON TAM pH+CON TAM MORT MORT BEHAV BEHAV 16, 20 24 24 7.89-8.49 8-8.4

PLWA tadpoles PLWA adult

NH4Cl, NH3

XELA

adult

BEHAV

24

7.89-8.49

Toxicity of ammonia differed with temp; possibly related to skin surface area of animal. Toxicity depended little on the ammonium conc., but rather Dejours et al. 1989d depended mainly on the conc. of dissolved NH3. Ammonia toxicity generally increased with NH3 but at a Dejours et al. 1989c given PNH3 value, toxicity is higher in hypoxia than in normoxia and higher in normoxia than in hyperoxia. Animal size also influenced ammonia toxicity. Ammonia toxicity generally increased with NH3 but at a Dejours et al. 1989c given PNH3 value, toxicity is higher in hypoxia than in normoxia and higher in normoxia than in hyperoxia. Animal size also influenced ammonia toxicity.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 47

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

NH4Cl, NH3, Cl NH4Cl, NH3, Cl Ni

PLWA adult XELA adult CYPY adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER

24 24

7.5 7.5

Ni

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Ni subsulfide niclosamide nicotine nicotine

CYPY BURE EUOS RAPI

adult adult adult adult

INJECT ORAL

PATH PATH

21

INHAL MORT TISPREP PHYSIO

7.4

nifurpirinol nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrite

RAPI AMJE

larvae egg

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

BEHAV HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC MORT MORT MORT MORT HATSUC MORT MORT PHYSIO

AMMA egg BUAM egg RACA RACA RAPI RAPI RASY XELA XELA RACA adult tadpoles adult tadpoles egg adult tadpoles tadpoles

25

7.3

NMU NMU

NANA adult NANA adult

INJECT INJECT

MORT PHYSIO

Ammonia loading and urea excretion were tracked in animals. Ammonia loading and urea excretion were tracked in animals. 10 -4 M Lower conc. did not affect the electrical properties of the cell: 10-4 M decreased membrane potential up to 82 % of control value. Slowed down kinetics of the K system, decreased permeability constant. In K and Na systems, reversibly shifted Na activation curve in positive direction along potential nerve axis. 40-100g of 7/8 malignant melanoma tumors developed in eye after Ni3S2 injection. 19/28 had pigmented cells. 0.3 mg Force feeding 0.3 mg daily during non-breeding season induced formation of kidney tumours in 2 toads (2%). 1-2% 12-72 h lethal time. 0.1% nicotine The ciliary beat and oxidative metabolism of the lung tissue solution in decreased an avg of 35-37% respectively. frog-Ringer solution 0.2-20 No mortality after 7 d. In 10 and 20 ppm were immobilized during exposure but recovered. 0-40 mg/L No dif. between hatching success and deformed larvae number (99% hatch success, 13% deformed). 0-40 mg/L No dif. between hatching success and deformed larvae number (11% hatching success). 0-40 mg/L No dif. between hatching success and deformed larvae number (80% hatching success; 80% deformed). 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 0-40 mg/L No dif. in hatching success or proportion of deformed larvae (97% hatch success and 78% deformed larvae). 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 10-40 mg/L Nitrate stress may depress the immune response. 1-50 mg/L Total hemoglobin levels not sig. altered; highly sig. positive relationship found between methemoglobinemia and nitrite conc. 20-200 NMU disturbs synthetic-secretory balance of hypothalamic secretory centres in grass snake. 20-200 NMU is a factor in disturbing normal function of thyroid in grass snake.

Dejours et al. 1989a Dejours et al. 1989a Kanno et al. 1978

k k

Arhem 1980

Okamoto 1987 Sabry and El-Mofty 1986

k

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Kikta et al. 1976

Marking et al. 1977

Laposata and Dunson 1998 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Dappen 1982 Dappen 1982 Dappen 1982 Dappen 1982 Laposata and Dunson 1998 Dappen 1982 Dappen 1982 Huey and Beitinger 1980a

Biczycki et al. 1992b Biczycki et al. 1992a

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 48

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

NMU

PLWA not specified XELA adult

UNAVAIL PATH

NMU

IMMER

PHYSIO

NMU NMU NMU

XELA XELA XELA

adult adult adult

INJECT ORAL INJECT

PHYSIO MORT MORT

31 mg/100 g

NMU

XELA

toadlets

INJECT

MORT

NMU NMU

XELA XELA

Nnitrosodiethanolamin e NBURE nitrosodimethylamin e NPYRE nitrosodimethylamin e nonachlor ALMI nonachlor nonachlor NPAN NPE ALMI RAPI

toadlets young adult PLWA larvae

ORAL INJECT IMMER

MORT MORT GENOTOX 20 8

31 mg/100 g 9.2 mg/100 g 6.25-50

10/50 animals developed fibro- and hemangiosarcomas, nephroblastomas and a cavernous hemangioma. No tumors of the nervous system occurred. Lacked response to allograft; response to mammalian red blood cells (RBC) unaffected; cannot respond to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugated with RBC; helper T-cell activity is reduced or absent. NMU selectively lymphotoxic in XELA. NMU selectively lymphotoxic in XELA. Only 4 of more than 1850 XELA given a single or multiple doses of NMU developed malignant neoplasia. Other lesions, namely sacroidosis, bilateral renal dysplasia and proliferative myositis are described. Mortality is high after more than 6 high doses of NMU but animals which recover the immediate effects of NMU can live for many years. NMU selectively lymphotoxic in XELA. NMU selectively lymphotoxic in XELA. Dose response effect at 12.5-50 ppm.

Schmidt 1980

James et al. 1982

Balls et al. 1982 Clothier et al. 1983 Clothier et al. 1983

Clothier et al. 1983

Clothier et al. 1983 Clothier et al. 1983 L'Haridon et al. 1993

adult

ORAL

PATH

adult

ORAL

MORT

10 /50g body wt (3x/wk for 5 mo) 0-24

Carcinogenic effects.

El-Mofty and Sakr 1988

Organ damage; mortality within 31-45 wks at 24 mg/kg.

Schmahl and Scherf 1983

adult adult adult embryo adult

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

40 10.6

XELA RAES

0- 6 mg/L 5 x10 -5 M

TISPREP PHYSIO

IC50= 40, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Trans-nonachlor: IC50= 10.6, inhibitor conc. necessary for 50% inhibition of 17-estradiol binding to estrogen receptor. Produced a decrease in the short circuit current and increased the resistance in abdominal skin. 6 mg/L produced malformations while exposure to < 5.2 mg/L resulted in no observable effects. Inhibited isosmotic, active transport-coupled volume flow in leg skin.

Vonier et al. 1996 Vonier et al. 1996 Webb et al. 1979

k k k

Greenhouse 1976a

Celentano et al. 1979

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 49

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

NRDC

RATE

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

1-100 mg/L

oil refinery

CACA

juvenile

ORAL

PHYSIO

oil refinery OMPA

PLWA larvae RAPI adult

IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX PHYSIO

125 ml/L 2500-3100

OMPA OPAN OPAN OPAN OPAN OPAN OPAN o-toluidine Otroc oxamyl oxytocin

XXFR RAPI RAPI RAPI XELA XELA XELA

adult embryo embryo larvae embryo embryo larvae

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER DEVOBS MORT MORT DEVOBS MORT MORT GENOTOX MORT 18-22 DEVOBS 200 mg/L 1 g/L 1 g/L 1 mg/L 1 g/L 1 g/L

Multiple end-plate potentials appeared after exposure to > 2 mg/L for 18-45 min. 1-100 mg/L had no effects on muscle resting potential or amplitude or time course on the initial evoked end-plate potential. Four fold increase in white blood cell counts and a 50% reduction in amount of red blood cells. Other physiological effects are reported. UV and effluent resulted in an increase in the number of erythrocytes (effluent alone was found to be non-toxic). Anemia, leucopenia, worsening with increasing conc.; progressive neutropenia and lymphocytes evident with increasing conc.; posture drooping, activity decreased, flaccid paralysis. Reduced amplitude of response without sig. shifting the dose response curve. No deleterious effects on development. Not toxic. Not toxic. No deleterious effects. Not toxic. Not toxic.

Evans 1976

Lutcavage et al. 1995

Fernandez and L'Haridon 1994 Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965

k

Guy et al. 1977

k k k k k k k

Greenhouse 1976c Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976a Greenhouse 1976c Greenhouse 1976a

PLWA larvae RAES tadpoles RATE tadpoles AMXX adult

0.0025 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes= 5/1000. 0.001- 0.01% 100% mortality in 0.01 exposure group. 100 90 % of individuals with vertical curvature deformities.

Greenhouse 1976a Fernandez et al. 1989 Gunther and Plotner 1986

k

TISPREP PHYSIO

ozone paraoxon paraoxon paraquat

SCOC adult HYCH embryo XXFR RABE adult tadpoles

INHAL BEHAV DERMAL DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO ORAL BEHAV

21-35 100

Cooke 1981 Oxytocin induces water loss in tail tissue of AMSX; amiloride Platt and LiCause 1981 potentiated oxytocin effects, theophylline and dibutyryl cAMP blocked oxytocin effects. Mild behavioural hypothermia with inhaled ozone at 35 C. Mautz 1996 k Not toxic or teratogenic after dermal exposure for 24 h. Fulton and Chambers 1985 Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found Andersen et al. 1977 in chicken and rat brain. Sig. mortality observed on d 7 and thereafter. Only 19.4% of Bauer Dial and Dial 1995 tadpoles lived to d 15 in contrast to 81.1% controls living to d 15; abnormal tails; abnormal swimming behaviour.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 50

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

paraquat

RAPI

embryo

IMMER

0.5, 2.0 mg/L

paraquat

RAPI

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

21

paraquat dichloride paraquat dichloride paraquat dichloride

RATE RATE RATE

adult adult tadpoles

INJECT IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO DEVOBS DEVOBS

20-25

parathion parathion parathion

ACCR ACCR BUAR

adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE MORT PHYSIO 23-24 16-22 7.6

Gastrula stage: 0 % survival rate at 2 mg/L and 63 % at 0.5 mg/L at 16 d post treatment; 15 d old embryo: 5 % survival at 2 mg/L and 667 % in 0.5 mg/L at 16 d post treatment. Retardation of growth, tail malformations, poor head development. 0.1-10 No survivors > 0.5 at 12 d Development proceeded normally until approximately 3 d post-hatch. Growth rate slowed in all groups; tail abnormalities noted at 0.5 ppm. 8 L/g body wt Labeled compounds were taken up by various tissues. Pronounced quantitative changes in the tissue proteins of contaminated adults were observed. Relatively strong toxic effect of the herbicide on the developing tadpoles as well as pronounced quantitative changes in the tissue proteins of contaminated tadpoles were observed. 0.1-10 < 0.05 - 4.6 (96 h exp). 0.1-10 0.1 ml/m
2

Dial and Dial 1987

Dial and Bauer 1984

Lindquist et al. 1988 Paulov 1977a Paulov 1977a

Fleming et al. 1982 Fleming et al. 1982

k k

Mortality at 96 h was dose related.

parathion

BUXX adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

parathion

GAGA

adult

ORAL

PHYSIO

parathion parathion parathion

MACR adult RACA tadpoles RACA tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER RESIDUE IMMER RESIDUE

20

7.2-7.5

parathion parathion

RACL RAPE

tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE DEVOBS

20 255

7.2-7.5 7-8

parathion

RAPI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

Toads exposed experienced a plasma cholinesterase activity Guzman and Guardia 1978 k decrease of 86 % of normal value. Activity quickly recovered when toads replaced into normal conditions. k Metabolism of parathion incubated with liver slices for 30 Potter and O'Brien 1964 min (mmol): 376 parathion remaining and 2.81 paraoxon recovered. 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, Correlation between AChE activity and serum esterase. Sanchez et al. 1997 7.5 Generally, serum esterase activities slowly increase after acute treatments, no mortality occurred. Liver microsomal caroxylesterase were induced at lower conc. Paraoxon caused ACh inhibition in brain homogenate. Yawetz et al. 1983 1 mg/L No mortality. Hall 1990 k 0.1-1 Sig. bioconc.: avg magnification - 64 times, max= 96 ppm, Hall and Kolbe 1980 no paraoxon (metabolite) detected in tissues at 0.5 ppm sensitivity. 5 mg/L Mortality at 5 mg/L. Hall 1990 1 and 25 mg/L At 1 mg/L: mortality= 28%, normal embryos= 12.22%. At Alvarez et al. 1995 25 mg/L: mortality= 26.09%, normal embryos=0%. the incidence of limb and tail deformities was 74.7% at 1 mg/L. k 5-25 Anemia, leucopenia which worsened with increasing conc.; Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 progressive neutropenia and lymphocytosis as conc. increased' marked decrease in activity, decreased muscle tone, generalized edema.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 51

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

parathion parathion

RAPI RAPI

adult adult

DERMAL RESIDUE IMMER PHYSIO

Half time rate of dermal penetration was 198 min. Metabolism of parathion incubated in liver slices for 30 min (mmol): 52.2 parathion remaining and 2.2 paraoxon recovered. Sig. lowered temp tolerance. Sig. reduced temp tolerance. Exposure affected the qualitative nature of the brain lactate dehydrogenase isozymes. Reduced brain glucose and elevated O2 consumption in exposed groups. 100 % metamorphosis < 0.00002 %; increased time for metamorphosis with increased conc. 100 % metamorphosis < 0.00004 % at feeding stage; 100 % metamorphosis at 0.0001 in limb-bud stage.

Shah et al. 1983

k k

Potter and O'Brien 1964

parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl parathion-methyl Pb

BUBO HYRE RACY RACY RATI RATI ALMI

juvenile

IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO DEVOBS DEVOBS RESIDUE

23-24

25 ppb 25-100 ppb 2.5 5 0.000010.00005 %

Johnson and Prine 1976 Johnson 1980a

k k

tadpole (3 IMMER wk) tadpole (4 IMMER wk) tadpole (4 IMMER wk) egg tadpoles adult IMMER IMMER INJECT

Yasmeen and Nayeemunnisa 1986 Yasmeen and Nayeemunnisa 1985 Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981 Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta 1981 Lee 1982
k k k

30-38

0.000010.0003 % 0.5-50

Pb Pb

AMJE

embryo

BUAM tadpoles

pH+CON TAM IMMER

DEVOBS BEHAV

10 22

4.5 500-1000

Pb Pb

BUAR BUAR

embryo tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS MORT

20 20

2 8-16 mg/L

Pb Pb Pb

CRRH LAAG RACA

adult adult adult

ENVIRON RESIDUE INJECT PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

single dose 20 m/g body wt 5.0-12.5 M

Pb Pb Pb

RACA RACA RACA

adult adult tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER RESIDUE

3 x10 -8 5-50 mM

Blood Pb= resting 1.511 - 3.966, 504 h= 1.511 - 51.821 mg/kg; free erythrocyte porphyrin conc. (red blood cell basis) resting 2.14 - 3.02 and at 504 h 2.82 - 3.47; ALAD resting 82 - 101, after 504 h 38 - 52. A toxic response to Pb was not observed at levels as high as Horne and Dunson 1994b 2.0 mg/L. Pb did not alter developmental rate. No overt indication of detection of Pb or obvious behavioral Steele et al. 1991 stress response by tadpoles when encountering plumes of Pb enriched water. Susceptibility to lead was markedly stage dependent. Perez-Coll and Herkovits 1990 Sig. decrease in rate of survival after 120 h (60% survival at 8 Herkovits and Prez-Coll mg/L and 40% at 16 mg/L Pb). Sig. decrease in survival with 1991a combination Zn and Pb doses than with Pb alone. 18 year old female= 247 g/kg lead (blood). Cook et al. 1989 Doses of lead acetate affected the intensity of neurosecretion Biczycki 1992b and the processes of intracellular respiration. k 5 and 125 M Pb produced 9 % and 20 % decrease Fox and Sillman 1979 respectively, in amplitude of rod response. No effect on cone potential in eyes. Rapid in vitro uptake of lead during first 30 min. Smith et al. 1974 Synaptic transmission sensitive to the toxic effects of lead Kober 1977b and cadmium. Results not extracted from paper. Burger and Snodgrass 1998

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 52

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Pb Pb Pb

RACA RACA RACA

tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER

RESIDUE BEHAV BEHAV 231 231 7.21 0-1.0 mg/L

775 (58.5) g/kg= whole body mean conc. (standard deviation). Increased latencies; fewer avoidances. No sig. behaviour abnormalities were noted due to Pb exposure except for greater variability in activity at 0.5 - 1.0 mg/L. 0-1.0 mg/L Preference or avoidance behaviour and amount of locomotor activity did not change; variability in locomotor activity occurred at 0.75 and 1.0 mg/L; 0% mortality. 0.75 mg/L Results indicate that sublethal exposure to lead adversely affected both acquisition learning and memory. 1,5,20,50,100 Heavy metals reduced survival and growth and fright response of tadpoles. 70 Partial reduction of primordial germ cells at the 9-12 mm body length stage. 70 Lethal to tadpoles. 10 , 10 M Embryos exposed to 10 exhibited cell deterioration and sloughing, deformation, fragmentation and death. Embryos exposed to 10-6 M Pb showed slight distortions in early stages of development. 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, Delayed metamorphosis occurred related to Pb conc., 1.5 however, no morphological changes were observed. The size of the thyroid gland and follicle were reduced for higher Pb conc. Mechanism by which lead stunts neuronal growth is independent of NMDA receptor activity or retinotectal synaptic transmission. 10 -4 , 10 -6 M Wound healing following tail amputation and regeneration were severely inhibited in 10-4 M Pb but less so in 10-6 M. Captive population exhibited high blood lead levels.= 147 178 g/dL. 0.78-12.89 Bone= 5.0 - 23.97; skin= 0.81 - 2.98; muscle= 1.01 - 5.9; g/d kidney= 3.40 - 15.07; liver= 1.13 - 7.8 ppm ww. 50 Residues (ppm dw) in frogs pretreated for 2 mos on dark or light background: dark= 187; light= 114. 0.001-10 10 ppm Pb 100 % mortality; low Mg and exposure to Pb resulted in severe deformities. Increased survival with lower Pb levels. 4 m/g body wt Inhibition of neurosecretory processes and degeneration of cell nuclei.
-4 -6 -4

Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Strickler-Shaw and Taylor 1991 Steele et al. 1989

Pb

RACL

tadpoles

IMMER

BEHAV

231

Taylor et al. 1990

Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

RACL RALU RANI RANI RAPI

tadpoles tadpoles egg tadpoles embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

BEHAV MORT DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT

231

7.2

Strickler-Shaw and Taylor 1990 Lefcort et al. 1998 Hah 1978

k k

Hah 1978 Scott et al. 1979

Pb

RAPI

larvae IMMER (stages 1020) tadpoles

DEVOBS

21

Yeung 1978

Pb

RAPI

SUBDER PHYSIO M IMMER MORT

Cline and Witte 1994

Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

RAPI TOSC XELA XELA XELA

tadpoles adult (F) adult adult embryo

Scott et al. 1979 Cook et al. 1989 Ireland 1977

k k k

ENVIRON RESIDUE ORAL IMMER IMMER GENOTOX RESIDUE DEVOBS 18

Ireland et al. 1979

Miller and Landesman 1978

Pb acetate

LAAG

adult

ORAL

PHYSIO

Biczycki 1992c

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 53

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Pb acetate Pb acetate

NEMA adult RACA tadpoles

IMMER IMMER

1% 25

Pb acetate Pb acetate

RAHE RAHE

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO

10 -9 - 10 -5 M 10 -7 M

Pb acetate Pb acetate Pb acetate Pb nitrate Pb nitrate

XXFR XXFR XXFR LAAG LAAG

adult egg tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER ORAL INJECT

MORT DEVOBS DEVOBS PHYSIO PHYSIO

1-100 1-100 1-100

Destruction of mature erythrocytes which stimulated differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes in blood. Destruction of erythrocytes and necrosis of liver, spleen and intestinal mucosa; high mortality. Action of lead nitrate more rapid than action of Pb acetate. Discusses the effects of Pb and Ca on diogoxin cardiotoxicity. Pre-perfusion by 10-7 M for 20 min segmented dioxin-induced cardiotoxicity; reduction in total dioxin exposure and time taken for systolic arrest. Adults killed at 100 ppm. 1- 5 ppm partly or fully inhibited germination of eggs. 2 ppm toxic to tadpoles.

Dawson 1933 Barrett 1947

k k

Muthu et al. 1993 Krishnamoorthy et al. 1987

k k k k

Dilling and Healey 1926 Dilling and Healey 1926 Dilling and Healey 1926 Biczycki 1992c

Pb nitrate Pb nitrate Pb nitrate Pb nitrate

RACA RAES RAPI RATI

tadpoles adult adult adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER INJECT PHYSIO BEHAV 8

Pb nitrate Pb nitrate Pb nitrate PCB PCB

XXFR XXFR XXFR BOCO CHSE

adult egg tadpoles adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT DEVOBS DEVOBS

4 m/g body wt Inhibition of neurosecretory processes and degeneration of cell nuclei. 20 m/g body Lead nitrate diminishes SDH activity and intensifies LDH. Biczycki 1992a wt Decrease in neurosecretory activity in NSO and NPV cells during the first phase, followed by a considerable intensification of the process in the second phase. 25 Destruction of erythrocytes and necrosis of liver, spleen and Barrett 1947 k intestinal mucosa; high mortality. 10-5 M Inhibition of isosmotic, active transport-coupled volume flow Celentano et al. 1979 k in leg skin. k 25-300 24 of 300 individuals dead after 30 d. Mortality occurred in Kaplan et al. 1967 all Pb exposed groups. 400-700 /kg Higher conc. of Pb resulted in accumulation of numerous Kalyani and Patil 1986 nuclei in several regions and complete vacuolization of hepatocytes. Adults killed at 100 ppm; inhibitory effects on germination Dilling and Healey 1926 k of frog. k 1-100 1 - 5 ppm partly of fully inhibited germination of eggs. Dilling and Healey 1926 1-100 2 ppm toxic to tadpoles with external gills, more sensitive than those with internal gills. Histopathological lesions found in liver and kidney. PCB levels in liver and fat relatively high. Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260 as well as combinations of these do not necessarily reflect environmental contaminants found in turtle fat tissue. Histopathological lesions found in liver and kidney. PCB conc. in liver and fat of ill snakes was relatively high. Dilling and Healey 1926 Wojcik et al. 1995 Schwartz et al. 1987
k

ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON RESIDUE

PCB

EPST

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO

Wojcik et al. 1995

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 54

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

PCB PCB PCB PCB

EUNO

adult

ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON PHYSIO ENVIRON PHYSIO ORAL PATH

PYMB adult PYRG RACA adult adult

PCB

RACA

adult

ORAL

PATH

PCB PCB PCB 126 pentachlorobenzene pentachlorophenol

RAES TRSC RAPI RAPI CACU

adult egg adult adult embryo

INJECT

PHYSIO 27.8

DERMAL DEVOBS INJECT INJECT IMMER PHYSIO PHYSIO

GENOTOX 18

pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin

EUOS PLTH XELA AGAG AGCA BOCO BUAM RACL

adult adult <2d adult adult adult embryo embryo

INHAL MORT TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER MORT PATH PATH PATH HATSUC HATSUC

20-22 20

7.2

15

permethrin

RACL

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

15

Histopathological lesions in liver and kidney consistent with Wojcik et al. 1995 poisoning. PCB levels in liver and fat were relatively high. Histopathological lesions found in liver and kidney. PCB Wojcik et al. 1995 levels in liver and fat were relatively high. Histopathological lesions found in liver and kidney. PCB in Wojcik et al. 1995 liver and fat relatively high. Dose-dependent decrease in helminth intensity and nematode Fontenot et al. 1995b abundance was observed in RACA. A highly sig. dosedependent increase in enzyme activity occurred. 10-300 Neither the number of nematode species nor the number of Fontenot et al. 1995a trematode species were affected by the treatment of surviving or dead frogs. There was a dose dependent decrease in parasite burden in those frogs that survived the exposure period. 250 Frogs had limited metabolism of PCB-replacement Tulp et al. 1977 compounds. 10-190 g 11 different PCBs tested. Increased number of females and Bergeron et al. 1994 increased number of hatchlings with oviducts. 7.8 Transparent or yellow kidneys, EROD and MROD enzyme Huang et al. 1998 activity increased slightly in 7.8mg/kg. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by Safe et al. 1976 chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. 15 ppb-1.5 Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes are given for each Venegas et al. 1993 conc. 1.5 ppm, 100% embryos died; 300 ppb, 46% embryos died; 150 ppb, 5% embryos died after 92 h. 1-2% 3 h lethal time for both conc. Kihara and Yamashita 1978 0.003- 0.1 mM Dose-time dependent block of evoked transmitter release in Montoya and Quevedo 1990 sartorius muscle. k 100 d NOEL: Mortality= 0.032; Development= 0.032; Slooff and Canton 1983 Growth= 0.032 mg/L. 0.05- 0.1 mg Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. Mutschmann et al. 1991 0.05- 0.1 mg Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. Mutschmann et al. 1991 0.05- 0.1 mg Conc. that controls ectoparasites in snakes, not toxic. Mutschmann et al. 1991 0.01- 0.1 mg/L 95-99% hatching success; no increase in gross abnormality Berrill et al. 1993 rate. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L No increase in gross abnormality rate; dose and stage Berrill et al. 1993 dependent variation in twisting response; 95-99% hatching success. 0.1-2.0 mg/L Treated embryos grew sig. slower; malformations observed; Berrill et al. 1993 behaviour abnormalities.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 55

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

permethrin

RACL

tadpoles

IMMER

15, 21

0.01-2.0 ppm

permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin

RACL RACL RACL RACY

tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT PHYSIO

15 15 20-15 282

permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin permethrin

RAPI RAPI RAPI RAPI RASY XELA

adult embryo tadpoles tadpoles embryo adult

DERMAL RESIDUE IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER HATSUC DEVOBS MORT HATSUC 15 15 15, 20 15 15

Conc. < 2.0 ppm were not lethal to early stages of RACL, however sublethal effects were noted. 10 - 100 ppb for 22 h did not cause morphological abnormalities but resulted in embryo twisting. 0.1-2.0 mg/L Delayed growth; behavioural abnormalities; no mortality. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Metamorphosis success decreased with conc.; mortality occurred 1 to 2 d after exposure. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. 0.25 mg/L Evidence of molecular disruptions due to the neurotoxic effects of permethrin which may cause neuronal inefficiency and alterations in the functional dynamics of the developing brain. 1 Half time rate of dermal penetration was 420 min. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L 96-98% hatching success; no increase in gross abnormality rate. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Higher mortality at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L than 0.01 mg/L. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L Occasional mortality; recovery occurred with time. 0.01- 0.1 mg/L 95-99% hatching success; no increase in gross abnormality rate. 10-40 M All three compounds tested modify sodium channel gating of myelinated nerve fibres and reduced selectively the rate of closing of the activation gate. 5 x10 -6 -10 -5 M Lateral line organ: 5 x10-6 M in vitro for 3 h or 10 -5 in vitro for 5 h induced short trains of nerve impulses. Peripheral nerves: 5 x10-6 M caused repetitive activity within first 2 h of exposure. 10 -7 - 10 -5 Pronounced repetitive activity in sensory fibres; similar results in cutaneous touch receptors and lateral line organ. 3 x10 -5 R-cis showed 1-4 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials, R-trans showed some repetitive activity while S-cis and trans were completely inactive. No sig. dif. was indicated in the number of metamorphs among treatments due to high variability in the groups. No tadpoles metamorphosed from the 100 mg/L treatment group. Weights were generally lower at 100 mg/L. The number of hatched larvae at each treatment level varied without pattern; used crankcase oil did not sig. affect hatching success (all replicates were >75% hatching success). 100 mg/L No statistically sig. effect on ISC albeit an increase in ISC was suggested.

Wilson 1989

Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993 Yasmeen and Nayeemunnisa 1992

Shah et al. 1983 Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993 Berrill et al. 1993

TISPREP PHYSIO

Vijverberg et al. 1982a

permethrin

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

8-22

Vijverberg et al. 1982b

permethrin permethrin

XELA XELA

adult adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO

20-24 18 7.3

van den Bercken and Vijverberg 1979 Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986

petroleum

HYCI

embryo- IMMER metamorp hosis

DEVOBS

Mahaney 1994

petroleum

HYCI

phenanthrene

RAPI

embryo- IMMER MORT metamorp hosis adult TISPREP PHYSIO

20-25

Mahaney 1994

Blankemeyer and Bowerman 1993

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 56

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO GENOTOX

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

phenobarbital phenobarbital phenol phenol

CHPI

adult

INJECT IMMER

PLWA larvae RAPI XELA adult embryo

50 -100 0.1% v/v 50

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS

phenol phenothrin

XXFR adult DEMA neonate

INJECT IMMER

MORT BEHAV

50-100

Phenothrin

LIMA

neonate

IMMER

BEHAV

Phenothrin

PSCO

neonate

IMMER

BEHAV

Phenothrin

PSGU

neonate

IMMER

BEHAV

Phenothrin

PSPO

neonate

IMMER

BEHAV

Phenothrin

PSTE

neonate

IMMER

BEHAV

phenothrin phenothrin phentolamine phosalone

XELA XELA AMTI RATI

adult adult larvae adult

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER ORAL PHYSIO PHYSIO

18 18

7.3 7.3

10 -4 - 10 -6 3 x10 -5

1-50 mg

phosalone phosalone

RATI RATI

adult adult

IMMER ORAL

PHYSIO BEHAV

Purified turtle P450 fractions may be useful in further studies of the catalytic function of the inducible proteins. Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 50 ppm= 12/1000; 100 ppm= 14/1000. Phenol replaced control Ringer's after an equilibration period of 110 min. No teratogenic effects. No effects on embryos at 50 ppm, but animals died within 5 d to 3 wk of completing embryonal development. For these conc. mortality ranged from 10% to 96.6%. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. Insecticide spray applied to cages for snake mite pest control. Magnified symptoms of individuals which ate large meals may have been due to contamination of food animals. 1-4 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials. 15-30 end plate potentials and no repetitive activity with respect to action potentials. Did not alter glomerular filtration rate. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity in test groups indicated the requirement and release of proteins and other energy metabolites causing toxic stress. Inhibition of AChe activity.

Yawetz et al. ? Fernandez et al. 1989 Blankemeyer and Bowerman 1993 Dumpert 1987
k

Tripod 1947 Williams 1989

Williams 1989

Williams 1989

Williams 1989

Williams 1989

Williams 1989

Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Ruigt and Van den Bercken 1986 Stiffler et al. 1981 Ramalingam and Antony 1990

Balasundaram and Selvarajan 1990 Inhibitory effects on frequency of hopping may be attributed Antony and Ramalingham to disturbances along nerve paths hindering motor activity. 1990

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 57

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO DEVOBS PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

phosalone phosalone phosdrin phosphamidon physostigmine pig manure

RATI TRCC RAPI CAVE XXFR RATE

adult (M) INJECT adult adult IMMER IMMER

15-20

adult (M) ORAL adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV

pindone piper nigrum

OLMA adult BURE adult

ORAL ORAL

BEHAV BEHAV

25

p-nitrotoluene

XELA

<2d adult <2d egg tadpoles adult tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

20

potassium chromate RAHE potassium dichromate potassium dichromate potassium dichromate potassium ferricyanide primicarb XELA XELA XELA RACA RAPE

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER IMMER MORT DEVOBS DEVOBS 20

log conc.= Diminished ATPase activity in six distinct CNS 1.25-10.0 g/kg compartments. 0-800 mg/L Growth delay at highest conc.; higher frequency of skeletal anomalies at all conc. 6-20 Anemia, leucopenia, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, decreased activity and flaccid paralysis. Haemotoxic potential observed at greater than 0.77 mg/kg body weight. Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found in chicken and rat brain. Frogs exposed to relatively high moisture content pig manure resulted in high lung and buccal ventilation rates within 15 min. 0.02 g over 2 d Doses used as bait are unlethal to skinks. Sublethal effects are undocumented. 2mg Tumors appeared after 2 mos. Liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinomas, lymphosarcomas and fibrosarcomas) were found in 12 males and 18 females. 100 d NOEL: Mortality= 10; Development= 3.2; Growth= 32 mg/L. 10- 500 Decreased activity in succinate dehydrogenase and Mg2+ ATPase activity.

Balasundaram et al. 1995 Arias et al. 1989 Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965 Meenakshi et al. 1996a Andersen et al. 1977 Oldham et al. 1993
k

Freeman et al. 1996 El-Mofty et al. 1991

Slooff and Canton 1983

k

Rajendrababu and Nandakumar 1987

2.5, 5, 7.5

100 d NOEL: Mortality= 1; Development= 3.2; Growth= 3.2 Slooff and Canton 1983 k mg/L. Weaker pigmentation at 2.5 ppm; 5 ppm 15.5 % mortality; Dumpert 1987 k 7.5 ppm 30 % mortality. Only those kept in conc. up to 1.0 ppm developed into toads. Dumpert 1987 k Watanabe et al. ? Alvarez et al. 1995

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS 255 7-8

1.0- 2.5 mM

primicarb Procaine Procaine prolactin

RAPE XXSN

tadpoles adult

IMMER INJECT

MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO

XXXA larvae INJECT TAGR adult (M) IMMER

Effects on evoked potential of tectum elicited by electrical stimulation of the optic nerve was measured. 1 and 25 mg/L At 1 mg/L: mortality= 34.1%, normal embryos= 0%. At 25 mg/L: mortality= 38.8%, normal embryos= 0%. the incidence of limb and tail deformities was 76.66% at 1 mg/L. 0.02 and 0.14 Damage to gills, liver, gall-bladder, heart and notochord did mg/L occur; mortality reached 100% after 2 wks. 0.07 g (0.47 Conc. kills between 5 and 15 min. mg/g body wt) 1-4% kills amphibian larvae. 100 g Prolactin did not sig. change androgen levels.

Honrubia et al. 1993 Livezey 1958 Livezey 1958 Moore 1977

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 58

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Prolin

PICA

adult

ORAL

prometryne

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

11 rats, fed avg. of 5.27 Mg 0.01- 0.05 %

No effects were observed on snakes.

Brock 1965

propanolol propoxur propylene glycol prothiophos PSCP PSCP PSCP

AMTI RAHE RACA

larvae tadpoles adult

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO DEVOBS 20-25

TISPREP PHYSIO INHAL IMMER IMMER MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO

EUOS adult BUMA adult GACA tadpoles HYCH embryo

DERMAL DEVOBS

PSCP PSCP PSCP

HYCI PSCR RACA

tadpole/ad IMMER ult tadpoles IMMER tadpoles IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

All younger tadpoles treated with 0.05 % for 3 d died within a few days. All older tadpoles exposed to 0.01 or 0.05 % died after 24 - 72 h. Did not alter glomerular filtration rate. 2, 4 and 10 Accelerated metamorphosis and growth. Elevated body mg/L weight and reduced limb bud emergence period. 0.1-5.0 % Propylene glycol facilitates transmitter release from nerve terminals and raises ACh sensitivity of muscle endplate. 1-2% 1-12 h lethal time. AChE appeared relatively insensitive to inhibition. No symptoms were exhibited in GACA exposed in one or two treatments. 100-1000 ppb 92 % mortality at 1000 ppb and 52 % at 750 ppb; 100 % abnormalities at 1000 ppb and 58 % abnormal embryos at 750 ppb. AChE I50= 2.7 x10 M. No symptoms were exhibited in PSCR or GACA exposed in one or two treatments. 0.05- 0.1 Neurotoxic esterase inhibition in brains of RACA tadpoles treated with 0.05- 0.1 ppm PSCP for 24 h was 75% or greater. 100-1000 ppb 53 % abnormal embryos at 500 ppb and 100 % abnormal at 1000 ppb; 6 % mortality at 500 ppb and 99 % mortality at 1000 ppb. 0.49-1.15 mL Bioelectric parameters of isolated toad skin and characteristics of frog sciatic nerve compound action potential were examined. Bioelectric parameters of isolated toad skin and characteristics of frog sciatic nerve compound action potential were examined. 1- 2 % Toxic effects only at high conc. 0.025- 0.25 Toxic for embryos, less so for larvae. 100% mortality in ppt 0.15 - 0.25/1000. Embryo survived 0.025 - 0.1/1000 to hatch and develop as larvae. 0.1-1 mg/L 0.01 mg/L: stimulation of growth, total inhibition of metamorphosis, marked change in transaminase enzymatic activity; lethal dose= 1 mg/L.

Jordan et al. 1977

Stiffler et al. 1981 Raj et al. 1988 Hattori and Maehashi 1993 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Fulton and Chambers 1983 Fulton and Chambers 1983 Fulton and Chambers 1985
k

Fulton and Chambers 1983 Fulton and Chambers 1983 Fulton and Chambers 1983

PSCP

RASP

embryo

DERMAL DEVOBS

Fulton and Chambers 1985

pulp and paper

CACU

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Norris and Quevedo 1996

pulp and paper

PLTH

not specified embryo embryo

TISPREP PHYSIO

Norris and Quevedo 1996

Pyramin Pyramin

BUVU BUVU

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO MORT

Constantini and Panella 1975 Constantini and Andreoli 1972 Paulov 1981
k

pyrazophos

RATE

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 59

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

pyrene pyrethrin pyrethrin pyrethroids q-hexane quinoxaline radiation radiation radiation

PLWA larvae EUOS THRA XELA BUAR adult adult adult embryo

IMMER

GENOTOX

0.035- 0.2 1-2%

INHAL MORT DERMAL BEHAV TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER INHAL RAD RAD RAD MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

1-15 1-2% 50-150 rads 100 R/min with x-ray machine at 250 kVp 0- 0.1 mg/L 0- 0.1 mg/L 3% 10-500 gamma/L 5-10 M

EUOS adult BUME adult CACU larvae HELE adult

Frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes: 0.035 ppm= 10/1000; 0.2 ppm= 22/1000. 1-3 h lethal time. Investigative behaviour noted. Pyrethroids affect sodium channel gating (cyano are dif. than non-cyano pyrethroids). 5 and 15 ppm produce 100 % mortality on day 29 and 17 respectively. 1 ppm was not toxic. 72 h lethal time for both conc. Activity of ACh and cytochrome "c" oxidase measured. Dose-effect relationship demonstrated between level of radiation and presence of micronucleated blood cells. Studies on esterase isoenzymes using PAGE technique show characteristic patterns in brain, kidneys, liver and lung.

Fernandez et al. 1989 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Secoy 1979 van den Bercken and Vijverberg 1985 Juarez and Guzman 1984a
k

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Sai Siva Kumar et al. 1988 Hermosilla and Carrasco 1985
k

George and Eapen 1973

retinoic acid retinoic acid retinoic acid rotenone rotenone rotenone

TRSC XELA XELA EUOS RAPI XXFR

adult adult embryo adult tadpoles adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER INHAL IMMER

PHYSIO MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO

Elimination rates were not affected by the dietary treatment. Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and between other animal species tested. A/D ratio=>10. Death and defects were noted in embryos exposed for four days post-fertilization. Survived 3 d through end of experiment. Results not extracted from paper.

Hinton and Whicker 1992 Daston et al. 1991 Daston et al. 1991 Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Hamilton 1941 Lau et al. ?

TISPREP PHYSIO

Rupon

RAES

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

18-22

S S saffan saffan saffan saffan

RAES THRA AGPI AGPI BOSC CRAD

adult (F) adult adult adult adult adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

DERMAL BEHAV INJECT BEHAV INJECT INJECT INJECT BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV

Rates of active sodium transport and suprabasal oxygen consumption were found to be inhibited in frog skin by rotenone. 0.001- 0.01% Two sizes of tadpoles exposed to solution. 21mm exhibited 0% mortality in 0 - 0.003%; 100% mortality in 0.01% for 32 tadpoles 100% mortality in all conc. 5 g Sulphatides were measured in oviducts of RAES. progesterone Investigative behaviour noted. 1.0 ml/kg 70 min anaesthesia, excellent muscle relaxation and effect. 1.0 ml/kg 3.0 ml/kg 0.50 ml/kg No effect, unsatisfactory sedation. 89 min anaesthesia, not anesthetized enough for safe handling. 5 min anaesthesia, very good muscle relaxation and effect, rapid recovery necessitating methoxyflurane anaesthesia.

Gunther and Plotner 1986

Vitaioli et al. 1990 Secoy 1979 Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 Calderwood and Jacobson 1979

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 60

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

saffan

CRLE

adult

INJECT

saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan saffan salinity salinity sarin

DRCC ELOQ ELOQ ELOQ EPST LAGF LAGG NEFF NEFF NEFF PIME PIME PIME PYRG

adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult adult

INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT INJECT IMMER ORAL INJECT

BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV PHYSIO MORT MORT 22

0.25-1.5 ml/kg 28-38 min anaesthesia time poor to unsatisfactory muscle relaxation, lost righting reflex but constant movement, not anaesthetised enough for safe handling. 1.0 ml/kg 40 min anaesthesia time, excellent muscle relaxation and effect. 1.0 ml/kg 19 min anaesthesia, excellent muscle relaxation and effect.

Calderwood and Jacobson 1979

BUMA adult RAPI RACA adult adult

sarin

XXFR

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 0.50 ml/kg 35 - 60 min anaesthesia time, excellent muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson effect. 1979 0.5-3.0 ml/kg No effects at 0.5 and 3.0 ml/kg; excellent muscle relaxation Calderwood and Jacobson and effect at 1.0 ml/kg (anaesthesia time for 66 min). 1979 1.5 ml/kg Excellent muscle relaxation but specimen died. Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 0.25 ml/kg 8 min anaesthesia time very good muscle relaxation (tail Calderwood and Jacobson movement), excellent sedation. 1979 0.25 ml/kg 42 min anaesthesia time, excellent for muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson sedation. 1979 1.0-1.5 ml/kg 41 - 80 min anaesthesia, excellent muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson effect; one died. 1979 0.25 ml/kg 43 min anaesthesia, excellent muscle relaxation and effect. Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 0.25-3.0 ml/kg No anaesthesia time unsatisfactory muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson effect. No effect. 1979 0.5-3.0 ml/kg 0.5 no effect; 3.0 ml/kg excellent muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson effect, > 120 min anaesthesia time recovered overnight. 1979 0.25 ml/kg 22 min anaesthesia time, excellent for muscle relaxation and Calderwood and Jacobson sedation. 1979 0.50 ml/kg 49 min anaesthesia, excellent muscle relaxation and effect. Calderwood and Jacobson 1979 3.0 ml/kg 90 min anaesthesia, good muscle relaxation and excellent Calderwood and Jacobson effect. 1979 0, 0.1, 1.0% Aldosterone increased with time in 1.0% sea water, cAMP Busacker et al. 1977 sea water and cGMP were elevated at this conc. in kidney. 2.6 g/100g Died within one h. Bentley and Schmidt-Nielsen body wt 1971 0.06-8.0 No effect on frogs at or below 0.5 mg/frog, yet 6% mortality Wilber 1954 mg/frog occurred at 1.0 mg and 67% mortality occurred at 8.0 mg/frog. Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found Andersen et al. 1977 in chicken and rat brain.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 61

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Scent-Off Repellant Buds SDBSA Se Se

THRA XELA RACA XELA

adult egg

DERMAL BEHAV IMMER DEVOBS RESIDUE RESIDUE 0.1-50

Investigative behaviour noted. No effect at 0.1 - 10 ppm. Eggs did not develop past 2 cell stage at 50 ppm. Results not extracted from paper. Uptake rapid and linear until 36 h of exposure. Linear decrease in Se over first 24 h of depuration; rate of depuration similar to rate of uptake. 80 % decrease in Se content within 30 min; Se level remained stable for next 3 d. Above 2 ppm, severe abnormalities and increased mortality. Toxicity increased with increasing conc. up to 20 ppm. Cellular damage, disorganization and degeneration of in epithelial muscle cells. Damage more extensive at higher doses. Increase in transmitter release and endplate potentials at conc. >10-5 M in pectoral nerve-muscle. Conc. dependent reduction of survival time of lateral-line sense organ. No repetitive activity occurred on lateral line sense organ when temp was lowered from 20 to 10 C. Increase in transmitter release and endplate potentials at conc. >10-5 M in pectoral nerve-muscle. Effects on survival time of sciatic nerve was evident and response time gradually declined. 100 d NOEL: Morality= 32; Development= 320; Growth= 320 mg/L. 2 snakes regurgitated the rats, 5 had no observable effects.

Secoy 1979 Dumpert 1987

k

tadpoles IMMER embryo IMMER (gastrula) tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles IMMER IMMER IMMER

Burger and Snodgrass 1998 Browne and Dumont 1979

k

Se Se Se

XELA XELA XELA

RESIDUE DEVOBS PHYSIO

5 2-20 2, 5, 10

Browne and Dumont 1979 Browne and Dumont 1979 Browne and Dumont 1980

k k k

SLA4685 SLA4685

XELA XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

18 20 7.4

adult (M) TISPREP PHYSIO

4x10 -6 -2x10 -4 M 10 -7 to 10 -4

Klis et al. 1991a Klis et al. 1991b

SLA4722 SLA4722 sodium bromide sodium fluoracetate

XELA XELA XELA PICA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

18 20 20 7.4

adult (M) TISPREP PHYSIO <2d adult IMMER ORAL MORT MORT

4x10 -6 -2x10 -4 M 10 -7 -10 -4

Klis et al. 1991a Klis et al. 1991b Slooff and Canton 1983 Brock 1965
k

sodium fluoracetate

RACL

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

fed avg. of 0.19 Mg (7 rats) 0.01- 0.1 M

sodium fluoracetate

TIRU

adult

INJECT

PHYSIO

0-800

sodium fluoracetate sodium fluoracetate

TIRU TIRU

adult INJECT adult (M) INJECT

PHYSIO PHYSIO

30-37

300 mg 25-250

No action potential changes produced by up to 100 M 0.01 and 0.10 M produced 3 and 40 % inhibition respectively of respiration after 3 h. Populations of TIRU which coexist with fluoracetate-bearing vegetation were much less sensitive to fluoracetate intoxification than were conspecifics not exposed to the toxic plants. Reduced oxygen consumption by 2-11% in skinks. Single or multiple doses resulted in decrease in plasma testosterone in males; decreased plasma testosterone with a single dose of 100 - 250 mg/kg; 25 mg/kg had little effect.

Boyarsky et al. 1949

Twigg and Mead 1990

Twigg et al. 1986 Twigg et al. 1988

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 62

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

sodium fluoride

HEFL

adult

sodium hypochlorite, PLWA Cl sodium nitrate BUBU

sodium nitrate

LICA

sodium nitrate sodium nitrite sodium selenite sodium sulfide

PLWA PLWA XELA PLWA

soman sour water Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr strychnine

XXFR BUTE RAPI RAPI RATE TAGR TAGR TRSC PICA

50 g/mL showed hastening of healing compared to controls, 250-2500 g/mL showed delayed wound healing and 30005000 g/mL showed high mortality rates. larvae IMMER PHYSIO 200.25 0- 0.25 mg/L Chlorine levels of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L led to sig. elevations active Cl of micronuclei in treated larvae. Conc. above 0.25 mg/L killed larvae. tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 19-24 5.57-7.47 40 and 100 Exposure groups exhibited increased mortality and reduce foraging. 100 % mortality occurring at 100 ppm after 13 d. At 40 ppm 1 of 13 individuals survived 13 d. tadpoles IMMER DEVOBS 22.5-26 5.6-7.6 40 and 100 Nitrate exposure groups exhibited sig. greater mortality and decreased growth. Growth changes were attributed to NO3 ions and not Na. Mortality reached 50 - 58% in nitrate exposure groups. larvae IMMER GENOTOX 8000 No effect found on erythrocytes. larvae IMMER GENOTOX 140 No effect found on erythrocytes. embryo- IMMER DEVOBS Lowest effect conc.= 10 mg/L. Developmental toxicity larvae occurred in a dose-dependent manner. larvae IMMER GENOTOX 2-7 125 ml/L, 250 High numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (22/1000 ml/L of river erythrocytes). water adult TISPREP PHYSIO Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found in chicken and rat brain. adult (M) IMMER PHYSIO 3.35-19.9 Increases in B corticosterone levels were observed. ng/mL adult RAD RESIDUE Half-lives longer than those found for newts at 10 and 20C. adult tadpole (5-7 wk) adult adult adult adult RAD RAD RAD RAD RAD ORAL RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE PHYSIO MORT 10-20 10 10 0.125 c The biological half-life of radiostrontium in whole frog was 222 d after i.p. injection. Tadpoles absorbed approx. 18 % (0.02 uc) of Sr and about 72% of yttrium in 175 ppm. Slower loss component had biological half-lives of 130 - 80 d at 10C and 20C respectively. The rate of uptake was initially rapid, but declined sharply after day 3. Elimination rates were not affected by the dietary treatment. 6 snakes regurgitated, 5 showed no observable effects.

IMMER

50-5000 g/mL

Suresh and Hiradhar 1990

Gauthier et al. 1989

Baker and Waights 1993

Baker and Waights 1994

L'Haridon et al. 1993 L'Haridon et al. 1993 Sakamoto et al. ? Gauthier et al. 1993

Andersen et al. 1977 Hopkins et al. 1996 Willis et al. 1976 Willis and Valett 1971 Lucas and Pickering 1958 Willis et al. 1976
k k k

Willis and Valett 1971 Hinton and Whicker 1992 Brock 1965

styrene

RAPI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

fed avg. of 10.04 Mg (5 rats) 665

Extensive ultrastructural alterations in olfactory epithelium following exposure for 60 min, increased secretion from sustentacular cells, membrane fusion of cilia, reduction of summed receptor potential.

Ekblom et al. 1984

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 63

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

styrene

RATE

adult

IMMER

665

tabun tamoxifen taurine taurine

XXFR ALMI RAAR RACA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

egg DERMAL PHYSIO larvae IMMER MORT (stage 26) adult TISPREP PHYSIO

20-25

TBS TBT

XELA

<2d

IMMER IMMER

MORT DEVOBS

20

AMME larvae

TBT

RATE

embryo

IMMER

MORT

TCA TCB TCDD TCDD TCDD

BUVU CHPI

embyro adult

IMMER INJECT IMMER IMMER INJECT

PHYSIO PHYSIO MORT MORT BEHAV

BUAM egg BUAM tadpoles RACA adult

TCDD

RACA

tadpoles

INJECT

MORT

TCDD TCDD TCDD TCDD TCDD

RACL RACL RAPI RAPI XELA

egg tadpoles egg tadpoles embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

MORT MORT MORT MORT DEVOBS

Extensive ultrastructural alterations in olfactory epithelium following exposure for 60 min, increased secretion from sustentacular cells, membrane fusion of cilia and reduction of summed receptor potential. Inhibition of ACh was recorded and compared to that found in chicken and rat brain. 0.14-14 Sex reversal from male to female occurred. 50-500 g/mL Taurine enhanced the early stages of metamorphosis yet retarded later ones (shortening of the tail). 20 mM Taurine showed a positive inotropic effect in low calcium taurine; 0.5solutions and negative inotropism in high Ca solutions. 2.8 mM Ca Taurine modifies calcium levels at sarcolemmal membrane. 100 d NOEL: Mortality= 3.2, Development= 10; Growth= 10 mg/L. 0- 0.05 mg/L 100% mortality within 24h at 0.05 mg/L. 80% mortality within 7d at 0.015 mg/L. Toxicant was slightly teratogenic to developing hindlimbs (deletions or defects). No effect on skeletal pattern in regenerating forelimbs. 0.3-30 ppb Survival not affected at 0.3 or 3 ppb; mortality 40 % and 50 % at 30 ppb TBTO and TBTF, respectively. Weights declined only at 30 ppb. 25- 50 % Toxic effects observed at high conc. only. Purified turtle P450 fractions may be useful in further studies of the catalytic function of the inducible proteins. 0.003-30 Higher mortality than tadpoles yet not sig. dif. from controls, elimination of TCDD occurred quickly. 0.003-30 No mortality; elimination of TCDD occurred quickly. 500 g/kg No mortality during 35 d observation . Some lessened food intake in groups injected with 500 g/kg in early phase. No histopathologic lesions were found at any dose level. 25-1000 g/kg All surviving tadpoles successfully completed metamorphosis with no morphological abnormalities. 73 - 90 % survival on d 50 post-injection. 0.3-100 Higher mortality when exposed as eggs yet not sig. dif. from controls, elimination of TCDD occurred quickly. 0.3-100 No mortality, elimination of TCDD occurred quickly. 3 Sig. increase in mortality compared to controls at 3 g/L. 3 No mortality, elimination of TCDD occurred quickly. 0.025-1.0 Mortality of larvae was high when edema appeared at an mg/L earlier developmental stage, the period from edema formation to death tended to be short.

Ekblom et al. 1984

Andersen et al. 1977 Crain et al. 1997 Feuer et al. 1979 Steffen et al. 1977

Slooff and Canton 1983 Scadding 1990

Laughlin and Linden 1982

Constantini and Panella 1975 Yawetz et al. ? Jung and Walker 1997 Jung and Walker 1997 Beaty et al. 1976
k

Beaty et al. 1976

Jung and Walker 1997 Jung and Walker 1997 Jung and Walker 1997 Jung and Walker 1997 Mima et al. 1992

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 64

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PHYSIO PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

temephos temephos temephos temephos

BUBO HYRE RACH RACL

juvenile

IMMER

23-24 25-50 ppb 1-100

tadpole (3 IMMER wk) not IMMER specified tadpoles IMMER

Exposure of hydrated toads to 60 ppb sig. lowered temp tolerance. Temp tolerance sig. lowered. Japanese paper.

Johnson and Prine 1976 Johnson 1980a Hattori 1974 Sparling et al. 1997
k

BEHAV

0-10 l/L

TEPP

RAPI

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

TETD

MIOR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

TETM

MIOR

embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS

tetrachlorobenzene tetrahydrofuran TFM TFM TFM TFM thalium

RAPI DEXX RACA RACA RACA RACL XXFR

adult adult egg larvae tadpoles larvae embryo

INJECT

PHYSIO

DERMAL BEHAV IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER DEVOBS MORT DEVOBS MORT MORT

thallium sulfate

PICA

adult

ORAL

MORT

thiabendazole thiabendazole

ELOO ELOQ

adult adult

ORAL ORAL

PATH PATH

By 24 h of exposure, half of the tadpoles at the highest conc. died. At the end of 96 h, % mortality ranged from 0% at 1.86 l/L and 100% at 10 l/L. 10-80 Increasing conc. resulted in anemia, leucopenia; differential white cell count showed neutropenia and lymphocytosis, red blood cells distorted in shape, visceral organs desiccated, spasticity in hindlimbs. 0-2.5 mg/L 50% mortality at 1 mg/L, 100% mortality at 2 mg/L. Other effects were bent notochord, pigmentation, edema, other tissue disarrays. Abnormality incidence 100% at 0.5 mg/L. 0-5 mg/L Mortality: 100% at 5 mg/L, 20% at 3 mg/L. Bent notochord, pigmentation, edema, other tissue disarrays, abnormality incidence was 100% at 2 mg/L. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. 2, 16 and 25 Hyperactivity; weight loss; no mortality immediately after exposure. 0.1-3.0 mg/L Arrested growth at conc. greater than 1.0 mg/L, following development in the next 96 h. 7.5 mg/L No tadpoles recovered after treatment. 2.0 mg/L No adverse effects observed. 7.5 mg/L Treatment effective in controlling larvae in treated ponds. N/500000 (see Tadpoles killed on emergence. paper for details) 11 rats, fed No effects were observed on snakes. avg. of 5.27 Mg 110 Thiabenzadole is a treatment for parasites; species completely recovered after treatments. 110 Thiabenzadole is a treatment for parasites; this species died after 4th treatment, 24 h with different symptoms than PYRE. Death caused by nematode parasitism.

Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965

Ghate 1983

Ghate 1983

Safe et al. 1976 Whitaker 1993 Kane et al. 1993 Kane and Johnson 1989 Kane et al. 1993 Kane and Johnson 1989 Dilling and Healey 1926
k

Brock 1965

Holt et al. 1979 Holt et al. 1979

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 65

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint PATH

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

thiabendazole

PYRE

adult

ORAL

110 body wt

thiosemicarbazide

RASY

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

18-28

10-75 mg/L

thiosemicarbazide thorium

XELA XXFR

metamorp IMMER hosis embryo IMMER

MORT DEVOBS

23-25

7.2

0-75 mg/L

Thiabenzadole is a treatment for internal parasites; this Holt et al. 1979 species died from nematode before treatment could be administered. Curved digits, abnormal limb articulation, difficulty Riley and Weil 1986 swimming, no effects at 10. Otherwise dose response effects, increased tibia/femur ossification at higher conc., higher conc. resulted in increased developmental speed. Physical abnormalities and inhibition of metamorphosis. Newman and Dumont 1983 Dilling and Healey 1926
k

thyroxine

ASTR

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

5-20

TME TMT toluene

RACY TRCR RAPI

adult

IMMER

MORT BEHAV PHYSIO

N/100000 (see Development to tadpole stage in N/100000 was 50 %. paper for details) 7-1000 ppb 100% mortality at 1000 ppb (18-20C), 60% mortality at 500ppm (18-20C). Morphological changes included limbs, operculum, oral disc, anal fold and tooth rows. 25 % mortality after 96 h; 50 % after 144 h. 3 and 12 585-2000

Brown 1990

adult (M) IMMER adult IMMER

toluene toluene

RATE TRCR

adult adult adult adult adult

IMMER INHAL

PHYSIO PHYSIO

585-2000 5, 10

Shrinivas et al. 1984 Behavioural changes and neuropathological damage and CNS Gozzo et al. 1992 damage occurred at highest doses (12 mg/kg). Structural alterations in olfactory mucous following exposure; Ekblom et al. 1984 k increased secretion from sustentacular cells; reduction in summed receptor potential in frogs exposed to 2000 ppm for 1 h; no reduction in those exposure to 585 ppm. k Structural alternations in olfactory mucosa following Ekblom et al. 1984 exposure. k Results not extracted from paper. Garavini and Seren 1979 Inhibits isoproterenol and fluoride ion stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a dose dependent manner. Findings suggest that the mechanism of TDI asthma is not due to an abnormality of the beta-adrenergic system. ChE activity (L CO2 /50mg/10 min): 1126 (corn oil controls ), 1004 (treated). TOTP treatment alone did not sig. affect cholinesterase activity, but it potentiated the anticholinesterase action of malathion by 100-fold in frogs. No interaction with estrogen receptors. McKay and Brooks 1983 McKay and Brooks 1981 Cohen and Murphy 1970
k

toluene diisocyanate RAPI toluene diisocyanate XXFR TOTP RAPI

TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO INJECT PHYSIO 125 with 5 ml/kg (malathion)

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor

ALMI ALMI ALMI RACA

adult adult (F) adult (F) tadpoles

TISPREP DEVOBS TISPREP PHYSIO TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER PHYSIO 4 0.1 g/g

Vonier et al. 1996

Estrogen receptors from alligator oviductal tissue tested with Arnold et al. 1997 various environmental chemicals and with 17-estradiol. Toxaphene had high binding affinity to estrogen sites. Crain et al. 1998a Antibodies usually produced in response to heat shock were produced from stress of contaminants. Dunlap and Matsumura 1997

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 66

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene/ camphechlor TP

RAPI TRSC XELA CHSE

adult adult (F) adult egg

IMMER

5.75-5.83 0.3- 0.6

After 30 d, 40 % of frogs in 0.6 ppm died. Toxaphene had high binding affinity to estrogen sites.

Kaplan and Overpeck 1964 Crain et al. 1998a Palmer et al. 1998 Crews et al. 1989

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER IMMER PHYSIO DEVOBS

TPT TPT Tribunil Tribunil Tricaine trichlorobenzene trichlorphon

RAES RALE BUVU BUVU NOVV RAPI GAGA

tadpoles tadpoles embryo embryo adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT IMMER

MORT MORT MORT PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO PHYSIO

6.4-8.1 6.4-8.1

Toxaphene treated frogs showed sig. levels of vitellogenin induction. Administration of testosterone propionate caused 42% of the embryos to develop as females under male-producing temperatures. 0.11, 0.81, Decrease in survival and growth rate and an increase in time 1.87 to metamorphosis with TPT exposure alone. 0.11, 0.81, Decrease in survival and growth rate and an increase in time 1.87 to metamorphosis with TPT exposure alone. 0.025- 0.5 ppt No embryos survived to larval stages. 1- 2 % 0.3% Very toxic to embryo and tadpole developmental stages. No sig. changes in heart rate were reported when exposed to MS-222. Metabolites of substances were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. High sensitivity to OP and extremely slow recovery of serum BChE with respect to other vertebrate species; high correlation with brain BChE, 24 h after treatment. No changes in RBC or Hb levels; increase in haematocrit values; increase in erythrocyte volume; RBCs and nuclei were larger. Decreased blood parameters (haemoglobin, hematocrit) and leucocytosis. Reduction in erythrocytes and erythroblasts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, increased thrombocyte numbers. Sig. dif. in mortality and growth in exposure groups. Sig. dif. noted in mortality, mobility and growth in exposure groups.

Fioramonti et al. 1997 Fioramonti et al. 1997 Constantini and Andreoli 1972 Constantini and Panella 1975 Pitki and Erdman 1992 Safe et al. 1976 Fossi et al. 1995

trichlorphon

RAES

adult

IMMER

PHYSIO

15

0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L 50-300 50-300 1.8 and 18 mg/L 0.9 mg/L Foschlorine; 0.0625 mg/L Malathion or mixture: 9 mg/L Foschlorine; 0.625 mg/L Malathion

Szubartowska et al. 1990

trichlorphon trichlorphon trichlorphon trichlorphon

RATE RATE RATE RATE

adult adult tadpoles tadpoles

INJECT INJECT IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO PHYSIO DEVOBS DEVOBS

Szubartowska 1979
k

Gromysz-Kalkowska et al. 1986 Ranke-Rybicka 1972 Ranke-Rybicka 1972

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 67

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint MORT PHYSIO

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

tricyclohexyltin hydroxide tri-o-tolyl phosphate/ TTP tri-o-tolyl phosphate/ TTP tri-o-tolyl phosphate/ TTP Tritox-30

EUOS GACA

adult tadpoles

INHAL IMMER

1-2%

72 h lethal time to survival past 3 d at 1% conc.

Kihara and Yamashita 1978

HYCH embryo PSCR RATE tadpoles tadpoles

DERMAL DEVOBS IMMER IMMER PHYSIO MORT

100

No symptoms were exhibited in GACA exposed in one or two Fulton and Chambers 1983 treatments. k Not toxic or teratogenic after dermal exposure. Fulton and Chambers 1985 No symptoms were exhibited in PSCR exposed in one or two treatments. At low conc. (0.015 mg/L), 12.5% mortality after 96 h. No mortality occurred after 24 h in conc. < 0.24 mg/L. At high conc. (1.92 mg/L), 72.5% mortality after 96 h. At low conc. (0.015 mg /L) 10 % mortality after 96 h. At high conc. (1.92 mg/L ), 83.4 % mortality after 96 h. Growth inhibited in exposure groups. No effect. 2.4 and 4.8 ppm exposure groups died; dose dependent avoidance behaviour response. No effect. Dose dependent mortality and avoidance behaviour response observed. No effect. Dose dependent mortality and avoidance behaviour response. Aberrant development. Fulton and Chambers 1983 Wojcik and Ranke-Rybicka 1971 Wojcik and Ranke-Rybicka 1971 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994

0.015-1.92 mg/L 0.015-1.92 mg/L 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 15 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 various 0-4000 mg/L 0-1000 mg/L

Tritox-30

XELA

tadpoles

IMMER

MORT

tryclopyr tryclopyr tryclopyr tryclopyr tryclopyr tryclopyr trypan blue trypan blue trypan blue trypan blue TSP

RACA RACA RACL RACL RAPI RAPI RAPI XELA XELA XELA RATE

embryo tadpoles embryo tadpoles embryo tadpoles egg adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS DEVOBS MORT MORT

embryo- IMMER DEVOBS larvae adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV

13

U urea UV UV

CYPY RATE

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

10 -6 - 10 -4 M

adult (M) DERMAL BEHAV RAD RAD HATSUC HATSUC

AMGR egg AMMA egg

Berrill et al. 1994 Berrill et al. 1994 Greenhouse and Hamburgh 1968 Adult vs. development toxicity ratios varied for chemical and Daston et al. 1991 between other animal species tested. A/D ratio= 13.3. Death and defects were noted in embryos exposed for four d Daston et al. 1991 postfertilization. Lowest effect conc.= 500 mg/L. Developmental toxicity Sakamoto et al. ? occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Slightly elevated lung ventilation during first h and Oldham and Hilton-Brown subsequently appeared normal, after 4 d one frog died; 1992 decreased mass in treated groups; EC50= 9.7 g/m 2 . k Almost no effect on the electrical properties of stomach Kanno et al. 1978 mucous epithelial cells. One individual showed increased ventilation rates after two h; Oldham and Hilton-Brown decreased mass; EC50= 17.5 g/m 2 . 1992 Photolyase activity= approx. 1, similar to BUBO, sig. less Blaustein et al. 1994b than HYRE. Photolyase activity= approx 1, similar to BUBO and TAGR, Blaustein et al. 1994b sig. less than HYRE.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 68

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route RAD

f

Study Endpoint MORT

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

UV

BUAM egg

UV UV

BUBO CNEX

egg adult

RAD RAD

HATSUC BEHAV 25-60

UV

CNSO

hatchlings RAD

BEHAV

25-60

UV

DIWA juvenile

RAD

BEHAV

25-60

UV UV

HYRE HYVE

egg egg

RAD RAD

HATSUC MORT

UV UV UV

PLDU PLVE RABR

egg egg embryo

RAD RAD RAD

HATSUC HATSUC DEVOBS

room

UV

RACA

UV UV

RACA RACL

tadpole (late stage) tadpoles egg

RAD

GENOTOX 20

9.5

0.55-3.3 Gy (gamma rays)

No effect of UV-A was found on eggs or larvae even at exposures twice the intensity of normal outdoor levels. All embryos exposed for 30 min or more to UV-B died. Exposure to UV-B for 15 min or less did not affect hatching success. HYRE had highest photolyase active compared to BUBO and RACS. CNEX acquired as adults exhibited normal behaviour and morphology. Those acquired as juveniles and maintained under Vita-Lite exhibited abnormalities in pelvic and caudal regions. Lizards exhibited skeletal deformities and suffered spontaneous vertebral fractures and posterior paresis as they grew. Lizards exhibited skeletal deformities and suffered spontaneous vertebral fractures and posterior paresis as they grew. Highest activity of photolyase was found in HYRE compared to BUBO and RACS. No effect of UV-A was found on eggs or larvae even at exposures of twice the intensity of normal outdoor levels. All embryos exposed 30 min. or more to UV-B died. Photolyase activity= < 0.1, sig. less than AMMA and AMGR. Photolyase activity= < 1.0, similar to AMGR and AMMA. Results similar to RAJA. In both species, sex ratios were determined at two stages, the first immediately after metamorphosis and the other when the animals matured, as based on gonad morphology and histology and on external sexually dimorphic characters. Increase in number of micronucleated erythrocytes; younger tadpoles more sensitive.

Grant and Licht 1995

Blaustein et al. 1994b Behler 1987

Behler 1987

Behler 1987

Blaustein et al. 1994b Grant and Licht 1995

Blaustein et al. 1994b Blaustein et al. 1994b Shirane 1982

Krauter et al. 1987

RAD RAD

GENOTOX 20 MORT

9.5

UV UV

RACS RAJA

egg egg

RAD RAD

HATSUC DEVOBS

2.1 Gy (gamma Increase in number of micronucleated erythrocytes in early rays) stage larvae. No effect of UV-A was found on eggs or larvae even at exposures of twice the intensity of normal outdoor levels. All embryos exposed 30 min. or more to UV-B died. RACS had sig. lower photolyase activity than BUBO and HYRE 40 - 90 % of tadpoles had no germ cells, the gonads with no or few germ cells were remarkably slender at metamorphosis and showed that they were depressed in their development.

Krauter et al. 1987 Grant and Licht 1995

Blaustein et al. 1994b Shirane 1970

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 69

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint DEVOBS DEVOBS

g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

UV UV

RAJA RAJA

egg embryo

RAD RAD

room

UV

RASY

egg

RAD

MORT

UV

RAXX egg

RAD

HATSUC

UV UV UV UV

RHVA TAGR XELA XELA

egg egg egg egg

RAD RAD RAD RAD

HATSUC HATSUC DEVOBS DEVOBS

UV UV, anthracene UV, AQ UV, BA UV, BAA UV, BaP UV, BaP

XELA

egg

RAD IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER IMMER

HATSUC GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX GENOTOX 20 12.5-500 ppb 0-12.5 ppb 0-100 ppb 0-6.25 ppb 0-12.5 ppb

PLWA larvae PLWA larvae PLWA larvae PLWA larvae PLWA embryo PLWA larvae

Formation of primordial germ cells was more suppressed in the pressed egg groups than the non-pressed ones. 70% of larvae at stage I from the pressed and UV-irradiated eggs were germ cell free, but at a stage immediately after metamorphosis all animals had at least some germ cells, although their gonads often were extremely small and poorly differentiated. No effect of UV-A was found on eggs or larvae even at exposures of twice the intensity of normal outdoor levels. All embryos exposed 30 min. or more to UV-B died. UV radiation of a frog's eggs rarely results in sterilization, however, sterilization is greatly improved with compression of the lower pole of the egg or irradiating just before the first division of the egg. Photolyase activity= 0.05, less than AMMA, AMGR and PLVE. Photolyase activity= 0.2, sig. less than HYRE, RACS and BUBO. Effects of cold and pressure resemble effects noted for UV radiation. Irradiation of vegetal pole reduces primordial germ cells, produces cytological damage to the vegetal hemisphere and disruption of the normal mechanism by which the vegetal yolk mass induces the formation of the dorsal axis of the embryo. Photolyase conc.= 0.06 - 0.11, sig. lower than RACS, HYRE and BUBO. 0 - 6.25 ppb= 15-17 /1000 erythrocyte mean micronucleus frequency, 12.5 ppb resulted in death. 0 - 100 ppb= 17-19.5 /1000 erythrocyte mean micronucleus frequency. 0 - 3.125 ppb= 17- 23 /1000 erythrocyte mean micronucleus frequency, 6.25 ppb resulted in death. 0 - 6.25 ppb= 9-27 /1000 erythrocyte mean micronucleus frequency, 12.5 ppb resulted in death. At 25 ppb BaP, 24% of embryos died (toxicity was enhanced with addition of UV exposure). No effects were observed with UV, BaP treatments alone, however, >25 ppb BaP with UV showed toxic effects. When larvae were not irradiated in advance, 90% died when exposed to 50ppb BaP and UV. BaP was 4-fold less genotoxic than non-irradiated BaP.

Shirane 1981 Shirane 1982

Grant and Licht 1995

Bounoure et al. 1954

Blaustein et al. 1994b Blaustein et al. 1994b Scharf and Gerhart 1983 Thomas et al. 1983

Blaustein et al. 1994b Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1994 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1994

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 70

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

UV, DBA UV, DMA UV, DMBA UV, methoprene

PLWA PLWA PLWA RAPI

larvae larvae larvae embryo

IMMER IMMER IMMER RAD

GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX 20 GENOTOX 20 DEVOBS

0-200 ppb 0-50 ppb 0-50 ppb 280-400 nm V; ND-64.4 (methoprene)

UV-B UV-B UV-B

BUBO BUBO XXFR

embryo tadpoles adult

RAD RAD RAD

DEVOBS DEVOBS PHYSIO 18-25 4.3-21.5 Joules

various various

EUOS HEPA

adult adult

INHAL MORT DERMAL MORT

25

1-2% 3249-3728 total pesticides in soil 3249-3728 total pesticides in soil

various

MAST

adult

DERMAL MORT

25

various

RACA

tadpole TISPREP PHYSIO (stage 2024)

various

TOCR

adult

DERMAL MORT

25

3249-3728 total pesticides in soil

vasotocin verbenalol vinclozolin warfarin

AMTI RATE ALMI PICA

larvae tadpoles egg adult

IMMER IMMER

PHYSIO MORT 15 0.14-14 11 rats, fed avg. of 5.27 Mg

0 - 200 ppb= 17-25 % mean micronucleus frequency. 0 - 50 ppb= 7-13 % mean micronucleus frequency. 0 - 50 ppb= 9-109 % mean micronucleus frequency. After 12-16 d exposure, mortality and deformation occurred in varying degrees for highest methoprene conc. alone, UV did not increase this effect. Curvature of spine and thick pigmented corneas were observed; survival rate was also reduced. After exposure; abnormal development occurred in eyes, integument, spine and mortality increased. % haemolysis in frog species was found to range from 1.5 to 6.0 which was smaller than that found for fish, human, lizard, pigeon, rat or sheep. Results not extracted from paper. Pesticides in soils were: BHC, dieldrin, heptachlor, DDT, fenitrothion, malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, mevinphos, tetrachlorinphos; survived for 26.5 h when exposed to soils contaminated with pesticides. Pesticides in soils were: BHC, dieldrin, heptachlor, DDT, fenitrothion, malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, mevinphos, tetrachlorinphos; survived for 33.5 h when exposed to soils contaminated with pesticides. At the time of foreleg emergence, intracellular colloid droplets increased in number, large dense lysosomal vacuoles appeared; serum T4 levels increased about 10-fold over earlier larval stages and then dropped, suggesting production of thyroglobulin. 100% mortality within 40 min (pesticides in soil were BHC, dieldrin, heptachlor, DDT, fenitrothion, malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, mevinphos, tetrachlorinphos). Vasotocin reduced glomerular filtration rate from 127 to 92 l/10g-hr. 15 ppm and greater lethal. No effect on endocrine system of hatchlings. No effects were observed on snakes.

Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Fernandez and L'Haridon 1992 Ankley et al. 1998

Worrest and Kimeldorf 1975 Worrest and Kimeldorf 1976 Kumar and Joshi 1992

Kihara and Yamashita 1978 Lambert 1997b

Lambert 1997b

Kaltenbach and Lee 1977

Lambert 1997b

Stiffler et al. 1981 Paulov et al. 1985 Crain et al. 1997 Brock 1965
k

DERMAL PHYSIO ORAL MORT

waste water

BUAN tadpoles

IMMER

PHYSIO

Control frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes was 4.4 - Weishun and Ruifang 1992 4.68/1000. Exposed tadpoles exhibited a sig. elevated frequency at 17.01/1000.

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 71

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

waste water waste water

XELA XELA

larvae larvae

IMMER IMMER

GENOTOX DEVOBS 17 5.8

zineb Zn Zn

MIOR AMJE

embryo embryo

IMMER

DEVOBS 10 4.5

2.0

BUAM adult

pH+CON DEVOBS TAM TISPREP PHYSIO

1.0 m/mol

Zn Zn Zn

BUAM adult BUAR embryo BUAR tadpoles

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER DEVOBS IMMER MORT 20

0.1-5 mM 1 mg/L 4-32 mg/L

Zn Zn

BUBO CRRH

larvae adult

IMMER

DEVOBS

0.1-39 mg/L

ENVIRON PHYSIO

Zn Zn Zn

CYPY GACA PICA

adult egg adult

TISPREP PHYSIO IMMER ORAL DEVOBS MORT 7.5-8.0

10 -7 - 10 -4 M 0.1-100 fed avg. of 10.33 Mg (6 rats) 0-10 mg/L

Larvae accumulated damaged normochromatic erythrocytes in their blood. No dif. were found in behaviour, morphology and growth of larvae between product water and regular tap water. Tap water animals had a sig. delay in development. Oxidative damage to embryonic cells, as well as discussion of biproduct and chelating agent effects. Zn at levels up to 2.0 mg/L did not induce a toxic response in the embryos nor did it affect developmental rate. In the presence of Zn ions, motor end plate channel decay remained exponential, while the time constant of decay was prolonged as single channel conductance and ACh null potential remained virtually unchanged. Motor end-plate channels were increased by Zn. Zn has a protective affect in embryos against spontaneous malformations and lethality. Sig. decrease in survival occurred after 72 h at 32 mg/L (65% survived), no decrease occurred at lower doses; Sig. decrease in survival with combination Zn and Pb doses than with Pb alone. Pb was twice as toxic as Zn when tested alone. 100 % mortality in 39 mg/L within 24 h; 0.1 mg/L all metamorphosed. Serum Zn level 45.3 ppm which is considered toxic to mammals. Following post operative treatment with ceftazidime and Ca EDTA feeding resumed and serum levels dropped to 4.88 ppm after 39 d. 10 -4 M reduced membrane potential to 50 % of control. Effect increased with increasing conc. 3 - 7 % mortality and teratogenesis at hatching; 5 - 14 % mortality at 4 d post hatch. 3 snakes regurgitated, 3 showed no observable effects.

Lehmann and Miltenburger 1987 Hrubec et al. 1983

Ghate 1985a Horne and Dunson 1994b Takeda et al. 1978

Takeda et al. 1982 Herkovits et al. 1989 Herkovits and Prez-Coll 1991a

Porter and Hakanson 1976 Cook et al. 1989

Kanno et al. 1978 Birge et al. 1977 Brock 1965

k

Zn Zn Zn Zn

PLXX TAGR TRCR XELA

larvae adult adult adult

IMMER IMMER IMMER INJECT

GENOTOX RESIDUE RESIDUE RESIDUE

No genotoxicity observed. Equilibrium body burden at 30 d. Half life following injection was 1.5 years, highest conc. in skin, muscle, blood and liver. Newts left in tank with Zn plated bottom. Unusual cells present in primordium hippocampi of poisoned newts. Results not extracted from paper.

Godet et al. 1996 Willis and Valett 1978 Taban et al. 1982 Suzuki et al. 1983
k k k

Table 4 - Laboratory Studies - 72

Contaminant
a

Species Lifestage Code

b

Exposure Route
f

Study Endpoint
g

Temp

pH

Contaminant Results, Residues, Effects and/or Remarks d,e Concentration

e

Reference

Zn

XELA

adult

TISPREP PHYSIO

3.4 mM

Zn

XXFR

tadpoles

IMMER

DEVOBS

N/20000N/50000 (see paper for details)

Slowed kinetics of system; decreased the permeability constant, increased the time constant, shifted the K activation curve along the potential nerve axis. Few survived N/20000; those which survived in N/50000 for > 3 mos were stunted and had no limb buds.

Arhem 1980

Dilling and Healey 1926

Zn ZnSO 4

XXXX not INJECT specified XELA tadpole IMMER (stage 5458)

PHYSIO MORT 10-20 mg/L

The degree of cellular disturbance after injections was related Eschenko 1978 to intensity and persistence of intravital reaction. k 0 % mortality at 10 and 15 mg/L in pre-treated groups Woodall et al. 1988 (either Zn or Cd); 4 - 15 % mortality at 20 mg/L in groups; 10 - 80 % mortality in non-pretreated groups with increasing mortality at higher ZnSO 4 conc.

Table 5: FETAX data. [FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) is a standardized methodology for developmental toxicity assays that uses embryos of South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis)]. (More information is available on FETAX methodology in American Society for Testing and Materials 1991; Bantle 1994a, 1994b, Bantle et al. 1992)
Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

1,1-dimethylhydrazine

1,2dihydroxynaphthalene 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2-AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene)

blastula to hatching exposure= 7-9 mg/L 0.50 mg/L 0.29 mg/L (mean) (mean) 254 mg/L 245 mg/L 1.04 in in buffer in buffer buffer 88.5 mg/L 7.2 mg/L 12.4 (ai avg = 16.7)

Greenhouse 1977

Schultz and Dawson 1995 LC50 in natural water>270 mg/L, EC50 >270 mg/L. Metabolic activation reduced (1.9 fold) the LC50/96 h to 42.5 mg/L and the EC50 to 2.6 mg/L. Malformations induced by inactivated 2-AAF included improper gut coiling and pericardial edema at conc >6 mg/L. EC50 in mixture: 5.7 (5.3-6.1) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.120 (0.1120.128). In binary combination with valproic acid conc. addition occurred suggesting similar modes of action. EC50 in mixture: 18.0 (16.8-19.3) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.104 (0.0970.112). 1:1 ratio of compound to retinoic acid and 1:1 ratio of compound to isoniazid = response addition (TU>1.0). As the conc. of 6-aminonicotinamide increased, the fluorescence from the dye decreased. EC50 value determined was comparable with those reported in FETAX for LC50. Morgan et al. 1996 Fort et al. 1989

2-ethylhexanoic acid

0-88 mg/L

47.5 (44.050.6)

Dawson 1991

2-ethylhexanoic acid

EC50 range

Dawson et al. 1992

2-methylpentanoic acid

0-280 mg/L

6-aminonicotinamide

172.6 (161.0185.5) 1.0 mg/L

Dawson 1991

Dawson and Wilke 1991a

6-aminonicotinamide

900 mg/L

Stringer and Blankemeyer 1993

6-aminonicotinamide 6-aminonicotinamide 7-penicillamine

2.23 29503190

0.005 5.3 - 5.7

446 1.15 518-602 100 mg/L

Bantle et al. 1994a Dawson et al. 1989 Ratios of measured and calculated model Shirazi and Dawson 1991 parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99.

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 2

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

acetaminophen

decreased decreased 3.9 7.1

acetone acetone 0.9-1.0% v/v

1.92 2.49

1.06 - 1.4 1.6 - 1.83 1.0 - 1.8 0.9% v/v

Results indicate that a highly reactive intermediate formed as the result of MFO-mediated metabolism (possibly P448) significantly increased the developmental toxicity of acetaminophen. Results from 3 trials.

Fort et al. 1992

Rayburn et al. 1991b

acridine

3.6 (LC48=10 .9; LC72=8.7 mg/L 5.0 mg/L

midblastula embryo: 48h = 65; 72h = 26; 96h = 24

Acetone increased the mortality for both Rayburn et al. 1991a teratogens, but only increased the methylmercury chloride malformation greater than the additive effects. There were additive effects for growth for all solvents with the teratogens. EC25(96) = 1.0%v/v. Abnormalities included exogastrulation, Davis et al. 1981 k edema, formation of blisters.

acridine actinomycin D

18.9 21.7 (13.8(18.826.1)mg/L 25.1)mg/L

15.9 mg/L

AH (acetylhydrazide)

decreased increased 7.9 fold 2.0 fold 1.0-50.0 mg/L

decreased 15.87 fold

Max conc. in larvae = 85 ppm; ND after Davis et al. 1981 k 2 h. EC50 (96 h) for swimming ability = 17.6 Courchesne and Bantle 1985 (0.08-38.0) mg/L. EC50 (96 h) for pigmentation = 21.8 (16.8-28.1) mg/L. Min conc. to inhibit development = 15.9 mg/L. Fluctuations with contaminant-induced Fort and Bantle 1990a metabolic activation. Embryo stage 46-54; abnormal hind limb Fort and Stover 1997 development >25.0mg/L. All aceylenic alcohols tested produced Dawson et al. 1990 linear conc.-response relationships for embryolethality, embryo malformation and 5 d old tadpole lethality. Primary propargylic alcohols were teratogenic, producing head, eye, gut, and skeletal malformations in larvae/tadpole. Alpha-chaconine increased dye Blankemeyer et al. 1992 fluoresence up to 1600% of control.

AH (acetylhydrazide) alcohol

alpha-chaconine

2.03 0.005 mg/L.

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 3

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI 1.1

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

alpha-chaconine alpha-chaconine

0.0022

0.0020

<0.0047

alpha-solanine alpha-solanine

3.22.6-3.1 / 1.03-1.77 3.04.6/3.2mg/ >6mg/L / >1.05 3.7/>6 L 8.3 0.03 mg/L. 0.0297 0.0131 2.26 <0.0092

Compound was found to be lethal to embryo. Results given for alpha-chaconine alone and with MAS respectively. Alpha-solanine increased dye fluorescence up to 400% of control. Compound caused severe malformations and all malformed embryos died after 96 h. Results given for solanine without MAS and with MAS respectively.

Rayburn et al. 1994 Friedman et al. 1991

Blankemeyer et al. 1992 Rayburn et al. 1994

alpha-solanine amaranth aniline

10.9 -14.6 / > 20 26703810 550; LC24 = 1400; LC48 = 660; LC72 = 490

Aroclor 1254

1.1nmol/mL1.2mmol/mL

8.8-10.5 / 1.24-1.4 7-12 / > 19.9 /> 1.0 20 30600.8 - 1.2 37503910 4000 mid blastula stage 24 h = 360 m/L; 48 h = 560 mg/L; 72 h = 460 mg/L; 96 h = 370 mg/L 64.4 mol/mL

Friedman et al. 1991 Bantle et al. 1990

Abnormalities included exogastrulation, edema, formation of blisters.

Davis et al. 1981

Depigmentation occurred in animals yet no effect on rate of malformation or growth and development was otherwise noted at any of the treatment conc. Little to no teratogenic potential.

Gutleb et al. 1998

aromatic petroleum crude ascorbic acid aspartame atrazine azacytidine azinphos-methyl

33 - 38 % 31.1 % > 10000 13920 100 mg/L in buffer 430-620 1.6 mg/L ai (100mL) 13140 33 mg/L in buffer 20-70 >1.3 mg/L ai (100mL) 1.1 30007000 1.1 mg/L In natural water LC50=126 mg/L, EC50<8 mgL.

Dumont et al. 1983 DeYoung et al. 1991 Bantle et al. 1990 Morgan et al. 1996

3.03 in buffer 8.6-21.5 70-400 <1.23

Bantle et al. 1990 1.30 mg/L 3.80 mg/L This assay was conducted with Guthion 2S Schuytema et al. 1994 ai* ai* (formulation). NOEL and LOEL are based on mortality. Values were also calculated based on length: NOEL=0.48; LOEL=1.3 mg/L a.i.

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 4

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration <0.01-15.68 mg/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

azinphos-methyl

6.1-6.3 mg/L (10mL); >7.6211.9 mg/L (100mL) >10 mg/L 11 mg/L (inactive) (inactive)

3.4 (10mL),1 .9(100mL )

0.51,3.11 mg/L based on deformity at 10 ml, 100 ml

1.31,7.31 mg/L based on deformity at 10 ml, 100 ml

BaP (benzo(a)pyrene)

brodifacoum BTH14 (Bacillus thuringiensis) butyric acid 163.2 mg/L 0-640 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 400.8 (368.0432.0) EC50= 18.7 mg/L

Embryos exposed to 10 mL volumes exhibited increased mortality, deformation and decreased size compared to those at 100 mL volumes (percent hatch was never less than 91%). Percent deformities: 73-89% ( 3 mg/L in 10 mL vol.), >2% (3 mg/L in 100 mL vol.). Activated LC50 also >10 mg/L (median lethal conc. exceeded the limit of solubility in 1% DMSO). The activated EC50 was 0.1.7 mg/L. The TI increased upon activation. At conc. > 2.5 mg/L, inactivated compound elicited moderate gut malformations. Moderately positive teratogenic potential. Tadpole. EC50 in mixture:41.2 (38.4-44.0). TU in mixture for malformation: 0.103 (0.0960.110). In combination with aminopropionitrile at conc. that induce malformation: conc. additive at all ratios (TU=1.0), this TU occurred at all three ratios tested (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3). Gross effects produced by changes in connective tissue fibres of the notochordal sheath; effects were conc. and to lesser extent developmental stage dependent; teratogenic indices suggest that benzoic hydrazine is a developmental hazard. Edema occurred at conc. >2.0 mg/mL, spinal kinking occurred at 3.5 mg/mL, severe kinking, optic and facial malformations and edema occurred >4.5 mg/mL.

Schuytema et al. 1994

Fort et al. 1989

DeYoung et al. 1991 Channing 1998 Dawson 1991

BZH (benzoic hydrazide)

Dawson 1993

BZH (benzoic hydrazide)

96 h =113.68 mg/L

96 h = 58.58 mg/L

25C=1.9; 20C=7.9

Riggin and Schultz 1986

caffeine

0.19

0.13

1.46

DeYoung et al. 1996

caffeine caffeine

0.24 0.35 0.252 0.297

0.074 0.158 0.107 1.52

1.8 - 3.4 0.05 0.09 1.83 0.04 - 0.1 2.36

Bantle et al. 1994b Dawson and Bantle 1987b

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 5

Contaminant caffeine
a

Contaminant Concentration 0.08

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

carboxylic acids

catechol Cd 0.1-10 mg/L

13.3 mg/L 2.7 mg/L mean mean

When coadministered with: hydroxyurea Dawson and Bantle 1987a (+), cytosine arabinoside (+), cyclohexamide (+), emetine (+), Fluorouracil (+)(+): increase in rate of malformation compared to chemical tested alone; (-): no significant difference in rate of malformation. Overall treatment lethality for the study Dawson 1994b was 0.43 %. The range of lethality for the six combinations was 0.16 - 0.81 %. For 1:0 and 0:1 solutions, mean treatment lethality was 0.61 % while for 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 treatments, the mean lethality was 0.31 %. Schultz and Dawson 1995 LC100 for 24 h was 1.13mg/L; LC100 for 72 h was 0.3 mg/L; malformations and growth inhibitions did not appear to be related to Cd toxicity. At study termination (after 13 wks) survival of Cd exposed was 51.1%. Median number of days to metamorphosis = 49 g (range: 41-85). Mean body weight after 13 wks = 1.04 g (SD=0.43). >95% of the embryos survived at 101 h post-fertilization, and the incidence of malformations was = to or <7%. In Cd exposed groups there was [Link] mortality, and the embryos showed a conc.-related pattern of malformations. >95% of the embryos survived at 101 h post-fertilization, and the incidence of malformations was = to or <7%. In Cd exposed groups there was [Link] mortality, and the embryos showed a conc.-related pattern of malformations. Herkovits et al. 1997b

Cd

3.6 mol/L

Plowman et al. 1994

CdCl2, Cd

0.75-56 mol/L 32 mol/L 3.7 mol/L 8.6 Cd

18 mol/L

Sunderman et al. 1991

CdCl2, Cd

0.75-56 mol/L 32 mol/L 3.7 mol/L 8.6 Cd

18 mol/L

Sunderman et al. 1992

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 6

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

CDD (cytochalasin D)

450 100 ng/mL 3.9 ng/mL (inactive) (inactive)

chlorocresol chlorocresol

25 mg/L 40 & 80 mg/L

178 mg/L

chlorocresol chlorothalonil Co

40 & 80 mg/L 0.09 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 25 mol/L

CoCl2

0.0018 - 18 mmol/L

10.4 mmol/L

0.025 mmol/L

416

0.042 mmol

cotinine crude oil Cu Cu

4340 mg/L 6.97 % 0.89 0.98 1.25 1.38

720 mg/L 0.96 % 0.74 0.88 0.95 0.99 1.1 - 1.2 0.75 1.32 1.39 1.10 1.15

For activated treatment the LC50 = 800 Fort et al. 1989 ng/mL and the EC50 was 600 ng/mL. The TI for activated treatment was 1.5. Inactivated conc. > 50 ng/mL induced severe impairment of eye formation, gut miscoiling and craniofacial malformations. LC10=32 mg/L. Bernardini et al. 1996 Chlorocresol exposure during the Vismara et al. 1995 cleavage phase caused a conc. dependent increase of mortality; 78% (40 mg/L) and 97% (80 mg/L). The difference between control and treated groups was highly significant. Chlorocresol at these conc. did not affect Vismara et al. 1995 the rate of fertilization. Tadpole. Channing 1998 At study termination (after 13 wks) Plowman et al. 1994 survival of Co exposed was 71.3%. Median number of days to metamorphosis = 43 (range: 41-67). Mean body weight after 13 wks = 0.95 (SD=0.36). Exposed embryos showed a conc.-related Plowman et al. 1991 pattern of malformations, comprising gut malrotation, ocular anomalies, kinked tail, craniofacial dysplasia, cardiac deformities and dermal blisters. Scored as potential teratogens. Dawson et al. 1988a Dumont et al. 1983 Results also given for metal contaminated Fort et al. 1995b soils. Long term exposure (60-75 d) indicated Fort and Stover 1996 that Cu induced reduction deficiency malformations of the hind-limb at conc. as low as 0.05 mg/L. Embryo stages 46-54; abnormal hind limb Fort and Stover 1997 development at > 0.5mg/L.
k

Cu

0.1-0.75 mg/L

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 7

Contaminant Cu
a

Contaminant
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

Concentration 0.3-100 mol/L 22 mol/L 2.5 mol/L 8.8

10 mol/L

cycloheximide

0.159 0.119(0.1 (0.100.23)mg/L 0.14)mg/L

0.056 mg/L

cycloheximide

0.00004 mg/L

cyclophosphamide

8.0 - 1.4 mg/mL

6.2 - 0.4 mg/mL

cytosine arabinoside

5410 (45106480) mg/L

760 (630930) mg/L

800 mg/L

cytosine arabinoside

0.0006 mg/L

deltamethrin dichlorvos

0.19 mg/L 0.006 mg/L 39.4 mg/L 0.5 mg/L

Shown to be a potent teratogen for Luo et al. 1993a XELA causing conc.-related increases of eye, gut, facial, notochord, fin, and cardiac anomalies. Head to tail lengths were inversely correlated with Cu conc. EC50 (96 h) for swimming ability = 0.1 Courchesne and Bantle 1985 (0.052-0.19) mg/L. Minimum conc. to inhibit development = 0.028 mg/L. Close correlation between the two doseresponse curves. Administration alone produced 18.4% Dawson and Bantle 1987a malformation in survivors. Coadministration of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine greatly increased the incidence of malformed embryos (8.7%, 69.6% and 70.6%, respectively). Significant decreases in length occurred. CP activation reduced the 96 LC50 from Fort et al. 1988 8.0 - 1.4 mg/mL. Malformation EC50 was reduced to 0.4 mg/mL. Activation also increased the types and severity of malformation and reduced embryonic growth. Initial experiments indicated that high Courchesne and Bantle 1985 conc. lowered the pH of the water to about 3.5. The possible interaction of low pH and DNA synthesis inhibition yielded an LC50 of 2450 mg/L and an EC50 (malformation) of 200 mg/L. For all treatments with cytosine Dawson and Bantle 1987a arabinoside there was no significant difference in mortality. Cytosine arabinoside alone produced 23.6% malformations in survivors. Tadpole. Channing 1998 Tadpole. Channing 1998

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 8

Contaminant dicrotophos
a

Contaminant Concentration 0-100 mg/L

b

LC50 >100

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

ean P=3.00; G=6.12

TI (P): 33.3; TI (G): 16.3

dieldrin

<0.002-0.1512 mg/L

dieldrin

<0.002-0.1792 mg/L

>0.1792 mg/L

dieldrin

<0.002-0.185 mg/L

dieldrin

<0.002-1.073 mg/L

Mortality and spinal deformities : NOAEL: 0.0116 mg/L For length NOAEL: 0.006; For spinal deformities LOAEL: 0.0951 Mortality: NOAEL= 0.0103 mg/L. Spinal deformities : NOAEL= 0.0013 mg/L Spinal deformities : NOAEL: 0.115

Mortality and spinal deformities : LOAEL: 0.0252 For length LOAEL: 0.0241; For spinal deformities LOAEL: 0.181 Mortality: LOAEL= 0.0258, Spinal deformities : LOAEL= 0.005

Mean length of embryos significantly Snawder and Chambers 1989 greater than controls at most doses. Normal orientation. Dose dependent reduction of NAD+. Only one of 17 kept until metamorphosis was abnormal (bent forelimb) (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Mortality increased with conc. and time: Schuytema et al. 1991 81.2% at 0.07 mg/L, 100% at 0.1512 mg/L. Deformities increased with conc. and time: 40% at 0.07 mg/L and 51.2% at 0.1512 mg/L. Generally not smaller than controls. Minimal mortality (7.5% at 0.1792 Schuytema et al. 1991 mg/L). Teratogenic effects occurred: 7.5% deformed at 0.1792 mg/L. Embryos exposed at >0.024 mg/L were significantly shorter than controls.

Mortality increased with conc. and time: Schuytema et al. 1991 98.8% at 0.0696 mg/L, 100% at 0.185 mg/L. Deformities increased with increasing conc. and time: 56.2% at 0.0696 mg/L, 40% at 0.185 mg/L. Generally not smaller than controls.

Spinal deformities : LOAEL: 0.238

DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)

Mortality (100% at 0.238 and 1.073 Schuytema et al. 1991 mg/L, 92.5% at 0.651 mg/L) increased with conc. and time. Teratogenic effects increased with conc. and time: 65% at 0.238 mg/L, 72.5% at 1.073 mg/L and 85% at 0.651 mg/L. Generally not smaller than controls. Delays in gastrulation were accompanied Brennan 1991 by changes in the regulation of transcription of several genes known to be active during gastrulation in normal development.

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 9

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50 1.77 1.86

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)

1.24 - 1.4 1.3 - 1.5 1.3 - 1.7 1.0% v/v

Results from 3 trials. DMSO potentiated the lethal effect of both teratogens but did not alter significantly the rate of malformation. EC25(96) = 1.2% v/v. There were additive effects for growth for all solvents with the teratogens. Least toxic or teratogenic solvent examined. NOELs for mortality and length were: 1.75, 1.5% v/v (mortality), 1.25, 1.0% v/v (length). Both p-HPPH and m-HPPH (hydroxylated metabolites) were much less developmentally toxic than DPH. No significant difference occurred in mortality resulting from any treatment. Administration alone resulted in 28.9% malformation of survivors. Coadministration of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine significantly increased the incidence of malformations.

Rayburn et al. 1991b Rayburn et al. 1991a

0, 1-1.2% v/v

DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)

0.25-2.0% v/v

1.92% (trials pooled) up 74.5 to126.4 mg/L

1.57% (trials pooled)

1.2, 1.24 (trials separate)

1.0% v/v (trials separate) (malform)

Dresser et al. 1992

DPH (diphenylhydantoin)

up 32.4 to reduced 62.9 mg/L 1.2 fold

Fort and Bantle 1990b

emetine

0.7 g/mL

Dawson and Bantle 1987a

ethanol ethanol 0.25-1.7% v/v

ethidium bromide

1.44 1.95 1.58,1.44 % v/v (trials separate) 50 (4754) mg/L

1.01 1.20 1.04% v/v (pooled trials) 35 (29-43) mg/L

1.33 1.88 1.42, 1.50

0.6 - 1.0 1.00, 0.75 %v/v Most teratogenic solvent tested. NOEL for mortality and length were also calculated (1.25 % v/v and < 0.25% v/v, respectively). Only a slight teratogenic risk. Growth was the most sensitive endpoint measured. EC50 (96 h) for swimming ability = 50 mg/L. Min conc. to inhibit development = 50 mg/L. Inactivated ENU (evaluated by different operator) resulted in LC50 of 0.25 mg/mL and EC50 of 0.052 mg/mL. Tadpole.

Dawson and Bantle 1987b Dresser et al. 1992

1 mg/L

Courchesne and Bantle 1985

ethylnitrosurea

0.29 [Link]

0.05 mg/mL

5.8

Bantle et al. 1989b

fenthion

2.61 mg/L 0.002 mg/L

Channing 1998

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 10

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration 0, 25, 125, 250, 625 g/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

fluoranthene, UV

fluoranthene, UV

0, 25, 125, 250, 625 g/L

fluorouracil

0.53 mg/L 0.08

6.63

fluorouracil fluorouracil fluorouracil 0.08 mg/mL

0.71 - 1.9 0.038 0.122 1.22 0.120 1.62 0.137

6.7 - 18.7 0.05 0.125 10.16 - 0.0875 11.82 0.120

UV exposure alone cause brown Hatch & Burton 1996 pigmentation on skin. UV + PAH exposure resulted in inhibited growth and 40% mortality at 125 g/L of fluoranthene and 100% mortality at 1250 g/L of fluoranthene. UV exposure alone caused brown Hatch & Burton 1998 pigmentation on skin. UV + PAH exposure resulted in inhibited growth and 40% mortality at 125 g/L of fluoranthene and 100% mortality at 1250 g/L of fluoranthene. Malformations included abnormal gut, DeYoung et al. 1996 face, eye, brain, heart, spine formation (0.01 mg/L). Bantle et al. 1994b Dawson and Bantle 1987b Tested alone at this conc. Fuorouracil Dawson and Bantle 1987a exhibited 24% malformation in survivors (1.9% mortality). Coadministration of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine greatly increased the incidence of malformed embryos (85.7%, 87.8% and 42.5% respectively). Most toxic solvent. NOEL values for Dresser et al. 1992 mortality and length were: 1.0, 0.5% v/v (mortality), 0.75, 1.0% v/v (length). Dumont et al. 1983 No significant effects up to 100 mg/L for Perkins 1995 formulated triclopyr. Schultz and Dawson 1995
k

formamide

fuel oil blend Garlon 3A gentisic acid

0.25-1.75% v/v 1.04% v/v 1.26, 0.83,0.97 (pooled 1.06% v/v (trials trials) (trials separate) separate) 1.48 % 0.96 % 100 mg/L 10839.5 mg/L mean 0.25-1.75% v/v 1.65, 1.57% v/v 5000 mg/L 1531.8 mg/L mean 1.09, 1.51,1.37 1.15% v/v

0.75, 0.5% v/v (trials separate)

glycerol formal

0.50% v/v (malform.)

glyphosate salt (RoundUp)

NOEL values for mortality and length were: 1.25, 1.0% v/v (mortality) and 0.75,<0.25% v/v (length). Extremely toxic to XELA.

Dresser et al. 1992

Perkins 1995

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 11

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration 5000 mg/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

glyphosate salt without surfactant (Rodeo) groundwater heptanoic acid

No significant effects on XELA. 36.3 - > 100 % 21.2 > 100 1.7 - 2.2 % 57.6 (55.060.5) 108.1 (102.3114.7) blastula to hatching = 114 - 125 mg/L 187.2 mg/L (tested alone)

Perkins 1995 Bantle et al. 1989a

0-88 mg/L

hexanoic acid

0-176.4 mg/L

EC50 in mixture: 5.7 (5.3-6.1) TU in Dawson 1991 mixture for malformation: 0.099 (0.0920.106). EC50 in mixture: 9.1 (8.5-9.7) TU in Dawson 1991 mixture for malformation: 0.084 (0.0790.090). Greenhouse 1977
k

hydrazine

hydroxyurea

hydroxyurea

hydroxyurea

hydroxyurea hydroxyurea

0.75 0.18 4.2 1820 (1.5- 430 (0.352.7) mg/L 0.5) mg/L

0.25 300 mg/L

hydroxyurea

0.3 mg/mL

imidacloprid INA isazophos

17.4 mg/L 10 mg/L 2.5 724 mg/L 0.25 mg/L

At malformation inducing conc. levels: Dawson and Wilke 1991a hydroxyurea:isoniazid and hydroxyurea:retinoic acid = responseaddition (TU= 1.0). In binary combination with valproic acid Dawson et al. 1992 response addition occurred suggesting different modes of action for inducing malformation. Ratios of measured and calculated model Shirazi and Dawson 1991 parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. Bantle et al. 1994a The slope of the dose-response curve for Courchesne and Bantle 1985 malformation did not change but the entire curve was shifted to lower conc. throughout the course of the experiment. The greater shift occurred between 24 and 48 h into the experiment. Hydroxyurea alone caused 20.6 % Dawson and Bantle 1987a malformation. Coadministration with caffeine or theophylline greatly increased the incidence of malformed embryos (89% and 50.6%, respectively) and mortality (6.9% and 8.1%, respectively). Tadpole. Channing 1998 None of MAS affected developmental Fort and Bantle 1990a toxicity of INA. Tadpole. Channing 1998

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 12

Contaminant isoniazid
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

251.0-285 mg/L (tested alone)

isoniazid

isoniazid isoniazid isoniazid

7.86 0.24 32.8 9750240-280 35-41 9850 decreased unaffected 1.6 fold 57.2-550 mg/L 4.23 (3.15.2) mL *

1.18 80-150

At malformation inducing conc. levels: Dawson and Wilke 1991a isoniazid:semicarbazide= conc. addition occurred (TU=1.0). isoniazid:6aminonicotinamide and isoniazid:retinoic acid = additive response (TU>1.0). Ratios of measured and calculated model Shirazi and Dawson 1991 parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. Bantle et al. 1994a Dawson et al. 1989 Isoniazid-MAS decreased teratogenic index 96h LC50/96hEC50 (malformation) nearly 1.8 fold. Mixed (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) with aminopropionitrile the LC50s were 4.06 (3.4-4.7)*, 4.23 (3.9-4.6)*, 4.16 (3.94.5)*. Mixture TUs for the same ratios were 0.97, 1.01 and 1.00, respectively. (of a total exposure volume of 10 ml at 550 mg/L). EC50 in mixture: 56.7 (52.8-60.5) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.099 (0.0920.105). 10-fold more potent than malathion. Minimal curvature to severe notochordal bending. Barrel-shaped embryos. Inactive until disturbed, then responded with erratic movements. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Severe defects at low conc. Dose dependent decrease in length. Abnormal pigmentation, abnormal gut and notochordal bending (dose dependent) as well as dose dependent reduction of intestinal loops with a concurrent increase in anterior intestine diameter. Fort and Bantle 1990a

isoniazid

Dawson and Wilke 1991b

isovalerianic acid

0-880 mg/L

malaoxon

0.9 (0.71.0)

575.3 (484.0682.0) mean P=0.18; G=0.26; (N): 0.37

Dawson 1991

TI (P): 4.8; TI (G): 3.4; TI (N): 2.4

Snawder and Chambers 1989

malathion

Snawder and Chambers 1990

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 13

Contaminant malathion
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50 10.9 (10.611.3)

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

mean P=0.33; G=0.79; (N): 2.16

TI (P): 33.2; TI (N): 5.1; TI (G): 13.8

malathion

3, 15, 30 M

0.7 x 10 -9 M (lysyl oxidase inhibition ) 3.08 mg/L 0.03 mg/L 3607 299 mg/L 2691 mg/L (5 min.) mg/L 3.6 mg/L

mancozeb MCPA MCPA MCPA 2000 mg/L 22.65-2900 mg/L 10-100 g/L

10-fold less potent than its metabolite (malaoxon). Severe edema at 10 mg/L. Minimal curvature to severe notochordal bending. Barrel-shaped embryos. Inactive until disturbed, then responded with erratic movements. Significantly shorter than controls. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Enzyme activity was inhibited by malathion, notochords were bent and disorganized. Malathion alters posttranslational modification of collagen with resultant morphological defects in connective tissue. Tadpole. EC50 was 248 mg/L after 15 minutes. LC10=1.56 mg/L. 16 h after exposure MPC=725 mg/L and LU=163.2 mg/L; 24 h after exposure MPC=1450 mg/L and LU=12.78 mg/L. Stage 60-66; decreased tail resorption. No effect for conc. between 0.25 and 1.5 g/L. Effects that were noted were the same as those found from retinoic acid.

Snawder and Chambers 1989

Snawder and Chambers 1993

Channing 1998 Vismara et al. 1996 Bernardini et al. 1996 Vismara and Garavaglia 1997

methimazole methoprene

10 g/L

25 g/L

Fort and Stover 1997 La Clair et al. 1998

methotrexate methyl mercury chloride

230-508 0.083 mg/L

20-30 0.024 mg/L

11.5 23.1 3.4

10 - 30 0.036 mg/L

Bantle et al. 1990 Two trials were conducted to determine Rayburn et al. 1991a the LC and EC50, TI and MCIG. The second trial resulted in 0.094 mg/L, 0.025 mg/L, 3.7 and 0.04 mg/L, respectively. Methylmercury chloride was less teratogenic than TCE. EC25(96) = 0.015 mg/L. LC50(96) = 0.088 mg/L. In assays performed with the standard Luo et al. 1993b Mg2+ conc. (620 mol/L), the incidence of malformations in embryos averaged 5.4%; and increased at low Mg2+ conc. (327% at 62 mol/L.

Mg

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 14

Contaminant Mg, Cd
a

Contaminant Concentration 18 mol/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

Mg, Co

1,800 mol/L

Mg, Ni

56 mol/L

Mg, Zn

300 mol/L

Caused death in < 10 % of exposed embryos and malformations in > 95 % when tested under standard conditions. Caused death in < 10 % of exposed embryos and malformations in > 95 % when tested under standard conditions. Caused death in < 10 % of exposed embryos and malformations in > 95 % when tested under standard conditions. Caused death in < 10 % of exposed embryos and malformations in > 95 % when tested under standard conditions. 131 - 136 % (Fe 293 - 433, Zn 178 - 235) and 303 535 % (Fe 414 - 533; Zn 47.2 73)

Luo et al. 1993b

Luo et al. 1993b

Luo et al. 1993b

Luo et al. 1993b

mine drainage

Dawson et al. 1985

mine drainage

monocrotophos

0-100 mg/L

>100 mg/L

mean P=2.87; G=8.66

TI (P): 34.8; TI (G): 11.5

Na acetate

4.24

3.29

1.29

naphthalene

no effects no effects observed observed

Subacute or teratogenic endpoints Linder et al. 1991 expressed by frog embryos in laboratory exposures were frequently subtle, i.e. mild abdominal edema, hyperpigmentation and only occasionally severe. Mean length of embryos significantly Snawder and Chambers 1989 greater than controls at most doses. Normal orientation. Dose dependent reduction of NAD+. All tadpoles kept until metamorphosis developed normally but slower than controls. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Edema occurred at conc. >2.0 mg/mL, DeYoung et al. 1996 spinal kinking occurred at 3.5 mg/mL, severe kinking, optic and facial malformations and edema occurred >4.5 mg/mL. Schultz and Dawson 1995

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 15

Contaminant nicotine
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

nicotine

0.34mg/L (tested alone) reduced to increased 20 mg/L to 5.8mg/L increased 2.0 fold 0.1-3000 mol/L 365 mol/L increased 2.1 fold 2.5 mol/L 147 5.6 mol/L

N-nitrosodimethylamine

Ni

Ni

180 mol/L

Ni

2.3 mol/L

nonylphenol NTA octanoic acid

10.0-100.0 g/L 540-600 0-41.8 mg/L 520-530 27.9 (25.630.8) mean P=0.11; G=0.16; (N): 0.22 1.0-1.1 350-400

5.0

10.0

Retinoic acid:N = No interaction (No effect greater than that observed for either compound alone; TU=1.35-1.76). Scored as potential teratogens. Metabolism of nicotine to more polar metabolites increased the nicotine conc. required to induce terata. Based on TI values, embryo growth, types, and severity of induced malformations, NDMA was toxic. Malformations were found in >95% of exposed embryos (equal to or >5.6 mol/L). The most frequent malformations in Ni-exposed embryos were ocular, skeletal, and intestinal deformities; less common were facial, cardiac, and integumentary deformities. The ocular abnormalities of Ni2+ exposed tadpoles included microphthalmia, hypopigmentation, hernias and cysts of the choroid and retina, and iris coloboma (cataracts were uncommon). At study termination (after 13 wks) survival of Ni exposed was 60%. Median number of days to metamorphosis = 51 (range: 43-85). Mean body weight after 13 wks = 1.17 (SD=0.49). Increased tail resorption (stage 60-66).

Dawson and Wilke 1991a

Dawson et al. 1988a

Fort et al. 1991

Hopfer et al. 1991

Hauptman et al. 1993

Plowman et al. 1994

paraoxon

1.2 (1.11.3)

TI (P): 10.6; TI (G): 7.3; TI (N): 4.3

EC50 in mixture of ten acids: 2.7 (2.52.9) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.097 (0.090-0.104). 10-fold more potent than parathion. Snawder and Chambers 1989 Significantly decreased growth. Minimal curvature to severe notochordal bending. Barrel-shaped embryos. Inactive until disturbed, then responded with erratic movements. Significantly shorter than controls. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord).

Fort and Stover 1997 Dawson et al. 1989 Dawson 1991

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 16

Contaminant paraquat
a

Contaminant Concentration 0-10.0 mg/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

8.1, 4.2, 3.2 mg/L 14.7 (13.516.0) mean P=0.33; G=0.46 TI (P): 44.6; TI (G): 32.0; TI (N): 2.7

parathion

Pb

0.02-3.0 mg/L

Pb acetate PCB 126

0 - > 1 mg/L 17.1 pmol/mL 15.5 mol/mL

For the formulation product LC50 values were (mg/L): >8.1 (96h), 6.2 (10d), 6.2 (30d). Significantly decreased growth. 10-fold less potent than metabolite paraoxon. Minimal curvature to severe notochordal bending. Barrel-shaped embryos. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Short-term effects: no Pb uptake in tissues between 72 and 96 h. 0.02-0.1 g/L conc. treatments after 3 weeks displayed delayed lordoscolosis (dorsal/ventral and lateral flexure of the tail). Lethality and/or abnormalities occurred above 1 mg/L. Larvae; 29% of the animals died within first 10 days, 48% died over whole experimental period. 93% of animals were malformed when exposed to 6.4 mol/mL of PCB 126. Oedema, misformed eyes, tails and lack of gut coiling were most common malformations. No effect on rate of malformations,growth and development in FETAX assay. Metal contaminated soils also tested. Conc. as low as 0.5 g/L inhibited tail resorption. Stage 60-66 embryo. Valproic acid:petanoic acid and butyric acid:petanoic acid = conc. additive (TU=1.0). EC50 in mixture: 23.2 (21.6-24.8) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.102 (0.0950.109).

Linder et al. 1990

Snawder and Chambers 1989

Sobotka and Rahwan 1995

Kanunura and Tanimura 1985 Gutleb et al. 1998

k

PCB 126

17.1 pmol/mL 15.5 mol/mL 0.39 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.5-25.0 g/L 183.6274-5 mg/L 227.7 (216.0238.5) 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 7.8 - 9.2 0.01 5.6 - 7.43 0.15 0.18 5.0 10.0

Gutleb et al. 1998

pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol pentanoic acid

Fort et al. 1995b Fort and Stover 1996 Fort and Stover 1997 Dawson and Wilke 1991a

pentanoic acid

0-360.0 mg/L

Dawson 1991

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 17

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration 183.6-274-5 mg/L 0.042-1.18 mg/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

pentanoic acid

pH, Cu

phenol propionic acid

2.5 mg/L 0-2000.0 mg/L

13 mg/L 1514.0 (13601700) 210-260

In binary combination with valproic acid conc. addition occurred suggesting similar modes of action. Mortality related to copper. Over all pH treatments, interactions between fulvic acid and pH were associated with fulvic acid and copper activity. LC10=1.56 mg/L. EC50 in mixture: 103.0 (96.0-110.0) TU in mixture for malformation: 0.068 (0.063-0.073). 1.7 - 1.9 150 - 200 Input water 100 % mortality; output water 6.7 % mortality. Common malformations observed were abnormal spine, gut and eyes. Development retarded, reduction in motility; early cleavage to mid blastula stage. Reduced mortality, development retarded, pigmentation lighter. Caused reduced motility and retarded development.

Dawson et al. 1992

Buchwalter et al. 1996

Bernardini et al. 1996 Dawson 1991

pseudoephedrine purification system water

390-440

Bantle et al. 1990 Vismara et al. 1993

quinaldine

26.4

Dumont et al. 1979

quinaldine quinoline quinoline

6.5 26.3 79; LC24 24 h = 71; = 219; 72 h = 36; LC48 = 96 h = 29 115; LC72 = 87 0.00560.0059 mg/L (tested alone)

Dumont et al. 1979 Dumont et al. 1979 Davis et al. 1981

k

k k

retinoic acid

Isoniazid: retinoic acid, hydroxyurea:retinoic acid, and 6aminonicotinamide:retinoic acid = response-additive (TU> 1.0).

Dawson and Wilke 1991a

retinoic acid

retinoic acid retinoic acid

0.25 - 0.5 0.024 0.44

10.4 11.4

0.06 0.08

In binary combination with valproic acid Dawson et al. 1992 response addition occurred suggesting different modes of action for inducing malformation. Strong tertatogenic potential. DeYoung et al. 1991 Results of 3 trials. Rayburn et al. 1991b

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 18

Contaminant rifampicin
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

>0.2 mg/L >0.2 mg/L

saccharin saccharin salicylaldehyde salicylic acid

14.68 16.43 17.94 21.09 10.8 mg/L mean 1067 mg/L mean

semicarbazide hydrochloride

14.13 0.9 - 1.1 13.33 16.95 16.67 18.2 0.95 12- 17 20.71 1.02 5.5 mg/L mean 476.4 mg/L mean 10.8 mg/L (tested alone)

Unactivated rifampicin was not Fort et al. 1989 developmentally toxic at the limit of solubility in 1% DMSO. Bioactivation decreased the LC50 to 1400 mg/L. The EC50 for bioactivated rifampicin was 500 mg/L and the TI was 2.8. Bantle et al. 1994b Dawson and Bantle 1987b Schultz and Dawson 1995 Schultz and Dawson 1995

semicarbazide hydrochloride semicarbazide hydrochloride 1504 (10522313) 76.28 (23.20125.8) TI (P): 19.7

serotonin sewage

10-50 g/L

31.74 g/L 10 g/L

1.98

sodium butyrate

379.2 mg/ L (tested alone)

At malformation inducing conc. levels: semicarbazide:isoniazid = Conc. additive, TU=1.0. For embryo lethal conc. levels: semicarbazide:isoniazid = responseaddition (TU>1.0). Ratios of measured and calculated model parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. Dose dependent severity of bent and wavy notochords. Some edema seen in a few tadpoles. NAD+ reductions were dose dependent. (p= effect of abnormal pigmentation observed; g= effect of abnormal gut observed; n= abnormal notochord). Moderately strong teratogenic potential. Sewage included Triton-16, an anionic detergent. Embryos showed axial abnormalities (6%) and 5% died. 10g/L significantly reduced length. Butyric acid:petanoic acid = conc. additive (TU=1.0).

Dawson and Wilke 1991a

Shirazi and Dawson 1991

Snawder and Chambers 1989

DeYoung et al. 1991 Presutti et al. 1994

Dawson and Wilke 1991a

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 19

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

sodium butyrate

4.29 mL * valproic acid

sodium butyrate

sodium cyclamate sodium cyclamate sodium selenate soil

12.16 17.33 15,93016,340

12.17 14.91 1448015210

1.0 - 1.3 10.00 17.00 1.0-1.1 12,000

For mixtures of valproic acid:butyric acid Dawson and Wilke 1991b (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) the LC50s were 4.38 mL*, 4.21 mL* and 4.29 mL*. Mixture TUs for the same ratios were 1.01, 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. *(Of a total volume of 10 ml at 113.1 mg/L). Ratios of measured and calculated model Shirazi and Dawson 1991 parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. Bantle et al. 1994b Dawson et al. 1989 Moderately positive tertogenic potential. FETAX used to test a series of hazardous waste-site soil samples containing metals, PAHs and OPs. Samples collected from PAH and petroleum product-contained sites induced greater levels of embryolethal effects. Solanidine had no effect. In combination with BZH at conc. that induce malformation: conc. additive at all ratios (TU=1.0), this T.U occurred for all ratios (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3). In binary combination of the 1:1 ratio mixture with valproic acid response addition occurred suggesting different modes of action for inducing malformation. Slight antagonism was observed for the 3:1 and 1:3 ratios. The EC50s for -aminopropionitrile in ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) with isoniazid were 4.16mL*, 4.23mL* and 4.06mL*. The TUs for the mixture at each ratio were 1.00, 1.01 and 0.97, respectively. Strictly additive. *Of a total exposure volume of 10 ml at 0.137 mg/L. Concentrations were corrected for fumarate. Ratios of measured and calculated model parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. DeYoung et al. 1991 Fort et al. 1995a

solanidine -aminopropionitrile (APN) -aminopropionitrile (APN) 0.075 mg/L

Blankemeyer et al. 1992 Dawson 1993

Dawson et al. 1992

-aminopropionitrile fumarate

4.17 mL*

Dawson and Wilke 1991b

-aminopropionitrile fumarate

Shirazi and Dawson 1991

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 20

Contaminant tamoxifen
a

Contaminant Concentration 10-100 g/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

Stage 60-66 embryo; no effect on tail resorption, > 100 g/L resulted in mortality. 0.83 % 0.48 %

Fort and Stover 1997

tar theobromine 0.000075 mg/L

theophylline

0.000075 mg/L

toluene

500 mg/L

179-193 (test range)

173-217 (test range)

0.86-1.04 (test range)

mortality (180-200); malformati on (146182); growth ( 131-164) NA, 0.02

Dumont et al. 1983 When coadministered with: hydroxyurea Dawson and Bantle 1987a (-), cytosine (-), cyclohexamide (+), emetine (+), fluorouacil (+). (+) = increase in rate of malformation compared to chemical tested alone; (-) = no significant difference in rate of malformation. When coadministered with: hydroxyurea Dawson and Bantle 1987a (+), cytosine arabinoside (+), cyclohexamide (+), emetine (+), Fluorouracil (+). (+) = increase in rate of malformation compared to chemical tested alone; (-) = no significant difference in rate of malformation. Kononen and Gorski 1997

trichloroethylene

0.24, 0.29 0.0048, 0.0023

5, 12.6

trichloroethylene

decreased decreased 1.8 3.8

trichloroethylene

increased 2.1 fold

increased 1.7 fold

More teratogenic than methylmercury chloride. Additive effects occurred with all solvents. EC25(96) and LC50(96) were 0.002% v/v and 0.035% v/v, respectively. Results indicated that a highly embyrotoxic epoxide intermediate, trichloroethylene oxide, formed as a result of the MFO mediated metabolism may play a significant role in the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene in vitro. Based on TI values, embryo growth and types and severity of induced malformations, TCE was developmentally toxic.

Rayburn et al. 1991a

Fort et al. 1993

Fort et al. 1991

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 21

Contaminant
a

Contaminant Concentration
b

LC50 2.19 2.75

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

triethylene glycol triethylene glycol 0, 1.7, 2.0% v/v

2.0 - 2.4

1.07 - 1.2 1.7 - 1.8 1.7% v/v

Results from 3 trials. TG only increased the mortality and malformation with TCE. There were additive effects for growth for all solvents with the teratogens. EC25(96) = 2.0% v/v. Treatments of malathion with tryptophan added had NAD+ levels similar to or higher than levels of controls. Incidence and severity of defects was not reduced and length and mortality were unchanged. Protein content was not altered.

Rayburn et al. 1991b Rayburn et al. 1991a

tryptophan

40 mg/L with 5 mg/L malathion

Snawder and Chambers 1990

urethane UV, methoprene UV-B UV=190-310 nm 302 nm

55805710

16601800

3.1-3.4

10001500

Dawson et al. 1989 Methoprene is subject to hydrolytic La Clair et al. 1998 degradation. Larvae (stage 32-34); pyrimidine dimer Bruggeman et al. 1998 frequency increased, directly correlated to UV-B. (<10%-29% mortality). Egg (stage 8-11). Bruggeman et al. 1998 Potent developmental toxicant. At Dawson et al. 1992 embryolethal conc. all embryos were severely malformed, with craniofacial and axial skeleton defects. Valproic acid:petanoic acid = conc. Dawson and Wilke 1991a additive (TU = 1.0). For mixtures of valproic acid with butyric Dawson and Wilke 1991b acid 96 h EC50 ranged from 12.1 - 37.1 mg/L. Ratios of measured and calculated model Shirazi and Dawson 1991 parameters and median conc. ranged from 0.72 - 1.44 with an average of 0.99. EC50 in mixture:4.9 (4.6-5.3) TU in Dawson 1991 mixture for malformation: 0.114 (0.1070.123).

UV-B valproic acid

365 nm 924.8 mg/L 33.1 mg/L 27.9

valproic acid salts

valproic acid salts

49.7 mg/L (tested alone) 48.5 mg/L

valproic acid salts

valproic acid salts

0.0-76.6 mg/L

43.0 (40.245.9)

Table 5 - FETAX Studies - 22

Contaminant xylenes
a

Contaminant Concentration 100-200 mg/L

b

LC50

EC50

TI

MCIG

NOEL

LOEL

Effects/Notes

de

Reference

54-135 (test range)

ND-299 (test range)

ND-1.34 (test range)

mortality (61-141); malform (41-118); growth (47->118) 1.75 - 2.0 300 mol/L

Kononen and Gorski 1997

Zn Zn 1-3000 mol/L

25.35 28.65 850 mol/L

2.65 9.57 2.83 10.12 40 mol/L 21

ZnSO4

34.4 mg/L 2.7 mg/L 13.3 (inactive) (inactive) (inactive)

Results also given for metal contaminated Fort et al. 1995b soils. Shown to be a potent teratogen for Luo et al. 1993a XELA causing conc. related increases of eye, gut, facial, notochord, fin, and cardiac anomalies. Head to tail lengths were inversely correlated with Zn conc. Activated tests resulted in an LC50 of Fort et al. 1989 36.7 mg/L and an EC50 of 2.9 mg/L. The TI for activated tests was 12.7. Embryos exposed to ZnSO4 alone at conc. of >1.5 mg/L caused mild gut malformations & pericardial edema. Dawson et al. 1988b
k

ZnSO4

7 day LC50 = 34.5

36

Table 6: pH study data. (Studies that alter pH under laboratory or field conditions including the combined effects of pH and various contaminants)
Species Lifestage Code ACCC larvae
b

Study Endpoint RESIDUE

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

ACCR larvae

BEHAV

5.3-6.6

ACGR embryo AMJE adult

DEVOBS PHYSIO 3.5, 4.0, 4.5

4.1

AMJE adult AMJE egg

POPSUR HATSUC

4.62 4.3, 5.3, 6.3, 7.0 10

Al conc. were greater than that of other Sparling and Lowe 1996 metals except for Fe, Mg and Mn. Al was higher in clay than in loam soils. ACCR tadpole abundance was less in acidified Sparling et al. 1995 macrocosms than in circumneutral ones and less in those with loam soils than in macrocosms with clay soils. k Results not extracted from paper. Gosner and Black 1957 After 4 d of exposure adults demonstrated an Horne and Dunson 1994 apparent substrate selection. At the termination of the experiment (7d), none of the salamanders remained on the pH 3.5 substrate, 3 were on the pH 4.0 substrate and 7 were on the pH 4.5 substrate. Not observed in ponds with mean pH < 4.62. Freda and Dunson 1986 k At pH 4.3 100% of eggs died (n=200). At pH 5.3, 26% died (n=72), At pH 6.3, 15% died (n=68). At pH 7.0, 22% of eggs died (n=67). Greatest hatching success at pH 5-6. 10 % hatching at pH 4.75 - 5.8; 25% hatching at pH 4.5 and 0% < pH 4.5. At 14 d, mortality was not significantly different between sites. After 28 d of development, mortality was significantly lower in the control ponds than in the ponds lacking AMJE. At both 10C and 15C, pH had a significant effect on hatching success. Temperature and pH interacted to determine the hatching success of the embryos; low pH was more toxic at the lower temperature. Decreasing pH led to decreased hatching success and developmental processes and increased egg mass and larval mortality. Did not hatch below 4.5. Brodman 1993

AMJE egg AMJE embryo AMJE embryo

HATSUC HATSUC MORT

4-8 4.0-5.8 ambient field pH ambient field temp

Pough and Wilson 1977 Freda and Dunson 1986

k k

Horne and Dunson 1994

AMJE embryo

POPSUR

4.0-5.75

10 &15

At 14 d: 4.4 (15C), 4.55 (10C) Al 130-800

Horne and Dunson 1994

AMJE embryo

DEVOBS

4.5-5.5

Horne and Dunson 1995

AMJE embryo

HATSUC

4.5

Freda and Dunson 1985

Table 6 - pH Studies - 2
Species Lifestage Code AMJE embryo
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 4.5

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

4.51 for hatching

AMJE embryo

DEVOBS

4.5-5.5

Cu

7-12

AMJE embryo AMJE embryo

DEVOBS DEVOBS

4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5

Pb Zn

8-86 30-101

AMJE embryo AMJE embryo AMJE embryo

POPSUR MORT DEVOBS

4.25 4.07-5.62 4.5-5.5 Pb 8-86

AMJE embryo

HATSUC

4.0-5.0

AMJE embryo

DEVOBS

4.5-5.5

Fe

10-40

AMJE embryolarval

MORT

AMJE larvae

PHYSIO

2.5-4.0

AMJE larvae

MORT

5.4, 4.5, 4.1

Embryonic mortality high in ponds below pH 4.5 ; more larval AMJE survived pH 4.1 over 7 days when larval RASY and AMMA were available as prey than when no prey were available; larval AMJE did not metamorphose in pH 4.2 and survived in low numbers. Increased egg mass mortality at both pH levels. Number of arrested embryos was significantly affected by pH. Larval mortality not affected by Pb or pH. Low pH and high Zn resulted in high hatching success; pH and Zn did not increase egg mass mortality. Mortality of embryos increased as pH decreased. No significant correlation between pond pH and % embryonic mortality. Pb: No effect on egg mass mortality or hatching success, hatching success greater at higher pH. pH 5.0: 95 - 100 % hatched; 0 - 40 % hatched at pH 4.0; 5% killed early at pH 4.5 and 5.0 whereas 100 % killed early at pH 4.0. Significant effect of pH on % hatching success; Fe increased egg mass mortality at low pH. The field survey revealed that Al, SO 4 , H+ and Zn were significantly higher in 40 ponds lacking successful breeding of AMJE whereas alkalinity, Cu, DOC, K, Mg, Na, and NO3 were significantly higher in 10 ponds that supported successful breeding. Acute exposure depressed Na influx and markedly accelerated Na efflux - resulting in net loss of 50 % body Na (fatal). Chronic exposure caused 21 - 62 % reduction in body Na level, K content did not change. As a result of increased mortality among AMJE over 7 d, 38% more RASY survived at pH 4.1 than at pH 5.4.

Sadinski and Dunson 1992

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995 Horne and Dunson 1995

Freda and Dunson 1986 Cook 1983

k

Horne and Dunson 1995

Freda and Dunson 1985

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1994

Freda and Dunson 1985

Sadinski and Dunson 1989

Table 6 - pH Studies - 3
Species Lifestage Code AMJE larvae
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5 and 5.5

Temp

Additional
a

Contam ambient Cu outdoor

Cont. Conc. 0.015

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

AMJE larvae

DEVOBS

4.5-5.5

Cu

7-12

AMJE larvae AMJE larvae

DEVOBS DEVOBS

4.5-5.5 4.5 and 5.5 ambient outdoor

Al

130-800 mg/L

AMJE larvae AMJE larvae

DEVOBS DEVOBS

4.5-5.5 4.5-5.5

Zn Fe

30-101 10-40

AMJE larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Al

100-300

g/L

AMJE larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Cu

6-9

g/L

AMJE larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Fe

250-350

g/L

AMJE larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Pb

2-5

g/L

AMJE larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Zn

25-41

g/L

AMJE larvae

BEHAV

4.3, 5.3, 6.3, 7.0

10

Copper was extremely toxic to both species during both acute and chronic exposures. Acute survival of AMJE was significantly higher at the low pH level (46 vs 0%). Cu resulted in severe toxic effects on early stage larvae, and increased Cu conc. lead to increased larval mortality. Decreased pH lead to increased larval mortality. In the treatment combinations with no metals present, acute survival of AMJE was significantly higher in the high pH treatments (100 vs 88%). AMJE chronic survival was significantly higher in the high pH treatments (96 vs 50%). Increased Zn had a toxic effect on early stage larvae at low pH. Increasing Fe conc. had severe toxic effect on early stage larvae at pH 4.5 but not at higher pH. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Larvae behave more sluggishly at pH 5.3, reducing competition with AMMA and potentially increasing survival of AMJE, (predation of AMJE on AMMA increased) Survivorship and larval period did not differ between treatments.

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995 Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995 Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Brodman 1993

Table 6 - pH Studies - 4
Species Lifestage Code AMJE larvae
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5 and 5.5

Temp

Additional
a

Contam ambient Al, Cu, Pb, outdoor Fe, Zn

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

AMJE larvae

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

outdoor Al ambient

0.525

mg/L

AMJE larvae

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Fe outdoor

0.02

mg/L

AMJE larvae

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Pb outdoor

0.01

mg/L

AMJE larvae

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Zn outdoor

0.115

mg/L

AMJE larvae

MORT

4.2 and >4.7

Al

10-30 M (pH= 4.2), 5-15 (pH>4.7)

AMJE larvae DEVOBS metamorph AMJE terrestrial PHYSIO metamorph

4.2 and >6.0

Al

16 (pH= M 4.2), 0.1 (pH>6.0)

The all-metals mixture treatment induced significantly higher mortality for both species during acute and chronic exposure. Acute exposure AMJE survival was significantly higher in the high water hardness treatments (63 vs 25%). The presence of Al significantly reduced survival during both acute and chronic exposure. There were no ameliorative effects of pH or hardness on acute exposure AMJE survival. There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass. There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass. There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass. Total dissolved Al was higher in acidified enclosure compared to controls (pH >4.7). Greater mortality occurred at pH 4.2 than at pH >4.7. Significant effect of pond on survival also occurred. Mean wet masses of survivors was not influenced by pH. 100% mortality at pH 4.2. 8% survival at pH >6.0.

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Rowe et al. 1992

Rowe et al. 1992

3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0

After 7 d there was no significant changes in Horne and Dunson 1994 body water or NA, Ca, Mg, K levels. Exposure to the most acidic conditions for 14 d induced significant water loss and whole body Na loss. Body water loss was 20% at pH 3.5, compared to only 3% at pH 5.0.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 5
Species Lifestage
b

Study
g

pH Level(s) 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Code Endpoint AMJE terrestrial PHYSIO metamorph

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

ambient field

AMJE terrestrial PHYSIO metamorph

3.5, 4.0, 4.5

AMLA embryo

HATSUC

4.1-4.3

15

AMLA embryo

HATSUC

4.2 bog, 7.5 fen

AMLA larvae AMLA larvae

MORT BEHAV

4.2 4.0-6.5

AMM adult A AMM adult A AMM adult A AMM adult A AMM all A AMM egg A AMM egg A

POPSUR POPSUR BEHAV POPSUR POPSUR

3.9-6.3 4.1-6.3 5.5, 7.7 4.1 4.3-7.3 Al, Zn

Low pH exacerbated body water loss in AMJE metamorphs. Dry mass after the experiment did not differ between treatments. Salamanders in pH 3.5 lost approx. 32% initial wet body mass. Those at pH 5.0 lost only 2%. Metamorphs demonstrated a choice of substrate based on pH. For a period of 24 h after they were placed in test containers there was a wide variation in response (no consistent choice). 0% successful hatch, 59.1% curl for embryos treated with acidic bog water. 97.3% successful hatch, 0% curl occurred for embryos treated with control artificial soft water (pH 7.5). No eggs hatched at pH 4.2; 59.1 % embryo developed but did not hatch; 97.3 % hatched at pH 7.5. 0% survival at pH 4.2 (bog water), 100% survival at pH 7.5 (artificial soft water). Swimming activity increased linearly with pH between pH 4.0 and 6.5; activity was significantly lower at pH 5.0 and near inactivity occurred at pH 4.0. Stronger linear relationship than AMMA. AMMA presence affected by soil pH. Sensitive to acidic conditions. Substrate selection: 60 % selected pH 7.7. Successfully breeding at pH 4.1.

Horne and Dunson 1994

Horne and Dunson 1994

Karns 1992

Karns 1984

Karns 1992 Kutka 1994

Wyman 1988 Dale et al. 1985 Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k

Dale et al. 1985

MORT

4.0-6.0

HATSUC

4.6 - 6.9

Amphibians were present in all 118 potential Glooschenko et al. 1992 breeding sites. There were only two observations of AMMA. > 50 % of eggs removed from acidic ponds Blem and Blem 1989 (< pH 6.0) survived pH 4.3 - 4.7 but no larvae tolerated exposure to pH < 4.0. 0 % hatching success at 4.6 ; 77.1 % at pH Nielsen et al. 1977 k 6.9.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 6
Species Lifestage Code AMM egg A
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5-7.0

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

AMM egg A

POPSUR

AMM egg A AMM egg A

HATSUC HATSUC

4.15-6.15 4.3, 5.3, 6.3, 7.0 10

AMM egg A

MORT

3.66-5.18

AMM egg A AMM egg A AMM egg A

HATSUC HATSUC

6 - 10 Al

43.7 % mortality of embryos at pH 5.5; 65 % at each pH 5.0 and 4.5. Eggs from ponds with pH 4.5 and 5.0 failed to retract yolk plug; eggs in pH 5.5 developed chest swellings and stunted gills after gastrulation. 71 of 218 ponds sampled contained egg masses, incidence of egg laying in those ponds declined by 23.9% from 1988-1990. pH in successful breeding ponds was significantly higher than failed ponds (5.3 5.64 vs. 5.12 - 5.32). 88% hatching success at pH 6.15; 80 % at pH 4.51. At pH 4.3, 100% of eggs died (n=200). At pH 5.3, 40% of eggs died (n=140), At pH 6.3, 18% of eggs died (n=131), At pH 7.0 18% of eggs died (n=149). Egg mass abundance and survival of embryos not correlated with pond pH. Survival of eggs transferred among ponds of pH 3.66 5.18 reduced only at pH 3.66. Greatest hatching success at pH 7 - 9. Hatching success was negatively correlated with Al and DOC and positively correlated with pH. Initial pervitelline fluid pH decreased significantly 7 to 96 h after initial immersion in eggs in water. Rate of H+ flux into the fluid is greater in eggs in pH 4 than those in pH 5 or 6. Mortality low during early embryonic development. Abnormalities observed at low pH. 0-1% hatched at pH 3.5 - 4.0 at 12 and 21C. Greatest hatching success (40-81 % hatched) at 21C and pH 6.0. At low temperature egg masses at < pH 3.5 turned milky-opaque within 2 h of exposure; at pH 4.5 embryos tightly coiled, those that hatched were deformed.

Tome and Pough 1982

Blem and Blem 1991

Clark 1986

Brodman 1993

Albers and Prouty 1987

Pough and Wilson 1977 Clark and Hall 1985

PHYSIO

4.0-6.0

Robb and Toews 1987

AMM egg A AMM embryo A

MORT

4.5-7.0

8-23

Pough 1976

HATSUC

3.5-7.0

12, 21

Dale et al. 1985

Table 6 - pH Studies - 7
Species Lifestage Code AMM embryo A AMM embryo A
b

Study Endpoint HATSUC

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

HATSUC

4.1-6.0

173

Al

0.2

mg/L

AMM embryo A

MORT

4.31 for hatching

AMM embryo A

MORT

4.17-6.19

Al

0.0160.985

mg/L (total Al)

AMM embryo A AMM embryo A

MORT MORT

4.07-5.62 4.0-6.0 Al 75 g/L TS: 4.3 (nomina (SE=0.08) l conc.) PTS: 4.32 (SE=0.12).

At pH 4.3-4.5, gross abnormalities and then 100% mortality occurred. pH 4.6-5.5, >80% survival occurred in 8 out of 12 ponds. Hatching success of AMMA also varied among clutches, but in general, hatching success was lower at pH 4.3 than at pH 6.0. The concentration of 0.2 mg Al/L at pH 4.3 increased hatching success compared with when no Al was present. Less pH associated embryonic mortality observed among more tolerant AMMA; AMMA survival not different between pH 4.1 and > 6.0 as they were eaten by AMJE at pH > 6.0 and suffered pH induced mortality at pH 4.1 ; AMMA metamorphosed less often. Mortality correlated only with pH. In two low-pH ponds, high conc. of dissolved organic compounds might have been a toxic component. Generally, decreases in mortality occurred with pH below 5.0 (exceptions did occur). No significant correlation between pond pH and % mortality. No significant effect. Critical pH: 4.5 (posttreatment survival), 4.5 (total length).

Portnoy 1990

Clark and LaZerte 1987

Sadinski and Dunson 1992

Freda and McDonald 1993

Cook 1983

Bradford et al. 1994

AMM embryo A AMM embryo A (late blastula) AMM larvae A AMM larvae A

HATSUC HATSUC

4.3-4.8 4.5-6.0 21

Al Al

34-46 0.7 - 1.1 ppm

pH 4.8 and 37 g/L was toxic to eggs of AMMA. Results not extracted from paper.

Clark and Hall 1985 Dale et al. 1985

k

MORT BEHAV

4.97 - 5.30 4.0-7.0

AMM larvae A

MORT

5.4, 4.5, 4.1

46 % survival in pH 4.97; 64 % survival at Clark 1986 k pH 5.3. Acidity had a significant effect on number of Preest 1992 lunges at prey and capture success. Larvae raised at pH 4 made fewer lunges towards prey and caught fewer prey per lunge than did larvae raised at pH 4.5, 6.0, 7.0. As a result of increased mortality among Sadinski and Dunson 1989 AMJE over 7 d, 38% more RASY survived at pH 4.1 than at pH 5.4.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 8
Species Lifestage Code AMM larvae A
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

AMM larvae A AMM larvae A AMM larvae A AMM larvae A AMM larvae A AMM larvae A

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Al

100-300

g/L

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Cu

6-9

g/L

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Fe

250-350

g/L

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Pb

2-5

g/L

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Zn

25-41

g/L

BEHAV

4, 4.5, 6 and 7

20

AMM larvae A

MORT

3, 4, 5

AMM larvae A AMM larvae A

DEVOBS

4.5-6.5

MORT

4.9-5.8

Al

75

g/L TS: 4.33 (nomina (SD=0.04) l conc.) posttreatment survival: 4.33 (SD=0.04).

Decreases in growth rates of larvae occurred Ireland 1991 in the presence of sulfate test solutions. Acetic acid and pH 4.5 resulted in differences in growth rates. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a Horne and Dunson 1995 freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a Horne and Dunson 1995 freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a Horne and Dunson 1995 freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a Horne and Dunson 1995 freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a Horne and Dunson 1995 freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Larvae raised in higher pH water grew and Preest 1993 developed more rapidly than did larvae in lower pH. Larvae raised in higher-pH responded to prey more often and were more successful in capturing prey than were larvae raised in lower pH water. pH 3 = 100 % mortality within 12 h ; pH 4 Ling et al. 1986 k and 5 significantly slower rate of development and growth than those reared at pH > 5. pH alone does not affect growth of larvae, Ireland 1991 however, in combination with anions, effects occurred. Significant reduction in total length at pH Bradford et al. 1994 5.3. More sensitive than the embryo stage to low pH.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 9
Species Lifestage Code AMM larvae A
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 4.2 and >4.7

Temp

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc. 10- 30 (pH= 4.2), 515 (pH>4.7)

Conc. Units M
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

Total dissolved Al was higher in acidified Rowe et al. 1992 enclosure compared to controls (pH >4.7). Survival was unaffected by pH. Mean wet mass of survivors was not influenced by pH. Weaker relationship between activity and pH and showed less overall activity than AMLA. Significant difference between treatments over 180 min was observed: lower activity at pH < 5.0. No differences between noon and evening observations. Survival was not associated with pH but was low at both pH levels. Survival did not differ between egg mass color morphs. Between the two pH levels there was no difference in time to metamorphosis and no difference in wet mass at metamorphosis. 100 % mortality at pH 3.0 occurred at 1.25 h exposure; 75 % mortality at pH 3.5 at 2.5 h. Substrate selection: 62.5 % selected pH 7.7. Hatching most rapid between pH 6 and 7. Kutka 1994

AMM larvae A

BEHAV

4.0-6.5

15

AMM larvae DEVOBS A metamorph

4.2 and >6.0

Al

16 (pH= M 4.2), 0.1 (pH>6.0)

Rowe et al. 1992

AMM larvae A (newly hatched) AMOP adult AMOP embryo AMTE egg AMTE embryo

PHYSIO

3.0-6.0

Robb and Toews 1987

BEHAV HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC

5.5, 7.7 6-7 4.0-11.0 5-30

Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k k

AMTI adult

POPSUR

5.6

AMTI adult AMTI adult

BEHAV BEHAV

3.0-4.1 and 6.75-7.5 4.5-7.0

AMTI egg AMTI embryo

POPSUR BEHAV

4.0-6.0

Results not extracted from paper. Highest survival rate at 15C and pH 6-8 (>90 %). No survival at 5 or 30 C at all pH levels. Adult AMTI population declined 65 % over seven years, while larval recruitment declined over all but the last year of this period. Males were more likely to leave acidic pools, which may have been population specific. Survival at pH 4.5 was significantly lower; in all pH exposures, AMTI growth and ability to capture were significantly reduced. Populations not declining, close to 100 % of areas occupied. Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos.

Petranka et al. 1982 Pierce and Wooten 1992 Punzo 1983

k

Harte and Hoffman 1989

Whitemann et al. 1995 Kiesecker and Clarke 1991

Corn et al. 1989 Corn and Vertucci 1992

Table 6 - pH Studies - 10
Species Lifestage Code AMTI embryo
b

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

pH Level(s) 3.0-4.1 and 6.75-7.5 5.8

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

AMTI embryoadult

POPSUR

2.0-3.5

AMTI larvae AMTI larvae

POPSUR PHYSIO

4.5-7.0 3.5-7.0

15

BAAT adult BUAM adult

BEHAV POPSUR

5.5, 7.7 4.3-7.3 Al, Zn

Survival decreased as pH decreased. 70% survived at pH of 4.5 and above. 50% mortality occurred at 4.2 pH. Larval recruitment fluctuated yearly, but no evidence of embryo or larvae survival was affected by pH. In 1990-91, high embryonic survival that did not differ between high and low acid neutralizing capacity ponds. Results not extracted from paper. Blood analyses at 3.5 - 5.0 pH indicated ability to maintain relatively stable arterial pH, however at pH 3.5 the blood pH diminished over 12 h period before death; greater stability of arterial pH at higher external pH. Substrate selection: 53.3 % selected pH 5.5.

Whitemann et al. 1995

Wissinger and Whiteman 1992

Kiesecker 1996 DeRuyter and Stiffler 1988

Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k

BUAM adult BUAM adult BUAM egg

POPSUR POPSUR HATSUC

4.44-6.63 4.1-6.3 Al

BUAM eggs BUAM embryo

HATSUC HATSUC

4.14-4.75 4.1-4.3 15

Al

0-200

Amphibians were present in all 118 potential Glooschenko et al. 1992 breeding sites. The species also showed negative correlation with Ni. k Did not occur in ponds with pH > 5.0. Clark 1986 Sensitive to low pH. Dale et al. 1985 Hatching success was negatively correlated Clark and Hall 1985 with Al and DOC and positively correlated with pH. k Results not extracted from paper. Clark and LaZerte 1985 0% successful hatch, 21.02% curl for Karns 1992 embryos treated with acidic bog water. 93% successful hatch, 0.2% curl occurred for embryos treated with control artificial soft water (pH 7.5). High levels of inorganic monomeric Al Glooschenko et al. 1986 combined with low pH may inhibit hatching success in almost 20 % of the ponds surveyed; hatching success may also be reduced by high levels of iron, manganese and dissolved organic carbon in breeding ponds. Higher conc. of Al resulted in greater Clark and Hall 1985 toxicity to BUAM, and BUAM was more sensitive to low pH than RASY.

BUAM embryo

BEHAV

< 3.8-5.0

Al

114-834

BUAM embryo

HATSUC

4.3-4.8

Al

34-46

Table 6 - pH Studies - 11
Species Lifestage Code BUAM embryo
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 4.15-6.23

Temp

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc. 0.0311.155

Conc. Units mg/L (total Al)

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

BUAM embryo

HATSUC

3.0-5.5

22.5

BUAM embryo

HATSUC

4.2 bog, 7.5 fen

BUAM embryo

HATSUC

4.1-6.0

173

Al

0.2

mg/L

BUAM embryo

HATSUC

4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 6.0

Al

0, 0.25, mg/L 0.5, 0.75, 1.0

BUAM embryo (early gastrula) BUAM embryo (early gastrula) BUAM tadpoles BUAM tadpoles BUAM tadpoles

HATSUC

4.0-6.0

21

Al

Mortality correlated only with pH. In two low-pH ponds, high conc. of dissolved organic compounds might have been a toxic component. Generally, decreases in mortality occurred with pH below 5.0 (exceptions did occur). Mortality reached 100 % at pH 3.0 and 3.5 within 24 h; embryos died at stages 8-11; overall hatching success was lower for embryos exposed to pH 4.0 treatments than for all other treatments > pH 4.0 regardless of exposure time. No eggs hatched at pH 4.2; 14.6 % developed but did not hatch; 93 % hatched at pH 7.5. There was significant variation among clutches, but in general, BUAM hatching success was reduced at pH 4.1 compared with pH 6.0. At pH 4.1, 0.2 mg Al/L caused even greater embryonic mortality. Al toxicity did not vary among clutches. With no Al added, pH had little effect on mortality of RASY embryos over the range of 4.2-4.8. However, at pH 6 (0 mg Al/L) control mortality (376%) was significantly higher than at the lower pH's. This occurred due to fungal growth. Results not extracted from paper.

Freda and McDonald 1993

Leftwich and Lilly 1992

Karns 1984

Clark and LaZerte 1987

Freda and McDonald 1993

Dale et al. 1985

HATSUC

3.8-6.0

21

100 % hatched at pH 4.3 - 6.0. 0 % hatched Dale et al. 1985 k at pH 3.8. Al 0-200 Results not extracted from paper. Results not extracted from paper. 0% survival at pH 4.2 (bog water), 100% survival at pH 7.5 (artificial soft water). Clark and LaZerte 1985 Mallory et al. 1996 Karns 1992
k

MORT POPSUR MORT

4.14-5.75 4.2

Table 6 - pH Studies - 12
Species Lifestage Code BUAM tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 4.5

Temp 20

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc. 0-1.0

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

0.627 mg/L total Al (96 h)

BUAM tadpoles

MORT

4.15-6.20

Al

0.1061.155

mg/L (total Al) 3.99 (96 h); N=30/treat -ment

BUAM tadpoles

BEHAV

4.0, 4.5

20-22

BUBO adult

pH

BUBO adult

POPSUR

BUBO egg BUBO embryo

POPSUR BEHAV

4.0-6.0

BUBO larvae BUBU adult

DEVOBS POPSUR

3.1-4.0 4.0-5.0

BUBU adult BUBU egg BUBU egg BUBU larvae (stage 2933)

POPSUR POPSUR DEVOBS DEVOBS 4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 Al 185 mol/L

Increasing Luther pond water from 5 to 20% significantly reduced Al toxicity such that the LC50 for total Al increased to above 2.0 mg/L. Labile Al conc. were not good predictors of mortality. Luther pond water was not toxic to tadpoles at pH 4. Percent mortality was significantly different among ponds. Mortality was correlated with pH but not with total or labile Al. Other ions were not correlated with mortality either. Significant difference in activity during experimental period at pH 4.0 (compared to control period); when tadpoles entered the acidified octants they would exhibit burst swimming similar to escape behaviour. A survey in Greater Yellowstone ecosystem found that water samples from sites where Western Toads successfully reproduced had higher pH values. No evidence that amphibian embryos are present during snow melt and episodic acidification; population decline not likely due to acidification. Low percentage of occupied sites, populations declining severely. Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos. 100 % mortality at pH 3.1; all metamorphosed at pH 4.0. 84.4 % of systems at pH 5.0 contained BUBU with only 11.8 % systems containing BUBU at pH 4.0. Population increased in acidified lakes.

Freda et al. 1990

Freda and McDonald 1993

Freda and Taylor 1992

Peterson et al. 1993

Vertucci and Corn 1996

Corn et al. 1989 Corn and Vertucci 1992

Porter and Hakanson 1976 Leuven et al. 1986

k k

Hagstrom 1981

In acidic waters, egg masses became heavily Leuven et al. 1986 k infested with fungi. k Most hatchlings at pH 4.0 were formed at Leuven et al. 1986 pH 4.5 and 5.0 few deformities were noted. In pH medium: 23.8 % mortality at pH 4.0, Leuven et al. 1986 k no mortality at 4.5 or 5.0. In Al medium: 14.3 % mortality at pH 4.0 increasing to 47.6 % mortality at pH 5.0.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 13
Species Lifestage Code BUBU not specified BUBU tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR POPSUR

g

pH Level(s) 4.0-8.0 4.0-5.0 2.0-4.2 3.8-6.5 4.0-5.0

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

Survey of amphibian breeding sites. No tadpoles found in pH > 5.0. 18 Survival time 55 min at pH 2.0; no apparent effects in 3 d at pH 4.2. Bred only in eutrophic ponds (pH 5.0 - 6.5), as did 4 other unidentified amphibian species. No animals present in pH 4.0 waters and only 13.3 % of systems at pH 5.0 contained BCAL. In acidic waters, egg masses became heavily infested with fungi. Spawn more vulnerable than tadpoles to low pH; 100 % mortality below pH 4.0 critical range between 4.0 - 4.5; more than 24 h for mortality to occur at pH 3.5; healthy spawn is less vulnerable to acid damage than spawn containing large numbers of dead eggs. Results not extracted from paper. Hatch rates, larval growth rates and survival to metamorphosis were all substantially and progressively reduced at pHs below 6.0. 0% survival at pH<4.0. Reduced survivorship at pH 5-6 with aluminum. Survey of amphibian breeding sites. Avoided acid heathland ponds (< 5.0). No tadpoles survived to metamorphosis below pH 4.75 and success was minimal below pH 6.0. Increases of aluminum resulted in developmental abnormalities. Small tadpoles and eggs more vulnerable than later tadpoles to low pH; growth of tadpoles was inhibited by pH between 4.0 - 6.0. Pyruvate and lactate conc. were higher than apparent Km values of heart enzyme. At physiological conc. of substrate, pyruvate reductase activity was more affected by temperature increase when pH decreases.

Beebee 1983

k k

Leuven et al. 1986 Jones 1939

k k

BUBU tadpoles MORT (30-35 mm) BUCA adult POPSUR BUCA adult POPSUR

Beebee 1987

Leuven et al. 1986

BUCA egg BUCA egg

POPSUR MORT

4.0-5.0 3.5-7.0 4.0

Leuven et al. 1986 Beebee 1986

BUCA embryo BUCA embryo

HATSUC DEVOBS

4-6 <4.0-6.0

Al

75

Bradford et al. 1991 Beebee et al. 1990

BUCA embryo BUCA not specified BUCA tadpoles

HATSUC POPSUR BEHAV

4-6 4.0-8.0 > 5.0

Al

75

Bradford et al. 1991 Beebee 1983

k k

Beebe and Griffin 1977

BUCA tadpoles BUCA tadpoles

HATSUC MORT

4-6 3.5-7.0

Al

75

Bradford et al. 1991 Beebee 1986

BUCN adult

PHYSIO

Mendiola and de Costa 1991

Table 6 - pH Studies - 14
Species Lifestage Code BUCN adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

BUCN embryo

MORT

4.0-6.0

15

Al

0 or 0.0390.080

mg/L

4.7

BUCN tadpoles

MORT

4.0-6.0

15

Al

0 or 0.0390.080

mg/L

4.3

BUVA tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.0, 7.2-7.6

25-30

BUWO adult BUWO embryo

POPSUR HATSUC

4.25 3.75-5.8

Species has disappeared; cause of population Bradford et al. 1994 decline is not due to acidification and is unknown. The estimated extreme pH for Sierra Nevada Bradford et al. 1992 surface waters (5.0) did not cause a significant reduction in survival for either life stage or species. Sublethal effects were evident as earlier hatching at pH 5.0. The estimated extreme pH for Sierra Nevada Bradford et al. 1992 surface waters (5.0) did not cause a significant reduction in survival for either life stage or species. Experimental exposure to Al did not affect survival; some sublethal effects reported. Significant difference in wet wt; controls Pierce and Montgomery exhibited twice the growth rate (86% 1989 suppression in growth rate of pH 4.0 exposed tadpoles). Significant differences in dry wts between controls and pH 4.0 exposed tadpoles. No significant differences were observed. k Not observed in ponds with pH > 4.25. Freda and Dunson 1986 45 % hatching at pH 4.10; 0 % hatching at pH 3.75 - 4.0; 100 % hatching at pH 4.25 and 5.8 in softened water. Significant difference in wet wt; controls exhibited twice the growth rate No significant differences were observed 7 d after exposure period. 83.3 % mortality. Freda and Dunson 1986
k

BUWO tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

25-30

Pierce and Montgomery 1989

BUXX embryo CACA embryo

MORT MORT

3.6-4.0 3.5-6.5

14.4-19

DEFA adult DEFU adult

BEHAV PHYSIO

5.5, 7.7 3.0-6.0

At higher acidity developmental abnormalities, delayed development and mortality was observed. Frequent abnormalities included microcephaly, edema, spinal deformities, curling effect and integument injury. Levels of pH lower than 4.0 were lethal. Substrate selection: 56.8 % selected pH 7.7. Mushinsky and Brodie 1975
k

Saber and Dunson 1978 Hermosilla and Pincheira 1992

Animals exposed to low pH exhibited elevated Na efflux rate constants.

Frisbie and Wyman 1991

Table 6 - pH Studies - 15
Species Lifestage Code DEFU adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

DEFU adult DEFU adult

POPSUR BEHAV

3.9-6.3 5.5, 7.7

Bimodal distribution with one mode representing animals found in the forest interior (low pH) and the second mode representing animals near streams and wet areas. Distribution suggested avoidance of acidic conditions. DEFU presence affected by soil pH. Substrate selection: 72.5 % selected pH 7.7. Hatchling Desmognathine larvae and premetamorphic larvae were found in 16 of 78 low order streams from coal surface mine impacted areas of the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama. Although larvae were found to be surviving in a wide range of conditions. 100 % survival after 3 weeks; significant inhibition of feeding at 3.5 - 5.0 pH when compared to 7.0 pH. 100 % survival after 3 weeks at 3.5 - 7.2 pH; at pH 3.5 - 5.0 significant inhibition of feeding when compared to 7.2 pH. Greater LDH activity in snake than turtle (PSSC); higher V max and lower Km suggesting faster conversion of pyruvate to lactate when the enzyme is saturated with substance. Animals exposed to low pH in the laboratory exhibited elevated Na efflux rate constants. EUBI presence affected by soil pH. Found only on soils of higher pH. Field distribution suggests avoidance of acidic conditions. Substrate selection: no preference, 50 % on each of pH 5.5 and 7.7 substrates. Substrate selection: 67.1 % selected pH 7.7. Substrate selection: 53 % selected pH 7.7. Presence unrelated to pond pH < 4.62.

Wyman and Jancola 1992

Wyman 1988 Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k

DEFU larvaePOPSUR premetamor ph

Gore 1983

DEMO adult

BEHAV

3.5-7.2

Roudebush 1988

DEQU adult

BEHAV

3.5-7.2

Roudebush 1988

ELOB adult

PHYSIO

7.0

pyruvate

0.03-0.50 mM

Baeyens and Hurley 1986

EUBI EUBI EUBI

adult adult adult

PHYSIO POPSUR POPSUR

3.0-6.0 3.9-6.3

Frisbie and Wyman 1991 Wyman 1988 Wyman and Jancola 1992

EULO adult EULU adult EUQU adult HYAN adult

BEHAV BEHAV BEHAV POPSUR

5.5, 7.7 5.5, 7.7 5.5, 7.7

Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k

Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k

Mushinsky and Brodie 1975

k k

Freda and Dunson 1986

Table 6 - pH Studies - 16
Species Lifestage Code HYAN embryo
b

Study Endpoint HATSUC

g

pH Level(s) 3.75-5.8

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

HYAN embryo HYAN tadpoles

DEVOBS DEVOBS 3.9-6.25

HYCI

tadpoles

BEHAV

4.5, 5.5, 7.0

25.126.3

Al

150, 250, 400

HYCI

tadpoles

BEHAV

4.5, 5.5, 7.0

25-26

Al

150

HYFE embryo HYFE tadpoles

HATSUC DEVOBS

3.46-8.69

HYFE tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.3-6.0

HYGR tadpoles

DEVOBS

HYGR tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.3-6.0

k In acidic bog water: 20 % hatching at pH Freda and Dunson 1986 3.75; 85 % hatching at pH 4.0 and 93 % hatching at pH 4.10. pH 3.8 = 50 % or more developed normally. Gosner and Black 1957 k Reduced pH had no direct effect on either Pehek 1995 HYAN or less acid tolerant competitor species RASP or HYVE. 96 h LC50 for Al at pH 4.5: 277 g/L. Jung and Jagoe 1995 Mortality increased with increased Al concentration at pH 4.5 but not at 5.5. Tadpoles exposed to pH 4.5 and Al exhibited bent stubby tails, gut edema, and curved bodies. Tadpoles exposed to Al were smaller and Jung and Jagoe 1995 exhibited deformities and reduced swimming speeds. Dragonfly larvae consumed a similar amount of tadpoles biomass among treatments and thus more of the smaller Al exposed tadpoles. 50% hatching success observed at pH=3.35. Warner 1994 Density of HYGR was found to have the Warner et al. 1991 greatest effect on both species tested, pH and density of HYFE also had significant effects. Low pH caused decreased survival of HYGR, but increased that of HYFE. Higher density decreased survival, increased Warner et al. 1991 larval period and decreased size at metamorphosis; pH: lower survivorship at low pH than HYGR and decreased size at metamorphosis; in general less affected by pH variation than HYGR. Density of HYGR was found to have the Warner et al. 1991 greatest effect on both species tested, pH and density of HYFE also had significant effects. Low pH caused decreased survival of HYGR, but increased that of HYFE. Higher density increased larval period and Warner et al. 1991 decreased size; lower pH decreased survival rate and also decreased size at metamorphosis; lower pH increased susceptibility of tadpoles to adverse effects of higher densities.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 17
Species Lifestage Code HYRE adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

HYRE embryo

MORT

4.9-5.8

Al

75

HYRE tadpoles

MORT

4.9-5.8

Al

75

g/L 4.23 (TS), (nomina 4.31(hatch l conc.) survival), 4.32(posttreatment survival) g/L total (nomina survival: l conc.) 4.14 (SD=0.02) hatch survival: 4.26 (SD=0.09) posttreatment survival: 4.27 (SD=0.09)

Some population decline and no correlation Bradford et al. 1994 was found between pH and presence or absence of species. Aluminum did not significantly affect post Bradford et al. 1994 treatment survival but significantly reduced hatching time at all pH levels. Total length (TL) was unaffected. Critical pH: 4.25 (posttreatment survival), 4.75 (TL), 4.75 (hatch time). No significant effect. Critical pH: 4.25 Bradford et al. 1994 (post-treatment survival).

HYVE embryo HYVE embryo

DEVOBS HATSUC 3.5-6.3 20 3.5

HYVE tadpoles

HATSUC

3.5-6.3

20

3.8-4.0

HYVE tadpoles

BEHAV

5.3-6.6

LELA egg LEMA adult

PHYSIO MORT

10 4.6 - 7.0 8-10

At pH 4.3, 50 % or more developed normally. Critical pH was 3.8. Hatching success varied from 22.2% at pH 3.5 to 100% at pHs 4.0 and 5.0. Critical pH was 3.5-3.8. pH had significant effect on the mean total length of the tadpoles. Mean total length of tadpoles at pH 3.8 was not significantly different from length at pH 4.0 (which was statistically the same as length at higher pH). HYVE abundance was affected by an interaction between soil and acidification in that treatment effects were only observed in macrocosms with clay soils. Structure and molecular composition of jellycoats were analyzed. None of the caged animals placed upstream (pH 7.0) died; most of those placed downstream (pH 4.6) died.

Gosner and Black 1957 Grant and Licht 1993

Grant and Licht 1993

Sparling et al. 1995

Carroll et al. 1991 Huckabee et al. 1975

k

Table 6 - pH Studies - 18
Species Lifestage Code MIOR embryos
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 3.0-11.0

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

MIOR tadpoles

MORT

3.0-11.0

NEMA adult

PHYSIO

NERH adult

PHYSIO

7.0

pyruvate

0.03-0.50 mM

NOVI

adult

MORT

3.5-5.0

5, 21

NOVI

adult

POPSUR

NOVI NOVI

adult adult

POPSUR PHYSIO

4.22-4.32

NOVI

adult

BEHAV

4.2-6.0

NOVI tadpoles NOVV adult

POPSUR PHYSIO

3.0-6.0

Late gastrula stage embryos tolerated pH 4.0 Padhye and Ghate 1988 - 10.5 showing normal development and hatching; pH 3.0 development immediately arrested and embryos were killed within a few hours; pH 3.2 - 3.6 gradual decrease in toxicity; pH 3.8 20 % mortality. No significant difference in tolerance of Padhye and Ghate 1988 tadpoles to altered pH as compared to that of the embryos, however hind-limb stage tadpoles appeared to be slightly resistant to acidic pH and more sensitive to alkaline pH. The mechanosensitivity was suppressed by Sand 1975 Mg, Co and La as well as low pH. Possibly due to competition with calcium. Greater LDH activity than turtle PSSC, Km Baeyens and Hurley 1986 values lower and Vmax higher than in turtle suggesting after conversion of pyruvate to lactate when the enzyme is saturated with substrate. k 100 % survival at pH 3.8 - 5.0 at 5 and Dale et al. 1985 21C. 10 - 30 % survival at pH 3.5 after 38 d at 5C; 50 - 87 % survival after 14 d at 21C. Appeared to be distributed uniformly across Wyman and Jancola 1992 pH spectrum, but with low numbers on soils of lowest pH. pH range= 4.53-6.97. Doka et al. 1997 Rate of Na loss after acute exposure to low Robinson 1993 pH (4.24- 4.32) increased significantly; chronic exposure to low pH followed by a transfer to pH 4.22 - 4.37 reduced the rate of Na loss to less than that observed in control animals. Reproduction of NOVI significantly lower in Sadinski and Dunson 1992 lower pH; adults often trapped more in pH 4.2 than in > 6.0; release of NOVI resulted in significantly lower survival of RASY at metamorphosis, survival not affected by pH 4.2. Results not extracted from paper. Mallory et al. 1996 Animals exposed to low pH in the laboratory Frisbie and Wyman 1991 did not exhibit elevated Na efflux rate constants as in PLCI, EUBI and DEOC.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 19
Species Lifestage Code NOVV adult
b

Study Endpoint PHYSIO

g

pH Level(s) 3-5

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

PLCI

adult

POPSUR

3.7

PLCI

adult

BEHAV

2.0-6.5

8-10

PLCI

adult

PHYSIO

3-5

PLCI

adult

PHYSIO

3-5

PLCI

adult

PHYSIO

3.0-6.0

PLCI

adult

PHYSIO

3-5

PLCI PLCI

adult adult

POPSUR POPSUR

3.9-6.3

PSCR

adult

POPSUR

4.44-6.63

Na efflux rate constant was not affected by pH. Efflux was generally greater under aquatic than terrestrial conditions and for efts than for adults. In aquatic setting, both adults and efts were able to maintain Na balance at pH 5. 50.8 % quadrats with pH < 3.8 contained a salamander; juveniles never found on soil with pH < 3.7. Animals given substrate choice were found 50 % of the time on pH 6.0 - 6.5. Animals held on substrates pH 2.0 - 2.5 died within 1 wk; those on pH 3-6 survived. During 8 month exposure expt, 40 % of animals on pH 3 died within 4 months, all others survived. At pH 3, body Na conc. and body water content were reduced when compared to pH 5 and control salamanders. Effects of acid rain conditions were determined in a controlled environment for ion balance in PLCI. In the laboratory, animals exposed to low pH exhibited elevated Na efflux rate constants. Animals maintained on acidic substrate for 14 d had reduced body Na and body water levels and lost mass more than salamanders maintained on substrate of higher pH. Na efflux rate constant was not affected by pH. Efflux was generally greater under aquatic than terrestrial conditions and for efts than for adults. In aquatic setting, both adults and efts were able to maintain Na balance at pH 5. PLCI presence affected by soil pH. The mode of distribution drops off sharply at low soil pH. Occurred infrequently on soils of higher pH. Field distribution suggested an avoidance of acidic conditions. Did not occur in ponds with pH > 5.0.

Frisbie and Wyman 1992

Wyman and HawsleyLescault 1987

k

Wyman and HawsleyLescault 1987

k

Frisbie and Wyman 1995

Frisbie and Wyman 1994

Frisbie and Wyman 1991

Frisbie and Wyman 1992

Wyman 1988 Wyman and Jancola 1992

Clark 1986

Table 6 - pH Studies - 20
Species Lifestage Code PSCR
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s) 4.3-7.3

Temp

Additional Contam Al, Zn

a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

all

PSCR PSCR

embryo embryo

DEVOBS HATSUC 4.1-4.3 15

3.8

PSCR PSCR PSCR

embryo embryo embryo (mid blastula) embryo (midblastula) tadpoles tadpoles tadpoles

BEHAV HATSUC HATSUC

< 3.8-5.0 4.2 bog, 7.5 fen 4.5-6.0 21 Al

Amphibians were present in all 118 potential Glooschenko et al. 1992 breeding sites. The presence of HYCR was positively related to buffering status (alkalinity, pH and other correlated variables). k Results not extracted from paper. Gosner and Black 1957 100% mortality at early development for Karns 1992 embryos treated with acidic bog water. 71.5% successful hatch, 0.3% curl occurred for embryos treated with control artificial soft water (pH 7.5). Abundance marginally correlated with pH, Glooschenko et al. 1986 low pH may decrease hatching success. k No eggs developed or hatched at pH 4.2; Karns 1984 71.5 % hatched at pH 7.5. k Results not extracted from paper. Dale et al. 1985
k

PSCR

REPRO

3.0-8.0

20

PSCR PSCR PSCR

POPSUR MORT BEHAV

4.2 4.0, 4.5 20-22 3.74 (96 h); N=30/treat -ment

PSCR

tadpoles (4 MORT wk) embryo adult DEVOBS PHYSIO

4, 5, 7

PSNI PSSC

3.8 7.0 pyruvate 0.03-0.50 mM

0 % hatch at pH 3.0; 80-83 % hatched at pH 6.0 - 8.0; 54 % hatched at pH 4.0, all hatched larvae were deformed and all died. Results not extracted from paper. 6.7% survival at pH 4.2 (bog water), 100% survival at pH 7.5 (artificial soft water). Activity declined significantly at both pH levels during the experimental period in the fluvarium. Tadpoles avoided pH level 4.0. A significant correlation was found between the 96 h LC50 for pH and the % reduction in use of the two octants acidified. 96 h survival was over 90 % at pH 7.0 and approx. 70% at pH 5.0. No tadpoles survived 24 h at pH 4.0. Results not extracted from paper.

Dale et al. 1985

Mallory et al. 1996 Karns 1992 Freda and Taylor 1992

Correll et al. 1987

PSTR adult

POPSUR

Gosner and Black 1957 Less LDH activity in brain and heart than in Baeyens and Hurley 1986 either NRHE or ELOB snakes; snakes had lower Km values. No evidence that amphibian embryos are Vertucci and Corn 1996 present during snow melt and episodic acidification; population decline not likely due to acidification.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 21
Species Lifestage Code PSTR egg PSTR embryo
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR HATSUC

g

pH Level(s) 4.0-6.0 4.1-4.3

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

15

PSTR embryo

BEHAV

PSTR embryo PSTR tadpoles RAAR adult

HATSUC DEVOBS POPSUR

4.2 bog, 7.5 fen 4.2 4.0-5.0

RAAR egg

HATSUC

4.0, 5.0, 6.0

12-15

Al

100-800

RAAR egg

HATSUC

4.0, 5.0, 6.0

12-15

RAAR egg RAAR egg

POPSUR DEVOBS

4.0-5.0 3.8-4.2

RAAR egg

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

Al

100-800

RAAR egg RAAR embryo

DEVOBS PATH

4.0-5.0 4.0-6.0

Populations not declining, close to 100 % occupied sites. 100% mortality at early development for embryos treated with acidic bog water. 64.5% successful hatch, 0% curl occurred for embryos treated with control artificial soft water (pH 7.2-7.6). Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos. No eggs hatched or developed at pH 4.2; 64.5 % hatched at pH 7.5. 0% survival at pH 4.2 (bog water), 100% survival at pH 7.5 (artificial soft water). 62.5 % of water bodies at pH 4 -5 contained RAAR; 21.9 % of water bodies at pH 5.0; and 35.3 % of water bodies at pH 4.0. 62% mortality in eggs at pH 4.0, 0% mortality at 5.0, and 6.0. Egg mortality not affected by Al alone but synergistic effect of pH and Al at 5.0 and 6.0. Hatch time increased at low pH but was not affected by Al. 95 % or more of eggs were successfully fertilized and frequency was not associated with pH. In acidic water egg masses became heavily infested with fungi. Increased survival of embryos obtained from acid field site compare to those obtained from neutral pH sites. Low pH exerted strong harmful effect and high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction. Most hatchlings at pH 4.0 were deformed; at pH 4.5 and 5.0 few deformities noted. Rate of fungal infection was 75-100% in the pre-treatment year. Infection rate decreased to 0-25% in the treated (limed) pools. Removal of sphagnum did not affect the infection rate of the eggs at all. No differences were found.

Corn et al. 1989 Karns 1992

Corn and Vertucci 1992

Karns 1984 Karns 1992

Leuven et al. 1986

Andren et al. 1988

Andren et al. 1988

Leuven et al. 1986 Andrn et al. 1989

Andren and Nilson 1988

Leuven et al. 1986

Bellemakers and van Dam 1995

Table 6 - pH Studies - 22
Species Lifestage Code RAAR larvae
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.2

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

RAAR larvae

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

Al

100-800

RAAR larvae (stage 2933) RAAR tadpoles RACA adult

DEVOBS

4.0-5.0

Al

185 mol/L

POPSUR PHYSIO

4.0-5.0 7.2-10 Cd

Larvae survival significantly higher in progeny from acidic locality and larvae metamorphosed earlier and at a larger size than those originating form neutral pH locality. Low pH exerted a strong harmful effect and high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction. No mortality in pH medium alone; 75 % mortality at pH 4.5 in Al medium and 83.3 % mortality at pH 5.0; no mortality at pH 4.0 in Al medium. No tadpoles found in pH < 5.0. Cd at pH 7.2 decreased contractility of the cardiac muscle, however, if pH was raised, this effect was reduced. Did not occur in ponds with pH > 5.0.

Andrn et al. 1989

Andren and Nilson 1988

Leuven et al. 1986

Leuven et al. 1986 Horiuchi and Hayashi 1979

RACA adult

POPSUR

4.44-6.63 4.6

RACA adult POPSUR RACA adult (100- PHYSIO 300 g) RACA adult (brain) PHYSIO RACA embryo RACA embryo MORT HATSUC

4.6-6.6 3.8-4.01 3.5-6.8 14.4-19 20

Al

pH range= 4.53-6.97. Brain AChE activity altered in pH dependent Marquis 1982 k fashion. Animals raised at pH 4.6 died within 7 - 10 d. k Brain AChE levels. Marquis 1982 k 100 % mortality at pH 3.8 - 4.01. Saber and Dunson 1978 3.5-3.8 Critical pH was 4.0-4.5. One egg mass Grant and Licht 1993 showed unusually high embryonic survival in comparison to the other 5 egg masses. Hatching success was generally high and statistically the same for pH 4.5 and above. pH 4.3 = 50 % or more developed normally. Gosner and Black 1957 k k Acute exposure depressed Na influx and Freda and Dunson 1985 accelerated Na efflux. Increased external Ca slowed loss of Na. Initial body Na content was inversely correlated with acid tolerance. Results not extracted from paper. Mallory et al. 1996 Critical pH was 4.0. No significant difference Grant and Licht 1993 in mean total length of tadpoles occurred at pH 4.5 or higher. Body length of tadpoles at pH 4.0 was less than at higher pH.

Clark 1986 Doka et al. 1997

RACA embryo RACA larvae

DEVOBS PHYSIO 2.5-4.0

RACA tadpoles RACA tadpoles

POPSUR HATSUC

3.5-6.3

20

3.5-3.8

Table 6 - pH Studies - 23
Species Lifestage Code RACA tadpoles (stage 2530) RACL adult RACL adult RACL adult
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 3.9-4.3

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

BEHAV POPSUR POPSUR

4-7 3.5-3.9 4.44 - 6.63

RACL adult RACL all

POPSUR POPSUR

4.3-7.3

Al, Zn

RACL embryo RACL embryo

MORT HATSUC

3.7-3.99 3.75-5.8

14.4-19

Near 0 % mortality at pH 4.3; 78% mortality at pH 4.2 and 100 % mortality at pH 3.9. Results not extracted from paper. Both adults and larvae found in fields at pH 3.5 - 3.9. Occurred in all ponds; densities increased in more acidic ponds; egg mass density was reduced as pH decreased. pH range= 4.53-6.97. Amphibians were present in all 118 potential breeding sites. The presence of RACL was positively related to buffering status (alkalinity, pH and other correlated variables). 0 % mortality. 100 % hatching in soft water at pH 4.25 and only 35 % in acidic bog water; 100 % hatching at pH 4.00 in soft water and only 10 % in acidic bog water. 21% decrease in hatching success at low pH. Lower temperatures and low pH also resulted in decreased length of frogs. At pH 4.1 50 % or more developed normally. Substantially increased transepithelial net ion loss and net acid uptake, and a slight inhibition of active ion transport. Disturbances disappeared by 7 h exposure in tadpoles by persisted in juveniles. Acute exposure depressed Na influx and accelerated Na efflux. Increased external Ca slowed loss of Na. Initial body Na content was inversely correlated with acid tolerance. 100 % survival after 14 d at 21C for pH 3.5 - 6.0; 80 % survival at pH 5.0 after 38 d at 5C. Results not extracted from paper.

Gascon and Bider 1985

Vatnick et al. 1996 Dale et al. 1985 Clark 1986

k

Doka et al. 1997 Glooschenko et al. 1992

Saber and Dunson 1978 Freda and Dunson 1986

k k

RACL embryo

HATSUC

4.4-7.85

Schalk et al. 1998

RACL embryo RACL juvenile

DEVOBS PHYSIO 4.0

Gosner and Black 1957 McDonald et al. 1984

k

RACL larvae

PHYSIO

2.5-4.0

Freda and Dunson 1985

RACL larvae (stage 2529) RACL tadpoles

MORT

3.3-6.0

5, 21

Dale et al. 1985

POPSUR

Mallory et al. 1996

Table 6 - pH Studies - 24
Species Lifestage Code RACL tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint BEHAV

g

pH Level(s) 4.0, 3.5 (behaviour)

Temp 20-22

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

3.36 (96 h); N=30/treat -ment

RACL tadpoles RACL tadpoles

BEHAV PHYSIO

5.3-6.6 4.0

RACL tadpoles (stage 2530) RACY adult (female) RADA egg

MORT

4.1-4.5

Behaviour - Along with RASY, RACL were the least sensitive species and did not avoid pH 4.0. A significant correlation was found between the 96 h LC50 pH and the % reduction in use of the two acidified octants (pH 4.0). No differences were observed among treatments for RACL or RAUT tadpoles. Substantially increased transepithelial net ion loss and net acid uptake, and a slight inhibition of active ion transport. Disturbances disappeared by 7 h exposure in tadpoles but persisted in juveniles. Mortality estimated from graph, 10 % at pH 4.5 and 90 % at pH 4.1. Increased toxicity evident with increased temperature, or decreased pH and water hardness. 100 % mortality of embryos at pH 4.0 within 2 d, and 6% mortality at pH 5.0, 6.0. Embryo mortality not affected by Al alone but synergistic effect of Al and pH at 5.0, and 6.0 resulted in increased mortality. Low pH exerted a string harmful effect and high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction. Low pH exerted a strongly harmful effect and high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction. 76 % of water bodies at pH 5 and 4-5 contained RAES; 63.3 % of water bodies at pH 4.0. In acidic waters, egg masses became heavily infested with fungi. Most hatchlings at pH 4.0 were deformed; at pH 4.5 and 5.0 few deformities noted. pH medium: 6 % mortality at pH 4.0 and 4.5 ; no mortality at pH 5.0. In Al medium: 100 % mortality in all groups. Lower growth rate, longer larval period at pH 6.4.

Freda and Taylor 1992

Sparling et al. 1995 McDonald et al. 1984

k

Gascon and Bider 1985

MORT

4.0-10

15 - 35

Cr

HATSUC

4.0, 5.0, 6.0

12-15

Al

115 mg/L = 96 h LC50 100-800

Joshi and Patil 1992

Andren et al. 1988

RADA eggs

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

Al

100-800

Andren and Nilson 1988

RADA larvae

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

Al

100-800

Andren and Nilson 1988

RAES adult

POPSUR

4.0-5.0

Leuven et al. 1986

RAES egg RAES egg RAES larvae (stage 2933) RAES tadpoles

POPSUR DEVOBS DEVOBS

4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 Al 185 mol/L

Leuven et al. 1986 Leuven et al. 1986 Leuven et al. 1986

k k k

MORT

6.4-8.1

TPT

Fioramonti et al. 1997

Table 6 - pH Studies - 25
Species Lifestage Code RAES tadpoles RALE tadpoles RAMU adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR MORT POPSUR

g

pH Level(s) 4.0-5.0 6.4-8.1

Temp

Additional Contam TPT

a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

No tadpoles found in pH < 5.0.

RAMU embryo RAMU embryo

HATSUC MORT

4-6 4.5-6.0

Al ambient UV-B outdoor

75 0-6403.3 J/m2day

RAMU embryo

MORT

4.0-6.0

15

Al

0 or 0.0390.080

mg/L

4.4

RAMU tadpoles RAMU tadpoles

HATSUC MORT

4-6 4.0-6.0 15

Al Al

75 0 or 0.0390.080 mg/L <4.0

RAPA embryo

DEVOBS 4.3-7.0 12

4.0

RAPA embryos MORT (<32 stage) RAPE adult PHYSIO RAPI 3 wk tadpoles DEVOBS

4.2-6.5

202

Al

0, 0.25, mg/L 0.5, 0.75, 1.0

RAPI RAPI

adult BEHAV adult (skin) PHYSIO

4-7

Higher growth rate, shorter larval period. Acidification is not responsible for population decline, however, species has now disappeared from study area. Results not extracted from paper. Bradford et al. 1991 For most treatments (non sediment) R. Long 1993 mucosa had either 100% survivorship or only one death per dish with only the pH 4.5 in combination with UV-B at 6403.3 J/m 2 day (16% ozone reduction) differing where there was 50% survivorship (3 deaths). The estimated extreme pH for Sierra Nevada Bradford et al. 1992 surface waters (5.0) did not cause a significant reduction in survival for either life stage or species. Sublethal effects were evident as reduced body size in embryos at pH 5.0 and 5.25. Increases of Al resulted in reduced growth Bradford et al. 1991 rates. The estimated extreme pH for Sierra Nevada Bradford et al. 1992 surface waters (5.0) did not cause a significant reduction in survival for either life stage or species. The addition of Al to treatment waters did not significantly affect post-treatment survival. k At pH 4.3, 50 % or more developed Gosner and Black 1957 normally. k 100 % hatched at pH 6.0 - 7.0; 36-41 % Dale et al. 1985 hatched at pH 5.0 however 50 % later died. Pyruvate and lactate conc. were higher than Mendiola and de Costa 1991 apparent Km values of heart enzyme. Three wk old tadpoles did not die at any test Freda and McDonald 1990 pH (without Al) and mortality (>20%) caused by Al occurred at only pH 4.8 and 0.75-1.0 mg/L Al. The body Na conc. of 3 wk old tadpoles was also elevated in water containing high conc. of Al. Results not extracted from paper. Vatnick et al. 1996 k Lowering of pH caused a decrease in short Fromm 1981 circuit current .

Leuven et al. 1986 Fioramonti et al. 1997 Bradford et al. 1994

Table 6 - pH Studies - 26
Species Lifestage Code RAPI
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s) 4.3-7.3

Temp

Additional Contam Al, Zn

a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

all

RAPI RAPI RAPI

egg egg egg

DEVOBS POPSUR REPRO

4.5-6.0 4.0-6.0 <4.8-6.5

UV-B

RAPI

embryo

HATSUC

4.1-4.3

15

RAPI

embryo

MORT

4.5-5

ambient UV-B outdoor

4341.29507.2

J/m2day

RAPI RAPI

embryo embryo

DEVOBS BEHAV

3.7

RAPI

embryo

MORT

5.0

23

RAPI

embryo

MORT

4.4-6.5

20

0-60

mg/L

humic: 15.6 (13.319.2) mg/L fulvic: 14.1 (4.818.1)

Amphibians were present in all 118 potential Glooschenko et al. 1992 breeding sites. The presence of RAPI was positively related to buffering status (alkalinity, pH and other correlated variables). Embryo survival was reduced by low pH and Long et al. 1995 increased UV-B. Low percentage of occupied sites, Corn et al. 1989 populations declined. Sperm motility decreased with decreasing pH Schlichter 1981 k below pH 6.5 in solutions acidified with H2 SO4 or HNO3 ; below 5.55 in solutions acidified with HCl. No eggs developed at < pH 4.8. Lower limit for optimal fertilization and early development was pH 6.0. 0% successful hatch, 0.9% curl for embryos Karns 1992 exposed to acidic bog water. 98.5% successful hatch, 0% curl for embryos exposed to control artificial soft water. At 30 % ozone reduction: 51% survival, Long 1993 SE=0.025 (significant) 91% survival, SE=.025 (nearly significant).73% survival, SE=0.055 (significant). k At pH 4.1, 50 % or more developed Gosner and Black 1957 normally. Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do Corn and Vertucci 1992 not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos. Higher levels of nitric acid precipitation McCue 1989 showed slower growth rate and severe abnormalities not characteristic of embryos exposed to lesser conc. of nitric acid. Humic and fulvic acid increased mortality. Freda et al. 1990 Both humic and fulvic acid stained the egg jelly and membranes a dark brown color and caused these structures to become tough and rubbery. The embryos became tightly curled within the egg membranes and were unable to hatch.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 27
Species Lifestage Code RAPI
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.2-6.5

Temp 202

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc. 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

embryo

RAPI RAPI

embryo embryo

HATSUC MORT

4.2 bog, 7.5 fen 4.2-4.8 20 Al 0-1.0 mg/L At 100% artificial soft water = 0.471 mg/L (for Al).

RAPI RAPI

embryo larvae

BEHAV PHYSIO

< 3.8-5.0 2.5-4.0

RAPI

prestage 25 DEVOBS tadpoles

4.2-6.5

202

Al

0, 0.25, mg/L 0.5, 0.75, 1.0

RAPI

tadpoles

DEVOBS

RAPI

tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.4-5.8

RAPI

tadpoles

BEHAV

4.0, 4.5

20-22

4.06 (96 h); N=30/treat -ment

RAPR embryo

BEHAV

RARI

adult PHYSIO (abdominal skin)

2.5

In embryos and pre-stage 25 tadpoles, Al ameliorated the toxic effects of very low pHs (4.2-4.4), while becoming toxic at higher pH (4.6-4.8). Although both embryos and pre-stage 25 tadpoles were killed by low pH (4.2-4.4 and 4.2, respectively). No eggs hatched at pH 4.2; 98.5 % hatched at pH 7.5. Nontoxic (5% mortality) without Al. Al was toxic only at pH 4.8. Organic compounds (DOC 5.7 to 16.2 mg/L) complexed the Al and thus increased the LC50 for total Al by more than two-fold. 100% artificial soft water and the four dilutions of pond water were toxic to embryos. One of the most common species noted. Acute exposure depressed Na influx and accelerated Na efflux. Increased external Ca slowed loss of Ca. Initial body Na content was inversely correlated with acid tolerance. In embryos and pre-stage 25 tadpoles, Al ameliorated the toxic effects of very low pHs (4.2-4.4), while becoming toxic at higher pH (4.6-4.8). Although both embryos and pre-stage 25 tadpoles were killed by low pH (4.2-4.4 and 4.2, respectively). 96 h exposure to bog water (pH 4.2): there was 0% survival (controls had 97.5% survival). Linear increase in survival time and thus pH tolerance during first 8 wks of development. Tadpoles grew at rates of 5.9 - 36 mg/d. No significant difference in activity level after acidification was initiated. Tadpoles avoided pH 4.0 and 4.5 (along with BUAM they were the most sensitive species tested). Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos. Increase in influx and backflux of Ca and mannitol and in backflux of Na at pH 2.5 in short circuited skin. Total conductance and short-circuit current increased at pH 2.5.

Freda and McDonald 1990

Karns 1984

Freda et al. 1990

Glooschenko et al. 1986 Freda and Dunson 1985

k

Freda and McDonald 1990

Karns 1992

Freda and Dunson 1985

Freda and Taylor 1992

Corn and Vertucci 1992

Ferreira and Hill 1982

Table 6 - pH Studies - 28
Species Lifestage Code RASE adult RASE tadpoles RASY adult RASY adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

4.1-6.3

RASY adult

POPSUR

4.44-6.63

RASY adult RASY adult RASY all

POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR 4.1 4.3-7.3 Al, Zn

pH range= 4.53-6.97. Results not extracted from paper. Least sensitive to low pH compared to AMMA and BUAM. No evidence that amphibian embryos are present during snow melt and episodic acidification; population decline not likely due to acidification. Occurred in all ponds; densities increased in more acidic ponds; egg mass density was reduced as pH decreased. Presence unrelated to pond pH.

Doka et al. 1997 Mallory et al. 1996 Dale et al. 1985 Vertucci and Corn 1996

Clark 1986

RASY egg RASY egg

HATSUC HATSUC

4.14-5.75 3.75-7.6

Al

0-200

Freda and Dunson 1986 Successfully breeding at pH 4.1. Dale et al. 1985 Amphibians were present in all 118 potential Glooschenko et al. 1992 breeding sites. The species showed a relationship with conductivity. k Results not extracted from paper. Clark and LaZerte 1985
k 95.3 % hatched at pH 7.2 - 7.6; 41.9 % Pierce and Sikand 1985 hatched at pH 3.75. Time required for hatching increased significantly as pH decreased. Egg mass density was negatively correlated Gascon and Planas 1986 k with acidity. Hatching success was inversely correlated with pH. Occurrence of mould on eggs increased in low pH. k Hatching of RASY not related to pH. Freda and Dunson 1986 Hatching success was negatively correlated Clark and Hall 1985 with Al and DOC and positively correlated with pH. Ovum volume was negatively correlated with Pierce et al. 1987 hatching success at pH 4.0 and capsule thickness was negatively correlated with hatching success at pH 3.75. Populations not declining, close to 100% of Corn et al. 1989 sites occupied. k Results not extracted from paper. Tome and Pough 1982

RASY egg

HATSUC

RASY egg RASY egg

POPSUR HATSUC Al

RASY egg

HATSUC

3.75-7.6

15

RASY egg RASY embryo

POPSUR MORT

4.0-6.0 3.5

Table 6 - pH Studies - 29
Species Lifestage Code RASY embryo
b

Study Endpoint HATSUC

g

pH Level(s) 4.2-7.5

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

15 or 3.5 and 15.5

RASY embryo

HATSUC

3.5-7.0

12, 21

RASY embryo

HATSUC

4.2 bog, 7.5 fen

RASY embryo

DEVOBS

4.0-5.8

RASY embryo

HATSUC

4.0-5.8

RASY embryo RASY embryo

DEVOBS BEHAV

RASY embryo

HATSUC

4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 6.0

Al

0, 0.25, mg/L 0.5, 0.75, 1.0

RASY embryo RASY embryo RASY embryo RASY embryo

BEHAV HATSUC HATSUC HATSUC

< 3.8-5.0 4.25 2.0-7.6 3.5-6.3 20

Al

114-834

For embryos collected from bog site exposed to bog water (pH 4.2) only 11% normal hatch and 77% curl occurred; low temperature affected the hatching success of RASY in bog water (100% mortality at early development). 0 % hatched at pH 3.0 at both 12 and 21C.> 90 % hatched at pH 7.0. More hatched at higher temperature. 11 % hatch at pH 4.2 and 96.3 % hatch at pH 7.5; 77.2 % embryo developed by not hatched at pH 4.2. 80-100 % hatched at pH 5.0 and 5.8 with some deformities; at pH 4.5, 15 (at Ca 80 ppm) - 100 % (Ca 20 ppm ) hatched . 0-13 % hatched at pH 4.0. 95-100 % hatching at pH 4.5 - 5.8; 80 % hatching at 4.25 (significantly greater than AMJE); 0 % hatching at pH 4.0. At pH 3.9, 50 % or more developed normally. Breeding habitats in the Rocky Mountains do not appear to be sufficiently acidic to kill embryos. BUAM embryos were more sensitive to low pH than RASY embryos as indicated by a significant increase in mortality at pH 4.2 and 0 mg/L Al/L. BUAM embryos were most stressed by Al at pH 4.2. Elevated Al and low pH may reduce breeding success. Hatched at 4.25. Hatching success > 71 % at pH 4.0 - 7.6. 3.5-4.0

Karns 1992

Dale et al. 1985

k

Karns 1984

Freda and Dunson 1985

Freda and Dunson 1986

Gosner and Black 1957 Corn and Vertucci 1992

Freda and McDonald 1993

Glooschenko et al. 1986 Freda and Dunson 1985

k k

Pierce et al. 1984 Hatching success at pH 4.0 was significantly Grant and Licht 1993 higher than at pH 3.5 but significantly lower than pH 4.5-6.3. No significant difference occurred between hatching success at pH 4.5 or higher. The critical pH was determined to be pH 4.0-4.5.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 30
Species Lifestage Code RASY embryo
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

4.10 for hatching

RASY embryo

HATSUC

4.5-8.1

5.6-6.2

RASY embryo

MORT

4.15-6.23

Al

0.0311.155

mg/L (total Al)

RASY embryo

HATSUC

4.3-4.8

Al

34-46 ig/L

RASY embryo (4h MORT ) RASY larvae MORT 3, 4, 5

15

RASY larvae RASY larvae

DEVOBS PHYSIO

3.25-7.6 2.5-4.0

15

RASY larvae RASY larvae

MORT HATSUC

3.75-7.6 2.0-7.6

RASY larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Al

100-300

g/L

RASY larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Cu

6-9

g/L

Less pH-associated embryonic mortality observed among more tolerant RASY; more larval RASY survived pH 4.1 in lab when initially contained with AMJE than at pH > 6.0 due to reduced survival and subsequent predation by AMJE at pH 4.1. Low pH led to 45% decrease in hatching success; but did not affect hatch timing. Lower temperatures and low pH resulted in a decrease in frog length. Mortality correlated only with pH. In two low-pH ponds, high conc. of dissolved organic compounds might have been a toxic component. Generally, decreases in mortality occurred with pH below 5.0 (exceptions did occur). pH 4.8 and 37 g/L Al did not affect eggs of RASY ; pH 4.3 and 46 g/L were more toxic to RASY than 34 - 35 g/L Al. Differences in acid tolerance among populations of embryos was not related to levels of acidity in ponds. 100 % mortality within 2 h. No differences in development noted at any other treatment. Acid tolerance of larvae was not related to ovum size nor to capsule thickness. Acute exposure depressed Na influx and markedly accelerated Na efflux - resulting net loss of 50 % of body Na was fatal. Chronic exposure caused 21-62 % reduction in body Na level K content did not change. All survived for 24 h at pH 7.2 - 7.6; 37% survival at pH 3.5. Early feeding stage: 100 % survival at > 4.0; metamorphosed larvae 90 - 100 % at pH 3.5 and above. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms.

Sadinski and Dunson 1992

Schalk et al. 1998

Freda and McDonald 1993

Clark and Hall 1985

Pierce and Harvey 1987

k

Ling et al. 1986

Pierce et al. 1987 Freda and Dunson 1985

k

Pierce and Sikand 1985 Pierce et al. 1984

k

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Table 6 - pH Studies - 31
Species Lifestage Code RASY larvae
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s) 4.5-5.5

Temp 15-20

Additional Contam Fe
a

Cont. Conc. 250-350

Conc. Units g/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

RASY larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Pb

2-5

g/L

RASY larvae

POPSUR

4.5-5.5

15-20

Zn

25-41

g/L

RASY larvae (25- MORT 27) RASY tadpoles MORT RASY tadpoles RASY tadpoles POPSUR DEVOBS

15 4.14-5.75 4.2 Al 0-200

Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Interactive effects of pH and metals on a freshwater, palustrine wetland assemblage were measured in 500L outdoor mesocosms. Tadpoles produced by adult from acidic ponds were more acid tolerant. Results not extracted from paper.

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Pierce and Harvey 1987

k k

RASY tadpoles

BEHAV

3.75, 4.0, 4.5

20-22

3.71 (96 h); N=30/treat -ment

RASY tadpoles

MORT

5.4, 4.5, 4.1

RASY tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Cu outdoor

0.015

mg/L

RASY tadpoles

HATSUC

3.5-6.3

20

3.5

Clark and LaZerte 1985 Results not extracted from paper. Mallory et al. 1996 96 h exposure to bog water (pH 4.2): (i) for Karns 1992 Porter Ridge, artificial soft water hatched tadpoles there was 31.7% survival; (ii) for Porter Ridge, bog hatched tadpoles there was 83.3% survival; for Avery Carlos marsh, artificial soft water hatched tadpoles there was 5.0% survival. Along with RACL, they were the least Freda and Taylor 1992 sensitive species and did not avoid pH 4.0. They did avoid pH 3.75. A significant correlation was found between the 96 h LC50 for pH and the % reduction in use of the two octants acidified to pH 4.0. As a result of increased mortality among Sadinski and Dunson 1989 AMJE over 7 d, 38% more RASY survived at pH 4.1 than at pH 5.4. Copper was extremely toxic to both species Horne and Dunson 1995 during both acute and chronic exposures. Acute exposure RASY survival was significantly greater in the low pH (88 vs 52%) and the high hardness treatments (90 vs 50%). Critical pH was 3.5-3.8 for tadpoles; survival Grant and Licht 1993 at pH 3.8 did not differ from that at pH 3.5 or 4.0 but it was significantly lower than at pH 4.0.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 32
Species Lifestage Code RASY tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5 and 5.5

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

ambient outdoor

RASY tadpoles

MORT

4.16-6.36

Al

0.1151.180

mg/L (total Al)

RASY tadpoles

PHYSIO

4.5-6.37

RASY tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Al, Cu, Pb, outdoor Fe, Zn

mg/L

RASY tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Al outdoor

0.525

mg/L

RASY tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Fe outdoor

0.02

mg/L

RASY tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.5 and 5.5

ambient Pb outdoor

0.01

mg/L

In the treatment combinations with no metals present, acute survival of RASY was significantly higher in the high water hardness (100%) than in the low water hardness treatment (87%). After 28 d of exposure there were no significant pH or hardness effects. Percent mortality was significantly different among ponds. Mortality was correlated with both total Al and pH. Total Al had a higher r than did labile Al. Other ions measured were not correlated with mortality. Some malformation was noted. Tadpoles from pond with pH 4.5 - 4.90 had lower body Na, Cl, and water conc. than those from nearby pond with pH 5.74 6.37. Tadpoles from either pond placed in low pH had higher Na efflux than when placed in high pH. The all-metals mixture treatment induced significantly higher mortality for both species during acute and chronic exposure. There were no effects of pH or water hardness on the acute survival of RASY. The presence of Al significantly reduced survival during both acute and chronic exposure. Toxicity of Al to RASY was significantly lower in low water hardness treatments (73 vs 52%). There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass. There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass.

Horne and Dunson 1995

Freda and McDonald 1993

Freda and Dunson 1985

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Horne and Dunson 1995

Table 6 - pH Studies - 33
Species Lifestage Code RASY tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5 and 5.5

Temp

Additional
a

Contam ambient Zn outdoor

Cont. Conc. 0.115

Conc. Units mg/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

RASY tadpoles

MORT

4.2 and >4.7

Al

10-30 M (pH4.2),5 -15 (pH>4.7) 16 (pH= M 4.2), 0.1 (pH>6.0)

RASY tadpoles - DEVOBS metamorph

4.2 and >6.0

Al

RATE adult

POPSUR

4.0-5.0

RATE adult RATE adult

POPSUR BEHAV 0.01 - 0.1 mol/L

There were no significant negative effects of iron, lead and zinc on RASY or AMJE during acute or chronic exposure. Likewise, there were no significant effects of iron, lead or zinc on RASY or AMJE wet mass. Total dissolved Al was higher in acidified enclosure compared to controls (pH >4.7). Survival was unaffected by pH. Mean wet masses were significantly lower at pH 4.2 than at pH > 4.7. Survival not associated with pH. Time to metamorphosis was longer for RASY at pH 4.2. No differences in wet masses at metamorphosis between the two pH levels. 68.8 % of water bodies at pH 5.0 contained RATE; 55 % of water at pH 4-5; and 17.7 % of water at pH 4.0. Population decreased in acidified lakes. Threshold = 0.01 and almost 100 % avoidance at 0.1 mol/L; efficiency of acidic stimulants is determined by quality of anions rather than pH value; difference in pH of two efficient solutions of different acids can be as big as 1.0. Threshold of skin sensitivity for the three acids was 0.01 mol/L; in behavioural and electrophysiological experiments. Stimulus efficiency appeared dependent on concentration in the range of 0.01 - 0.1 mol/L. 79% embryos died at pH 4.0, < 5% at pH 5.0, and 6.0. Embryo mortality not associated with Al alone but synergistic effects of Al and pH at 5.0, and 6.0 resulted in increased mortality. In acidic waters, egg masses became heavily infested with fungi. Most hatchlings at pH 4.0 were deformed; at pH 4.5 or 5.0 few deformities noted. Low pH exerted a strong harmful effect and high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction.

Horne and Dunson 1995

Rowe et al. 1992

Rowe et al. 1992

Leuven et al. 1986

k

Hagstrom 1981 Manteifel 1991

RATE adult

PHYSIO

2.7-8.0

0.005-0.1 mol/L

Margolis and Manteifel 1991

RATE egg

HATSUC

4.0, 5.0, 6.0

12-15

Al

100-800

Andren et al. 1988

RATE egg RATE egg RATE eggs

POPSUR DEVOBS DEVOBS

4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 4.0-6.0 100-800

Leuven et al. 1986 Leuven et al. 1986

k k

Andren and Nilson 1988

Table 6 - pH Studies - 34
Species Lifestage Code RATE embryo
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.0-5.0

Temp

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

-2.0-25

RATE embryo

MORT

3.5-4.5 and 6.0 101 (control)

Ca

0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0

mg/L

RATE embryo

MORT

3.5-4.75 and 6.0 121 (control)

Ca

0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0

mg/L

RATE embryo

DEVOBS

4.0-5.0

-2.025.0

Al

RATE embryo

DEVOBS

4.5 and 6.0

10

Al

0-0.4

mg/L

RATE embryo

DEVOBS

4.5-6.0

0-5 and 10

Al

0-14.83

mol/L

RATE embryo

MORT

3.92-7.39

RATE embryo

DEVOBS

RATE embryo

MORT

4.0-4.5

A few of the eggs in the 31 ponds died before Beattie and Tyler-Jones first cleavage, particularly in circumneutral 1992 ponds, but most eggs died at mid-late cleavage/early gastrula (stages 7-12). Various types of abnormal embryos were observed. All but one of the embryos exposed to pH Cummins 1988 3.5 and 3.75 died within 24 h. There was some mortality between 6 h and 12 h at pH 3.5 but no discernible effect of calcium concentration within that period. At the lowest pH, all embryos but one died Cummins 1988 within 45 h. At pH 3.75 mortality increased with duration of exposure and with decreasing calcium concentration. Embryonic survival decreased with increasing Beattie and Tyler-Jones inorganic monomeric Al at pH 4.5. High 1992 conc. of Al also increased embryo mortality. Body length of surviving larvae was decreased by both increasing Al conc. and low pH. Embryonic survival decreased with increasing Beattie and Tyler-Jones inorganic monomeric Al concentration at 1992 pH 4.5. High conc. of inorganic monomeric Al also increased the number of embryos which died in the early stages of development. Embryonic survival was lower at lower Beattie et al. 1992 aluminum conc. Gastrulation and hatching appeared to be the most sensitive stages to both pH and Al concentration. Fertilization success was 87 % in acidic water Beattie et al. 1993 and increased to 100 % following liming. It was estimated that at least 2.1 % of eggs deposited in a limed pond gave rise to metamorphs. Inorganic monomeric Al conc. was the Beattie et al. 1991 principal factor reducing fertilization success. Exposure to a high zinc concentration, early in development, subsequently increased the number of abnormal species. k No embryos survived to become adults. Hagstrom 1977

Table 6 - pH Studies - 35
Species Lifestage Code RATE embryo
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.5, 6.0

Temp

Additional Contam Al
a

Cont. Conc. 0-1600

Conc. Units g/L

e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

RATE embryo

MORT

3.8, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5 3.92-4.84

71

Ca

0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0

mg/L

RATE embryo

DEVOBS

Al

RATE embryotadpoles

MORT

5.0

14.5

Al

0-1.6

mg/L

RATE embryotadpoles

MORT

4.0

14.5

RATE embryotadpoles

HATSUC

4.5

18.0

RATE larvae

MORT

3.92-7.39

RATE larvae

DEVOBS

4.0-6.0

Al

100-800

RATE not specified

POPSUR

4.0-8.0

pH in the absence of Al had no effect on Tyler-Jones et al. 1989 survival to tadpoles stage. Increasing Al conc. reduced the survival of lowland embryos in circumneutral water, but did not effect upland embryos. pH rose then remained close to initial levels. Cummins 1988 There was no significant relation between calcium conc. and the amount pH increased. When limestone was added to ponds 1 and 2, Beattie and Tyler-Jones fertilization success increased from approx 1992 87% to 100%. The mean percentage survival of embryos increased significantly from 22% to 93% and from 0% to 69.3%, respectively. Elevated Al conc. increased the rate of Olsson et al. 1987 morphological defects in larvae. Spinal curvatures and vesicles on head and thorax were observed. Vesicles ruptured and caused ulceration at later stages. No altered hatching frequency could be found Olsson et al. 1987 for any stage of development due to a 24 h reduction of pH to 4.0. All samples from a certain egg mass showed similar hatching success independent of the stage at which they were acid shocked. Significantly lower hatching frequency for Olsson et al. 1987 embryos incubated on sphagnum (35.2% survival) in comparison to controls (67.6% survival). A rise in pH occurred in control aquaria (from 4.5 to 4.97); this did not happen in the sphagnum treated aquaria. Embryonic survival in the two acidic ponds Beattie et al. 1993 increased from 0 % and 22 % to 69% and 93 % respectively following liming. A year after liming, embryonic survival in one pond had decreased significantly from 93 % to 79 %. Low pH exerted a strong harmful effect and Andren and Nilson 1988 high levels of Al almost completely precluded successful reproduction. k Survey of amphibian breeding sites. Beebee 1983

Table 6 - pH Studies - 36
Species Lifestage Code RATE tadpoles
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4-7

Temp 17

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

RATE tadpoles

DEVOBS

3.6-6.5

RATE tadpoles

POPSUR

4.0-5.0 3.5-4.5> pH >8.5-10.5 acidic: LC24: 3.6, LC72: 3.7, LC96: 3.9. alkaline: LC24: 9.9, LC72: 9.5, LC96: 9.5

Low pH resulted in deformities and malformations. This study shows that individuals responded differently to variations in pH than groups (ie. density dependent effects). Maximum size attained was positively correlated with pH; time to foreleg emergence was negatively correlated with pH. No tadpoles found in pH > 5.0.

Cummins 1989

Cummins 1986

RATI metamorph BEHAV -osis

Leuven et al. 1986 Stress on tadpoles was noticeable at 4.5> pH Abbasi et al. 1989 >8.5. Erratic, jerky, twisted swimming, balance loss, sinking and sluggish movement. Tendencies increased with acidity or alkalinity. Significantly decreased food consumption.

RAUT tadpoles RAVI SASA embryo larvae

BEHAV DEVOBS POPSUR

5.3-6.6

6.3-7.1

3.9-26.6

TRAL adult TRCR adult

POPSUR POPSUR

4.0-5.0 4.0-5.0

TRCR not specified TRHE adult TRHE adult TRHE adult

POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR

4.0-8.0 4.0-5.0 3.8-6.5 4.0-6.0

No differences were observed among treatments for RACL or RAUT tadpoles. At pH 3.8, 50 % or more developed normally. Larvae were growing in 11 out of 36 ponds showing various degrees of trophicity (eutrophic, oligotrophic and dystrophic), reflecting adaptation of the species to conditions prevailing at the site. Oxygen contents ranged from 0.9-10.1 mg/L. 9 % of water at pH 4-5, or 5.0 contained TRAL; no TRAL at pH 4.0. 8 % of water bodies at pH 5.0 contained TRCR; 6 % of water at pH 4.0 - 5.0; no TRCR in water pH 4.0. Survey of amphibian breeding sites. 21.6 % water bodies at pH 5.0 contained TRHE; no TRHE in pH 4.0. Bred in all pools; rarest in pH 3.8 - 4.3 rain fed ponds. Rarely encountered in water with pH > 4.0 Breeding site characteristics studied.

Sparling et al. 1995 Gosner and Black 1957 Swierad and Zakrzewski 1989
k

Leuven et al. 1986 Leuven et al. 1986

k

k k

Beebee 1983

Leuven et al. 1986 Beebee 1987

k

Cooke and Frazer 1976

Table 6 - pH Studies - 37
Species Lifestage Code TRHE embryo
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.45 and 7.4

Temp 211

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

TRHE larvae

DEVOBS

4.45 and 7.4

17-24

TRHE larvae

BEHAV

4.5 and 7.4-7.5 203

TRHE not specified TRVU adult TRVU adult TRVU adult

POPSUR POPSUR POPSUR BEHAV

4.0-8.0 4.0-5.0

Embryos raised in acidified artificial soft water hatched at a smaller size, an earlier stage (38 vs. 39) of development and on average 1-2 d before those raised under neutral conditions. Survival to hatching was reduced under low pH in both species. At 4 wks of growth all larvae had reached stages 52-54. Larvae grew to a larger size under neutral artificial soft water than under acid conditions. TRHE were smaller than TRVU (no significant difference). 95% TRHE survived under neutral and acid conditions. TRHE and TRVU both showed a decline in the response to prey after transfer to pH 4.5. For TRHE this was only significant at 22 h after transfer back to the same conditions. Larvae were more sluggish at the lower pH and tended to orient towards food. Survey of amphibian breeding sites.

Griffiths et al. 1993

Griffiths et al. 1993

Griffiths et al. 1993

Beebee 1983

TRVU adult TRVU embryo

POPSUR DEVOBS

4.0-6.0 4.45 and 7.4 211

18.9 % of water at pH 5.0 contained TRVU; Leuven et al. 1986 k no TRVU in water at pH 4.0. k Population increased in acidified lakes. Hagstrom 1981 Predation pressure on eggs of RAAR was low Henrikson 1990 due to thick jelly. The eggs of BUBU were not attractive to predators with chewing mouths parts due to unpalatability but predators with sucking mouth parts were not repulsed. Rarely encountered in water with pH > 6.0. Cooke and Frazer 1976 k Breeding site characteristics studied. Embryos raised in acidified artificial soft Griffiths et al. 1993 water hatched at a smaller size, an earlier stage (38 vs. 39) of development and on average 1-2 d before those raised under neutral conditions. Survival to hatching was reduced under low pH in both species.

Table 6 - pH Studies - 38
Species Lifestage Code TRVU larvae
b

Study Endpoint DEVOBS

g

pH Level(s) 4.45 and 7.4

Temp 17-24

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

TRVU larvae

BEHAV

4.5 and 7.4-7.5 203

TRVU not specified XEGI embryo

POPSUR MORT

4-8 3.6-9.0 (third bioassay) 21-22 0.3-10 x normal LC50 at pH 4.5 was 2x blackwater

At 4 wks of growth all larvae had reached Griffiths et al. 1993 stages 52-54. Larvae grew to a larger size under neutral artificial soft water than under acid conditions. TRVU were larger than TRHE (not significant difference). TRHE and TRVU both showed a decline in Griffiths et al. 1993 the response to prey after transfer to pH 4.5. Larvae were more sluggish at the lower pH and tended to orient towards food but snap less frequently than under circumneutral conditions. k Survey of amphibian breeding sites. Beebee 1983 Dejellied embryos of XEGI and XELA Picker et al. 1993 showed comparable tolerances to increasing blackwater conc. No development occurred at pH 3.6. At pH 4.5 and above, survival increased and was only depressed in solutions of 2x, 5x and 10x blackwater. Blackwater Blackwater: For the second bioassay the pH at which Picker et al. 1993 : 3.84 3.6 (jellied) survival was first noted differed with type of (0.026 SE) 4.3 water, jellied embryos were more resistant to (jellied) (dejellied) low pH stress in both tap and blackwater. 6.73 Dejellied eggs of both species have similar (0.414 SE) tolerance levels. (dejellied) Clearwater Clear The pH at which survival was first noted Picker et al. 1993 (1st water: 3.6 differed with type of water, jellied embryos bioassay): (jellied) 3.6 were more resistant to low pH stress in both 3.81 (dejellied) tap (clearwater) and blackwater. Dejellied (0.063 SE) eggs of both species have similar tolerance (jellied) levels. 4.06 (0.148 SE) (dejellied) k Decreased in short circuit current. Fromm 1981 3.5 3.0 Results not extracted from paper. >90% of eggs remained in the egg stage; cleavage divisions visible after 3d. No hatching occurred. Tome and Pough 1982 Dumpert 1986
k

XEGI

embryo

MORT

3-10

21-22

1x normal

XEGI

embryo

MORT

3-10

21-22

XELA adult (skin) PHYSIO XELA embryo XELA embryo MORT HATSUC 3.5 and 3.6 20-24

Table 6 - pH Studies - 39
Species Lifestage Code XELA embryo
b

Study Endpoint MORT

g

pH Level(s) 3.6-9.0 (third bioassay)

Temp 21-22

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc. 0.3-10 x normal

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

LC50 at pH 4.5 was 2x blackwater

XELA embryo

MORT

3-10

21-22

XELA embryo

MORT

3-10

21-22

1x normal

XELA embryo (< stage 4) XELA embryo (stages 1013)

HATSUC DEVOBS

3.5-6.0 3.9-4.3

21 25

Al

0.15-0.90

Dejellied embryos of XEGI and XELA Picker et al. 1993 showed comparable tolerances to increasing blackwater conc. No development occurred at pH 3.6. At pH 4.5 and above, survival increased and was only depressed in solutions of 2x, 5x and 10x blackwater. Clearwater: Clearwater: The pH at which survival was first noted Picker et al. 1993 3.92 (0.13 3.8 differed with type of water, jellied embryos SE) (jellied), were more resistant to low pH stress in both (jellied) 3.6 tap (clearwater) and blackwater. Dejellied 3.93 (dejellied) eggs of both species have similar tolerance (0.081 SE) levels. (dejellied) Blackwater Blackwater: The pH at which survival was first noted Picker et al. 1993 : 5.03 4.2 (jellied) differed with type of water, jellied embryos (0.148 SE) 4.2 were more resistant to low pH stress in both (jellied) (dejellied) tap (clearwater) and blackwater. Dejellied 4.51 eggs of both species have similar tolerance (0.054 SE) levels. (dejellied) k Results not extracted from paper. Dale et al. 1985
k Tight coiling associated with shrinkage of Dunson and Connell 1982 the perivitelline space; when jelly layer removed at pH 4.3 the embryos developed normally. 3614% developed into tadpoles. 57.222% Dumpert 1986 of tadpoles were injured ie. bent backs, weaker pigmentation than controls. 40% tadpoles mortality occurred. Those that survived developed significantly slower than controls. One mortality occurred at neutral pH, 10 Pierce and Montgomery died at pH 4.0. Three d after exposure period 1989 4 more tadpoles from the pH 4.0 group died. TRCR showed no decline in the response to Griffiths et al. 1993 prey after transfer to pH 4.5. With only three exceptions, TRCR snapped and consumed food immediately after it was offered. All TRCR larvae achieved the maximum score of 5 in all tests.

XELA embryoHATSUC metamorph

3.5-3.6 (Brook I, II)

20-24

XELA tadpoles

DEVOBS

4.0, 7.2-7.6

25-30

XXNE larvae

BEHAV

4.5 and 7.4-7.5 203

Table 6 - pH Studies - 40
Species Lifestage Code XXXA adult
b

Study Endpoint POPSUR

g

pH Level(s)

Temp

Additional Contam
a

Cont. Conc.

Conc. Units
e

LC50

LC100

Effects

eg

Reference

XXXA all stages

POPSUR

XXXA embryo

MORT

XXXX not specified

pH+ CONTAM

1233 individuals of 10 species of urodeles, 139 individuals of 6 species of anurans. Overall density across all forest types was 0.41/m (urodeles, 0.37/m ; anurans, 0.04/m ). The pH levels encountered were generally not toxic to the resident amphibians. A direct relationship of amphibian species richness with pond size was found. Only larger ponds were long-lived enough for metamorphosis of amphibian larvae. There was very limited evidence that anthropogenic episodic acidification occurred in high-elevation habitats in the Rocky Mountains. Results not extracted from paper.

Wyman and Jancola 1992

Kutka and Bachmann 1990

Vertucci and Corn 1993

Nishiuchi 1980

Table 7: Reviews of primary literature on effects of contaminants on amphibians and reptiles.

Review Title Evaluation of water quality criteria for four common pesticides on the basis of computer-aided studies Linking genotoxic responses and reproductive success in ecotoxicology Modelling of DDT dynamics in Lake Kariba, a tropical man-made lake, and its implications for the control of tsetse flies Reptiles and amphibians: shy and sensitive vertebrates of the Great Lakes Basin and St. Lawrence River Effects of ionizing radiation on the development of amphibians Introduction to round table discussion: Chemical carcinogens in amphibians Endocrine-disrupting contaminants and reproduction in vertebrate wildlife The role of estrogen in turtle sex determination and the effect of PCBs Genotoxicity of mercury compounds. A review Review of the toxicity and impacts of brodifacoum on non-target wildlife in New Zealand Cadmium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Carbofuran hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Mirex hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Selenium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Toxaphene hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Diazinon hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Dioxins hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Polychlorinated biphenyls hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Mercury hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Arsenic hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Chlorpyrifos hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Atrazine hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Molybdenum hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Pentachlorophenol hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Boron hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Chlordane hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Paraquat hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Cyanide hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Diflubenzuron hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Fenvalerate hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Reference Abbasi and Soni 1991 Anderson and Wild 1994 Berg 1995 Bishop and Gendron 1998 Brunst 1965 Clothier 1982 Crain and Guillette 1997 Crews et al. 1995 de Flora et al. 1994 Eason and Spurr 1995 Eisler 1985a Eisler 1985b Eisler 1985c Eisler 1985d Eisler 1985e Eisler 1986a Eisler 1986b Eisler 1986c Eisler 1986d Eisler 1987a Eisler 1987b Eisler 1988a Eisler 1988b Eisler 1988c Eisler 1989a Eisler 1989b Eisler 1989c Eisler 1989d Eisler 1990b Eisler 1990c Eisler 1990d Eisler 1991 Eisler 1992a Eisler 1992b
k k

Table 7 - Reviews - 2
Review Title Zinc hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Acrolein hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Famphur hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Radiation hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review Impacts of mercury contamination in the southeastern United States Mississippi Delta wildlife developing resistence to pesticides Amphibian micronucleus test(s): a simple and reliable method for evaluating in vivo genotoxic effects of freshwater pollutants and radiations. Initial assessment Rotenone hazards to amphibians and reptiles The influence of acidic pond water on amphibians: a review The effects of aluminum and other metals on amphibians Long term monitoring of amphibian populations with respect to the effects of acidic deposition Assessing hazards of organophosphate pesticides to wildlife Organization versus activation: The role of endocrine-disrupting contaminants (EDCs) during embryonic development in wildlife Endocrine-disrupting contaminants and reproductive abnormalities in reptiles Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems Waterfowl and their habitat: Threatened by acid rain? Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: a review Review: Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs Developmental responses of amphibians to solar and artificial UVB sources: a comparative study Green turtle fibropapillomatosis: Challenges to assessing the role of environmental cofactors Leopard frog populations and mortality in Wisconsin A review of the effects of pollution on marine turtles Enzyme-mediated selective toxicity of an organophosphate and a pyrethroid: some examples from a range of animals Causes of mortality and diseases in tortoises: A review Cellular neurophysiological effects of phenol derivatives Effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles in Sub-Saharan Africa Chronic toxicity of environmental contaminants: sentinels and biomarkers Drugs, anesthetics and toxic conditions in alligators Residues and some effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in biological material Assessment of the effects of chemicals on the reproductive functions of reptiles and amphibians Manual of acute toxicity: interpretation and data base for 410 chemicals and 66 species of freshwater animals Experiences with single-species tests for acute toxic effects on freshwater animals Reference Eisler 1993 Eisler 1994a Eisler 1994b Eisler 1994c Eisler 1995 Facemire et al. 1995 Ferguson 1963a Fernandez et al. 1993 Fontenot et al. 1994 Freda 1986a Freda 1991 Freda et al. 1991 Grue et al. 1983 Guillette et al. 1995 Guillette and Crain 1995 Hader et al. 1995 Haines and Hunter 1982 Hall 1980 Hall and Henry 1992 Hays et al. 1996 Herbst and Klein 1995 Hine et al. 1981 Hutchinson and Simmonds 1991 Hutson and Millburn 1991 Jacobson 1994 Kaila 1982 Lambert 1997a Leblanc and Bain 1997 Lee 1981 Marth 1965 Martin 1983 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Mayer and Ellersieck 1988
k k

Table 7 - Reviews - 3
Review Title Turtles as monitors of chemical contaminants in the environment Aspects on the toxicity of cadmium and its compounds Bioaccumulation and effects of selenium in wildlife Methyl mercury and PCB in the alligator; public health implications, environmental monitoring and pathological effects Effects of pollution on freshwater fish and amphibians Acid tolerance in amphibians The effects of acid rain on amphibians Genetic variation in tolerance of amphibians to low pH Frogs, poisons and parasites Inheritance and environment as causes for teratogenesis in amphibians and reptiles Candidate repellents, oral and dermal toxicants and fumigants for brown tree snake control Environmental genotoxicity: probing the underlying mechanisms Reproductive toxins and alligator abnormalities at Lake Apopka, Florida Environmental hazards of aluminum to plants, invertebrates, fish and wildlife Some effects of pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems Amphibian toxicity data for water quality criteria chemicals Action of pyrethroid insecticides on the vertebrate nervous system Ecological considerations regarding massive environmental contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin Review: Status and conservation of tortoises in Greece Neoplastic skin lesions in salamanders from a sewage lagoon containing perylene A review of some petroleum impacts on sea turtles A long-term study of ecosystem contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Reference Meyers-Schone and Walton 1994 Nilsson 1970 Ohlendorf 1989 Peters 1982 Pickering et al. 1983 Pierce 1985 Pierce 1987 Pierce and Wooten 1992b Poynton 1993 Sachsse 1983 Savarie and Bruggers 1992 Schugart and Theodorakis 1994 Semenza et al. 1997 Sparling and Lowe 1996a Stickel 1975 US EPA 1996 Vijverberg and van den Bercken 1982 Westing 1978 Willemsen and Hailey 1989 Windsor et al. 1977 Witham 1983 Young and Cockerham 1987
k k k

Table 8: Primary literature or reviews that examine possible causes for amphibian and/or reptile populations declines with no direct contaminant exposure investigation.
Population Status Paper Title Natural mortality of eggs and larvae of Ambystoma t. tigrinum Species translocation menaces Iberian waterfrogs Where have all the froggies gone? Observations concerning the decline of the British amphibians Environmental change as a cause of Natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) declines in Britain Predation by gray jays on aggregating tadpoles of the boreal toad (Bufo boreas) Amphibian losses in the Oregon Cascade range The puzzle of declining amphibian populations Potentiel d'utilisation du necture tachete (Necturus maculosus) comme bioindicateur de la contamination de Fleuve SaintLaurent Risk assessment, life history strategies, and turtles: Could declines be prevented or predicted? Status report on the Lake Erie water snake Nerodia sipedon insularum in Canada Possible interrelations among environmental toxicants, amphibian development, and decline of amphibian populations Tadpoles as bio-indicators of stream quality: a baseline study Indications of recent changes in status in the British Isles of the frog (Rana temporaria) and the toad (Bufo bufo) Logging in Western Oregon: Responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine A recovery program for the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) in Britain Amphibians and reptiles: the declining species The need for status information on common herpetofaunal species Collapse of a regional frog fauna in the Yosemite area of the California Sierra Nevada, USA A symposium on amphibian declines and habitat acidification Effect of road traffic on amphibian density The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousii fowleri, in Canada: Biology and population status Perspectives on amphibian population declines: defining the problem and searching for answers Decline and fall of the amphibians Predicting the persistence of amphibian populations with the help of a spatial model Declining amphibians in Europe, with particular emphasis on the situation in Britain Regional dynamics and the status of amphibians Changes in the composition of a ranid frog community following bullfrog extinction Spatial scale and determination of species status of the green frog The effects of predatory fish on amphibian species richness and distribution Reference Anderson et al. 1971 Arano et al. 1995 Barinaga 1990 Beebee 1973 Beebee 1977 Beiswenger 1981 Blaustein and Olson 1992 Blaustein and Wake 1995 Bonin et al. 1994 Burger and Garber 1995 Campbell and King 1991 Carey and Bryant 1995 Channing 1998 Cooke 1972a Corn and Bury 1989 DeMaynadier and Hunter 1998 Denton et al. 1997 Dodd 1977 Dodd and Franz 1993 Drost and Fellers 1996 Dunson et al. 1992 Fahrig et al. 1995 Fisher and Shaffer 1996 Green 1989 Green 1998 Griffiths and Beebee 1992 Halley et al. 1996 Halliday 1993 Hecnar and M'Closkey 1996b Hecnar and M'Closkey 1997a Hecnar and M'Closkey 1997b Hecnar and M'Closkey 1997c

Table 8 - Population Status - 2

Population Status Paper Title Global amphibian declines: a perspective from the Caribbean Leopard frog populations and mortality in Wisconsin Monitoring amphibian populations in the Copenhagen region Conservation and management of the American crocodile The problem of declining amphibian populations in the Commonwealth of Independent States and adjacent territories Herpetology in Mauritius, a history of extinction, future hope for conservation Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs The status of Drymarchon corais couperi (Holbrook), the eastern indigo snake, in the southeastern United States Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen der Gewasserversauerung auf die Ei- und Larvalstadien von Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna Amphibian alarm: Just where have all the frogs gone? Effects of habitat fragmentation on the abundance of two species of leptodactylid frogs in an Andean Montane forest Reptile and frog utilization of rehabilitated bauxite minesites and dieback-affected sites in western Australia's Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata forest Changes in vegetation and reptile populations on Round Island, Mauritius, following eradication of rabbits Putting declining amphibian populations in perspective: Natural fluctuations and human impacts Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: The case of the Golden Toad and the Harlequin Frog Declining amphibian populations The elucidation of amphibian declines - Are amphibian populations disappearing? Assessment of "nondeclining" amphibian populations using power analysis Declines in populations of Australia's endemic tropical rainforest frogs Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticdes in Southern Ontario, Canada, green frogs The role of pollution in large-scale population disturbances. Part 2: Terrestrial populations Amphibian deformities continue to puzzle researchers Apparent long-term decline in diamondback terrapin populations at the Kennedy Space Center Florida Indications of the decline of breeding amphibians at an isolated pond in marginal land, 1954-1967 The nocturnal amphibian fauna of the southern Lake Michigan Beach Relative abundance of herpetofauna among eight types of Maine peatland vegetation Herpetological notes from the Nevada test site Population dynamics of the Manitoba toad, Bufo hemiophrys, in northwestern Minnesota Frog abundance along streams in Bornean forests Declining amphibian populations Seasonal changes in anuran populations in a northern Michigan pond Reference Hedges 1993 Hine et al. 1981 Holmen and Wederkinch 1988 Kushlan 1988 Kuzmin 1994 Lambert 1988 Laurance et al. 1996 Lawler 1977 Linnenbach and Gebhardt 1987 Lips 1998 Livermore 1992 Marsh and Pearman 1997 Nichols and Bamford 1985 North et al. 1994 Pechmann and Wilbur 1994 Pounds and Crump 1994 Rabb 1990 Reaser 1996 Reed and Blaustein 1995 Richards et al. 1993 Richter et al. 1996 Russell et al. 1997 Sarokin and Schulkin 1982 Schmidt 1997 Seigel 1993 Simms 1969 Stille 1952 Stockwell and Hunter 1989 Tanner 1982 Tester and Breckenridge 1964 Voris and Inger 1995 Wake 1991 Werner and McCune 1979

Table 8 - Population Status - 3

Population Status Paper Title What's happening to the amphibians? Reference Wyman 1990

Table Notes
Note a: see Appendix 2a for description of contaminant codes Note b: see Appendix 1a for species common names, scientific names and classifications associated with specific species codes. Note c: see Appendix 3 for province, state or country names associated with codes Note d: see Appendix 6a for glossary of abbreviations and units or Appendix 6b for unknown or study classification terms Note e: where units are not listed, ppm or g/L wet weight may be assumed Note f: see Appendix 4 for standard exposure route and study method descriptions Note g: see Appendix 5 for standard study endpoint descriptions Note h: temperature in degrees Celsius Note i: Species names are given as reported in papers. If discrepancy occurred between common names and scientific names, Frank and Ramus 1995 was used as the primary source. Where only a scientific name or only a common name was reported in a paper, Frank and Ramus 1995, various internet sites and personal communication sources were used to suggest corresponding scientific or common names. Note j: Contaminant names are as reported in papers. The Merck Index, 1989 and The Dictionary of Chemical Synonyms was used to assign Chemical Abstract Service numbers where not given in papers. Contaminants with the same CAS numbers were grouped under the same Contaminant Code. Note k: refers to those references previously listed in Harfenist et al. 1989.

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Appendix 1a: Species codes in alphabetical order grouped by Class (Amphibian or Reptile) with corresponding scientific name, common name and Orderi
Class U U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code XXXV XXXX ACCB ACCR ACGR ADBR AFFO AFSP ALOB AMCA AMCI AMGR AMJE AMLA AMLJ AMMA AMMC AMME AMMM AMOP AMOR AMPH AMPL AMPO AMTA AMTE AMTI AMTM AMTR AMXX ANAE ANFE ANFN ANLE ANLU ANSP ARPO ASTR ATCH ATIG ATVA BAAT BOBO BOMA BOMI BONI BOOR BOVA Scientific Name i Various amphibians and reptiles unknown species Acris crepitans blanchardi Acris crepitans Acris gryllus Adelotus brevis Afrixalus fornasini Afrixalus spinifrons Alytes obstetricans Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma cingulatum Ambystoma gracile Ambystoma jeffersonianum Ambystoma laterale Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum Ambystoma maculatum Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystoma m. macrodactylum Ambystoma opacum Amolops orphnocnemis Amolops phaeomerus Ambystoma platineum Amolops poecilus Ambystoma talpoideum Ambystoma texanum Ambystoma tigrinum Ambystoma tremblayi Amphiuma tridactylum Ambystoma species Aneides aeneus Aneides ferreus Aneides flavipunctatus niger Ansonia leptopus Aneides lugubris Ansonia spinulifer Arthroleptis poecilonotus Ascaphus truei Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus ignescens Atelopus varius Batrachoseps attenatus Bombina bombina Bolitoglossa marmorea Bolitoglossa minutula Bolitoglossa nigrescens Bombina orientalis Bombina variegata Common Name i various species of amphibians/reptiles unknown amphibian or reptile species Blanchard's Cricket Frog Northern Cricket Frog Southern Cricket Frog Tusked Frog Silver-banded Banana Frog Natal Banana Frog Olive Midwife Toad California Tiger Salamander Flatwood Salamander Northwestern Salamander Jefferson Salamander Blue-Spotted Salamander hybrid complexes of Salamanders Spotted Salamander Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Axolotl Western Long-toed Salamander Marbled Salamander Orphnocnemis Sucker Frog Phaeomerus Sucker Frog Silvery Salamander Peocilus Sucker Frog Mole Salamander Smallmouth Salamander Tiger Salamander Tremblay's Salamander Three-toed Amphiuma Mole Salamander species Green Salamander Clouded Salamander Santa Cruz Black Salamander Matang Stream Toad Arboreal Salamander Kina Balu Stream Toad West African Screeching Frog Tailed Frog Lewis' Stubfoot Toad Quito Stubfoot Toad Veragoa Stubfoot Toad California Slender Salamander Firebelly Toad Crater Salamander Tropical Lungless Salamander species Cordillera Central Salamander Oriental Firebelly Toad Yellowbelly Toad Order Various unknown Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 2

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code BUAM BUAN BUAR BUAS BUBJ BUBO BUBU BUCA BUCN BUCO BUDD BUDI BUFA BUFO BUGA BUGR BUHA BUHB BUHE BUJU BUMA BUMC BUME BUPE BUPU BUQU BURA BURE BUTE BUVA BUVI BUVU BUWO BUXX CACU CANA CANN CATR CEOR CEXX CHXE COXX CRAA CRAL CRGE CRGL CRIN CRPS CYPY DEBU Scientific Name i Bufo americanus Bufo andrewsi Bufo arenarum Bufo asper Bufo japonicus Bufo boreas Bufo bufo Bufo calamita Bufo canorus Bufo cognatus Bufo debilis debilis Bufo divergens Bufo fastidiosus Bufo fowleri Bufo gariepensis Bufo gargarizans Bufo halophilus Bufo hemiophrys baxteri Bufo hemiophrys Bufo juxtasper Bufo marinus Bufo maculatus Bufo melanostictus Bufo periglenes Bufo punctatus Bufo quercicus Bufo rangeri Bufo regularis Bufo terrestris Bufo valliceps Bufo viridis Bufo vulgaris Bufo woodhousii Bufo species Caudiverbera caudiverbera Cacosternum namaquense Cacosternum nanum Capensibufo tradouwi Ceratophrys ornata Centrolene species Chiromantis xerampelina Cophixalus species Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Crinia georgiana Crinia glauerti Crinia insignifera Crinia pseudinsignifera Cynops pyrrhogaster Dendrobates pumilio Common Name i American Toad Andrews' Toad Common Toad Java Toad Japanese Toad Western Toad Common European Toad Natterjack Toad Yosemite Toad Great Plains Toad Eastern Green Toad unknown toad species Pico Blanco Toad Fowler's Toad Karroo Toad Chusan Island Toad California Toad Wyoming Toad Canadian Toad Sungei Tawan Toad Giant Toad Hallowell's Toad Black Spined Toad Alajuela Toad Baird's Spotted Toad Oak Toad Kei Road Toad Square-marked Toad Southern Toad Gulf Coast Toad European Green Toad unknown toad species Woodhouse's Toad Toad species Helmeted Water Toad Namaqua Metal Frog Mozambique Metal Frog Swellendam Cape Toad Ornate Horned Frog Giant Glass Frog species African Gray Treefrog Rainforest Frog species Eastern hellbender Hellbender Red-Legged Froglet Rattle Froglet White-throated Froglet Darling Plateau Froglet Japanese Firebelly Newt Strawberry Poison Frog Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 3

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code DEFA DEFU DEHS DEMO DEOC DEQU DEWE DEWR DEXX DICO DIEN DITE DIVI ELAN ELBU ELCH ELCO ELCR ELHY ELJA ELKA ELME ELPO ELPU ELTR ENEO ENES EUBB EUBI EULL EULO EULU EUPU EUQU GACA GYPO HEEY HEHE HEIO HENA HEOR HERE HERO HESC HEWA HYAJ HYAN HYCA HYCE HYCH Scientific Name i Desmognathus auriculatus Desmognathus fuscus Dendrobates histrionicus sylvaticus Desmognathus monticola Desmognathus ochrophaeus Demognathus quadramaculatus Desmognathus welteri Desmognathus wrighti Dendrobates species Dicamptodon copei Dicamptodon ensatus Dicamptodon tenebrosus Diemictylus viridescens Eleutherodactylus angelicus Eleutherodactylus buckleyi Eleutherodactylus chloronotus Eleutherodactylus coqui Eleutherodactylus cruentus Eleutherodactylus hylaeformis Eleutherodactylus jasperi Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Eleutherodactylus melanostictus Eleutherodactylus podiciferus Eleutherodactylus punctariolus Eleutherodactylus trepidotus Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis Ensatina eschscholtzii Eurycea bislineata bislineata Eurycea bislineata Eurycea longicauda longicauda Eurycea longicauda Eurycea lucifuga Eupemphix pustulosus Eurycea quadridigitata Gastrophryne carolinensis Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Heleioporus eyrei Heleophryne hewitti Heleioporus inornatus Heleophryne natalensis Heleophryne purcelli Heleophryne regis Heleophryne rosei Hemidactylium scutatum Heideotriton wallacei Hyla arborea Hyla andersonii Hyla cadaverina Hyla crepitans Hyla chrysoscelis Common Name i Southern Dusky Salamander Dusky Salamander Harlequin Poison Frog Seal Salamander Mountain Dusky Salamander Blackbelly Salamander Black Mountain Salamander Pigmy Salamander Poison Frog species Cope's Giant Salamander California Giant Salamander Pacific Giant Salamander unknown newt Angel Robber Frog Buckley's Robber Frog Green Robber Frog Puerto Rican Coqui Chiriqui Robber Frog Pico Blanco Robber Frog Cayey Robber Frog Karl's Robber Frog Black-lined Robber Frog Cerro Utyum Robber Frog Bob's Robber Frog Shy Robber Frog Oregon Ensatina Ensatina Two-lined Salamander Northern Two-lined Salamander Longtailed Salamander Longtail Salamander Cave Salamander unknown tropical frog species Dwarf Salamander Eastern Narrowmouth Toad Spring Salamander Moaning Frog Hewitt's African Ghost Frog Swamp Burrowing Frog Natal Ghost Frog Purcell's African Ghost Frog Royal Ghost Frog Skeleton Gorge Ghost Frog Four-toed Salamander unknown salamander species European Treefrog Pine Barrens Treefrog California Chorus Frog Emerald-eyed Treefrog Cope's Gray Treefrog Order Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 4

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code HYCI HYCL HYFE HYGA HYGR HYJA HYMA HYPI HYPL HYPS HYRE HYRI HYRT HYSE HYSQ HYVA HYVE HYXX KASE LEGR LELA LEMA LEMO LETY LIAD LICA LIEW LIGE LIGR LILO LIMO LINA LINY LIOR LIPE LIRH LITA LIXA LIXX LYDO MIFL MIIT MIOR NABO NECE NELE NEMA NOPE NOVI NOVL Scientific Name i Hyla cinerea Hyla calypsa Hyla femoralis Hyla grylatta Hyla gratiosa Hyla japonica Hyperolius marmoratus Hyla picadoi Hydromantoides platycephalus Hyla pseudopuma Pseudacris regilla Hyla rivularis Hynobius retardatus Hyperolius semidiscus Hyla squirella Hyla vasta Hyla versicolor Hyla species Kassina senegalensis Leptolalax gracilis Lepidobatrachus laevis Leurognathus marmoratus Leptobrachium montanum Leptodactylus typhonius Litoria adelaidensis Litoria caerulea Litoria ewingii Litoria genimaculata Litoria gracilenta Litoria lorica Litoria moorei Litoria nannotis Litoria nyakalensis Limnodynastes ornatus Limnodynastes peronii Litoria rheocola Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Litoria xanthomera Limnodynastes species Limnodynastes dorsalis Mixophyes fleayi Mixophyes iteratus Microhyla ornata Natalobatrachus bonebergi Neobatrachus centralis Necturus lewisi Necturus maculosus Notophthalmus perstriatus Notophthalmus viridescens Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis Common Name i Green Treefrog unknown treefrog Pine Woods Treefrog Pacific Lowland Treefrog Barking Treefrog Japanese Treefrog Marbled Reed Frog Volcan Barba Treefrog Mount Lyell Salamander Gunther's Costa Rican Treefrog Pacific Chorus Frog American Cinchona Plantation Treefrog Noboribetsu Salamander Hewitt's Reed Frog Squirrel Treefrog Hispaniola Treefrog Gray Treefrog Treefrog species Senegal Running Frog Matang Asian Toad Budgett's Frog Shovelnose Salamander Mountain Spadefoot Toad White-lipped Frog Slender Treefrog Australasian Treefrog species Australian Brown Treefrog Brown-Spotted Treefrog Dainty Green Treefrog Alexandra Greek Treefrog Western Green Frog Torrent Treefrog Henrietta Creek Treefrog Ornate Burrowing Frog Brown-Striped Frog Atherton Tableland Treefrog Spotted Grass Frog Lime Treefrog Australian Swamp Frog species Western Banjo Frog Queensland Barred Frog Giant Barred Frog Ornate Rice Frog Natal Diving Frog Trilling Frog Neuse River Waterdog Mudpuppy Striped Newt Eastern Newt Central Newt Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 5

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code NOVV NOXX NYDA OEGR OSAN PAHO PEFU PEHO PELE PHMA PHNA PHVI PLCI PLDU PLEL PLGL PLHU PLID PLJO PLKE PLME PLNE PLPO PLRS PLTH PLVE PLWA PLXX PLYO POMI POPA PRTR PSCR PSGE PSMA PSNI PSOR PSRR PSTR PTMO RAAE RAAM RAAN RAAR RAAU RABE RABL RABO RABR RABU Scientific Name i Notophthalmus viridescens virdescens Notophthalmus species Nyctimystes dayi Oedipina grandis Osornophryne antisana Paramesotriton hongkongensis Pelobates fuscus Pedostibes hosii Peltophryne lemur Phyllodactylus marmoratus Phrynobatrachus natalensis Phyllobates vittatus Plethodon cinereus Plethodon dunni Plethodon elongatus Plethodon glutinosus Plethodon huldae Plethodon idahoensis Plethodon jordani Plethodon kentucki Plethodon metcalfi Plethodon nettingi Pleorodeles poireti Plethodon richmondi Pleurodema thaul Plethodon vehiculum Pleorodeles waltl Pleorodeles species Plethodon yonahlossee Pogona minor Poyntonia paludicola Prostherapis trinitatis Pseudacris crucifer Pseudophryne guentheri Pseudacris maculata Pseudacris nigrata Pseudacris ornata Pseudotriton ruber ruber Pseudacris triseriata Ptychadena mossambica Rana areolata Rana amurensis Rana angolensis Rana arvalis Rana aurora Rana berlandieri Rana blairi Rana boylii Rana brevipoda Rana bufo Common Name i Eastern Red-spotted Newt Red-spotted Newt species Day's Big-eyed Treefrog Cerro Pando Worm Salamander Napo Plump Toad Hong Kong Warty Newt Common Eurasian Spadefoot Toad Boulenger's Asian Tree Toad Lowland Carribean Toad MarmoRatus Leaf-toad Froglet Natal River Frog Golden Poison Frog Red-Backed Salamander Dunn's Salamander Del Norte Salamander Northern Slimy Salamander Huldae Woodland Salamander Cour D'alene Salamander Jordan's Salamander Cumberland Plateau Salamander Woodland Salamander Cheat Mountain Salamander Algerian Ribbed Newt Ravine Salamander Chile Four-eyed Frog Western Redback Salamander Spanish Ribbed Newt Ribbed Newt species Yonahlossee Salamander Dwarf Bearded Dragon Kogelberg Reserve Frog unknown tropical frog Spring Peeper Gunther's Toadlet Boreal Chorus Frog Southern Chorus Frog Ornate Chorus Frog Northern Red Salamander Western Chorus Frog Mozambique Grassland Frog Crawfish Frog Khabarovsk Frog Angola Frog Swedish Swamp Frog Red Legged Frog Rio Grande Frog Plains Leopard Frog Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog Rana brevipoda Rana bufo??? Order Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Squamata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 6

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code RABY RACA RACH RACL RACO RACS RACY RADA RADR RAES RAFI RAFS RAFU RAGR RAHC RAHE RAHO RAIB RAIN RAJA RAKU RALE RALI RALU RAMA RAMU RANI RAON RAPA RAPE RAPI RAPP RAPR RARE RARI RARU RASE RASI RASP RASY RATA RATE RATI RATL RATS RAUT RAVE RAVI RAWR RAXX Scientific Name i Rana blythi Rana catesbeiana Rana chensinensis Rana clamitans Rana chalconota Rana cascadae Rana cyanophlyctis Rana dalmatina Rana dracomontana Rana esculenta Rana finchi Rana fuscigula Rana fusca Rana grylio Rana heckscheri Rana hexadactyla Rana hosii Rana ibanorum Rana ingeri Rana japonica Rana kuhli Rana lessonae Rana limnocharis Rana luteiventris Rana malabarica Rana muscosa Rana nigromaculata Rana onca Rana palustris Rana perezi Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa pretiosa Rana pretiosa Rana ridibunda-esculenta hybrid Rana ridibunda Rana rugosa Rana septentrionalis Rana signata Rana sphenocephala Rana sylvatica Rana tagoe Rana temporaria Rana tigrina Rana tlaloci Rana tsushimensis Rana utricularia Rana vertebralis Rana virgatipes Batrachoseps wrighti Rana species Common Name i Blythi True Frog Bullfrog Inkiapo Frog Green Frog Schlegel's Java Frog Cascades Frog Skipper Frog Spring Frog Sani Pass Frog Edible Frog Finch True Frog Brown-throated Frog Rana fusca Pig Frog River Frog Indian Green Frog Mount Dulit Frog Ibanorum True Frog Ingeri True Frog Agile Frog Kuhli True Frog Pool Frog Indian Rice Frog Columbia Spotted Frog Malabar Hills Frog Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Black-Spotted Frog Relict Leopard Frog Pickerel Frog Coruna Frog Northern Leopard Frog Western Spotted Frog Spotted Frog Common Frog hybrid Marsh Frog Wrinkled Frog Mink Frog Matang Frog Florida Leopard Frog Wood Frog Tago Frog European Common Frog Asian Bullfrog Tlaloc's Leopard Frog Tsushima Frog Southern Leopard Frog Ice Frog Carpenter Frog Oregon Slender Salamander Ranid species Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 7

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Code RAYA RHGA RHOL RHPA RHSC RHSI RHVA RHVI SASA SCCO SCHA SCHH SCHO SCIN SCMU SCNA SIIN SPXX STFA STGR STHY STLA STNA STSP STWA TAAC TADI TAEU TAGR TALI TARH TARI TATO TATS TOCR TODE TOMA TRAL TRCC TRCR TRHE TRVU XEBO XEGI XELA XELL XEMU XXAA XXFR XXNE Scientific Name i Rana yavapiensis Rhacophorus gauni Rhyacotriton olympicus Rhacophorus pardalis Rhacophoros schlegelii Rheobatrachus silus Rhyacotriton variegatus Rheobatrachus vitellinus Salamandra salamandra Scaphiopus couchii Spea hammondii Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii Scaphiopus holbrookii Spea intermontana Scaphiopus multiplicata Scinax nasica Siren intermedia Sphenophryne species Rana fasciata Rana grayii Rana hymenopus Staurois latopalmatus Staurois natator Rana springbokensis Rana wageri Taudactylus acutirostris Taudactylus diurnus Taudactylus eungellensis Taricha granulosa Taudactylus liemi Taudactylus rheophilus Taricha rivularis Taricha torosa Taricha torosa sierrae Tompterna cryptotis Tompterna delalandii Tompterna marmorata Triturus alpestris Triturus carnifex Triturus cristatus Triturus helveticus Triturus vulgaris Xenopus borealis Xenopus gilli Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis laevis Xenopus muelleri unknown anuran species unknown frog species unknown newt species Common Name i Yavapai Leopard Frog Inger's Flying Frog Olympic Salamander Panther Flying Frog Schlegel's Flying Frog Southern Gastric Brooding Frog Southern Torrent Salamander Northern Gastric-brooding Frog European Fire Salamander Couch's Spadefoot Toad Western Spadefoot Toad Eastern Spadefoot Toad var Eastern Spadefoot Toad Great Basin Spadefoot Toad Southern Spadefoot Toad Lesser Snouted Treefrog Lesser Siren Land Frog species Striped Frog Gray's Spotted Frog Natal Drakensberg Frog Sabah Splash Frog Mindanao Splash Frog Springbok Frog Natal Uplands Frog Sharpsnout Torrent Frog Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Eungella Dayfrog Roughskin Newt Palm Torrent Frog Mountain Torrent Frog Redbelly Newt California Newt Sierra Newt Catequero Bullfrog African Bullfrog Marbled Bullfrog Laurenti's AlPine Newt Great Crested Newt Northern Crested Newt Palmate Newt Smooth Newt Marsabit Clawed Frog Cape Clawed Frog African Clawed Frog South African Clawed Frog Muller's Clawed Frog unknown anuran amphibian unknown frog species unknown newt species Order Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 8

Class A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code XXTD XXXA XXXS ABER ACAN ACJA AGAC AGAG AGBB AGCA AGCO AGKI AGPI AGRO AGSP AGSS ALMI AMBA AMEX AMMU AMUN ANCA ANCO APPU APSE APSP APXX BIAS BOCO BOFU BOIR BOMU BOSC CACA CACC CADU CALA CATE CAVE CAXX CAYA CECE CHBO CHMY CHOT CHPI CHPM CHRA CHSE CHXX Scientific Name i unknown toad species unknown amphibian species unknown salamander species Abastor erythrogrammus Acanthophis antarcticus Acrochordus javanicas Agama aculeata Agama agama Agkistrodon blomhoffi Agama caucasica Agkistrodon contortrix Agama kirkii Agkistrodon piscivorus Agama robecchii Agama spinosa Agama stellio stellio Alligator mississippiensis Amphibolurus barbatus Ameiva exsul Amphibolurus muricatus Ameiva undalata Anolis carolinensis Anolis coelestinus Aprasia pulchella Apalone spinifera emoryi Apalone spinifera Apalone species Bitis arietans somalica Boa constrictor Boaedon fuliginosus Boiga irregularis Bolyeria multocarinata Bothriechis schlegelii Caretta caretta Caiman crocodilus Casarea dussumieri Caiman latirostris Carlia tetradactyla Calotes versicolor Caiman species Caiman yacare Cerastes cerastes Charina bottae Chelonia mydas Chionactis occcipatalis talpina Chrysemys picta Chrysemys picta marginata Chalcides ragazzi Chelydra serpentina serpentina Chelonia species Common Name i unknown toad species unknown amphibian species unknown salamander species Rainbow Snake Common Death Adder Java File Snake Ground Agama Common Agama Japanese Mamushi Caucasica Agama Copperhead Kirk's Rock Agama Water Moccasin Robecchi's Agama Lanza's Spiny Agama unknown Typical Agama species American Alligator Australian Dragon Lizard species Puerto Rican Ameiva Jacky Lizard Rainbow Ameiva Green Anole Jeremie Anole Coastal Legless Lizard Texas Spiny Softshell Spiny Softshell North American Softshell Turtle species Somalian Puff Adder Boa Constrictor House Snake Brown Tree Snake Round Island Burrowing boa Eyelash Palm Pit Viper Loggerhead Turtle Narrow-snouted Spectacled Caiman Round Island Boa Broad-snouted Spectacled Caiman Forest Carlia Variable Agama Caiman species Yacare Caiman Horned Viper Rubber Boa Common Green Turtle Nevada Shovelnose Snake Painted Turtle Midland Painted Turtle Ragazzi's Cylindrical Skink Common Snapping Turtle Sea Turtle species Order Anura unknown Caudata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Crocodylia Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Testudines Testudines

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 9

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code CLCA CLGU CLIN CLMA CNEX CNGU CNNE CNSE CNSO CNSP CNTI CNTT CNUN CNXX COCO COCP COFL COJU COTE COVU CRAC CRAD CRBO CRCA CRCB CRHO CRHT CRJO CRLE CRNI CRNO CRPA CRPL CRPO CRRH CRVI CTDE CTLA CTRO CTTA CYAE CYMA CYWH DASC DECO DEMA DIPE DIPO DITY DIWA Scientific Name i Clemmys caspica Clemmys guttata Clemmys insculpta Clemmys marmorata Cnemidophorus exsanguis Cnemidophorus gularis Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Cnemidophorus sonorae Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cnemidophorus tigris Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Cnemidophorus uniparens Cnemidophorus species Coluber constrictor Coluber constrictor priapus Coluber florulentus Coluber jugularis Cophosaurus texanus Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Crocodylus acutus Crotalus adamanteus Cryptoblepharus boutonii Crocodlus cataphractus Crotaphytus bicinctores Crotalus horridus Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Crocodylus johnstoni Crotalus lepidus Crocodylus niloticus Crocodylus novaeguineae Crocodylus palustris Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus rhombifer Crotalus viridis Ctenotus delli Ctenotus labillardieri Ctenotus robustus Ctenotus taeniolatus Cyclodina aenea Cyclodina macgregori Cyclodina whitakeri Dasypeltis scabra Dermochelys coriacea Denisonia maculata Diadophis punctatus edwardsii Diplodactylus polyophthalmus Dispholidus typus Diploglossus warreni Common Name i Pond Turtle species Spotted Turtle Wood Turtle Pacific Pond Turtle Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail Texas Spotted Whiptail New Mexico Whiptail Six-lined Racerunner Sonoran Spotted Whiptail Plateau Spotted Whiptail Western Whiptail Great Basin Whiptail Desert Grassland Whiptail Whiptail Lizard species Racer Southern Black Racer Flowered Racer Fire Racer Greater Earless Lizard Utah Banded Gecko American Crocodile Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Snake-eyed Skink African Slender-snouted Crocodile Mojave Black Collared Lizard Timber Rattlesnake Herald Snake Australian Freshwater Crocodile Rock Rattlesnake Nile Crocodile FreshWater Crocodile Mugger Crocodile Australian Snake-eyed Skink Saltwater Crocodile Cuban Crocodile Western Rattlesnake White-dotted ctenotus Labillardier's ctenotus Robust ctenotus Coppertail ctenotus Girard's Skink McGregor's New Zealand Skink Whitaker's New Zealand Skink Common Egg-eating Snake Leatherback Turtle Ornamental Snake Northern Ringneck Snake Many-eyed Gecko Boomslang Warren's Galliwasp Lizard Order Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 10

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code DRCC EGNA ELCE ELGU ELOB ELOO ELOQ ELQU ELVU EMBL EMOR ENPL EPST ERCO ERIM ERPY EUFA EUNO EUOS EUSK EUXX FAAB GAGA GAGN GEMU GEPA GOAG GOPO GRFL GRGE HAST HECO HEFL HEIN HELE HEMA HENO HENS HEPA HEPL HESI HESM HEXX HOMA KIFL KISO KISU LAAG LADE LADT Scientific Name i Drymarchon corais couperi Egernia napoleonis Elgaria coerulea Elaphe guttata Elaphe obsoleta Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata Elaphe quadrivittata Elaphe vulpina Emydoidea blandingii Emys orbicularis Enhydris plumbea Epicrates striatus Eryx colubrinus Eretmochelys imbricata Eryx pyramidum Eumeces fasciatus Eunectes notaeus Eumeces oshimensis Eumeces skiltonianus Eumeces species Farancia abacura Gallotia galloti Gavialis gangeticus Elgaria multicarinata Geochelone pardalis Gopherus agassizii Gopherus polyphemus Graptemys flavimaculata Graptemys geographica Haldea striatula Heterodon contortix Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemiergis initialis Hemidactylus leschenaultii Hemidactylus macropholis Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Heterodon nasicus Hemidactylus parkeri Heterodon platirhinos Heterodon simus Hemidactylus smithi Hemidactylus species Hoplodactylus maculatus Kinosternon flavescens Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternon subrubrum Lacerta agilis Lampropholis delicata Lampropeltis doliata triangulum Common Name i Eastern Indigo Snake Napoleon Skink Northern alligator Lizard Cornsnake Rat Snake Black Rat Snake Yellow Rat Snake Chicken Snake Fox Snake Blanding's Turtle European pond Turtle Yellowbelly Water Snake Haitian Boa Kenya Sand Boa Hawksbill Turtle Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper Five-lined Skink Yellow Anaconda unknown Eyelid Skink Western Skink Eyelid Skink species Mud Snake Gallot's Lizard Gharial Southern Alligator Lizard Leopard Tortoise Desert Tortoise Gopher Tortoise Yellow-blotched Map Turtle Common map Turtle Rough-earth Snake unknown Hognose Snake Indian Leaf-toed Gecko Fine-lined Skink Leschenault's Leaf-toed Gecko Largescale Leaf-toed Gecko Bark Snake Western Hognose Snake Parker's Leaf-toed Gecko Eastern Hognose Snake Southern Hognose Snake Smith's Leaf-toed Gecko Leaf-toed Gecko species Spotted Sticky-toed Gecko Yellow Mud Turtle Sonoran Mud Turtle Common Mud Turtle Sand Lizard Delicate Skink Milk Snake Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 11

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code LAFU LAGE LAGF LAGG LAGU LALO LAMU LAPA LAVI LAVV LAXX LEDI LEKE LENI LEOL LETE LETR LIBU LIMA LIOL LIPG LYCA LYCH LYCP LYSO MABR MACR MAFL MAFT MAMO MAQU MAST MATE MATT MAVV MEGR MENI MENY MOBO MOOB MOSV NAEY NAHA NANA NASE NASI NATA NAXX NECY NEER Scientific Name i Lamprophis fuliginosus Lampropeltis getula Lampropeltis getula floridana Lampropeltis getula getula Lampropholis guichenoti Latastia longicaudata Lacerta muralis Lacerta parva Lacerta viridis Lacerta vivipara Lampropeltis species Lerista distinguenda Lepidochelys kempii Leiolopisma nigriplantare Lepidochelys olivacea Leiolopisma telfairii Leiolopisma trilineata Lialis burtonis Liasis mackloti Liasis olivaceus Lissemys punctata granosa Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus chobiensis Lycophidion capense Lygosoma somalicum Mabuya brevicollis Mauremys caspica rivulata Masticophis flagellum Masticophis flagellum testaceus Malpolon monspessulanus Mabuya quinquetaeniata Mabuya striata Malaclemys terrapin Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Mabuya varia varia Menetia greyi Melanosuchus niger Mehelya nyassae Morethia boulengeri Morethia obscura Morelia spilotes variegata Nerodia erythrogaste Naja haje Natrix natrix Nactus serpensinsula Nerodia sipedon sipedon Nerodia taxispilota Naja species Nerodia cyclopion Nerodia erythrogaster Common Name i Brown House Snake Common King Snake Florida King Snake Eastern King Snake Guichenot's Skink Southern Longtail Lizard Common Eurasian Lizard species Dwarf Lizard Emerald Lizard Viviparous Lizard King Snake species Distinguished Lerista Kemp's Ridley Turtle Dark Ground Skink Olive Ridley Turtle Telford's Ground Skink Trilinear Ground Skink Burton's Snake Lizard Macklot's Python Olive Python Southern Flap-shelled Turtle Cape Dwark Gecko Okavango Dwark Gecko Cape Wolf Snake Somali Writhing Skink Sudan Mabuya Capian Turtle Coachwhip Western Coachwhip Snake Montpellier Snake Rainbow Skink African Striped Mabuya DiamondBack Terrapin Florida East Coast Terrapin Sanannah Variable Mabuya Gray-Brown Menetia Black Caiman Nyassa File Snake Boulenger's Morethia Obscure Morethia Carpet Python Red-bellied Water Snake Egyptian Cobra Grass Snake Serpent Island Gecko Common Water Snake Brown Water Snake Cobra species Mississippi Green Water Snake Plainbelly Water Snake Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 12

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code NEFA NEFC NEFF NERH NESI NESN NEXX NOAT NTXX OLMA OPAE OPVE PADA PAPA PATI PAWA PELI PENA PHCO PHGU PHHA PHOR PHPL PICA PIME PIML PIMM PISA POSS POXX PSAF PSAU PSCO PSDO PSGU PSNE PSPO PSSC PSSI PSSM PSTE PSTI PYMB PYRE PYRG REGR SAOB SCBO SCCL SCGR Scientific Name i Nerodia fasciata Nerodia fasciata compressicauda Nerodia fasciata floridana Nerodia rhombifer Nerodia sipedon Nerodia sipedon insularum Nerodia species Notechis ater Natrix species Oligosoma maccanni Opheodrys aestivus Opheodrys vernalis Panaspis dahomeyense Palaeosuchus palperbosos Paleosuchus trigonatus Panaspis wahlbergi Pediplanic lineoocellata Pedioplanis namaquensis Phrynosoma coronatum Phelsuma guentheri Philochortus hardeggeri Phelsuma ornata Phrynosoma platyrhinos Pituophis catenifer Pituophis melanoleucus Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Pituophis melanoleucus mugitis Pituophis catenifer sayi Podarcis sicula sicula Podarcis species Pseudonaja affinis Pseudechis australis Pseudechis colletti Psammophilus dorsalis Pseudechis guttatus Pseudemys nelsoni Pseudechis porphyriacus Pseudemys scripta Psammophis sibilans Pseuderemias smithi Pseudonaja textilis Psammophis trivirgatus Python molurus bivittatus Python reticulatus Python regius Regina grahami Sauromalus obesus obesus Scelotes bojerii Sceloporus clarkii Sceloporus graciosus Common Name i Banded Water Snake Southern Water Snake species Southern Water Snake Diamondback Water Snake Northern Water Snake Lake Erie Water Snake Water Snake species Black Tiger Snake Grass Snake species unknown skink species rough Green Snake Smooth Green Snake Lidless Skink species Dwarf Caiman Smooth-fronted Caiman Savannah Lidless Skink Sand Lizard species Namaqua Sand Lizard Coast Horned Lizard Round Island Day Gecko Hardegger's Orangetail Lizard Ornate Day Gecko Desert Horned Lizard Gopher Snake Pine Snake Black Pine Snake Florida Pine Snake Bull Snake Italian Wall Lizard Wall Lizard species Dugite King Brown Snake Collett's Black Snake Indian Sand Agama Spotted Black Snake Florida Redbelly Turtle Redbelly Black Snake Cooter Turtle / Red-bellied Turtle African Beauty Racer Smith's Racerunner Eastern Brown Snake Sand Racer species Indian Python Reticulate Python Ball Python Graham's Crayfish Snake Western Chuckwalla Bojer's Burrowing Skink Clark's Spiny Lizard Sagebrush Lizard Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1a - Species Codes - 13

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Code SCJA SCOC SCOL SCUN SCUU SCXX SCXY SPPU STDE STMO STOC SUSU TECA TECM TEHE TESE THCO THEL THKI THOR THPR THRA THSA THSI THXX TIRU TOSC TRFL TRSC TRSP TYAU UNGO UNNI UROR UTPA UTST VAAM VAGI VAGO VAXX VIAS VIPA XAHE XETA XXSN XXSS XXXR XXXT Scientific Name i Sceloporus jarrovi Sceloporus occidentalis Sceloporus olivaceus Sceloporus undalatus Sceloporus undulatus undulatus Sceloporus species Scincella species Sphenodon punctatus Storeria dekayi Stegonotus modestus Storeria occipitomaculata Suta suta Terrapene carolina Terrapene carolina major Testudo hermanni Telescopus semiannulatus Thamnophis couchii Thamnophis elegans Thelotornis kirtlandii Thamnophis ordinoides Thamnophis proximus Thamnophis radix Thamnophis sauritus Thamnophis sirtalis Thamnophis species Tiliqua rugosa Tomistoma schlegelii Trimeresurus flavoviridis Trachemys scripta Trionyx spinifer Typhlina australis Unechis gouldii Unechis nigriceps Urosaurus ornatus Uta palmeri Uta stansburiana Varanus albigularis microstictus Varanus giganteus Varanus gouldii Varanus species Vipera aspis Vipera palestinae Xantusia henshawi Xenagama taylori unknown snake or serpentene species unknown sea snake species unknown reptile species unknown or various turtle species Common Name i Yarrow's Spiny Lizard Western Fence Lizard Texas Spiny Lizard Fence Lizard Southern Fence Lizard Spiny Lizard species Ground Skink species Tuatara Northern Brown Snake New Guinea Frog-eating Snake Redbelly Snake Curl Snake Box Turtle Gulf Coast Box Turtle Hermann's Tortoise Eastern Tiger Snake Western Aquatic Garter Snake Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Northern Vine Snake Northwestern Garter Snake Western Ribbon Snake Plains Garter Snake Eastern Ribbon Snake Common Garter Snake Garter Snake species Shingleback Skink False Gharial Habu Poisonous Snake Red-eared Slider African Softshell Turtle Greiberg's Blind Snake Gould's Black-headed Snake Gunther's Black-headed Snake Tree Lizard San-Pedro Side-blotched Lizard Side-blotched Lizard White-throated Monitor Perentie Sand Monitor Monitor species Asp Viper Palestine Viper Granite Night Lizard Taylor's Strange Agama unknown snake species unknown sea snake unknown reptile species unknown turtle species Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata unknown Testudines

Appendix 1b: Species names in alphabetical order grouped by Class with corresponding scientific name, species code and Orderi
Class U U A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* unknown amphibian or reptile species various species of amphibians/reptiles African Bullfrog African Clawed Frog African Gray Treefrog Agile Frog Alajuela Toad Alexandra Greek Treefrog Algerian Ribbed Newt American Cinchona Plantation Treefrog American Toad Andrews' Toad Angel Robber Frog Angola Frog Arboreal Salamander Asian Bullfrog Atherton Tableland Treefrog Australasian Treefrog species Australian Brown Treefrog Australian Swamp Frog species Axolotl Baird's Spotted Toad Barking Treefrog Black-lined Robber Frog Black-Spotted Frog Black Mountain Salamander Black Spined Toad Blackbelly Salamander Blanchard's Cricket Frog Blue-Spotted Salamander Blythi True Frog Bob's Robber Frog Boreal Chorus Frog Boulenger's Asian Tree Toad Brown-Spotted Treefrog Brown-Striped Frog Brown-throated Frog Buckley's Robber Frog Budgett's Frog Bullfrog California Chorus Frog California Giant Salamander California Newt California Slender Salamander California Tiger Salamander California Toad Scientific Name* unknown species various amphibians and reptiles Tompterna delalandii Xenopus laevis Chiromantis xerampelina Rana japonica Bufo periglenes Litoria lorica Pleorodeles poireti Hyla rivularis Bufo americanus Bufo andrewsi Eleutherodactylus angelicus Rana angolensis Aneides lugubris Rana tigrina Litoria rheocola Litoria caerulea Litoria ewingii Limnodynastes species Ambystoma mexicanum Bufo punctatus Hyla gratiosa Eleutherodactylus melanostictus Rana nigromaculata Desmognathus welteri Bufo melanostictus Demognathus quadramaculatus Acris crepitans blanchardi Ambystoma laterale Rana blythi Eleutherodactylus punctariolus Pseudacris maculata Pedostibes hosii Litoria genimaculata Limnodynastes peronii Rana fuscigula Eleutherodactylus buckleyi Lepidobatrachus laevis Rana catesbeiana Hyla cadaverina Dicamptodon ensatus Taricha torosa Batrachoseps attenatus Ambystoma californiense Bufo halophilus Code XXXX XXXV TODE XELA CHXE RAJA BUPE LILO PLPO HYRI BUAM BUAN ELAN RAAN ANLU RATI LIRH LICA LIEW LIXX AMME BUPU HYGR ELME RANI DEWE BUME DEQU ACCB AMLA RABY ELPU PSMA PEHO LIGE LIPE RAFS ELBU LELA RACA HYCA DIEN TATO BAAT AMCA BUHA Order unknown Various Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 2

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* Canadian Toad Cape Clawed Frog Carpenter Frog Cascades Frog Catequero Bullfrog Cave Salamander Cayey Robber Frog Central Newt Cerro Pando Worm Salamander Cerro Utyum Robber Frog Cheat Mountain Salamander Chile Four-eyed Frog Chiriqui Robber Frog Chusan Island Toad Clouded Salamander Columbia Spotted Frog Common Eurasian Spadefoot Toad Common European Toad Common Frog hybrid Common Toad Cope's Giant Salamander Cope's Gray Treefrog Cordillera Central Salamander Coruna Frog Couch's Spadefoot Toad Cour D'alene Salamander Crater Salamander Crawfish Frog Cumberland Plateau Salamander Dainty Green Treefrog Darling Plateau Froglet Day's Big-eyed Treefrog Del Norte Salamander Dunn's Salamander Dusky Salamander Dwarf Bearded Dragon Dwarf Salamander Eastern Green Toad Eastern hellbender Eastern Narrowmouth Toad Eastern Newt Eastern Red-spotted Newt Eastern Spadefoot Toad Eastern Spadefoot Toad var Edible Frog Emerald-eyed Treefrog Ensatina Eungella Dayfrog European Common Frog Scientific Name* Bufo hemiophrys Xenopus gilli Rana virgatipes Rana cascadae Tompterna cryptotis Eurycea lucifuga Eleutherodactylus jasperi Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis Oedipina grandis Eleutherodactylus podiciferus Plethodon nettingi Pleurodema thaul Eleutherodactylus cruentus Bufo gargarizans Aneides ferreus Rana luteiventris Pelobates fuscus Bufo bufo Rana ridibunda-esculenta hybrid Bufo arenarum Dicamptodon copei Hyla chrysoscelis Bolitoglossa nigrescens Rana perezi Scaphiopus couchii Plethodon idahoensis Bolitoglossa marmorea Rana areolata Plethodon kentucki Litoria gracilenta Crinia pseudinsignifera Nyctimystes dayi Plethodon elongatus Plethodon dunni Desmognathus fuscus Pogona minor Eurycea quadridigitata Bufo debilis debilis Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Gastrophryne carolinensis Notophthalmus viridescens Notophthalmus viridescens virdescens Scaphiopus holbrookii Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii Rana esculenta Hyla crepitans Ensatina eschscholtzii Taudactylus eungellensis Rana temporaria Code BUHE XEGI RAVI RACS TOCR EULU ELJA NOVL OEGR ELPO PLNE PLTH ELCR BUGR ANFE RALU PEFU BUBU RARE BUAR DICO HYCH BONI RAPE SCCO PLID BOMA RAAE PLKE LIGR CRPS NYDA PLEL PLDU DEFU POMI EUQU BUDD CRAA GACA NOVI NOVV SCHO SCHH RAES HYCE ENES TAEU RATE Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Squamata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 3

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* European Fire Salamander European Green Toad European Treefrog Finch True Frog Firebelly Toad Flatwood Salamander Florida Leopard Frog Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog Four-toed Salamander Fowler's Toad Giant Barred Frog Giant Glass Frog species Giant Toad Golden Poison Frog Gray Treefrog Gray's Spotted Frog Great Basin Spadefoot Toad Great Crested Newt Great Plains Toad Green Frog Green Robber Frog Green Salamander Green Treefrog Gulf Coast Toad Gunther's Costa Rican Treefrog Gunther's Toadlet Hallowell's Toad Harlequin Poison Frog Hellbender Helmeted Water Toad Henrietta Creek Treefrog Hewitt's African Ghost Frog Hewitt's Reed Frog Hispaniola Treefrog Hong Kong Warty Newt Huldae Woodland Salamander hybrid complexes of Salamanders Ibanorum True Frog Ice Frog Indian Green Frog Indian Rice Frog Ingeri True Frog Inger's Flying Frog Inkiapo Frog Japanese Firebelly Newt Japanese Toad Japanese Treefrog Java Toad Jefferson Salamander Scientific Name* Salamandra salamandra Bufo viridis Hyla arborea Rana finchi Bombina bombina Ambystoma cingulatum Rana sphenocephala Rana boylii Hemidactylium scutatum Bufo fowleri Mixophyes iteratus Centrolene species Bufo marinus Phyllobates vittatus Hyla versicolor Rana grayii Spea intermontana Triturus carnifex Bufo cognatus Rana clamitans Eleutherodactylus chloronotus Aneides aeneus Hyla cinerea Bufo valliceps Hyla pseudopuma Pseudophryne guentheri Bufo maculatus Dendrobates histrionicus sylvaticus Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Caudiverbera caudiverbera Litoria nyakalensis Heleophryne hewitti Hyperolius semidiscus Hyla vasta Paramesotriton hongkongensis Plethodon huldae Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum Rana ibanorum Rana vertebralis Rana hexadactyla Rana limnocharis Rana ingeri Rhacophorus gauni Rana chensinensis Cynops pyrrhogaster Bufo japonicus Hyla japonica Bufo asper Ambystoma jeffersonianum Code SASA BUVI HYAJ RAFI BOBO AMCI RASP RABO HESC BUFO MIIT CEXX BUMA PHVI HYVE STGR SCIN TRCC BUCO RACL ELCH ANAE HYCI BUVA HYPS PSGE BUMC DEHS CRAL CACU LINY HEHE HYSE HYVA PAHO PLHU AMLJ RAIB RAVE RAHE RALI RAIN RHGA RACH CYPY BUBJ HYJA BUAS AMJE Order Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 4

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* Jordan's Salamander Karl's Robber Frog Karroo Toad Kei Road Toad Khabarovsk Frog Kina Balu Stream Toad Kogelberg Reserve Frog Kuhli True Frog Land Frog species Laurenti's AlPine Newt Lesser Siren Lesser Snouted Treefrog Lewis' Stubfoot Toad Lime Treefrog Longtail Salamander Longtailed Salamander Lowland Carribean Toad Malabar Hills Frog Marbled Bullfrog Marbled Reed Frog Marbled Salamander MarmoRatus Leaf-toad Froglet Marsabit Clawed Frog Marsh Frog Matang Asian Toad Matang Frog Matang Stream Toad Mindanao Splash Frog Mink Frog Moaning Frog Mole Salamander Mole Salamander species Mount Dulit Frog Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Mount Lyell Salamander Mountain Dusky Salamander Mountain Spadefoot Toad Mountain Torrent Frog Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Mozambique Grassland Frog Mozambique Metal Frog Mudpuppy Muller's Clawed Frog Namaqua Metal Frog Napo Plump Toad Natal Banana Frog Natal Diving Frog Natal Drakensberg Frog Natal Ghost Frog Scientific Name* Plethodon jordani Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Bufo gariepensis Bufo rangeri Rana amurensis Ansonia spinulifer Poyntonia paludicola Rana kuhli Sphenophryne species Triturus alpestris Siren intermedia Scinax nasica Atelopus chiriquiensis Litoria xanthomera Eurycea longicauda Eurycea longicauda longicauda Peltophryne lemur Rana malabarica Tompterna marmorata Hyperolius marmoratus Ambystoma opacum Phyllodactylus marmoratus Xenopus borealis Rana ridibunda Leptolalax gracilis Rana signata Ansonia leptopus Staurois natator Rana septentrionalis Heleioporus eyrei Ambystoma talpoideum Ambystoma species Rana hosii Taudactylus diurnus Hydromantoides platycephalus Desmognathus ochrophaeus Leptobrachium montanum Taudactylus rheophilus Rana muscosa Ptychadena mossambica Cacosternum nanum Necturus maculosus Xenopus muelleri Cacosternum namaquense Osornophryne antisana Afrixalus spinifrons Natalobatrachus bonebergi Rana hymenopus Heleophryne natalensis Code PLJO ELKA BUGA BURA RAAM ANSP POPA RAKU SPXX TRAL SIIN SCNA ATCH LIXA EULO EULL PELE RAMA TOMA HYMA AMOP PHMA XEBO RARI LEGR RASI ANLE STNA RASE HEEY AMTA AMXX RAHO TADI HYPL DEOC LEMO TARH RAMU PTMO CANN NEMA XEMU CANA OSAN AFSP NABO STHY HENA Order Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 5

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* Natal River Frog Natal Uplands Frog Natterjack Toad Neuse River Waterdog Noboribetsu Salamander Northern Crested Newt Northern Cricket Frog Northern Gastric-brooding Frog Northern Leopard Frog Northern Red Salamander Northern Slimy Salamander Northern Two-lined Salamander Northwestern Salamander Oak Toad Olive Midwife Toad Olympic Salamander Oregon Ensatina Oregon Slender Salamander Oriental Firebelly Toad Ornate Burrowing Frog Ornate Chorus Frog Ornate Horned Frog Ornate Rice Frog Orphnocnemis Sucker Frog Pacific Chorus Frog Pacific Giant Salamander Pacific Lowland Treefrog Palm Torrent Frog Palmate Newt Panther Flying Frog Peocilus Sucker Frog Phaeomerus Sucker Frog Pickerel Frog Pico Blanco Robber Frog Pico Blanco Toad Pig Frog Pigmy Salamander Pine Barrens Treefrog Pine Woods Treefrog Plains Leopard Frog Poison Frog species Pool Frog Puerto Rican Coqui Purcell's African Ghost Frog Queensland Barred Frog Quito Stubfoot Toad Rainforest Frog species Rana brevipoda Rana bufo??? Scientific Name* Phrynobatrachus natalensis Rana wageri Bufo calamita Necturus lewisi Hynobius retardatus Triturus cristatus Acris crepitans Rheobatrachus vitellinus Rana pipiens Pseudotriton ruber ruber Plethodon glutinosus Eurycea bislineata Ambystoma gracile Bufo quercicus Alytes obstetricans Rhyacotriton olympicus Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis Batrachoseps wrighti Bombina orientalis Limnodynastes ornatus Pseudacris ornata Ceratophrys ornata Microhyla ornata Amolops orphnocnemis Pseudacris regilla Dicamptodon tenebrosus Hyla grylatta Taudactylus liemi Triturus helveticus Rhacophorus pardalis Amolops poecilus Amolops phaeomerus Rana palustris Eleutherodactylus hylaeformis Bufo fastidiosus Rana grylio Desmognathus wrighti Hyla andersonii Hyla femoralis Rana blairi Dendrobates species Rana lessonae Eleutherodactylus coqui Heleophryne purcelli Mixophyes fleayi Atelopus ignescens Cophixalus species Rana brevipoda Rana bufo Code PHNA STWA BUCA NELE HYRT TRCR ACCR RHVI RAPI PSRR PLGL EUBI AMGR BUQU ALOB RHOL ENEO RAWR BOOR LIOR PSOR CEOR MIOR AMOR HYRE DITE HYGA TALI TRHE RHPA AMPO AMPH RAPA ELHY BUFA RAGR DEWR HYAN HYFE RABL DEXX RALE ELCO HEOR MIFL ATIG COXX RABR RABU Order Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 6

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* Rana fusca Ranid species Rattle Froglet Ravine Salamander Red-Backed Salamander Red-Legged Froglet Red-spotted Newt species Red Legged Frog Redbelly Newt Relict Leopard Frog Ribbed Newt species Rio Grande Frog River Frog Roughskin Newt Royal Ghost Frog Sabah Splash Frog Sani Pass Frog Santa Cruz Black Salamander Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Schlegel's Flying Frog Schlegel's Java Frog Seal Salamander Senegal Running Frog Sharpsnout Torrent Frog Shovelnose Salamander Shy Robber Frog Sierra Newt Silver-banded Banana Frog Silvery Salamander Skeleton Gorge Ghost Frog Skipper Frog Slender Treefrog Smallmouth Salamander Smooth Newt South African Clawed Frog Southern Chorus Frog Southern Cricket Frog Southern Dusky Salamander Southern Gastric Brooding Frog Southern Leopard Frog Southern Spadefoot Toad Southern Toad Southern Torrent Salamander Spanish Ribbed Newt Spotted Frog Spotted Grass Frog Spotted Salamander Spring Frog Spring Peeper Scientific Name* Rana fusca Rana species Crinia glauerti Plethodon richmondi Plethodon cinereus Crinia georgiana Notophthalmus species Rana aurora Taricha rivularis Rana onca Pleorodeles species Rana berlandieri Rana heckscheri Taricha granulosa Heleophryne regis Staurois latopalmatus Rana dracomontana Aneides flavipunctatus niger Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Rhacophoros schlegelii Rana chalconota Desmognathus monticola Kassina senegalensis Taudactylus acutirostris Leurognathus marmoratus Eleutherodactylus trepidotus Taricha torosa sierrae Afrixalus fornasini Ambystoma platineum Heleophryne rosei Rana cyanophlyctis Litoria adelaidensis Ambystoma texanum Triturus vulgaris Xenopus laevis laevis Pseudacris nigrata Acris gryllus Desmognathus auriculatus Rheobatrachus silus Rana utricularia Scaphiopus multiplicata Bufo terrestris Rhyacotriton variegatus Pleorodeles waltl Rana pretiosa Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Ambystoma maculatum Rana dalmatina Pseudacris crucifer Code RAFU RAXX CRGL PLRS PLCI CRGE NOXX RAAU TARI RAON PLXX RABE RAHC TAGR HERE STLA RADR ANFN AMMC RHSC RACO DEMO KASE TAAC LEMA ELTR TATS AFFO AMPL HERO RACY LIAD AMTE TRVU XELL PSNI ACGR DEFA RHSI RAUT SCMU BUTE RHVA PLWA RAPR LITA AMMA RADA PSCR Order Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 7

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Common Name* Spring Salamander Springbok Frog Square-marked Toad Squirrel Treefrog Strawberry Poison Frog Striped Frog Striped Newt Sungei Tawan Toad Swamp Burrowing Frog Swedish Swamp Frog Swellendam Cape Toad Tago Frog Tailed Frog Three-toed Amphiuma Tiger Salamander Tlaloc's Leopard Frog Toad species Torrent Treefrog Treefrog species Tremblay's Salamander Trilling Frog Tropical Lungless Salamander species Tsushima Frog Tusked Frog Two-lined Salamander unknown amphibian species unknown anuran amphibian unknown frog species unknown newt unknown newt species unknown salamander species unknown salamander species unknown toad species unknown toad species unknown toad species unknown treefrog unknown tropical frog unknown tropical frog species Veragoa Stubfoot Toad Volcan Barba Treefrog West African Screeching Frog Western Banjo Frog Western Chorus Frog Western Green Frog Western Long-toed Salamander Western Redback Salamander Western Spadefoot Toad Western Spotted Frog Scientific Name* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Rana springbokensis Bufo regularis Hyla squirella Dendrobates pumilio Rana fasciata Notophthalmus perstriatus Bufo juxtasper Heleioporus inornatus Rana arvalis Capensibufo tradouwi Rana tagoe Ascaphus truei Amphiuma tridactylum Ambystoma tigrinum Rana tlaloci Bufo species Litoria nannotis Hyla species Ambystoma tremblayi Neobatrachus centralis Bolitoglossa minutula Rana tsushimensis Adelotus brevis Eurycea bislineata bislineata unknown amphibian species unknown anuran species unknown frog species Diemictylus viridescens unknown newt species Heideotriton wallacei unknown salamander species Bufo divergens Bufo vulgaris unknown toad species Hyla calypsa Prostherapis trinitatis Eupemphix pustulosus Atelopus varius Hyla picadoi Arthroleptis poecilonotus Limnodynastes dorsalis Pseudacris triseriata Litoria moorei Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Plethodon vehiculum Spea hammondii Rana pretiosa pretiosa Code GYPO STSP BURE HYSQ DEBU STFA NOPE BUJU HEIO RAAR CATR RATA ASTR AMTR AMTI RATL BUXX LINA HYXX AMTM NECE BOMI RATS ADBR EUBB XXXA XXAA XXFR DIVI XXNE HEWA XXXS BUDI BUVU XXTD HYCL PRTR EUPU ATVA HYPI ARPO LYDO PSTR LIMO AMMM PLVE SCHA RAPP Order Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Caudata unknown Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 8

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Western Toad White-lipped Frog White-throated Froglet Wood Frog Woodhouse's Toad Woodland Salamander Wrinkled Frog Wyoming Toad Yavapai Leopard Frog Yellowbelly Toad Yonahlossee Salamander Yosemite Toad African Beauty Racer African Slender-snouted Crocodile African Softshell Turtle African Striped Mabuya American Alligator American Crocodile Asp Viper Australian Dragon Lizard species Australian Freshwater Crocodile Australian Snake-eyed Skink Ball Python Banded Water Snake Bark Snake Black Caiman Black Pine Snake Black Rat Snake Black Tiger Snake Blanding's Turtle Boa Constrictor Bojer's Burrowing Skink Boomslang Boulenger's Morethia Box Turtle Broad-snouted Spectacled Caiman Brown House Snake Brown Tree Snake Brown Water Snake Bull Snake Burton's Snake Lizard Caiman species Cape Dwark Gecko Cape Wolf Snake Capian Turtle Carpet Python Caucasica Agama Chicken Snake Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail Scientific Name* Bufo boreas Leptodactylus typhonius Crinia insignifera Rana sylvatica Bufo woodhousii Plethodon metcalfi Rana rugosa Bufo hemiophrys baxteri Rana yavapiensis Bombina variegata Plethodon yonahlossee Bufo canorus Psammophis sibilans Crocodlus cataphractus Trionyx spinifer Mabuya striata Alligator mississippiensis Crocodylus acutus Vipera aspis Amphibolurus barbatus Crocodylus johnstoni Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus Python regius Nerodia fasciata Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Melanosuchus niger Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Notechis ater Emydoidea blandingii Boa constrictor Scelotes bojerii Dispholidus typus Morethia boulengeri Terrapene carolina Caiman latirostris Lamprophis fuliginosus Boiga irregularis Nerodia taxispilota Pituophis catenifer sayi Lialis burtonis Caiman species Lygodactylus capensis Lycophidion capense Mauremys caspica rivulata Morelia spilotes variegata Agama caucasica Elaphe quadrivittata Cnemidophorus exsanguis Code BUBO LETY CRIN RASY BUWO PLME RARU BUHB RAYA BOVA PLYO BUCN PSSI CRCA TRSP MAST ALMI CRAC VIAS AMBA CRJO CRPL PYRG NEFA HENO MENI PIML ELOO NOAT EMBL BOCO SCBO DITY MOBO TECA CALA LAFU BOIR NATA PISA LIBU CAXX LYCA LYCP MACR MOSV AGCA ELQU CNEX Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Squamata Crocodylia Testudines Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 9

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Clark's Spiny Lizard Coachwhip Coast Horned Lizard Coastal Legless Lizard Cobra species Collett's Black Snake Common Agama Common Death Adder Common Egg-eating Snake Common Eurasian Lizard species Common Garter Snake Common Green Turtle Common King Snake Common map Turtle Common Mud Turtle Common Snapping Turtle Common Water Snake Cooter Turtle / Red-bellied Turtle Copperhead Coppertail ctenotus Cornsnake Cuban Crocodile Curl Snake Dark Ground Skink Delicate Skink Desert Grassland Whiptail Desert Horned Lizard Desert Tortoise DiamondBack Terrapin Diamondback Water Snake Distinguished Lerista Dugite Dwarf Caiman Dwarf Lizard Eastern Brown Snake Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Eastern Hognose Snake Eastern Indigo Snake Eastern King Snake Eastern Ribbon Snake Eastern Tiger Snake Egyptian Cobra Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper Emerald Lizard European pond Turtle Eyelash Palm Pit Viper Eyelid Skink species False Gharial Fence Lizard Scientific Name* Sceloporus clarkii Masticophis flagellum Phrynosoma coronatum Aprasia pulchella Naja species Pseudechis colletti Agama agama Acanthophis antarcticus Dasypeltis scabra Lacerta muralis Thamnophis sirtalis Chelonia mydas Lampropeltis getula Graptemys geographica Kinosternon subrubrum Chelydra serpentina serpentina Nerodia sipedon sipedon Pseudemys scripta Agkistrodon contortrix Ctenotus taeniolatus Elaphe guttata Crocodylus rhombifer Suta suta Leiolopisma nigriplantare Lampropholis delicata Cnemidophorus uniparens Phrynosoma platyrhinos Gopherus agassizii Malaclemys terrapin Nerodia rhombifer Lerista distinguenda Pseudonaja affinis Palaeosuchus palperbosos Lacerta parva Pseudonaja textilis Crotalus adamanteus Heterodon platirhinos Drymarchon corais couperi Lampropeltis getula getula Thamnophis sauritus Telescopus semiannulatus Naja haje Eryx pyramidum Lacerta viridis Emys orbicularis Bothriechis schlegelii Eumeces species Tomistoma schlegelii Sceloporus undalatus Code SCCL MAFL PHCO APPU NAXX PSCO AGAG ACAN DASC LAMU THSI CHMY LAGE GRGE KISU CHSE NASI PSSC AGCO CTTA ELGU CRRH SUSU LENI LADE CNUN PHPL GOAG MATE NERH LEDI PSAF PAPA LAPA PSTE CRAD HEPL DRCC LAGG THSA TESE NAHA ERPY LAVI EMOR BOSC EUXX TOSC SCUN Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 10

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Fine-lined Skink Fire Racer Five-lined Skink Florida East Coast Terrapin Florida King Snake Florida Pine Snake Florida Redbelly Turtle Flowered Racer Forest Carlia Fox Snake FreshWater Crocodile Gallot's Lizard Garter Snake species Gharial Girard's Skink Gopher Snake Gopher Tortoise Gould's Black-headed Snake Graham's Crayfish Snake Granite Night Lizard Grass Snake Grass Snake species Gray-Brown Menetia Great Basin Whiptail Greater Earless Lizard Green Anole Greiberg's Blind Snake Ground Agama Ground Skink species Guichenot's Skink Gulf Coast Box Turtle Gunther's Black-headed Snake Habu Poisonous Snake Haitian Boa Hardegger's Orangetail Lizard Hawksbill Turtle Herald Snake Hermann's Tortoise Horned Viper House Snake Indian Leaf-toed Gecko Indian Python Indian Sand Agama Italian Wall Lizard Jacky Lizard Japanese Mamushi Java File Snake Jeremie Anole Kemp's Ridley Turtle Scientific Name* Hemiergis initialis Coluber jugularis Eumeces fasciatus Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Lampropeltis getula floridana Pituophis melanoleucus mugitis Pseudemys nelsoni Coluber florulentus Carlia tetradactyla Elaphe vulpina Crocodylus novaeguineae Gallotia galloti Thamnophis species Gavialis gangeticus Cyclodina aenea Pituophis catenifer Gopherus polyphemus Unechis gouldii Regina grahami Xantusia henshawi Natrix natrix Natrix species Menetia greyi Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Cophosaurus texanus Anolis carolinensis Typhlina australis Agama aculeata Scincella species Lampropholis guichenoti Terrapene carolina major Unechis nigriceps Trimeresurus flavoviridis Epicrates striatus Philochortus hardeggeri Eretmochelys imbricata Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Testudo hermanni Cerastes cerastes Boaedon fuliginosus Hemidactylus flaviviridis Python molurus bivittatus Psammophilus dorsalis Podarcis sicula sicula Amphibolurus muricatus Agkistrodon blomhoffi Acrochordus javanicas Anolis coelestinus Lepidochelys kempii Code HEIN COJU EUFA MATT LAGF PIMM PSNE COFL CATE ELVU CRNO GAGA THXX GAGN CYAE PICA GOPO UNGO REGR XAHE NANA NTXX MEGR CNTT COTE ANCA TYAU AGAC SCXY LAGU TECM UNNI TRFL EPST PHHA ERIM CRHT TEHE CECE BOFU HEFL PYMB PSDO POSS AMMU AGBB ACJA ANCO LEKE Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 11

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Kenya Sand Boa King Brown Snake King Snake species Kirk's Rock Agama Labillardier's ctenotus Lake Erie Water Snake Lanza's Spiny Agama Largescale Leaf-toed Gecko Leaf-toed Gecko species Leatherback Turtle Leopard Tortoise Leschenault's Leaf-toed Gecko Lidless Skink species Loggerhead Turtle Macklot's Python Many-eyed Gecko McGregor's New Zealand Skink Midland Painted Turtle Milk Snake Mississippi Green Water Snake Mojave Black Collared Lizard Monitor species Montpellier Snake Mud Snake Mugger Crocodile Namaqua Sand Lizard Napoleon Skink Narrow-snouted Spectacled Caiman Nevada Shovelnose Snake New Guinea Frog-eating Snake New Mexico Whiptail Nile Crocodile North American Softshell Turtle species Northern alligator Lizard Northern Brown Snake Northern Ringneck Snake Northern Vine Snake Northern Water Snake Northwestern Garter Snake Nyassa File Snake Obscure Morethia Okavango Dwark Gecko Olive Python Olive Ridley Turtle Ornamental Snake Ornate Day Gecko Pacific Pond Turtle Painted Turtle Scientific Name* Eryx colubrinus Pseudechis australis Lampropeltis species Agama kirkii Ctenotus labillardieri Nerodia sipedon insularum Agama spinosa Hemidactylus macropholis Hemidactylus species Dermochelys coriacea Geochelone pardalis Hemidactylus leschenaultii Panaspis dahomeyense Caretta caretta Liasis mackloti Diplodactylus polyophthalmus Cyclodina macgregori Chrysemys picta marginata Lampropeltis doliata triangulum Nerodia cyclopion Crotaphytus bicinctores Varanus species Malpolon monspessulanus Farancia abacura Crocodylus palustris Pedioplanis namaquensis Egernia napoleonis Caiman crocodilus Chionactis occcipatalis talpina Stegonotus modestus Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Crocodylus niloticus Apalone species Elgaria coerulea Storeria dekayi Diadophis punctatus edwardsii Thelotornis kirtlandii Nerodia sipedon Thamnophis ordinoides Mehelya nyassae Morethia obscura Lygodactylus chobiensis Liasis olivaceus Lepidochelys olivacea Denisonia maculata Phelsuma ornata Clemmys marmorata Chrysemys picta Code ERCO PSAU LAXX AGKI CTLA NESN AGSP HEMA HEXX DECO GEPA HELE PADA CACA LIMA DIPO CYMA CHPM LADT NECY CRCB VAXX MAMO FAAB CRPA PENA EGNA CACC CHOT STMO CNNE CRNI APXX ELCE STDE DIPE THKI NESI THOR MENY MOOB LYCH LIOL LEOL DEMA PHOR CLMA CHPI Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 12

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Palestine Viper Parker's Leaf-toed Gecko Perentie Pine Snake Plainbelly Water Snake Plains Garter Snake Plateau Spotted Whiptail Pond Turtle species Puerto Rican Ameiva Racer Ragazzi's Cylindrical Skink Rainbow Ameiva Rainbow Skink Rainbow Snake Rat Snake Red-bellied Water Snake Red-eared Slider Redbelly Black Snake Redbelly Snake Reticulate Python Robecchi's Agama Robust ctenotus Rock Rattlesnake Rough-earth Snake rough Green Snake Round Island Boa Round Island Burrowing boa Round Island Day Gecko Rubber Boa Sagebrush Lizard Saltwater Crocodile San-Pedro Side-blotched Lizard Sanannah Variable Mabuya Sand Lizard Sand Lizard species Sand Monitor Sand Racer species Savannah Lidless Skink Sea Turtle species Serpent Island Gecko Shingleback Skink Side-blotched Lizard Six-lined Racerunner Smith's Leaf-toed Gecko Smith's Racerunner Smooth-fronted Caiman Smooth Green Snake Snake-eyed Skink Somali Writhing Skink Scientific Name* Vipera palestinae Hemidactylus parkeri Varanus giganteus Pituophis melanoleucus Nerodia erythrogaster Thamnophis radix Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Clemmys caspica Ameiva exsul Coluber constrictor Chalcides ragazzi Ameiva undalata Mabuya quinquetaeniata Abastor erythrogrammus Elaphe obsoleta Nerodia erythrogaste Trachemys scripta Pseudechis porphyriacus Storeria occipitomaculata Python reticulatus Agama robecchii Ctenotus robustus Crotalus lepidus Haldea striatula Opheodrys aestivus Casarea dussumieri Bolyeria multocarinata Phelsuma guentheri Charina bottae Sceloporus graciosus Crocodylus porosus Uta palmeri Mabuya varia varia Lacerta agilis Pediplanic lineoocellata Varanus gouldii Psammophis trivirgatus Panaspis wahlbergi Chelonia species Nactus serpensinsula Tiliqua rugosa Uta stansburiana Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Hemidactylus smithi Pseuderemias smithi Paleosuchus trigonatus Opheodrys vernalis Cryptoblepharus boutonii Lygosoma somalicum Code VIPA HEPA VAGI PIME NEER THRA CNSP CLCA AMEX COCO CHRA AMUN MAQU ABER ELOB NAEY TRSC PSPO STOC PYRE AGRO CTRO CRLE HAST OPAE CADU BOMU PHGU CHBO SCGR CRPO UTPA MAVV LAAG PELI VAGO PSTI PAWA CHXX NASE TIRU UTST CNSE HESM PSSM PATI OPVE CRBO LYSO Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 13

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Somalian Puff Adder Sonoran Mud Turtle Sonoran Spotted Whiptail Southern Alligator Lizard Southern Black Racer Southern Fence Lizard Southern Flap-shelled Turtle Southern Hognose Snake Southern Longtail Lizard Southern Water Snake Southern Water Snake species Spiny Lizard species Spiny Softshell Spotted Black Snake Spotted Sticky-toed Gecko Spotted Turtle Sudan Mabuya Taylor's Strange Agama Telford's Ground Skink Texas Spiny Lizard Texas Spiny Softshell Texas Spotted Whiptail Timber Rattlesnake Tree Lizard Trilinear Ground Skink Tuatara unknown Eyelid Skink unknown Hognose Snake unknown reptile species unknown Sea Snake unknown skink species unknown snake species unknown turtle species unknown Typical Agama species Utah Banded Gecko Variable Agama Viviparous Lizard Wall Lizard species Warren's Galliwasp Lizard Water Moccasin Water Snake species Western Aquatic Garter Snake Western Chuckwalla Western Coachwhip Snake Western Fence Lizard Western Hognose Snake Western Rattlesnake Western Ribbon Snake Western Skink Scientific Name* Bitis arietans somalica Kinosternon sonoriense Cnemidophorus sonorae Elgaria multicarinata Coluber constrictor priapus Sceloporus undulatus undulatus Lissemys punctata granosa Heterodon simus Latastia longicaudata Nerodia fasciata floridana Nerodia fasciata compressicauda Sceloporus species Apalone spinifera Pseudechis guttatus Hoplodactylus maculatus Clemmys guttata Mabuya brevicollis Xenagama taylori Leiolopisma telfairii Sceloporus olivaceus Apalone spinifera emoryi Cnemidophorus gularis Crotalus horridus Urosaurus ornatus Leiolopisma trilineata Sphenodon punctatus Eumeces oshimensis Heterodon contortix unknown Reptilian species unknown sea snake species Oligosoma maccanni unknown snake or serpentene species unknown or various turtle species Agama stellio stellio Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Calotes versicolor Lacerta vivipara Podarcis species Diploglossus warreni Agkistrodon piscivorus Nerodia species Thamnophis couchii Sauromalus obesus obesus Masticophis flagellum testaceus Sceloporus occidentalis Heterodon nasicus Crotalus viridis Thamnophis proximus Eumeces skiltonianus Code BIAS KISO CNSO GEMU COCP SCUU LIPG HESI LALO NEFF NEFC SCXX APSP PSGU HOMA CLGU MABR XETA LETE SCOL APSE CNGU CRHO UROR LETR SPPU EUOS HECO XXXR XXSS OLMA XXSN XXXT AGSS COVU CAVE LAVV POXX DIWA AGPI NEXX THCO SAOB MAFT SCOC HENS CRVI THPR EUSK Order Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata unknown Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1b - Species Common Names - 14

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Common Name* Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Western Whiptail Whiptail Lizard species Whitaker's New Zealand Skink White-dotted ctenotus White-throated Monitor Wood Turtle Yacare Caiman Yarrow's Spiny Lizard Yellow-blotched Map Turtle Yellow Anaconda Yellow Mud Turtle Yellow Rat Snake Yellowbelly Water Snake Scientific Name* Thamnophis elegans Cnemidophorus tigris Cnemidophorus species Cyclodina whitakeri Ctenotus delli Varanus albigularis microstictus Clemmys insculpta Caiman yacare Sceloporus jarrovi Graptemys flavimaculata Eunectes notaeus Kinosternon flavescens Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata Enhydris plumbea Code THEL CNTI CNXX CYWH CTDE VAAM CLIN CAYA SCJA GRFL EUNO KIFL ELOQ ENPL Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Crocodylia Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1c: Species scientific names in alphabetical order grouped by Class with corresponding common name, species code and Orderi
Class X X A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* unknown species various amphibians and reptiles Acris crepitans Acris crepitans blanchardi Acris gryllus Adelotus brevis Afrixalus fornasini Afrixalus spinifrons Alytes obstetricans Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma cingulatum Ambystoma gracile Ambystoma jeffersonianum Ambystoma laterale Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Ambystoma m. macrodactylum Ambystoma maculatum Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystoma opacum Ambystoma platineum Ambystoma species Ambystoma talpoideum Ambystoma texanum Ambystoma tigrinum Ambystoma tremblayi Amolops orphnocnemis Amolops phaeomerus Amolops poecilus Amphiuma tridactylum Aneides aeneus Aneides ferreus Aneides flavipunctatus niger Aneides lugubris Ansonia leptopus Ansonia spinulifer Arthroleptis poecilonotus Ascaphus truei Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus ignescens Atelopus varius Batrachoseps attenatus Batrachoseps wrighti Bolitoglossa marmorea Bolitoglossa minutula Bolitoglossa nigrescens Bombina bombina Bombina orientalis Common Name* unknown amphibian or reptile species various species of amphibians/reptiles Northern Cricket Frog Blanchard's Cricket Frog Southern Cricket Frog Tusked Frog Silver-banded Banana Frog Natal Banana Frog Olive Midwife Toad California Tiger Salamander Flatwood Salamander Northwestern Salamander Jefferson Salamander Blue-Spotted Salamander hybrid complexes of salamanders Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Western Long-toed Salamander Spotted Salamander Axolotl Marbled Salamander Silvery Salamander Mole Salamander species Mole Salamander Smallmouth Salamander Tiger Salamander Tremblay's Salamander Orphnocnemis Sucker Frog Phaeomerus Sucker Frog Peocilus Sucker Frog Three-toed Amphiuma Green Salamander Clouded Salamander Santa Cruz Black Salamander Arboreal Salamander Matang Stream Toad Kina Balu Stream Toad West African Screeching Frog Tailed Frog Lewis' Stubfoot Toad Quito Stubfoot Toad Veragoa Stubfoot Toad California Slender Salamander Oregon Slender Salamander Crater Salamander Tropical Lungless Salamander species Cordillera Central Salamander Firebelly Toad Oriental Firebelly Toad Code XXXX XXXV ACCR ACCB ACGR ADBR AFFO AFSP ALOB AMCA AMCI AMGR AMJE AMLA AMLJ AMMC AMMM AMMA AMME AMOP AMPL AMXX AMTA AMTE AMTI AMTM AMOR AMPH AMPO AMTR ANAE ANFE ANFN ANLU ANLE ANSP ARPO ASTR ATCH ATIG ATVA BAAT RAWR BOMA BOMI BONI BOBO BOOR Order unknown various Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 2

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Bombina variegata Bufo americanus Bufo andrewsi Bufo arenarum Bufo asper Bufo boreas Bufo bufo Bufo calamita Bufo canorus Bufo cognatus Bufo debilis debilis Bufo divergens Bufo fastidiosus Bufo fowleri Bufo gargarizans Bufo gariepensis Bufo halophilus Bufo hemiophrys Bufo hemiophrys baxteri Bufo japonicus Bufo juxtasper Bufo maculatus Bufo marinus Bufo melanostictus Bufo periglenes Bufo punctatus Bufo quercicus Bufo rangeri Bufo regularis Bufo species Bufo terrestris Bufo valliceps Bufo viridis Bufo vulgaris Bufo woodhousii Cacosternum namaquense Cacosternum nanum Capensibufo tradouwi Caudiverbera caudiverbera Centrolene species Ceratophrys ornata Chiromantis xerampelina Cophixalus species Crinia georgiana Crinia glauerti Crinia insignifera Crinia pseudinsignifera Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Cynops pyrrhogaster Common Name* Yellowbelly Toad American Toad Andrews' Toad Common Toad Java Toad Western Toad Common European Toad Natterjack Toad Yosemite Toad Great Plains Toad Eastern Green Toad unknown toad species Pico Blanco Toad Fowler's Toad Chusan Island Toad Karroo Toad California Toad Canadian Toad Wyoming Toad Japanese Toad Sungei Tawan Toad Hallowell's Toad Giant Toad Black Spined Toad Alajuela Toad Baird's Spotted Toad Oak Toad Kei Road Toad Square-marked Toad Toad species Southern Toad Gulf Coast Toad European Green Toad unknown toad species Woodhouse's Toad Namaqua Metal Frog Mozambique Metal Frog Swellendam Cape Toad Helmeted Water Toad Giant Glass Frog species Ornate Horned Frog African Gray Treefrog Rainforest Frog species Red-Legged Froglet Rattle Froglet White-throated Froglet Darling Plateau Froglet Eastern hellbender Hellbender Japanese Firebelly Newt Code BOVA BUAM BUAN BUAR BUAS BUBO BUBU BUCA BUCN BUCO BUDD BUDI BUFA BUFO BUGR BUGA BUHA BUHE BUHB BUBJ BUJU BUMC BUMA BUME BUPE BUPU BUQU BURA BURE BUXX BUTE BUVA BUVI BUVU BUWO CANA CANN CATR CACU CEXX CEOR CHXE COXX CRGE CRGL CRIN CRPS CRAA CRAL CYPY Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 3

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Demognathus quadramaculatus Dendrobates histrionicus sylvaticus Dendrobates pumilio Dendrobates species Desmognathus auriculatus Desmognathus fuscus Desmognathus monticola Desmognathus ochrophaeus Desmognathus welteri Desmognathus wrighti Dicamptodon copei Dicamptodon ensatus Dicamptodon tenebrosus Diemictylus viridescens Eleutherodactylus angelicus Eleutherodactylus buckleyi Eleutherodactylus chloronotus Eleutherodactylus coqui Eleutherodactylus cruentus Eleutherodactylus hylaeformis Eleutherodactylus jasperi Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Eleutherodactylus melanostictus Eleutherodactylus podiciferus Eleutherodactylus punctariolus Eleutherodactylus trepidotus Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis Ensatina eschscholtzii Eupemphix pustulosus Eurycea bislineata Eurycea bislineata bislineata Eurycea longicauda Eurycea longicauda longicauda Eurycea lucifuga Eurycea quadridigitata Gastrophryne carolinensis Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Heideotriton wallacei Heleioporus eyrei Heleioporus inornatus Heleophryne hewitti Heleophryne natalensis Heleophryne purcelli Heleophryne regis Heleophryne rosei Hemidactylium scutatum Hydromantoides platycephalus Hyla andersonii Hyla arborea Hyla cadaverina Common Name* Blackbelly Salamander Harlequin Poison Frog Strawberry Poison Frog Poison Frog species Southern Dusky Salamander Dusky Salamander Seal Salamander Mountain Dusky Salamander Black Mountain Salamander Pigmy Salamander Cope's Giant Salamander California Giant Salamander Pacific Giant Salamander unknown newt Angel Robber Frog Buckley's Robber Frog Green Robber Frog Puerto Rican Coqui Chiriqui Robber Frog Pico Blanco Robber Frog Cayey Robber Frog Karl's Robber Frog Black-lined Robber Frog Cerro Utyum Robber Frog Bob's Robber Frog Shy Robber Frog Oregon Ensatina Ensatina unknown tropical frog species Northern Two-lined Salamander Two-lined Salamander Longtail Salamander Longtailed Salamander Cave Salamander Dwarf Salamander Eastern Narrowmouth Toad Spring Salamander unknown salamander species Moaning Frog Swamp Burrowing Frog Hewitt's African Ghost Frog Natal Ghost Frog Purcell's African Ghost Frog Royal Ghost Frog Skeleton Gorge Ghost Frog Four-toed Salamander Mount Lyell Salamander Pine Barrens Treefrog European Treefrog California Chorus Frog Code DEQU DEHS DEBU DEXX DEFA DEFU DEMO DEOC DEWE DEWR DICO DIEN DITE DIVI ELAN ELBU ELCH ELCO ELCR ELHY ELJA ELKA ELME ELPO ELPU ELTR ENEO ENES EUPU EUBI EUBB EULO EULL EULU EUQU GACA GYPO HEWA HEEY HEIO HEHE HENA HEOR HERE HERO HESC HYPL HYAN HYAJ HYCA Order Caudata Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 4

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Hyla calypsa Hyla chrysoscelis Hyla cinerea Hyla crepitans Hyla femoralis Hyla gratiosa Hyla grylatta Hyla japonica Hyla picadoi Hyla pseudopuma Hyla rivularis Hyla species Hyla squirella Hyla vasta Hyla versicolor Hynobius retardatus Hyperolius marmoratus Hyperolius semidiscus Kassina senegalensis Lepidobatrachus laevis Leptobrachium montanum Leptodactylus typhonius Leptolalax gracilis Leurognathus marmoratus Limnodynastes dorsalis Limnodynastes ornatus Limnodynastes peronii Limnodynastes species Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Litoria adelaidensis Litoria caerulea Litoria ewingii Litoria genimaculata Litoria gracilenta Litoria lorica Litoria moorei Litoria nannotis Litoria nyakalensis Litoria rheocola Litoria xanthomera Microhyla ornata Mixophyes fleayi Mixophyes iteratus Natalobatrachus bonebergi Necturus lewisi Necturus maculosus Neobatrachus centralis Notophthalmus perstriatus Notophthalmus species Notophthalmus viridescens Common Name* unknown treefrog Cope's Gray Treefrog Green Treefrog Emerald-eyed Treefrog Pine Woods Treefrog Barking Treefrog Pacific Lowland Treefrog Japanese Treefrog Volcan Barba Treefrog Gunther's Costa Rican Treefrog American Cinchona Plantation Treefrog Treefrog species Squirrel Treefrog Hispaniola Treefrog Gray Treefrog Noboribetsu Salamander Marbled Reed Frog Hewitt's Reed Frog Senegal Running Frog Budgett's Frog Mountain Spadefoot Toad White-lipped Frog Matang Asian Toad Shovelnose Salamander Western Banjo Frog Ornate Burrowing Frog Brown-Striped Frog Australian Swamp Frog species Spotted Grass Frog Slender Treefrog Australasian Treefrog species Australian Brown Treefrog Brown-Spotted Treefrog Dainty Green Treefrog Alexandra Greek Treefrog Western Green Frog Torrent Treefrog Henrietta Creek Treefrog Atherton Tableland Treefrog Lime Treefrog Ornate Rice Frog Queensland Barred Frog Giant Barred Frog Natal Diving Frog Neuse River Waterdog Mudpuppy Trilling Frog Striped Newt Red-spotted Newt species Eastern Newt Code HYCL HYCH HYCI HYCE HYFE HYGR HYGA HYJA HYPI HYPS HYRI HYXX HYSQ HYVA HYVE HYRT HYMA HYSE KASE LELA LEMO LETY LEGR LEMA LYDO LIOR LIPE LIXX LITA LIAD LICA LIEW LIGE LIGR LILO LIMO LINA LINY LIRH LIXA MIOR MIFL MIIT NABO NELE NEMA NECE NOPE NOXX NOVI Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 5

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis Notophthalmus viridescens virdescens Nyctimystes dayi Oedipina grandis Osornophryne antisana Paramesotriton hongkongensis Pedostibes hosii Pelobates fuscus Peltophryne lemur Phrynobatrachus natalensis Phyllobates vittatus Phyllodactylus marmoratus Pleorodeles poireti Pleorodeles species Pleorodeles waltl Plethodon cinereus Plethodon dunni Plethodon elongatus Plethodon glutinosus Plethodon huldae Plethodon idahoensis Plethodon jordani Plethodon kentucki Plethodon metcalfi Plethodon nettingi Plethodon richmondi Plethodon vehiculum Plethodon yonahlossee Pleurodema thaul Pogona minor Poyntonia paludicola Prostherapis trinitatis Pseudacris maculata Pseudacris crucifer Pseudacris nigrata Pseudacris ornata Pseudacris regilla Pseudacris triseriata Pseudophryne guentheri Pseudotriton ruber ruber Ptychadena mossambica Rana amurensis Rana angolensis Rana areolata Rana arvalis Rana aurora Rana berlandieri Rana blairi Rana blythi Rana boylii Common Name* Central Newt Eastern Red-spotted Newt Day's Big-eyed Treefrog Cerro Pando Worm Salamander Napo Plump Toad Hong Kong Warty Newt Boulenger's Asian Tree Toad Common Eurasian Spadefoot Toad Lowland Carribean Toad Natal River Frog Golden Poison Frog MarmoRatus Leaf-toad Froglet Algerian Ribbed Newt Ribbed Newt species Spanish Ribbed Newt Red-Backed Salamander Dunn's Salamander Del Norte Salamander Northern Slimy Salamander Huldae Woodland Salamander Cour D'alene Salamander Jordan's Salamander Cumberland Plateau Salamander Woodland Salamander Cheat Mountain Salamander Ravine Salamander Western Redback Salamander Yonahlossee Salamander Chile Four-eyed Frog Dwarf Bearded Dragon Kogelberg Reserve Frog unknown tropical frog Boreal Chorus Frog Spring Peeper Southern Chorus Frog Ornate Chorus Frog Pacific Chorus Frog Western Chorus Frog Gunther's Toadlet Northern Red Salamander Mozambique Grassland Frog Khabarovsk Frog Angola Frog Crawfish Frog Swedish Swamp Frog Red Legged Frog Rio Grande Frog Plains Leopard Frog Blythi True Frog Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog Code NOVL NOVV NYDA OEGR OSAN PAHO PEHO PEFU PELE PHNA PHVI PHMA PLPO PLXX PLWA PLCI PLDU PLEL PLGL PLHU PLID PLJO PLKE PLME PLNE PLRS PLVE PLYO PLTH POMI POPA PRTR PSMA PSCR PSNI PSOR HYRE PSTR PSGE PSRR PTMO RAAM RAAN RAAE RAAR RAAU RABE RABL RABY RABO Order Caudata Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Squamata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 6

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Rana brevipoda Rana bufo Rana cascadae Rana catesbeiana Rana chalconota Rana chensinensis Rana clamitans Rana cyanophlyctis Rana dalmatina Rana dracomontana Rana esculenta Rana fasciata Rana finchi Rana fusca Rana fuscigula Rana grayii Rana grylio Rana heckscheri Rana hexadactyla Rana hosii Rana hymenopus Rana ibanorum Rana ingeri Rana japonica Rana kuhli Rana lessonae Rana limnocharis Rana luteiventris Rana malabarica Rana muscosa Rana nigromaculata Rana onca Rana palustris Rana perezi Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa Rana pretiosa pretiosa Rana ridibunda Rana ridibunda-esculenta hybrid Rana rugosa Rana septentrionalis Rana signata Rana species Rana sphenocephala Rana springbokensis Rana sylvatica Rana tagoe Rana temporaria Rana tigrina Rana tlaloci Common Name* Rana brevipoda Rana bufo??? Cascades Frog Bullfrog Schlegel's Java Frog Inkiapo Frog Green Frog Skipper Frog Spring Frog Sani Pass Frog Edible Frog Striped Frog Finch True Frog Rana fusca Brown-throated Frog Gray's Spotted Frog Pig Frog River Frog Indian Green Frog Mount Dulit Frog Natal Drakensberg Frog Ibanorum True Frog Ingeri True Frog Agile Frog Kuhli True Frog Pool Frog Indian Rice Frog Columbia Spotted Frog Malabar Hills Frog Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Black-Spotted Frog Relict Leopard Frog Pickerel Frog Coruna Frog Northern Leopard Frog Spotted Frog Western Spotted Frog Marsh Frog Common Frog hybrid Wrinkled Frog Mink Frog Matang Frog Ranid species Florida Leopard Frog Springbok Frog Wood Frog Tago Frog European Common Frog Asian Bullfrog Tlaloc's Leopard Frog Code RABR RABU RACS RACA RACO RACH RACL RACY RADA RADR RAES STFA RAFI RAFU RAFS STGR RAGR RAHC RAHE RAHO STHY RAIB RAIN RAJA RAKU RALE RALI RALU RAMA RAMU RANI RAON RAPA RAPE RAPI RAPR RAPP RARI RARE RARU RASE RASI RAXX RASP STSP RASY RATA RATE RATI RATL Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 7

Class A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Scientific Name* Rana tsushimensis Rana utricularia Rana vertebralis Rana virgatipes Rana wageri Rana yavapiensis Rhacophoros schlegelii Rhacophorus gauni Rhacophorus pardalis Rheobatrachus silus Rheobatrachus vitellinus Rhyacotriton olympicus Rhyacotriton variegatus Salamandra salamandra Scaphiopus couchii Scaphiopus holbrookii Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii Scaphiopus multiplicata Scinax nasica Siren intermedia Spea hammondii Spea intermontana Sphenophryne species Staurois latopalmatus Staurois natator Taricha granulosa Taricha rivularis Taricha torosa Taricha torosa sierrae Taudactylus acutirostris Taudactylus diurnus Taudactylus eungellensis Taudactylus liemi Taudactylus rheophilus Tompterna cryptotis Tompterna delalandii Tompterna marmorata Triturus alpestris Triturus carnifex Triturus cristatus Triturus helveticus Triturus vulgaris unknown amphibian species unknown anuran species unknown frog species unknown newt species unknown salamander species unknown toad species Xenopus borealis Xenopus gilli Common Name* Tsushima Frog Southern Leopard Frog Ice Frog Carpenter Frog Natal Uplands Frog Yavapai Leopard Frog Schlegel's Flying Frog Inger's Flying Frog Panther Flying Frog Southern Gastric Brooding Frog Northern Gastric-brooding Frog Olympic Salamander Southern Torrent Salamander European Fire Salamander Couch's Spadefoot Toad Eastern Spadefoot Toad Eastern Spadefoot Toad var Southern Spadefoot Toad Lesser Snouted Treefrog Lesser Siren Western Spadefoot Toad Great Basin Spadefoot Toad Land Frog species Sabah Splash Frog Mindanao Splash Frog Roughskin Newt Redbelly Newt California Newt Sierra Newt Sharpsnout Torrent Frog Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Eungella Dayfrog Palm Torrent Frog Mountain Torrent Frog Catequero Bullfrog African Bullfrog Marbled Bullfrog Laurenti's AlPine Newt Great Crested Newt Northern Crested Newt Palmate Newt Smooth Newt unknown amphibian species unknown anuran amphibian unknown frog species unknown newt species unknown salamander species unknown toad species Marsabit Clawed Frog Cape Clawed Frog Code RATS RAUT RAVE RAVI STWA RAYA RHSC RHGA RHPA RHSI RHVI RHOL RHVA SASA SCCO SCHO SCHH SCMU SCNA SIIN SCHA SCIN SPXX STLA STNA TAGR TARI TATO TATS TAAC TADI TAEU TALI TARH TOCR TODE TOMA TRAL TRCC TRCR TRHE TRVU XXXA XXAA XXFR XXNE XXXS XXTD XEBO XEGI Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata unknown Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Anura Anura Anura

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 8

Class A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Xenopus laevis Xenopus laevis laevis Xenopus muelleri Abastor erythrogrammus Acanthophis antarcticus Acrochordus javanicas Agama aculeata Agama agama Agama caucasica Agama kirkii Agama robecchii Agama spinosa Agama stellio stellio Agkistrodon blomhoffi Agkistrodon contortrix Agkistrodon piscivorus Alligator mississippiensis Ameiva exsul Ameiva undalata Amphibolurus barbatus Amphibolurus muricatus Anolis carolinensis Anolis coelestinus Apalone species Apalone spinifera Apalone spinifera emoryi Aprasia pulchella Bitis arietans somalica Boa constrictor Boaedon fuliginosus Boiga irregularis Bolyeria multocarinata Bothriechis schlegelii Caiman crocodilus Caiman latirostris Caiman species Caiman yacare Calotes versicolor Caretta caretta Carlia tetradactyla Casarea dussumieri Cerastes cerastes Chalcides ragazzi Charina bottae Chelonia mydas Chelonia species Chelydra serpentina serpentina Chionactis occcipatalis talpina Chrysemys picta Chrysemys picta marginata Common Name* African Clawed Frog South African Clawed Frog Muller's Clawed Frog Rainbow Snake Common Death Adder Java File Snake Ground Agama Common Agama Caucasica Agama Kirk's Rock Agama Robecchi's Agama Lanza's Spiny Agama unknown Typical Agama species Japanese Mamushi Copperhead Water Moccasin American Alligator Puerto Rican Ameiva Rainbow Ameiva Australian Dragon Lizard species Jacky Lizard Green Anole Jeremie Anole North American Softshell Turtle species Spiny Softshell Texas Spiny Softshell Coastal Legless Lizard Somalian Puff Adder Boa Constrictor House Snake Brown Tree Snake Round Island Burrowing boa Eyelash Palm Pit Viper Narrow-snouted Spectacled Caiman Broad-snouted Spectacled Caiman Caiman species Yacare Caiman Variable Agama Loggerhead Turtle Forest Carlia Round Island Boa Horned Viper Ragazzi's Cylindrical Skink Rubber Boa Common Green Turtle Sea Turtle species Common Snapping Turtle Nevada Shovelnose Snake Painted Turtle Midland Painted Turtle Code XELA XELL XEMU ABER ACAN ACJA AGAC AGAG AGCA AGKI AGRO AGSP AGSS AGBB AGCO AGPI ALMI AMEX AMUN AMBA AMMU ANCA ANCO APXX APSP APSE APPU BIAS BOCO BOFU BOIR BOMU BOSC CACC CALA CAXX CAYA CAVE CACA CATE CADU CECE CHRA CHBO CHMY CHXX CHSE CHOT CHPI CHPM Order Anura Anura Anura Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Testudines Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Testudines Testudines

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 9

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Clemmys caspica Clemmys guttata Clemmys insculpta Clemmys marmorata Cnemidophorus exsanguis Cnemidophorus gularis Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Cnemidophorus sonorae Cnemidophorus species Cnemidophorus tigris Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Cnemidophorus uniparens Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Coluber constrictor Coluber constrictor priapus Coluber florulentus Coluber jugularis Cophosaurus texanus Crocodlus cataphractus Crocodylus acutus Crocodylus johnstoni Crocodylus niloticus Crocodylus novaeguineae Crocodylus palustris Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus rhombifer Crotalus adamanteus Crotalus horridus Crotalus lepidus Crotalus viridis Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Crotaphytus bicinctores Cryptoblepharus boutonii Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus Ctenotus delli Ctenotus labillardieri Ctenotus robustus Ctenotus taeniolatus Cyclodina aenea Cyclodina macgregori Cyclodina whitakeri Dasypeltis scabra Denisonia maculata Dermochelys coriacea Diadophis punctatus edwardsii Diplodactylus polyophthalmus Diploglossus warreni Dispholidus typus Common Name* Pond Turtle species Spotted Turtle Wood Turtle Pacific Pond Turtle Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail Texas Spotted Whiptail New Mexico Whiptail Plateau Spotted Whiptail Six-lined Racerunner Sonoran Spotted Whiptail Whiptail Lizard species Western Whiptail Great Basin Whiptail Desert Grassland Whiptail Utah Banded Gecko Racer Southern Black Racer Flowered Racer Fire Racer Greater Earless Lizard African Slender-snouted Crocodile American Crocodile Australian Freshwater Crocodile Nile Crocodile FreshWater Crocodile Mugger Crocodile Saltwater Crocodile Cuban Crocodile Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Timber Rattlesnake Rock Rattlesnake Western Rattlesnake Herald Snake Mojave Black Collared Lizard Snake-eyed Skink Australian Snake-eyed Skink White-dotted ctenotus Labillardier's ctenotus Robust ctenotus Coppertail ctenotus Girard's Skink McGregor's New Zealand Skink Whitaker's New Zealand Skink Common Egg-eating Snake Ornamental Snake Leatherback Turtle Northern Ringneck Snake Many-eyed Gecko Warren's Galliwasp Lizard Boomslang Code CLCA CLGU CLIN CLMA CNEX CNGU CNNE CNSP CNSE CNSO CNXX CNTI CNTT CNUN COVU COCO COCP COFL COJU COTE CRCA CRAC CRJO CRNI CRNO CRPA CRPO CRRH CRAD CRHO CRLE CRVI CRHT CRCB CRBO CRPL CTDE CTLA CTRO CTTA CYAE CYMA CYWH DASC DEMA DECO DIPE DIPO DIWA DITY Order Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 10

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Drymarchon corais couperi Egernia napoleonis Elaphe guttata Elaphe obsoleta Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata Elaphe quadrivittata Elaphe vulpina Elgaria coerulea Elgaria multicarinata Emydoidea blandingii Emys orbicularis Enhydris plumbea Epicrates striatus Eretmochelys imbricata Eryx colubrinus Eryx pyramidum Eumeces fasciatus Eumeces oshimensis Eumeces skiltonianus Eumeces species Eunectes notaeus Farancia abacura Gallotia galloti Gavialis gangeticus Geochelone pardalis Gopherus agassizii Gopherus polyphemus Graptemys flavimaculata Graptemys geographica Haldea striatula Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemidactylus leschenaultii Hemidactylus macropholis Hemidactylus parkeri Hemidactylus smithi Hemidactylus species Hemiergis initialis Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Heterodon contortix Heterodon nasicus Heterodon platirhinos Heterodon simus Hoplodactylus maculatus Kinosternon flavescens Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternon subrubrum Lacerta agilis Lacerta muralis Lacerta parva Common Name* Eastern Indigo Snake Napoleon Skink Cornsnake Rat Snake Black Rat Snake Yellow Rat Snake Chicken Snake Fox Snake Northern alligator Lizard Southern Alligator Lizard Blanding's Turtle European pond Turtle Yellowbelly Water Snake Haitian Boa Hawksbill Turtle Kenya Sand Boa Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper Five-lined Skink unknown Eyelid Skink Western Skink Eyelid Skink species Yellow Anaconda Mud Snake Gallot's Lizard Gharial Leopard Tortoise Desert Tortoise Gopher Tortoise Yellow-blotched Map Turtle Common map Turtle Rough-earth Snake Indian Leaf-toed Gecko Leschenault's Leaf-toed Gecko Largescale Leaf-toed Gecko Parker's Leaf-toed Gecko Smith's Leaf-toed Gecko Leaf-toed Gecko species Fine-lined Skink Bark Snake unknown Hognose Snake Western Hognose Snake Eastern Hognose Snake Southern Hognose Snake Spotted Sticky-toed Gecko Yellow Mud Turtle Sonoran Mud Turtle Common Mud Turtle Sand Lizard Common Eurasian Lizard species Dwarf Lizard Code DRCC EGNA ELGU ELOB ELOO ELOQ ELQU ELVU ELCE GEMU EMBL EMOR ENPL EPST ERIM ERCO ERPY EUFA EUOS EUSK EUXX EUNO FAAB GAGA GAGN GEPA GOAG GOPO GRFL GRGE HAST HEFL HELE HEMA HEPA HESM HEXX HEIN HENO HECO HENS HEPL HESI HOMA KIFL KISO KISU LAAG LAMU LAPA Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 11

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Lacerta viridis Lacerta vivipara Lampropeltis doliata triangulum Lampropeltis getula Lampropeltis getula floridana Lampropeltis getula getula Lampropeltis species Lamprophis fuliginosus Lampropholis delicata Lampropholis guichenoti Latastia longicaudata Leiolopisma nigriplantare Leiolopisma telfairii Leiolopisma trilineata Lepidochelys kempii Lepidochelys olivacea Lerista distinguenda Lialis burtonis Liasis mackloti Liasis olivaceus Lissemys punctata granosa Lycophidion capense Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus chobiensis Lygosoma somalicum Mabuya brevicollis Mabuya quinquetaeniata Mabuya striata Mabuya varia varia Malaclemys terrapin Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Malpolon monspessulanus Masticophis flagellum Masticophis flagellum testaceus Mauremys caspica rivulata Mehelya nyassae Melanosuchus niger Menetia greyi Morelia spilotes variegata Morethia boulengeri Morethia obscura Nactus serpensinsula Naja haje Naja species Natrix natrix Natrix species Nerodia cyclopion Nerodia erythrogaste Nerodia erythrogaster Nerodia fasciata Common Name* Emerald Lizard Viviparous Lizard Milk Snake Common King Snake Florida King Snake Eastern King Snake King Snake species Brown House Snake Delicate Skink Guichenot's Skink Southern Longtail Lizard Dark Ground Skink Telford's Ground Skink Trilinear Ground Skink Kemp's Ridley Turtle Olive Ridley Turtle Distinguished Lerista Burton's Snake Lizard Macklot's Python Olive Python Southern Flap-shelled Turtle Cape Wolf Snake Cape Dwark Gecko Okavango Dwark Gecko Somali Writhing Skink Sudan Mabuya Rainbow Skink African Striped Mabuya Sanannah Variable Mabuya DiamondBack Terrapin Florida East Coast Terrapin Montpellier Snake Coachwhip Western Coachwhip Snake Capian Turtle Nyassa File Snake Black Caiman Gray-Brown Menetia Carpet Python Boulenger's Morethia Obscure Morethia Serpent Island Gecko Egyptian Cobra Cobra species Grass Snake Grass Snake species Mississippi Green Water Snake Red-bellied Water Snake Plainbelly Water Snake Banded Water Snake Code LAVI LAVV LADT LAGE LAGF LAGG LAXX LAFU LADE LAGU LALO LENI LETE LETR LEKE LEOL LEDI LIBU LIMA LIOL LIPG LYCP LYCA LYCH LYSO MABR MAQU MAST MAVV MATE MATT MAMO MAFL MAFT MACR MENY MENI MEGR MOSV MOBO MOOB NASE NAHA NAXX NANA NTXX NECY NAEY NEER NEFA Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 12

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Nerodia fasciata compressicauda Nerodia fasciata floridana Nerodia rhombifer Nerodia sipedon Nerodia sipedon insularum Nerodia sipedon sipedon Nerodia species Nerodia taxispilota Notechis ater Oligosoma maccanni Opheodrys aestivus Opheodrys vernalis Palaeosuchus palperbosos Paleosuchus trigonatus Panaspis dahomeyense Panaspis wahlbergi Pedioplanis namaquensis Pediplanic lineoocellata Phelsuma guentheri Phelsuma ornata Philochortus hardeggeri Phrynosoma coronatum Phrynosoma platyrhinos Pituophis catenifer Pituophis catenifer sayi Pituophis melanoleucus Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Pituophis melanoleucus mugitis Podarcis sicula sicula Podarcis species Psammophilus dorsalis Psammophis sibilans Psammophis trivirgatus Pseudechis australis Pseudechis colletti Pseudechis guttatus Pseudechis porphyriacus Pseudemys nelsoni Pseudemys scripta Pseuderemias smithi Pseudonaja affinis Pseudonaja textilis Python molurus bivittatus Python regius Python reticulatus Regina grahami Sauromalus obesus obesus Sceloporus clarkii Sceloporus graciosus Sceloporus jarrovi Common Name* Southern Water Snake species Southern Water Snake Diamondback Water Snake Northern Water Snake Lake Erie Water Snake Common Water Snake Water Snake species Brown Water Snake Black Tiger Snake unknown Skink species rough Green Snake Smooth Green Snake Dwarf Caiman Smooth-fronted Caiman Lidless Skink species Savannah Lidless Skink Namaqua Sand Lizard Sand Lizard species Round Island Day Gecko Ornate Day Gecko Hardegger's Orangetail Lizard Coast Horned Lizard Desert Horned Lizard Gopher Snake Bull Snake Pine Snake Black Pine Snake Florida Pine Snake Italian Wall Lizard Wall Lizard species Indian Sand Agama African Beauty Racer Sand Racer species King Brown Snake Collett's Black Snake Spotted Black Snake Redbelly Black Snake Florida Redbelly Turtle Cooter Turtle / Red-bellied Turtle Smith's Racerunner Dugite Eastern Brown Snake Indian Python Ball Python Reticulate Python Graham's Crayfish Snake Western Chuckwalla Clark's Spiny Lizard Sagebrush Lizard Yarrow's Spiny Lizard Code NEFC NEFF NERH NESI NESN NASI NEXX NATA NOAT OLMA OPAE OPVE PAPA PATI PADA PAWA PENA PELI PHGU PHOR PHHA PHCO PHPL PICA PISA PIME PIML PIMM POSS POXX PSDO PSSI PSTI PSAU PSCO PSGU PSPO PSNE PSSC PSSM PSAF PSTE PYMB PYRG PYRE REGR SAOB SCCL SCGR SCJA Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Crocodylia Crocodylia Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 1c - Species Scientific Names - 13

Class R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Scientific Name* Sceloporus occidentalis Sceloporus olivaceus Sceloporus species Sceloporus undalatus Sceloporus undulatus undulatus Scelotes bojerii Scincella species Sphenodon punctatus Stegonotus modestus Storeria dekayi Storeria occipitomaculata Suta suta Telescopus semiannulatus Terrapene carolina Terrapene carolina major Testudo hermanni Thamnophis couchii Thamnophis elegans Thamnophis ordinoides Thamnophis proximus Thamnophis radix Thamnophis sauritus Thamnophis sirtalis Thamnophis species Thelotornis kirtlandii Tiliqua rugosa Tomistoma schlegelii Trachemys scripta Trimeresurus flavoviridis Trionyx spinifer Typhlina australis Unechis gouldii Unechis nigriceps unknown or various turtle species unknown reptile species unknown sea snake species unknown snake or serpentene species Urosaurus ornatus Uta palmeri Uta stansburiana Varanus albigularis microstictus Varanus giganteus Varanus gouldii Varanus species Vipera aspis Vipera palestinae Xantusia henshawi Xenagama taylori Common Name* Western Fence Lizard Texas Spiny Lizard Spiny Lizard species Fence Lizard Southern Fence Lizard Bojer's Burrowing Skink Ground Skink species Tuatara New Guinea Frog-eating Snake Northern Brown Snake Redbelly Snake Curl Snake Eastern Tiger Snake Box Turtle Gulf Coast Box Turtle Hermann's Tortoise Western Aquatic Garter Snake Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Northwestern Garter Snake Western Ribbon Snake Plains Garter Snake Eastern Ribbon Snake Common Garter Snake Garter Snake species Northern Vine Snake Shingleback Skink False Gharial Red-eared Slider Habu Poisonous Snake African Softshell Turtle Greiberg's Blind Snake Gould's Black-headed Snake Gunther's Black-headed Snake unknown Turtle species unknown reptile species unknown Sea Snake unknown snake species Tree Lizard San-Pedro Side-blotched Lizard Side-blotched Lizard White-throated Monitor Perentie Sand Monitor Monitor species Asp Viper Palestine Viper Granite Night Lizard Taylor's Strange Agama Code SCOC SCOL SCXX SCUN SCUU SCBO SCXY SPPU STMO STDE STOC SUSU TESE TECA TECM TEHE THCO THEL THOR THPR THRA THSA THSI THXX THKI TIRU TOSC TRSC TRFL TRSP TYAU UNGO UNNI XXXT XXXR XXSS XXSN UROR UTPA UTST VAAM VAGI VAGO VAXX VIAS VIPA XAHE XETA Order Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Testudines Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines Squamata Testudines Squamata Squamata Squamata Testudines unknown Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata Squamata

Appendix 2a: Contaminant codes found in Tables 1 through 6, with corresponding contaminant name, CAS number, trade name (where available) and other classifying informationj.
Contaminant Code 1,1-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dimethyl-benzene 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene 1,3-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropanol 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene 1,5-cyclo-octadiene 1-4-dichloronaphthalene 1-amino-2-propanol 1-chloronaphthalene 1-methyl4(tert)butylbenzene 1R, aS-cypermethrin 1RS-resmethrin 2,2-DPA Common Name 1,1-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dimethyl-benzene, o-xylene, orthoxylene 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,3-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropanol (1,3-dichloro-2propanol) 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene 1,5-cyclooctadiene 1-4-dichloronaphthalene 1-amino-2-propanol 1-chloronaphthalene 1-methyl-4(tert)butylbenzene, toluene CAS No. 57-14-7 107-06-2 574-00-5 95-47-6 540-73-8 522-25-2 142-28-9 96-23-1 676-22-2 1552-12-1 1825-31-6 78-96-6 90-13-1 98-51-1 67375-30-8 10453-86-8 127-20-8 Trade Name Dimizine, Dimazine Type other other other other other other other other other other PAH other PAH other pesticide pesticide pesticide PCB 93-76-5 Agent Orange pesticide PCB pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Agroxone 5 pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH PAH other other other

1Rm aS-cypermethrin 1RS-resmethrin 2,2-DPA, Propionic Acid, 2,2dichloro-sodium salt 2,3,4,5-TCB 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol, hydroxy-PCB 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-trichloro-42,4,5-trichloro-4-biphenylol, hydroxybiphenylol PCB 2,4,6 trichlorophenol 2,4,6 trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-T, Phenachlor 2,4-D 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid 2,4-D amine 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid amine 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester 2,4-D butylate 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid butylate 2,4-D iso-octyl ester 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid isooctyl ester 2,4-D sodium 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid sodium 2,4-dichloroaniline 2,4-dichloroaniline 2-AAF 2-acetylaminofluorene, , N-2fluorenylacetamide 2-AF 2-aminofluorene 2-butanol 2-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol 2-ethylhexanoic acid 2-ethylhexanoic acid 2-methoxyethanol 2-methoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

Dalapon

88-06-2 94-75-7 1929-73-3

25168-26-7 2702-72-9 554-00-7 53-96-3 153-78-6 78-92-2 149-57-5 109-86-4

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 2

Contaminant Code 2-methyl-2-propanol 2-methylpentanoic acid 2-phenoxyethanol 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol 3,6-dioxo-1,8-octanediol 3-bromopropylene 3-chloropropylene 3-methylcholanthrene H 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 4-aminopyridine 4-chlorobiphenyl 4-methyl-2-pentanol 4245-77-6 57-97-6 6-aminonicotinamide 6-chloropicolinic acid 7-penicillamine 9AA a-terthienyl acephate acetaminophen acetone acridine acridine orange acrolein acrylonitrile actinomycin D adifenphos Aerozine-50 Ag agricultural fertilizers AH AH5183 Al alachlor alcohol aldicarb Common Name 2-methyl-2-propanol, tert-butyl alcohol 2-methylpentanoic acid 2-phenoxyethanol 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol, 3,5,5trimethylhexanol 3,6,-dioxo-1,8,-octanediol allyl bromide, 3-bromopropene, 3bromo-1-propene, 3-bromopropylene allyl chloride, 3-chloropropene, 3chloro-1-propene, 3-chloropropylene 3-methylchol-anthrene tritium, 3H 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 4-aminopyridine, 4-pyridinamine, fampridine 4-chlorobiphenyl 4-methyl-2-pentanol, methylamyl alcohol, methylisobutyl n-ethyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 6-aminonicotinamide 6-chloro-2-picolinic acid, 6chloropicolinic acid 7-penicillamine 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9AA a-terthienyl, alpha-terthienyl acephate acetaminophen acetone acridine, acridrine acridine orange acrolein acrylonitrile actinomycin D, D actinomycin adifenphos Aerozine-50 silver, Ag effluent, agricultural, agricultural fertilizers acetylhydrazide, AH 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol, AH5183 aluminum, Al, aluminium, aluminum chloride, aluminium chloride alachlor unknown alcohol aldicarb CAS No. 75-65-0 97-61-0 122-99-6 3452-97-9 Trade Name Type other other other other other other other other radiation PCB other PCB other other PAH other pesticide other other other pesticide other other other other pesticide other other pesticide other metal other other other 7429-90-5 15972-60-8 116-06-3 Lasso metal pesticide other pesticide

106-95-6 107-05-1 56-49-5 10028-17-8 2050-68-2 504-24-5 2051-62-9 108-11-2 4245-77-6 57-97-6 329-89-5 4684-94-0 52-66-4 134-50-9 1081-34-1 30560-19-1 103-90-2 67-64-1 260-94-6 65-61-2 107-02-8 50-76-0 Aerozine-50 7440-22-4

Orthene

Aqualin, Magnacide

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 3

Contaminant Code aldrin algicide alkylbenzene sulfonate allethrin allylamine alpha-chaconine alpha-solanine amaranth ambithion aminocarb aminopiperazin aminopyrine amitrole ammonium carbonate ammonium hydroxide ammonium nitrate amoben anilazine/ triazine aniline ansar anthracene arco arginine vasotocin Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 aromatic petroleum crude Arosurf 66-E2 artificial light As ASA ascorbic acid asomate asozine aspartame atrazine atrazine, alachlor atropine, soman azacytidine azinphos-methyl Ba Common Name aldrin unknown algicide alkylbenzene sulfonate allethrin, prallethrin, pallethrine allylamine, 2-propen-1-amine, 2propenyl amine alpha-chaconine alpha-solanine amaranth, red dye ambithion mixture, fenitrothion and malathion aminocarb aminopiperazin aminopyrine, antipyrine Amitrole, Amitrol-t ammonium carbonate ammonium hydroxide ammonium nitrate amobam, amoben, chloramben anilazine, triazine aniline Ansar 592 HC anthracene arco arginine vasotocin Aroclor 1242, Arochlor 1242 Aroclor 1254, Arochlor 1254 Aroclor 1260, Arochlor 1260 petroleum products, aromatic petroleum crude monomolecular organic surface film radiation, artificial light arsenic, As acetylsalicylic acid ascorbic acid, Vitamin C asomate asozine, asozin, methylarsenic sulfide aspartame atrazine atrazine and alachlor, atrazine and alaclor atropine and soman 5-azacytidine, azacytidine, ladakamycin, 5-azacytidine azinphos-methyl barium, Ba CAS No. 309-00-2 42615-29-2 584-79-2 107-11-9 Trade Name Octalene Type pesticide pesticide other pesticide other other other other pesticide pesticide other pH pesticide other other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide other PCB PCB PCB other other radiation other other other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide other Mylosar Guthion, Gusathion M other pesticide metal

Pynamin

20562-02-1 915-67-3 121-75-5 and 122-14-5 2032-59-9 Matacil, Bayer 44 646 58-15-1 and 60-80-0 61-82-5 10361-29-2 1336-21-6 6484-52-2 133-90-4 101-05-3 62-53-3 75-60-5 120-12-7

Weedazol

Bortrysan Ansar 592 HC, Phytar

1336-36-3, 53 11097-69-1 1336-36-3, 11

Arosurf 66-E2 7440-38-2 530-75-6 50-81-7 2533-82-6 22839-47-0 1912-24-9

Gesaprim

51-55-8, 9664-0 320-67-2 86-50-0 7440-39-3

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 4

Contaminant Code Bacillus sphaeris BaP Bayer 22408 Bayer 29952 Bayer 34042 Bayer 37289 Bayer 38920 Bayer 44831 Be bendiocarb benlate benthiocarb/ thiobencarb benzene benzene hydrochloride benzomate benzpyrene beryllium sulfate BHC Common Name Bacillus sphaeris benzo(a)pyrene, BaP Bayer 22408 Bayer 29952 Bayer 34042 Bayer 37289 Bayer 38920 Bayer 44831 beryllium, Be bendiocarb benlate, benomyl benthiocarb, thiobencarb benzene benzene hydrochloride benzomate benzpyrene, benzo(e)pyrene beryllium sulfate benzene hexachloride, hexachlorobenzene, BHC, HCB bioresmethrin bioresmethrin, cismethrin bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) ether bis(2-hydroxypropyl) bis(2-hydroxy-propyl) amine amine bis(2-propenyl) amine bis(2-propenyl) amine bis(3-hydroxyethyl) ether bis(3-hydroxy-ethyl) ether boric acid boric acid boron boron, B BPMC BPMC, fenobucarb brodifacoum brodifacoum bromocyclen bromocyclen bromodeoxyuridine 5-bromodeoxyuridine, thymidine bromoform bromoform BTH14 Bacillus thuringiensis var. israele, BTH14 buprofezin buprofezin butachlor butachlor butylate butylate butylated hydroxyanisole butylated hydroxyanisole butyric acid butyric acid BZH benzoic hydrazide, BZH, benzhydrazide, benzhyrdazine -aminopropionitrile -aminopropionitrile fumarate fumarate APN -aminopropionitrile, APN, 3aminopropionitrile NF b-napthoflavone, -napthoflavone, NF Ca, pH pH, calcium, Ca CAS No. 50-32-8 2703-13-1 327-98-0 Trade Name Type other PAH pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide PAH other pesticide pesticide other other other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other other other metal + pH

7440-41-7 22781-23-3 17804-35-2 28249-77-6 71-43-2 608-73-1 192-97-2 13510-49-1 118-74-1 28434-01-7 111-46-6 110-97-5

Benlate Saturn M, Bolero

Voronit C, BHC, HCB

10043-35-3 7440-42-8 3766-81-2 56073-10-0 1715-40-8 75-25-2

Baycarb, Osbac, Bassa Talon, Ratak+ Alugan

B.t. 69327-76-0 23184-66-9 2008-41-5 25013-16-5 107-92-6 613-94-5 2079-89-2 151-18-8 6051-87-2 Applaud Machete BHA

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 5

Contaminant Code cadmium nitrate cadmium sulfate caffeine calcium chloride calcium oxide CAMA caprolactam captan carbaryl carbaryl, UV-B Common Name cadmium nitrate cadmium sulfate caffeine calcium chloride calcium oxide CAMA, Calcium Acid Methane Arsonate caprolactam captan, Captan (F) carbaryl carbaryl, UV-B, radiation CAS No. 10325-94-7 10124-36-4 58-08-2 14674-72-7 1305-78-8 5902-95-4 105-60-2 133-06-2 63-25-2 Trade Name Type metal metal other other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide and radiation pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other PAH other metal metal metal metal metal other other other Spergon pesticide pesticide

CAP Merpan Sevin

carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide carbophenothion carbophos carboxylic acids catechol CCl4 Cd Cd, Mg Cd, Zn CdCl2 CdCl2, Cd CDD Cekapur chemical manufacture plant chloranil chlordane

carbendazim carbofuran carbon disulfide Carbophenothion carbophos various, carboxylic acids 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, catechol, naphthalene intermediate carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 cadmium, Cd cadmium, magnesium cadmium, zinc cadmium chloride, CdCl2 cadmium, cadmium chloride, CdCl2, Cd cytochalasin D, CDD Cekapur effluent, industrial, chemical manufacture plant chloranil chlordane or cis-chlordane or transchlordane or oxychlordane

10605-21-7 1563-66-2 75-15-0 786-19-6

Bavistin, Derosal, Delsene Furadan Trithion

120-80-9 56-23-5 7440-43-9

10108-64-2 22144-77-0

chlordimeform chlorfenvinphos chloroaniline chlorobenzene chlorocresol chloroform chlorophenols chloropyrifos chlorothalonil

chlordimeform chlorfenvinphos chloroaniline, p-chloroaniline chlorobenzene chlorocresol, 4-chloro-2-methyl phenol, 4-chloro-m-cresol, MCPA chloroform various, chlorophenols chlorpyrifos, chloropyrifos chlorothalonil

118-75-2 57-74-9, 5103-71-9, 5103-74-2, 27304-13-8 6164-98-3 470-90-6 106-47-8 108-90-7 59-50-7 67-66-3 2921-88-2 1897-47-6

Fundal, Spanove, Galecron

pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide

other other Dursban, Lorsban pesticide Exotherm Termil, Bravo, pesticide Daconil 2787

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 6

Contaminant Code chlorpyrifos-methyl chromium salts cismethrin Citrex Cl ClNO2 Co CoCl2 colchicine Congo red copper sulfate CORT cotinine coumaphos cow manure Cr Cr, Zn, Fe cresol crotoxyphos crude oil cruformate Cs Cs, Sr, H Cu Cu, Zn cyanatryn cyanazine cyanide cyclohexanone cycloheximide cyclophosphamide cyfluthrin cyhalothrin cypermethrin cytosine arabinoside d-tubocurine dairy effluent DDA DDC Common Name CAS No. chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorpyrifos5598-13-0 ethyl analog chromium salts 9066-50-6 cismethrin, bioresmethrin 35764-59-1 Citrex S-5, Citrex chlorine, Cl 7782-50-5 ammonia, nitrite, chlorine, ClNO2 cobalt, Co 7440-48-4 cobalt chloride, CoCl2, cobalt 7646-79-9 dichloride, cobaltous chloride colchicine 64-86-8 Congo red, sodium diphenyldiaxo-bis- 573-58-0 alpha-napthylamine sulfonate copper sulfate 7758-99-8 corticosterone, steroid hormone, 50-22-6 CORT cotinine, nicotine metabolite 486-56-6 coumaphos 56-72-4 effluent, agricultural, cow manure chromium, Cr 7440-47-3 Chromium, Zinc, Iron (Cr, Zn, Fe) cresol, o-cresol 1319-77-3 crotoxyphos 7700-17-6 oil, crude, petroleum products cruformate 299-86-5 cesium, radiocesium, Cs 7440-46-2 cesium, strontium, tritium, Cs, Sr, 3H copper, Cu, copper chloride, CuCl2 7440-50-8 copper and zinc, Cu, Zn cyanatryn 21689-84-9 cyanazine, 1,3,5-triazine, simizine 21725-46-2 cyanide 57-12-5 cyclohexanone 108-94-1 cycloheximide 66-81-9 cyclophosphamide 6065-19-2 cyfluthrin 68359-37-5 cyhalothrin 68085-85-8 alphamethrin, FASTAC 10EC, 52315-07-8 cypermethrin cytosine arabinoside, cytarabine 147-94-4 d-tubocurine, chondrocurine, d477-58-7 tubocurarine effluent, industrial, dairy effluent DDA, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-acetic 83-05-6 acid dithiocarbamate, DDC, 148-18-5 diethyldithiocarbamic acid sodium salt Trade Name Type pesticide metal pesticide other other other metal metal other other metal other other pesticide other metal metal other pesticide other pesticide radiation radiation metal metal pesticide pesticide other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other other Dithane pesticide

Citrex, Tienen, Belgium

CP Grenade Ambush C, Cymbush

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 7

Contaminant Code DDCN DDD Common Name CAS No. DDCN, DDT metabolite, bis(pchlorophenyl)acetonitrile DDD, p,p-DDD, TDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2- 72-54-8 bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, DDT metabolite DDE, DDT metabolite 72-55-9 DDMU, DDT metabolite DDOH, 2,2-bis(p-chlorphenyl)2642-82-2 ethanol, DDT metabolite DDT, p,p-DDT, 50-29-3 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DEF, tribufos 78-48-8 defenuron di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate, DEHP 117-81-7 deltamethrin, decamethrin, cis52918-63-5 deltamethrin demeton 298-03-3 diethylstilbestrol, DES 56-53-1 des-cyano-deltamethrin other, unknown detergent diisopropyl fluorophosphate, DFP, 55-91-4 Isofluorphate di gu shuang diazepam 439-14-5 diazinon 333-41-5 dicamba 1918-00-9 dichlobenil 1194-65-6 dichlone 117-80-6 dichlofenthion, dichlorfenthion 97-17-6 dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 dichloroglyoxime dichlorvos, DDVP, phosphoric acid 62-73-7 2,2 dichlorovinyl d, DDVP dicofol, dichlorobenzophenone is a 115-32-2 metabolite of dicofol dicrotophos, dichrotophos 141-66-2 dieldrin fuel, diesel, petroleum products diethanolamine, bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) amine, diethylolamine diflubenzuron diisononylphthalate Dimefox dimethachlon, dimethachlor dimethoate 60-57-1 111-42-2 35367-38-5 28553-12-0 115-26-4 50563-36-5 60-51-5 Trade Name Type pesticide pesticide

DDE DDMU DDOH DDT DEF defenuron DEHP deltamethrin demeton DES des-cyano-deltamethrin detergent DFP di gu shuang diazepam diazinon dicamba dichlobenil dichlone dichlorfenthion dichlorobenzene dichloroglyoxime dichlorvos dicofol dicrotophos dieldrin diesel diethanolamine diflubenzuron diisononylphthalate dimefox dimethachlon dimethoate

pesticide pesticide pesticide Gesarol, Guesarol, Neocid, DDT pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide other pesticide other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide

Decis

Basudin, Diazitol Banvel, Mediben Casoron Phygon

Nuvan, Dedevap, Nogos, Vapona Kelthane Bidrin, Carbicron, Ektafos Octalox DEIA Dimilin

Rogor, Cygon, Perfekthion, Roxion, Fostion MM

dimethyl disulfide

dimethyl disulfide

624-92-0

other

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 8

Contaminant Code dinitrocresol dinocap dinoseb dioctylphthalate dioxathion dioxins diphacin diquat diquat, nabam distillery effluent disulfoton diuron DMN DMSA DMSO DNP DODPA Domal Dosanex DPH DRC-1339 DRC-1347 DRC-2698 duo sai wan EB EBP edrophonium EDS emetine EMF emisan endosulfan Common Name dinitrocresol, dinitro-o-cresol, DNC, DNOC, dinitrophenol Dinocap, dinitrophenol derivative Dinoseb dioctylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate dioxathion polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDD Diphacin diquat dibromide diquat, nabam effluent, industrial, distillery effluent disulfoton diuron, [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, or 1dimethyl-urea dimethylnitrosamine, DMN, Nnitrosodimethylamine meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, Succimer, DMSA, DMS dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide dinitrophenol, DNP, a-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol dioctyldiphenylamine, DODPA Domal, detergent Dosanex, metoxuron diphenylhydantoin, DPH, phenytoin DRC-1339 DRC-1347 DRC-2698 duo sai wan estradiol benzoate, EB EBP edrophonium ethane dimethane sulfonate, EDS emetine electromagnetic field, EMF mercurial fungicide Emisan endosulfan, endosulphan 298-04-4 330-54-1 62-75-5 304-55-2 67-68-5 51-28-5 101-67-7 Domal 19937-59-8 57-41-0 95-74-9 Succimer CAS No. 534-52-1 131-72-6 88-85-7 117-84-0 78-34-2 Trade Name Type pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide other other pesticide pesticide Travancore Sugars and Chemicals effluent other pesticide pesticide other other other other other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide other other other other pesticide pesticide

82-66-6 85-00-7 85-00-7, 14259-6

50-50-0 13286-32-3

Kitazin

483-18-1 123-88-6 115-29-7 Emisan Thiodan, Cyclodan, Beosit, Malix, Thimul, Thifor

endothall endrin epichlorohydrin epinephrine

endothall, mono(n,ndimethylalkylamine) salt endrin epichlorohydrin epinephrine

145-73-3 72-20-8 106-89-8 51-43-4

pesticide pesticide other other

ECH

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 9

Contaminant Code eptam esfenvalerate estradiol ethanol ethanolamine ethidium bromide ethion ethoprop ethyl acetate ethyl acetoacetate ethyl guthion ethyl propionate ethylene dibromide ethylene glycol ethylenediamine ethyleneimine, aziridine ethylenethiourea ethylmethane sulfonate ethylnitrosurea ethylpropionate eulan wa new Fadrozole famphur Fe fei fu san fenamiphos fenitrothion fenoprop fenpropathrin fensulfothion fenthion fentin fentin-acetate fenubucarb, chlorpyrifos fenvalerate ferbam FIT FLII MLO flocoumafen flumethrin fluoranthene Common Name CAS No. Eptam, EPTC 759-94-4 esfenvalerate 66230-04-4 estradiol, estradiol-17, 17-estradiol 50-28-2 ethanol 64-17-5 2-aminoethanol, ethanolamine 414-43-5 ethidium bromide 1239-45-8 ethion 563-12-2 ethoprop 13194-48-4 ethyl acetate 141-78-6 ethyl acetoacetate 141-97-9 ethyl guthion 2642-71-9 ethyl propionate, propanoic acid ethyl 105-37-3 ester ethylene dibromide, dibromoethane 106-93-4 1,2-ethanediol, ethylene glycol 107-21-1 ethylenediamine 107-15-3 ethyleneimine, aziridine 151-56-4 ethylene thiourea 96-45-7 ethylmethane sulfonate 62-50-0 ethylnitrosurea, n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea 759-73-9 ethylproprionate 105-73-7 eulan wa new Fadrozole, CGS 16949 famphur iron, Fe fei fu san fenamiphos fenitrothion fenoprop, Silvex fenpropathrin, fenpropanate fensulfothion fenthion fentin fentin acetate fenubucarb and chlorpyrifos fenvalerate, ssfenvalerate ferbam FIT, alkanesulfonate-based liquid FLII MLO flocoumafen flumethrin fluoranthene 52-85-7 7439-89-6 22224-92-6 122-14-5 93-72-1 39515-41-8 115-90-2 55-38-9 668-34-8 900-95-8 51630-58-1 14484-64-1 Trade Name Sumi-alfa, Sumi-alpha Type pesticide pesticide other other other other pesticide pesticide other other pesticide other other other pesticide other pesticide other other other pesticide pesticide and other pesticide metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide

antifreeze

Accothion, Folithion, Sumithion Kuron

90035-08-8 206-44-0

Baycid, Baytex, Entex, Lebaycid, Tiguvon Brestan, Brestan 60, Du- pesticide Ter pesticide Brodan pesticide Sumicidin, Belmark, pesticide Pydrin pesticide FIT other pesticide Storm, Stratagem pesticide pesticide PAH

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 10

Contaminant Code fluoranthene, UV fluoride fluoroacetamide fluorouracil fonophos formalin formamide fuel oil fuel oil blend furans G-27365 G-28029 G-30493 G-30494 GABA garlic Garlon 3A GC-3582 Ge gentisic acid gibberellin glutathione glycerol formal glyphosate Common Name fluoranthene, UV, radiation fluoride fluoroacetamide fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil fonophos formalin, formaldehyde, methaldehyde formamide fuel oil, petroleum products fuel oil, coal derived blend, petroleum products polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDF, chlorinated dibenzofuran G-27365 G-28029 G-30493 G-30494, methyl phenkapton gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA other, crushed garlic triethylamine salt of triclopyr GC-3582 Germanium, Ge 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid gibberellin glutathione glycerol formal glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of) CAS No. Trade Name Type PAH and radiation Fluoride other Compound 1081 pesticide Efudex, Fluracil, Timaxin, other Adrucil pesticide pesticide other Bunker #6 fuel oil other other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other other pesticide pesticide other other

16984-48-8 640-19-7 51-21-8 944-22-9 50-00-0 75-12-7

2275-14-1 3735-23-7 56-12-2 55335-06-2 7440-56-4 490-79-9 Garlon 3A

70-18-8 4740-78-7 1071-83-6

groundwater growmore halothane HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, beta, lindane hepta-carboxylporphyrin heptachlor heptachlor epoxide heptanoic acid heptanol hexachloroethane hexachlorophene hexamethylphosphoramide

effluent, agricultural, industrial, municipal groundwater runoff growmore halothane, bromochlorotrifluorethane HCH, alpha, lindane, (hexachlorobenzene) HCH, beta, lindane, (hexachlorobenzene) hepta-carboxylporphyrin heptachlor heptachlor epoxide, HE heptanoic acid heptanol hexachloroethane hexachlorophene hexamethyl-phosphoramide, hempa

other other other Roundup 360, Roundup, pesticide Polado, Touchdown (surfactant added to the salt) other Growmore other other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide other other other pesticide other

151-67-7 319-84-6 319-85-7

Lindane Lindane

76-44-8 1024-57-3 111-14-8 53535-33-4 67-72-1 70-30-4 680-31-9

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 11

Contaminant Code hexanoic acid hexaporphyrin hexazinone Hg hopcide HPB hun mie wei hydrazine hydrazine sulfate hydrocarbons hydroxyurea I imidacloprid imidazole INA indomethacin industrial effluent Ingran iprobenfos iron methanoarsenate iron sulfate isazophos isobutyl alcohol isocarbophos isofenphos isoniazid isoprocarb isoprothiolane isovalerianic acid JKU0422 Common Name hexanoic acid, caproic acid hexaporphyrin hexazinone mercury, Hg, methylmercury, organic mercury hopcide hexadecylpyridinium bromide, HPB hun mie wei hydrazine hydrazine sulfate various, hydrocarbons or organic compounds hydroxyurea iodine, I imidacloprid imidazole isonicotinic acid indomethacin effluent, industrial in river water Ingran 5-benzyl diisopropyl phosphorothiol, IBP, iprobenfos IPB iron methanoarsenate iron sulfate, ferrous sulfate, iron isazophos, isazofos 2-methyl-1-propanol, isobutyl alcohol isocarbophos isofenphos isoniazid isoprocarb isoprothiolane 3-methylbutyric acid, isovaleric acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid 1-[2,6-dichloro4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-4[(trifluoromethyl)thio]-1H-pyrazole potassium based fertilizer, muriate of potash, K kadethrin, cis-kadethrin, RU 15525 kasugamycin potassium chloride, KCl kepone, chlordecone ketamine hydrochloride lanthanum linear chain alkylbenzene-sulphonat leptophos leptophosoxon, leptophos metabolite Leunarex CAS No. 10051-44-2 51235-04-2 7439-97-6 3942-54-9 140-72-7 302-01-2 10034-93-2 Trade Name Type other other pesticide metal pesticide other pesticide other other pesticide other other pesticide other other other other pesticide pesticide pesticide metal pesticide other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide other pesticide

Velpar

Bromocet, Cetasol

127-07-1 7553-56-2 138261-41-3 288-32-4 55-22-1 53-86-1

Admire

26087-47-8

7720-78-7 42509-80-8 78-83-1 25311-71-1 54-85-3 2631-40-5 50512-35-1 503-74-2 Oftanol Etrofolan Fuji-one

K (fertilizer) kadethrin Kasugamycin KCl kepone ketamine hydrochloride lanthanum LAS leptophos leptophosoxon Leunarex

other 58769-20-3 6980-18-3 7447-40-7 143-50-0 1867-66-9 7439-91-0 21609-90-5 Kadethrin, RU 15525 kasumin Kepone pesticide pesticide other pesticide other metal other pesticide pesticide other

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 12

Contaminant Code Li lindane Common Name lithium, Li HCH, gamma, lindane, g-BHC (hexachlorobenzene),(benzene hexachloride) Linuron lithium carbonate lithium chloride entorphine MAFA malachite green malaoxon, malathion metabolite malathion mancozeb maneb (Maneb 80) 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, MCPA, MCP meldrin mercuric chloride, mercury(II)chloride, mercury bichloride merphos, tributyl phosphorotrithioite Mervinphos (OP) mesotocin multi-effect Triazole various, metal oxides metalaxyl various, metals metamidophos, methamidophos, metamidofos methallibure methane sulfonate, tricaine methidathion methimazole methiocarb methomyl methoprene methotrexate methoxychlor methoxyfluorane, 2,2-dichloro-1,1difluoroethylmethyl ether methyl demeton methyl ethyl ketone methyl fluoroacetate methyl isothiocyanate methyl mercury chloride methylarsonic acid, MSMA, monosodium methyl arsonate, DSMA, disodium methyl arsonate CAS No. 7439-93-2 58-89-9 Trade Name Lindane Type metal pesticide

Linuron lithium carbonate lithium chloride M99 MAFA malachite green malaoxon malathion mancozeb maneb MCPA meldrin mercury(II)chloride merphos Mervinphos (OP) mesotocin MET metal oxides metalaxyl metals metamidophos methallibure methane sulfonate methidathion methimazole methiocarb methomyl methoprene methotrexate methoxychlor methoxyfluorane methyl demeton methyl ethyl ketone methyl fluoroacetate methyl isothiocyanate methyl mercury chloride methylarsonic acid

330-55-2 554-13-2 7447-41-8

Linuron

M99 569-64-2 1634-78-2 121-75-5 8018-01-7 12427-38-2 94-74-6

Cythion, Malathion Dithane Manzate, Dithane M-22 Agroxone, Cornox, Methoxone Merfusan, Mersil Folex

pesticide metal metal other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal and pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide metal pesticide metal pesticide other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide other

7487-94-7 150-50-5

57837-19-1 10265-92-6 926-93-2 950-37-8 60-56-0 2032-65-7 16752-77-5 41205-06-5 59-05-2 72-43-5 76-38-0 8022-00-2 78-93-3 556-61-6 115-09-3 124-58-3

Metalaxyl, Ridomil Bayer 71628

Supracide Mesurol, Bayer 37 344, Draza Lannate Altosid, Precor

pesticide other other Trapex pesticide metal Ansar, Buenv, Daconate pesticide PVC primer

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 13

Contaminant Code methylcarbamate methylene chloride methylhydrazine metolachlor metribuzin mevinphos mexacarbate Mg Mg, Cd Mg, Co Mg, Ni Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg Mg, Zn microbes mie chu wei Mimic 240LV mine drainage mipafox mirex Mn MNNG Mo MO-338 molinate monochloramine monocrotophos MPP+ MPTP Common Name methyl carbamate methylene chloride, dichloromethane methylhydrazine metolachlor metribuzin mevinphos mexacarbate magnesium, Mg magnesium and cadmium, Mg, Cd magnesium and cobalt, Mg, Co magnesium and nickel, Mg, Ni magnesium, lead, cadmium, manganese, Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn magnesium and zinc, Mg, Zn biological, micropollutants in drinking water mie chu wei Mimic 240LV, Tebufenozide, RH-5992 effluent, industrial, mine drainage (includes iron, copper, zinc) mipafox mirex manganese, Mn n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine, MNNG molybdenum, Mo chlornitrofen, MO-338 molinate, Yalan monochloramine, chloramide, chloramine, hydrazine intermediate monocrotophos 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, MPTP metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine, 1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine methyl tert-butyl ether, tert-butyl methylether, TMBE, MTBE MTMC, metalocarb myclobutanil 12-o-tetraecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, Porbol Acetate, Myristate n-butanol, 1-butanol, 1-butyl alcohol butyl sulphide, n-butyl sulphide n-heptanol, n-heptyl alcohol n-nitrosoatrazine n-nitrosodiethanol N-Nitrosodiethanolamine CAS No. 598-55-0 75-09-2 60-34-4 51218-45-2 21087-64-9 7786-34-7 315-18-4 7439-95-4 Trade Name Solmethine component of jet fuel Metribuzin Zectran Type pesticide other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal metal metal metal metal other pesticide pesticide metal pesticide pesticide metal other metal pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide

112410-23-8

371-86-8 Mirex 7439-96-5 70-25-7 7439-98-7 1836-77-7 2212-67-1 10599-90-3 6923-22-4 48134-75-4 28289-54-5

Ordram

Azodrin, Nuvacron cyperquat chloride

MTBE MTMC myclobutanil Myristate n-butanol n-butyl sulphide n-heptanol n-nitrosoatrazine n-nitrosodiethanol N-nitrosodiethanolamine

1634-04-4 1129-41-5 88671-89-0 16561-29-8 71-36-3 544-40-1 111-70-6 7090-25-7 1116-54-7 55-18-5 Tsumacide, Metacrate Nova Porbol Acetate, Myristate

other pesticide pesticide other other other other pesticide other other

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 14

Contaminant Code N-nitrosodimethylamine n-propanol Na acetate Na3NTA nabam NaCl NaDEDC naled NaPCP naphthalene neostigmine nereistoxin Common Name N-nitrosodimethylamine n-propanol, 1-propanol, n-propyl alcohol sodium acetate, Na acetate trisodium nitrilotriacetate, Na3NTA nabam sodium chloride, NaCl sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, NaDEDC naled pentachlorophenol salt, sodium pentachlorophenate, NaPCP naphthalene neostigmine nereistoxin, cartap, carbomothioic acid ammonia, NH3 ammonia, temperature pH, ammonia, NH4, ammonia, NH3, ammonium chloride ammonia, NH3, chlorine, NH4Cl nickel, Ni, nickel chloride, NiCl Ni dibutyldithiocarbamate sankel CAS No. 62-75-9 71-23-8 127-09-3 5064-31-3 142-59-6 7647-14-5 Trade Name Type other other other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide PAH pesticide pesticide

Parzate, Dithane D-14 sodium chloride

300-76-5 131-52-2

Dibrom

91-20-3 59-99-4 15263-52-2 Cartap, Padan, , Cadan, and 15263-33- Vegetox, Patap 3

NH3 NH3, temp NH4, pH NH4Cl, NH3 NH4Cl, NH3, Cl Ni Ni dinuthyldithiocarbamate san Ni subsulfide nickel sulfate niclosamide nicotine nifurpirinol nitrate nitrite nitrobenzene nitrofen NMU noise non-contaminant study nonachlor nonylphenol NPAN NPE NRDC

7440-02-0 13927-77-0

other other pH and other other other metal pesticide

Nickel subsulfide nickel sulfate Niclosamide nicotine nifurpirinol ammonia, nitrate ammonia, nitrite nitrobenzene nitrofen methylnitrosourea, n-methyl-nnitrosourea, NMU traffic noise, noise pollution non-contaminant study or review (general ecology and other studies) nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, transnonachlor nonylphenol phenyl-a-naphthylamine, n-phenyl-anaphthylamine, NPAN nonylphenolethoxylate, NPE NRDC 119

12035-72-2 7786-81-4 50-65-7 54-11-5 13411-16-0

Bayluscide, Bayer 73 Furanace

98-95-3 1836-75-5 684-93-5

metal metal pesticide other pesticide other other pesticide pesticide other

3734-49-4 25154-52-3 90-30-2 51811-79-7

PCB pesticide other other pesticide

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 15

Contaminant Code NTA o-toluidine OCB OCS octanoic acid oil refinery omethoate OMPA OPAN organism toxin organochlorines organophosphates Otroc oxamyl oxytocin ozone p-nitrotoluene PA-14 PAH paraoxon paraquat paraquat dichloride parasite parathion parathion-methyl pathogen Pb Pb acetate Pb nitrate PCB PCB 126 pentachlorobenzene pentachlorophenol pentanoic acid Common Name nitrilotriacetic acid, nitrilotriacetate, NTA o-toluidine PCBs and Ocs octachlorostyrene, OCS octanoic acid effluent, industrial, oil refinery omethoate Octamethyl Pyrophosphoramide, OMPA octyl-phenyl-a-naphthylamine, OPAN, petroleum products biological, organism toxin various, organochlorine compounds, OC, chlorinated hydrocarbons various, organophosphates Otroc oxamyl oxytocin ozone, oxygen3, O3 p-nitrotoluene, paramethylnitrobenzene PA-14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH paraoxon, parathion metabolite paraquat paraquat dichloride biological, parasite parathion methyl parathion, parathion-methyl biological, fungal or bacterial pathogen lead, Pb, lead chloride lead acetate, Pb acetate lead nitrate, Pb nitrate polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB PCB 126 pentachlorobenzene pentachlorophenol pentanoic acid CAS No. 139-13-9 95-53-4 29082-74-4 124-07-2 1113-02-6 152-16-9 51772-35-1 Folimate OMPA Trade Name Type other other other pesticide other other pesticide pesticide other other pesticide pesticide other pesticide other other other other PAH 311-45-5 4685-14-7 1910-42-5 pesticide Gramoxone, Dextrone X, pesticide Esgram Gramoxone, Dextrone X, pesticide Esgram other Thiophos, Bldan, pesticide Folidol, Fosferno, Niran Folidol, Metacid, Bladan pesticide M, Nitrox 80 other metal metal metal PCB PCB pesticide pesticide other

DDT, DDD, DDE, ghexachlorocyclohexane

23135-22-0 50-56-6 10028-15-6 99-99-0

Vydate

56-38-2 298-00-0

7439-92-1 301-04-2 10099-74-8

608-96-5 608-93-5 109-52-4

sodium pentachlorophenate

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 16

Contaminant Code permethrin Common Name permethrin CAS No. 52645-53-1 Trade Name Ambush, Ambushfog, Perthrine, Picket, Pounce, Talcord, Outflank, Stockade, Coopex, Perigen, Stomoxin, Stomoxin P and many others. Type pesticide

perylene pesticides petroleum pH pH, Al pH, Al, As pH, Al, Ba pH, Al, Be pH, Al, Cr pH, Al, Cu pH, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb pH, Al, Fe pH, Al, Mg pH, Al, Mn pH, Al, Ni pH, Al, Pb pH, Al, Se pH, Al, Sr pH, Al, V pH, Al, Zn pH, Cd pH, Cr pH, Cu pH, Fe pH, Pb pH, TPT pH, Zn phenanthra-quinone phenanthrene phenazine phencyclidine phenobarbital phenol phenothrin phentolamine phenyl mercury acetate phorate phosalone

perylene various, pesticides petroleum, petroleum products pH, acidification pH, aluminium, Al pH, aluminum, arsenic, Al, As pH, aluminum, barium, Al, Ba pH, aluminum, beryllium, Al, Be pH, aluminum, chromium, Al, Cr pH, aluminum, copper, Al, Cu pH, aluminum, copper, iron, zinc, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn pH, aluminum, iron, Fe, Al pH, aluminum, magnesium, Mg pH, aluminum, manganese, Mn pH, aluminum, nickel, Ni pH, aluminum, lead, Pb, Al pH, aluminum, selenium, Se pH, aluminum, strontium, Sr pH, aluminum, vanadium, Al, V pH, aluminum, zinc, Al, Zn pH, cadmium, Cd pH, chromium, Cr pH, copper, Cu pH, iron, Fe pH, lead, Pb pH, triphenyltin hydroxide, TPT pH, zinc, Zn phenanthra-quinone, phenanthrenequinone phenanthrene phenazine phencyclidine, angel dust, PCP phenobarbital phenol phenothrin, d-phenothrin phentolamine, phenotolamine phenyl mercury acetate, phenylmercuric acetate phorate phosalone

198-55-0

PAH pesticide other pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH metal + pH pesticide PAH pesticide Angel dust other other other D-Phenothrin, Sumithrin pesticide other metal and pesticide pesticide Zolone pesticide

84-11-7 85-01-8 92-82-0 77-10-1 50-06-6 108-95-2 26002-80-2 50-60-2 62-38-74 298-02-2 2310-17-0

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 17

Contaminant Code phosdrin phosmet phosphamidon phoxim physostigmine picloram pig manure pindone piper nigrum piperonyl butoxide pirimiphos ethyl plastic, metal and hydrocarbon pollution polyamines polyoxin potassium chromate potassium dichromate potassium ferricyanide primicarb Procaine procymidone prolactin Prolin prometryne propachlor propanil Common Name phosdrin phosmet phosphamidon phoxim physostigmine picloram effluent, agricultural, pig manure pindone other, black pepper piperonyl butoxide pirimiphos ethyl various, plastics, metals and hydrocarbons general, pollution various, polyamines: putrescine, spermidine, spermine polyoxin potassium chromate potassium dichromate, potassium bichromate potassium ferricyanide pirimicarb Procaine hydrochloride procymidone prolactin, luteotropin, LTH Prolin prometryne propachlor propanil CAS No. 26718-65-0 732-11-6 13171-21-6 14816-18-3 57-47-6 1918-02-1 83-26-1 51-03-6 223505-41-1 Trade Name Phosdrin Imidan Dimecron Baythion, Volanton Tordon Type pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other pesticide pesticide other other other 19396-06-6 7789-00-6 7778-50-9 pesticide metal metal other pesticide other pesticide other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide other pesticide other pesticide other other radiation other pesticide Afugan, Curamil, Missle pesticide PAH

Fernex

23103-98-2 59-46-1 32809-16-8 9002-62-4 7287-19-6 2136-76-0 709-98-8 590-01-2 525-66-6 31218-83-4 79-09-4 114-26-1 57-55-6 34643-46-4

Pirimor, Aphox Sumisdex

Gesagard 50, Caparol Stam F-34, Surcopur, Rogue

propanoic acid butyl ester propanoic acid butyl ester, 2propionic acid butyl ether ester propanolol propanolol propetamphos propetamphos propionic acid propionic acid propoxur propoxur propylene glycol prothiophos PSCP pseudoephedrine Pu pulp and paper Pyramin pyrazophos pyrene propylene glycol prothiophos, prothiofos phenyl saliginen cyclic phosphate, PSCP pseudoephedrine, ephedrine plutonium, Pu effluent, industrial, pulp and paper plant pyramin, choridazon pyrazophos pyrene

Baygon, Blattanex, Unden, Undene

7440-07-5

1698-60-8 13457-18-6 129-00-0

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 18

Contaminant Code pyrethrin pyrethroids pyridaphenthion pyridine q-hexane quinacrine quinaldine Common Name pyrethrin, pyrethrum CAS No. 121-299/8003-34-7 119-12-0 110-86-1 110-54-3 83-89-6 91-63-4 Trade Name Lion Mosquito Coil Type pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other

various, pyrethroids pyridaphenthion pyridine q-hexane quinacrine quinaldine, 2-methylquinoline, 2methyl-2-quinoline, 2,6-dimethylquinoline quinalphos/ chinalphos quinalphos, chinalphos quinoline quinoline quinoxaline quinoxaline radiation radiation retinoic acid retinoic acid, all-trans rifampicin rifampicin, rifampin ronnel ronnel, fenchlorophos rotenone rotenone Ru Rubidium, Ru rubber effluent effluent, industrial, rubber plant effluent Rupon Rupon S sulfur, S s-bioallethrin s-bioallethrin saccharin saccharin Saffan alfaxalone, alfadolone acetate salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde salicylic acid salicylic acid salinity general, salinity, sea water sarin Sarin, isopropyl methyl phosphofluoridate Sb antimony, Sb SC succinylcholine, SC Scent-Off Repellant Buds Scent-Off Repellant Buds SDBSA sodium dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid, SDBSA Se selenium, Se semicarbazide semicarbazide hydrochloride hydrochloride serotonin serotonin sewage effluent, municipal, sewage sha chong dan sha chong dan sha chong shuang sha chong shuang silver nitrate silver nitrate skin biological, skin of amphibians SLA4685 SLA4685 SLA4722 SLA4722 Sn tin, Sn

Ofunack

13593-03-8 91-22-5 91-19-0 302-79-4 13292-46-1 299-84-3 83-79-4

Ekalux, Ekalux Forte

pesticide other other radiation other other Nankor, Trolene, Korlan pesticide pesticide metal other Rupon other other pesticide other other other other other other metal other pesticide other metal other other other pesticide pesticide metal other pesticide pesticide metal

7704-34-9 28434-00-6 81-07-2 Saffan 90-02-8 69-72-7 107-44-8 7440-36-0 306-40-1 Sarin

7782-49-2 563-41-7 50-67-9

7761-88-8

7440-31-5

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 19

Contaminant Code Common Name sodium aluminium silicate sodium aluminium silicate sodium arsenate sodium bromide sodium butyrate sodium cyclamate sodium fluoracetate sodium fluoride sodium fluorocrotonate sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite, Cl sodium nitrate sodium nitrite sodium selenate sodium selenite sodium sulfide sodium thiocyanate sodium thiosulfate soil solanidine soman sour water Sr strychnine styrene sulfotep sulfuric acid swep tabun tack trap tamoxifen tannery wastes tar taurine TBS TBT TCA TCB TCDD TEEP temephos temperature TEPP sodium arsenate sodium bromide, BrNa butyric acid salts, sodium butyrate sodium cyclamate, cyclamic acid salt sodium monofluoroacetate, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium fluoracetate sodium fluoride, NaF sodium fluorocrotonate sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite, Cl sodium nitrate, NaNO3, ammonia sodium nitrite sodium selenate sodium selenite sodium sulfide sodium thiocyanate, thiocyanate sodium sodium thiosulfate effluent, industrial, municipal, hazardous waste-site soil samples solanidine soman effluent, industrial, coal-gasification sour water, petroleum products strontium, strontium-90, Sr strychnine alkaloid styrene sulfotep sulfuric acid, H2SO4 swep tabun tack trap and pine gum tamoxifen effluent, industrial, tannery wastes tar, petroleum products taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate tributyltin, TBT Nata, TCA-sodium 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, TCB 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD, chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin TEEP temephos temperature tetramethyl pyrophosphate, TEPP CAS No. Trade Name Type metal and other other metal other other pesticide other other other pesticide pesticide other pesticide other other other other other other pesticide other Stronium metal other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other other other pesticide pesticide PCB other pesticide pesticide other pesticide

7778-43-0 7647-15-6 156-54-7 139-05-9 62-74-8 7681-49-4 7681-52-9 7631-99-4 7632-00-0 13410-01-0 10102-18-8 1313-82-2 540-72-7 7772-98-7

Compound 1080

80-78-4 96-64-0

7440-24-6 57-24-9 100-42-5 3689-24-5 1918-18-9 77-81-6

107-35-7 11067-81-5 688-73-3 76-03-9 32598-13-3 1746-01-6

3383-96-8 107-49-3

Abate, Abathion

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 20

Contaminant Code terbufos TETD TETM tetrachloro-phthalide tetrachlorobenzene tetrachlorvinphos tetrahydrofuran tetramethrin TF128 TFM thalium thallium sulfate thanite theobromine theophylline thiabendazole thiocyclam thiophanate-methyl thiosemicarbazide thiram thorium thyroxine TME TMT toluene toluene diisocyanate Common Name terbufos tetraethylthiuram disulphide, TETD, disulfiram tetraethylthiuram monosulfide, TETM tetrachloro-phthalide, tetrachlorofthalide tetrachlorobenzene tetrachlorvinphos tetrahydrofuran tetramethrin TF128 trifluoromethyl-4-nitro phenol, 3trifluoromethyl-4-nitro phenol, TFM thalium, thallium thallium sulfate thanite theobromine theophylline, 1,3-dimethylxanthine thiabendazole thiocyclam thiophanate-methyl thiosemicarbazide thiram (F) thorium, Th thyroxine effluent, industrial, textile mill, TME trimethyltin, TMT toluene CAS No. 13071-79-9 97-77-8 95-95-6 27355-22-2 634-66-2 22248-79-9 109-99-9 7696-12-0 88-30-2 7440-28-0 7446-18-6 115-31-1 83-67-0 58-55-9 148-79-8 31895-21-3 23564-05-8 79-19-6 137-26-8 7440-29-1 51-48-9 1631-73-8 108-88-3; 2037-26-5 584-84-9 Trade Name Disulfiram Sulfiram Type pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide and metal pesticide and metal pesticide other other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal other other other other other other pesticide other pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide other pesticide pesticide

Gardona, Rabond

toluene diisocyanate, toluene 2,4diisocyante TOTP triorthotolyl phosphate, TOTP toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene, camphechlor, campheclor TP testosterone propionate, TP TPN tetrachlorisophthalonitrile, TPN, chlorothalonil TPT triphenyltin hydroxide, TPT trematode biological, trematode tri-o-tolyl phosphate/ TTP tri-o-tolyl phosphate, TTP triadimeform triadimeform triazophos triazophos Tribunil Tribunil Tricaine MS-222, Tricaine trichloroacetaldehyde/ trichloroacetaldehyde, chloral chloral trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene

8001-35-2 57-85-2 1897-45-6 76-87-9 78-30-8 43121-43-3 24017-47-8 18691-97-9 886-86-2 302-17-0 12002-48-1

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 21

Contaminant Code trichloroethylene trichlorphon tricyclazole tricyclohexyltin hydroxide tridemorph triethylene glycol trifluralin Tritox-30 tryclopyr trypan blue tryptophan TSP TTX tuzet U unknown or various Common Name trichloroethylene trichlorphon tricyclazole tricyclohexyltin hydroxide tridemorph triethylene glycol trifluralin DDT, Tritox-30, Tritox tryclopyr trypan blue tryptophan TSP, trisodium phosphate tetrodotoxin, TTX, tarichatoxin, tetrodoxin tuzet uranium, U CAS No. 79-01-6 52-68-6 41814-78-2 1321-70-5 81412-43-3 112-27-6 1582-09-8 545-06-2 64470-88-8 72-57-1 73-22-3 7601-54-9 4368-28-9 2445-07-0 7440-61-1 Trade Name Type other Tugon, Dylox, Dipterex, pesticide Neguvon, Foschlor pesticide Calixin Treflan, Elancolan Tritox - 30 Garlon pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide other other other other pesticide other and radiation other

Urbacid, Tuzet, Monzet

urea urethane uroporphyrin UV UV, anthracene UV, AQ UV, BA UV, BAA UV, BaP UV, DBA UV, dieldrin

unknown or a possible variety of factors or not available or not translated from English urea, ammonium nitrate based fertilizer urethane 51-79-6 uroporphyrin UV, radiation UV, anthracene, radiation UV, 9,10-anthraquinone, radiation UV, benz(a)anthracene, radiation, BA UV, 7,12-benz(a)anthraquinone, radiation UV, Benzo(a)pyrene, radiation, BaP UV, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, radiation UV, dieldrin, radiation

UV, DMA UV, DMBA UV, methoprene

UV, 9,10-dimethylanthracene, radiation UV, dimethyl benz(a)athracene, radiation, DMBA methoprene, UV, radiation

UV-B V

UV-B, radiation vanadium, V

7440-62-2

other pesticide other radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation pesticide and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation radiation and pesticide radiation metal

Appendix 2a - Contaminant Codes - 22

Contaminant Code valproic acid valproic acid salts various vasotocin verbenalol VIN vinclozolin virus W warfarin waste water water Weedex xylenes ye quing shuang yi ji dao fen san zinc methanearsonate zineb Zn ZnSO4 Common Name valproic acid valproic acid salts various, contaminants vasotocin verbenalin, 5-cis-verbenal, verbenol, verbenalol vinblastine sulfate, VIN vinclozolin biological, viral pathogen tungsten, W warfarin effluent, municipal, waste water effluent, industrial, purification system water Weedex xylenes, mixed ye quing shuang yi ji dao fen san zinc methanearsonate zineb zinc, Zn, zinc chloride zinc sulphate, ZnSO4, zinc sulfate CAS No. 99-66-1 1069-66-5 Trade Name Type other other other other other other other other metal other other 122-34-9 1330-20-7 Weedex pesticide other pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide metal metal

548-37-8 143-67-9 50471-44-8 7440-33-7 81-81-2

12122-67-6 7440-66-6 7733-02-0

Dithane Z-78, Tiezene, Parzate

Appendix 2b: Contaminants sorted by contaminant category with corresponding contaminant code and common name/trade namesj where available. (Pesticides follow a table of more general contaminants; within pesticides, insecticides follow the table of non-insecticides.)
Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code 1,1-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dimethyl-benzene Common Name/Trade Name 1,1-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dimethyl-benzene, o-xylene, orthoxylene, 1,2dimethylbenzene 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,3-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropanol 1,3-dichloropropanol (1,3-dichloro-2-propanol) 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene 1,5-Cyclo-octadiene 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 1-amino-2-propanol 1-amino-2-propanol 1-methyl-4(tert)butylbenzene 1-methyl-4(tert)butylbenzene, toluene 2-butanol 2-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol 2-ethylhexanoic acid 2-ethylhexanoic acid 2-methoxyethanol 2-methoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-methyl-2-propanol 2-methyl-2-propanol, tert-butyl alcohol 2-methylpentanoic acid 2-methylpentanoic acid 2-phenoxyethanol 2-phenoxyethanol 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanol 3,6-dioxo-1,8-octanediol 3,6,-dioxo-1,8,-octanediol 3-bromopropylene allyl bromide, 3-bromopropene, 3-bromo-1-propene, 3bromopropylene 3-chloropropylene allyl chloride, 3-chloropropene, 3-chloro-1-propene, 3chloropropylene 3-methylcholanthrene 3-methylchol-anthrene 4245-77-6 n-ethyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine 4-aminopyridine 4-aminopyridine, 4-pyridinamine, fampridine 4-methyl-2-pentanol 4-methyl-2-pentanol, methylamyl alcohol, methylisobutyl 6-aminonicotinamide 6-aminonicotinamide 7-penicillamine 7-penicillamine 9AA 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9AA acetaminophen acetaminophen acetone acetone acridine acridine, acridrine acridine orange acridine orange acrylonitrile acrylonitrile actinomycin D actinomycin D, Dactinomycin Aerozine-50 Aerozine-50 agricultural fertilizers effluent, agricultural, agricultural fertilizers AH5183 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol, AH5183 alcohol unknown alcohol alkylbenzene sulfonate alkylbenzene sulfonate allylamine allylamine, 2-propen-1-amine, 2-propenyl amine

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 2

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code alpha-chaconine alpha-solanine amaranth aminopiperazin ammonium carbonate ammonium hydroxide ammonium nitrate arginine vasotocin aromatic petroleum crude Arosurf 66-E2 As ASA ascorbic acid aspartame a-terthienyl AH atropine, soman azacytidine Bacillus sphaeris benzene beryllium sulfate bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine bis(2-propenyl) amine bis(3-hydroxyethyl) ether boron bromodeoxyuridine bromoform butyric acid BZH caffeine calcium chloride caprolactam carboxylic acids CCl4 CDD Cekapur chemical manufacture plant chloroform chlorophenols Citrex Cl ClNO2 colchicine Congo red CORT cotinine cow manure cresol Common Name/Trade Name alpha-chaconine alpha-solanine amaranth, red dye aminopiperazin ammonium carbonate ammonium hydroxide ammonium nitrate arginine vasotocin petroleum products, aromatic petroleum crude monomolecular organic surface film arsenic, As acetylsalicylic acid ascorbic acid, Vitamin C aspartame a-terthienyl, alpha-terthienyl acetylhydrazide, AH atropine and soman 5-azacytidine, azacytidine, ladakamycin, 5-azacytidine Bacillus sphaeris benzene beryllium sulfate bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) ether bis(2-hydroxy-propyl) amine bis(2-propenyl) amine bis(3-hydroxy-ethyl) ether boron, B 5-bromodeoxyuridine, thymidine bromoform butyric acid benzoic hydrazide, BZH, benzhydrazide, benzhyrdazine caffeine calcium chloride caprolactam various, carboxylic acids carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 cytochalasin D, CDD Cekapur effluent, industrial, chemical manufacture plant chloroform various, chlorophenols Citrex S-5, Citrex chlorine, Cl ammonia, nitrite, chlorine, ClNO2 colchicine Congo red, sodium diphenyldiaxo-bis-alpha-napthylamine sulfonate corticosterone, steroid hormone, CORT cotinine, nicotine metabolite effluent, agricultural, cow manure cresol, o-cresol

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 3

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code crude oil cyanide cyclohexanone cyclophosphamide cytosine arabinoside dairy effluent DDA DEHP DES detergent diazepam dichloroglyoxime diesel diethanolamine diisononylphthalate dimethyl disulfide dioctylphthalate dioxins diphacin distillery effluent DMN DMSA DMSO DNP DODPA Domal DPH d-tubocurine EB edrophonium EDS emetine EMF epichlorohydrin epinephrine estradiol ethanol ethanolamine ethidium bromide ethyl acetate ethyl acetoacetate ethyl propionate ethylene dibromide ethylene glycol ethyleneimine, aziridine ethylmethane sulfonate ethylnitrosurea ethylpropionate FIT fluoride Common Name/Trade Name oil, crude, petroleum products cyanide cyclohexanone cyclophosphamide cytosine arabinoside, cytarabine effluent, industrial, dairy effluent DDA, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-acetic acid di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate, DEHP diethylstilbestrol, DES general, unknown detergent diazepam dichloroglyoxime fuel, diesel, petroleum products diethanolamine, bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl) amine, diethylolamine diisononylphthalate dimethyl disulfide dioctylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDD Diphacin effluent, industrial, distillery effluent dimethylnitrosamine, DMN, N-nitrosodimethylamine meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, Succimer, DMSA, DMS dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide dinitrophenol, DNP, a-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol dioctyldiphenylamine, DODPA Domal, detergent diphenylhydantoin, DPH, phenytoin d-tubocurine, chondrocurine, d-tubocurarine estradiol benzoate, EB edrophonium ethane dimethane sulfonate, EDS emetine electromagnetic field, EMF epichlorohydrin epinephrine estradiol, estradiol-17, 17-estradiol ethanol 2-aminoethanol, ethanolamine ethidium bromide ethyl acetate ethyl acetoacetate ethyl propionate, propanoic acid ethyl ester ethylene dibromide, dibromoethane 1,2-ethanediol, ethylene glycol ethyleneimine, aziridine ethylmethane sulfonate ethylnitrosurea, n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea ethylproprionate FIT, alkanesulfonate-based liquid fluoride

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 4

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code fluorouracil formamide fuel oil fuel oil blend furans GABA garlic Ge gentisic acid gibberellin glutathione glycerol formal groundwater growmore halothane hepta-carboxylporphyrin heptanoic acid heptanol hexachloroethane hexamethyl-phosphoramide hexanoic acid hexaporphyrin HPB hydrazine hydrazine sulfate hydroxyurea I imidazole INA indomethacin industrial effluent isobutyl alcohol isoniazid isovalerianic acid K (fertilizer) KCl ketamine hydrochloride LAS Leunarex M99 malachite green mesotocin methallibure methane sulfonate methimazole methotrexate methoxyfluorane methyl ethyl ketone methyl fluoroacetate methylene chloride Common Name/Trade Name fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil formamide fuel oil, petroleum products fuel oil, coal derived blend, petroleum products polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDF, chlorinated dibenzofuran gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA general, crushed garlic Germanium, Ge 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid gibberellin glutathione glycerol formal effluent, agricultural, industrial, municipal groundwater runoff Growmore halothane, bromochlorotrifluorethane hepta-carboxylporphyrin heptanoic acid heptanol hexachloroethane hexamethyl-phosphoramide, hempa hexanoic acid, caproic acid hexaporphyrin hexadecylpyridinium bromide, HPB hydrazine hydrazine sulfate hydroxyurea iodine, I imidazole isonicotinic acid indomethacin effluent, industrial in river water 2-methyl-1-propanol, isobutyl alcohol isoniazid 3-methylbutyric acid, isovaleric acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid potassium based fertilizer, muriate of potash, K potassium chloride, KCl ketamine hydrochloride linear chain alkylbenzene-sulphonat, LAS Leunarex entorphine malachite green mesotocin methallibure methane sulfonate, tricaine methimazole methotrexate methoxyfluorane, 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethylmethyl ether methyl ethyl ketone methyl fluoroacetate methylene chloride, dichloromethane

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 5

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code methylhydrazine microbes MNNG monochloramine MTBE Myristate Na acetate Na3NTA NaCl n-butanol n-butyl sulphide NH3 NH3, temp NH4Cl, NH3 NH4Cl, NH3, Cl n-heptanol nicotine nitrate nitrite NMU n-nitrosodiethanol N-nitrosodiethanolamine N-nitrosodimethylamine noise non-contaminant study NPAN n-propanol NPE NTA OCB octanoic acid oil refinery OPAN organism toxin o-toluidine Otroc oxytocin ozone PA-14 parasite pathogen pentanoic acid petroleum phencyclidine phenobarbital phenol phentolamine pig manure pindone Common Name/Trade Name methylhydrazine biological, micropollutants in drinking water n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine, MNNG monochloramine, chloramide, chloramine, hydrazine intermediate methyl tert-butyl ether, tert-butyl methylether, TMBE, MTBE 12-o-tetraecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, Porbol Acetate, Myristate sodium acetate, Na acetate trisodium nitrilotriacetate, Na3NTA sodium chloride, NaCl n-butanol, 1-butanol, 1-butyl alcohol butyl sulphide, n-butyl sulphide ammonia, NH3 ammonia, temperature ammonia, NH3, ammonium chloride ammonia, NH3, chlorine, NH4Cl n-heptanol, n-heptyl alcohol nicotine ammonia, nitrate ammonia, nitrite methylnitrosourea, n-methyl-n-nitrosourea, NMU n-nitrosodiethanol N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-nitrosodimethylamine traffic noise, noise pollution non-contaminant study or review (general ecology and general studies) phenyl-a-naphthylamine, n-phenyl-a-naphthylamine, NPAN n-propanol, 1-propanol, n-propyl alcohol nonylphenolethoxylate, NPE nitrilotriacetic acid, nitrilotriacetate, NTA PCBs and Ocs octanoic acid effluent, industrial, oil refinery octyl-phenyl-a-naphthylamine, OPAN, petroleum products biological, organism toxin o-toluidine Otroc oxytocin ozone, oxygen3, O3 PA-14 biological, parasite biological, fungal or bacterial pathogen pentanoic acid petroleum, petroleum products phencyclidine, angel dust, PCP phenobarbital phenol phentolamine, phenotolamine effluent, agricultural, pig manure pindone

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 6

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code piper nigrum plastic, metal and hydrocarbon p-nitrotoluene pollution polyamines potassium ferricyanide Procaine prolactin Prolin propanolol propionic acid propylene glycol PSCP pseudoephedrine pulp and paper q-hexane quinacrine quinaldine Common Name/Trade Name general, black pepper various, plastics, metals and hydrocarbons

p-nitrotoluene, para-methylnitrobenzene general, pollution various, polyamines: putrescine, spermidine, spermine potassium ferricyanide Procaine hydrochloride prolactin, luteotropin, LTH Prolin propanolol propionic acid propylene glycol phenyl saliginen cyclic phosphate, PSCP pseudoephedrine, ephedrine effluent, industrial, pulp and paper plant q-hexane quinacrine quinaldine, 2-methylquinoline, 2-methyl-2-quinoline, 2,6dimethyl-quinoline quinoline quinoline quinoxaline quinoxaline retinoic acid retinoic acid, all-trans rifampicin rifampicin, rifampin rubber effluent effluent, industrial, rubber plant effluent Rupon Rupon S sulfur, S saccharin saccharin Saffan alfaxalone, alfadolone acetate salicylaldehyde salicylaldehyde salicylic acid salicylic acid salinity general, salinity, sea water sarin Sarin, isopropyl methyl phosphofluoridate SC succinylcholine, SC SDBSA sodium dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid, SDBSA semicarbazide hydrochloride semicarbazide hydrochloride serotonin serotonin sewage effluent, municipal, sewage skin biological, skin of amphibians sodium arsenate sodium arsenate sodium butyrate butyric acid salts, sodium butyrate sodium cyclamate sodium cyclamate, cyclamic acid salt sodium fluoride sodium fluoride, NaF sodium fluorocrotonate sodium fluorocrotonate sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite sodium nitrite sodium nitrite sodium selenite sodium selenite sodium sulfide sodium sulfide sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate, thiocyanate sodium sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 7

Category general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general Contaminant Code soil solanidine sour water Common Name/Trade Name effluent, industrial, municipal, hazardous waste-site soil solanidine effluent, industrial, coal-gasification sour water, petroleum products -aminopropionitrile fumarate -aminopropionitrile fumarate APN -aminopropionitrile, APN, 3-aminopropionitrile NF b-napthoflavone, -napthoflavone, NF strychnine strychnine alkaloid styrene styrene sulfuric acid sulfuric acid, H2SO4 tamoxifen tamoxifen tannery wastes effluent, industrial, tannery wastes tar tar, petroleum products taurine taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid TBS tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate, TBS TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD, dioxin temperature temperature tetrahydrofuran tetrahydrofuran theobromine theobromine theophylline theophylline, 1,3-dimethylxanthine thyroxine thyroxine TME effluent, industrial, textile mill, TME TMT trimethyltin, TMT toluene toluene toluene diisocyanate toluene diisocyanate, toluene 2,4-diisocyante TOTP triorthotolyl phosphate, TOTP TP testosterone propionate, TP trematode biological, trematode Tricaine MS-222, Tricaine trichloroethylene trichloroethylene tricyclohexyltin hydroxide tricyclohexyltin hydroxide triethylene glycol triethylene glycol trypan blue trypan blue tryptophan tryptophan TSP TSP, trisodium phosphate TTX tetrodotoxin, TTX, tarichatoxin, tetrodoxin unknown or various unknown or a possible variety of factors or not available or not translated from English urea urea, ammonium nitrate based fertilizer uroporphyrin uroporphyrin valproic acid valproic acid valproic acid salts valproic acid salts various various, contaminants vasotocin vasotocin verbenalol verbenalin, 5-cis-verbenal, verbenol, verbenalol VIN vinblastine sulfate, VIN vinclozolin Vinclozolin virus biological, viral pathogen warfarin Warfarin waste water effluent, municipal, waste water

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 8

Category general general general/radiation metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal Contaminant Code water xylenes U Ag Al Ba Be cadmium nitrate cadmium sulfate Cd Cd, Mg Cd, Zn CdCl2 CdCl2, Cd chromium salts Co CoCl2 copper sulfate Cr Cr, Zn, Fe Cu Cu, Zn Fe Hg iron sulfate lanthanum Li lithium carbonate lithium chloride metal oxides metals methyl mercury chloride Mg Mg, Cd Mg, Co Mg, Ni Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg Mg, Zn mine drainage Mn Mo Ni Ni subsulfide nickel sulfate Pb Pb acetate Pb nitrate potassium chromate potassium dichromate Ru Common Name/Trade Name effluent, industrial, purification system water xylenes, mixed uranium, U silver, Ag aluminum, Al, aluminium, aluminum chloride barium, Ba beryllium, Be cadmium nitrate cadmium sulfate cadmium, Cd cadmium and magnesium, Cd, Mg Cadmium, Zinc, Cd, Zn cadmium chloride, CdCl2 cadmium, cadmium chloride, CdCl2, Cd chromium salts cobalt, Co cobalt chloride, CoCl2, cobalt dichloride, cobaltous chloride copper sulfate chromium, Cr Chromium, Zinc, Iron (Cr,Zn,Fe) copper, Cu, copper chloride, CuCl2 copper and zinc, Cu, Zn iron, Fe mercury, Hg, methylmercury, organic mercury iron sulfate, ferrous sulfate, iron lanthanum lithium, Li lithium carbonate lithium chloride various, metal oxides various, metals methyl mercury chloride magnesium, Mg magnesium and cadmium, Mg, Cd magnesium and cobalt, Mg, Co magnesium and nickel, Mg, Ni magnesium, lead, cadmium, manganese, Mg, Pb, Cd, Mn magnesium and zinc, Mg, Zn effluent, industrial, mine drainage (includes iron, copper, zinc) manganese, Mn molybdenum, Mo nickel, Ni, nickel chloride, NiCl Nickel subsulfide nickel sulfate lead, Pb, lead chloride lead acetate, Pb acetate lead nitrate, Pb nitrate potassium chromate potassium dichromate, potassium bichromate Rubidium, Ru

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 9

Category metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal metal and general metal and pesticide metal and pesticide metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH metal and pH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH Contaminant Code Sb Se silver nitrate Sn sodium bromide Sr thorium V W Zn ZnSO4 sodium aluminium silicate mercury(II)chloride phenyl mercury acetate Ca, pH pH, Al pH, Al, As pH, Al, Ba pH, Al, Be pH, Al, Cr pH, Al, Cu pH, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb pH, Al, Fe pH, Al, Mg pH, Al, Mn pH, Al, Ni pH, Al, Pb pH, Al, Se pH, Al, Sr pH, Al, V pH, Al, Zn pH, Cd pH, Cr pH, Cu pH, Fe pH, Pb pH, TPT pH, Zn 1-4-dichloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene 2-AAF 2-AF 57-97-6 anthracene BaP benzpyrene catechol fluoranthene naphthalene Common Name/Trade Name antimony, Sb selenium, Se silver nitrate tin, Sn sodium bromide, BrNa strontium, strontium-90, Sr thorium, Th vanadium, V tungsten, W zinc, Zn, zinc chloride zinc sulphate, ZnSO4, zinc sulfate sodium aluminium silicate mercuric chloride, mercury(II)chloride, mercury bichloride phenyl mercury acetate, phenylmercuric acetate pH, calcium, Ca pH, aluminium, Al pH, aluminum, arsenic, Al, As pH, aluminum, barium, Al, Ba pH, aluminum, beryllium, Al, Be pH, aluminum, chromium, Al, Cr pH, aluminum, copper, Al, Cu pH, aluminum, copper, iron, zinc, Al, Cu, Fe, Zn pH, aluminum, iron, Fe, Al pH, aluminum, magnesium, Mg pH, aluminum, manganese, Mn pH, aluminum, nickel, Ni pH, aluminum, lead, Pb, Al pH, aluminum, selenium, Se pH, aluminum, strontium, Sr pH, aluminum, vanadium, Al, V pH, aluminum, zinc, Al, Zn pH, cadmium, Cd pH, chromium, Cr pH, copper, Cu pH, iron, Fe pH, lead, Pb pH, triphenyltin hydroxide, TPT pH, zinc, Zn 1-4-dichloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-AAF, N-2-fluorenylacetamide 2-aminofluorene, 2-AF 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-1,2benzanthracene anthracene benzo(a)pyrene, BaP benzpyrene, benzo(e)pyrene 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, catechol, naphthalene intermediate fluoranthene naphthalene

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 10

Category PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PAH and radiation PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB PCB pH pH pH and general radiation radiation radiation radiation radiation radiation radiation radiation radiation and pesticide Contaminant Code PAH perylene phenanthrene pyrene fluoranthene, UV UV, anthracene UV, AQ UV, BA UV, BAA UV, BaP UV, DBA UV, DMA UV, DMBA 2,3,4,5-TCB 2,4,5-trichloro-4-biphenylol 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 4-chlorobiphenyl Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 nonachlor PCB PCB 126 TCB aminopyrine pH NH4, pH H artificial light Cs Cs, Sr, H Pu radiation UV UV-B UV, methoprene Common Name/Trade Name polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH perylene phenanthrene pyrene fluoranthene, UV, radiation UV, anthracene, radiation UV, 9,10-anthraquinone, radiation UV, benz(a)anthracene, radiation, BA UV, 7,12-benz(a)anthraquinone, radiation UV, Benzo(a)pyrene, radiation, BaP UV, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, radiation UV, 9,10-dimethylanthracene, radiation UV, dimethyl benz(a)athracene, radiation, DMBA 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol, hydroxy-PCB 2,4,5-trichloro-4-biphenylol, hydroxy-PCB 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 4-chlorobiphenyl Aroclor 1242, Arochlor 1242 Aroclor 1254, Arochlor 1254 Aroclor 1260, Arochlor 1260 nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB PCB 126 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, TCB aminopyrine, antipyrine pH, acidification pH, ammonia, NH4, tritium, 3H radiation, artificial light cesium, radiocesium, Cs cesium, strontium, tritium, Cs, Sr, 3H plutonium, Pu radiation UV, radiation UV-B, radiation methoprene, UV, radiation

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 11

Category Pesticide Type pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide and fungicide general pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide fungicide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide Contaminant Code 2,4,6 trichlorophenol adifenphos amoben anilazine/triazine aniline asomate asozine benlate boric acid calcium oxide CAMA captan carbendazim chloroaniline chlorothalonil cycloheximide DDC di gu shuang dichlone dimethachlon dinocap EBP emisan ethylenediamine ethylenethiourea Fadrozole fentin fentin-acetate ferbam formalin hexachlorophene isoprothiolane kasugamycin MAFA mancozeb maneb MET metalaxyl methyl isothiocyanate myclobutanil nabam NaDEDC Ni dinuthyldithiocarbamate nonylphenol phenanthra-quinone phenazine polyoxin Common Name/Trade name 2,4,6 trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-T, Phenachlor adifenphos amobam, amoben, chloramben anilazine, triazine aniline asomate asozine, asozin, methylarsenic sulfide benlate, benomyl boric acid calcium oxide CAMA, Calcium Acid Methane Arsonate captan, Captan (F) carbendazim chloroaniline, p-chloroaniline chlorothalonil cycloheximide dithiocarbamate, DDC, diethyldithiocarbamic acid sodium salt di gu shuang dichlone dimethachlon, dimethachlor Dinocap, dinitrophenol derivative EBP mercurial fungicide Emisan ethylenediamine ethylene thiourea Fadrozole, CGS 16949 fentin fentin-acetate, fentin acetate, fentin ferbam formalin, formaldehyde, methaldehyde hexachlorophene isoprothiolane kasugamycin MAFA mancozeb maneb (Maneb 80) multi-effect Triazole metalaxyl methyl isothiocyanate myclobutanil Nabam sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, NaDEDC Ni dibutyldithiocarbamate, sankel nonylphenol phenanthra-quinone, phenanthrenequinone phenazine polyoxin

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 12

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Pesticide Type fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide fungicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide Contaminant Code procymidone pyrazophos pyridine sodium hypochlorite, Cl sodium nitrate TETD TETM tetrachloro-phthalide TF128 thanite thiophanate-methyl thiram TPN TPT triadimeform tricyclazole tridemorph tuzet urethane ye quing shuang zinc methanearsonate zineb 2,2-DPA 2,4,5-T 2,4-D 2,4-D amine 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester 2,4-D butylate 2,4-D iso-octyl ester Common Name/Trade name

procymidone pyrazophos pyridine sodium hypochlorite, Cl sodium nitrate, NaNO3, ammonia tetraethylthiuram disulphide, TETD, disulfiram tetraethylthiuram monosulfide, TETM tetrachloro-phthalide, tetrachloro-fthalide TF128 thanite thiophanate-methyl thiram (F) tetrachlorisophthalonitrile, TPN, chlorothalonil triphenyltin hydroxide, TPT triadimeform tricyclazole tridemorph tuzet urethane ye quing shuang zinc methanearsonate zineb 2,2-DPA, Propionic Acid, 2,2-dichloro-sodium salt 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-T 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid amine, 2,4-D amine 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid butylate, 2,4-D butylate 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid isooctyl ester, 2,4-D iso-octyl ester 2,4-D sodium 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid sodium, 2,4-D sodium 6-chloropicolinic acid 6-chloro-2-picolinic acid, 6-chloropicolinic acid acrolein acrolein alachlor alachlor algicide unknown algicide amitrole Amitrole, Amitrol-t ansar Ansar 592 HC atrazine atrazine atrazine, alachlor atrazine and alachlor, atrazine and alaclor butachlor butachlor butylate butylate butylated hydroxyanisole butylated hydroxyanisole chloranil chloranil chlorocresol chlorocresol, 4-chloro-2-methyl phenol, 4-chloro-m-cresol, MCPA cyanatryn cyanatryn cyanazine cyanazine, 1,3,5-triazine, simizine DEF DEF, tribufos defenuron defenuron

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 13

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Pesticide Type herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide herbicide Contaminant Code dicamba dichlobenil dinoseb diquat diquat, nabam diuron Dosanex endothall eptam fenoprop Garlon 3A glyphosate hexazinone Ingran iron methanoarsenate Linuron MCPA merphos methylarsonic acid Common Name/Trade name

Dicamba dichlobenil Dinoseb diquat dibromide diquat, nabam diuron, [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, or 1-dimethyl-urea Dosanex, metoxuron endothall, mono(n,n-dimethylalkylamine) salt Eptam, EPTC Fenoprop, Silvex triethylamine salt of triclopyr glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of) hexazinone Ingran iron methanoarsenate Linuron 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, MCPA, MCP merphos, tributyl phosphorotrithioite methylarsonic acid, MSMA, monosodium methyl arsonate, DSMA, disodium methyl arsonate herbicide metolachlor metolachlor herbicide metribuzin metribuzin herbicide MO-338 chlornitrofen, MO-338 herbicide molinate molinate, Yalan herbicide MPP+ 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, MPTP metabolite herbicide MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine herbicide nitrobenzene nitrobenzene herbicide nitrofen nitrofen herbicide n-nitrosoatrazine n-nitrosoatrazine herbicide paraquat paraquat herbicide pentachlorophenol pentachlorophenol herbicide picloram picloram herbicide prometryne prometryne herbicide propachlor propachlor herbicide propanil propanil herbicide propanoic acid butyl ester propanoic acid butyl ester, 2-propionic acid butyl ether ester herbicide Pyramin pyramin, choridazon herbicide SLA4685 SLA4685 herbicide SLA4722 SLA4722 herbicide swep swep herbicide TCA Nata, TCA-sodium herbicide Tribunil Tribunil herbicide trifluralin trifluralin herbicide tryclopyr tryclopyr lampricide TFM trifluoromethyl-4-nitro phenol, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro phenol, TFM molluscNaPCP pentachlorophenol salt, sodium pentachlorophenate, NaPCP icide

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 14

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide and metal pesticide and metal pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Pesticide Pesticide Type nematocide piscicide piscicide rodenticide rodenticide rodenticide rodenticide rodenticide Contaminant Code thiabendazole niclosamide rotenone brodifacoum flocoumafen fluoroacetamide Scent-Off Repellant Buds sodium fluoracetate Common Name/Trade name thiabendazole niclosamide rotenone brodifacoum flocoumafen fluoroacetamide Scent-Off Repellant Buds sodium monofluoroacetate, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium fluoracetate tributyltin, TBT thalium, thallium thallium sulfate thiosemicarbazide DRC-1339 DRC-1347 DRC-2698 various, pesticides

rodenticide TBT rodenticide thalium rodenticide thallium sulfate rodenticide unknown unknown unknown various thiosemicarbazide DRC-1339 DRC-1347 DRC-2698 pesticides

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 15

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide and radiation pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide radiation and pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Insecticide Type carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate Contaminant Code aldicarb aminocarb bendiocarb benthiocarb/ thiobencarb BPMC carbaryl carbaryl, UV-B Common Name/Trade Name aldicarb aminocarb bendiocarb benthiocarb, thiobencarb BPMC, fenobucarb carbaryl carbaryl, UV-B, radiation

carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate carbamate general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general general

carbofuran hopcide isoprocarb methiocarb methomyl methylcarbamate mexacarbate MTMC oxamyl physostigmine primicarb propoxur arco BTH14 buprofezin carbon disulfide dinitrocresol eulan wa new FLII MLO imidacloprid iprobenfos methoprene Mimic 240LV nifurpirinol piperonyl butoxide sodium selenate tack trap thiocyclam UV, methoprene

carbofuran hopcide isoprocarb methiocarb methomyl methyl carbamate mexacarbate MTMC, metalocarb oxamyl physostigmine pirimicarb propoxur arco Bacillus thuringiensis var. israele, BTH14 buprofezin carbon disulfide dinitrocresol, dinitro-o-cresol, DNC, DNOC, dinitrophenol eulan wa new FLII MLO imidacloprid 5-benzyl diisopropyl phosphorothiol, IBP, iprobenfos methoprene Mimic 240LV, Tebufenozide, RH-5992 nifurpirinol piperonyl butoxide sodium selenate tack trap and pine gum thiocyclam methoprene, UV, radiation

organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine

2,4-dichloroaniline aldrin benzene hydrochloride benzomate BHC bromocyclen chlordane chlordimeform

2,4-dichloroaniline aldrin benzene hydrochloride benzomate benzene hexachloride, hexachlorobenzene, BHC, HCB bromocyclen chlordane or cis-chlordane or trans-chlordane or oxychlordane chlordimeform

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 16

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide and radiation pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Insecticide Type organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine organochlorine Contaminant Code chlorobenzene DDCN Common Name/Trade Name chlorobenzene DDCN, DDT metabolite, bis(pchlorophenyl)acetonitrile DDD DDD, p,p-DDD, TDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)ethane, DDT metabolite DDE DDE, DDT metabolite DDMU DDMU, DDT metabolite DDOH DDOH, 2,2-bis(p-chlorphenyl)-ethanol, DDT metabolite DDT DDT, p,p-DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene dicofol dicofol, dichlorobenzophenone is a metabolite of dicofol dieldrin dieldrin diflubenzuron diflubenzuron endosulfan endosulfan, endosulphan endrin endrin fenubucarb, chlorpyrifos fenubucarb and chlorpyrifos HCH, alpha, lindane HCH, alpha, lindane, (hexachlorobenzene) HCH, beta, lindane HCH, beta, lindane, (hexachlorobenzene) heptachlor heptachlor heptachlor epoxide heptachlor epoxide, HE JKU0422 1-[2,6-dichloro4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-4[(trifluoromethyl)thio]-1H-pyrazole kepone kepone, chlordecone lindane HCH, gamma, lindane, g-BHC (hexachlorobenzene),(benzene hexachloride) meldrin meldrin methoxychlor methoxychlor mirex mirex OCS octachlorostyrene, OCS OMPA Octamethyl Pyrophosphoramide, OMPA organochlorines various, organochlorine compounds, OC, chlorinated hydrocarbons paraquat dichloride paraquat dichloride pentachlorobenzene pentachlorobenzene TEEP TEEP tetrachlorobenzene tetrachlorobenzene toxaphene/ camphechlor toxaphene, camphechlor, campheclor trichloroacetaldehyde/ chloral trichloroacetaldehyde, chloral trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene Tritox-30 DDT, Tritox-30, Tritox UV, dieldrin UV, dieldrin, radiation

organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate

acephate ambithion azinphos-methyl Bayer 22408 Bayer 29952

acephate ambithion mixture, fenitrothion and malathion azinphos-methyl Bayer 22408 Bayer 29952

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 17

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Insecticide Type organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate Contaminant Code Bayer 34042 Bayer 37289 Bayer 38920 Bayer 44831 carbophenothion carbophos chlorfenvinphos chloropyrifos chlorpyrifos-methyl coumaphos crotoxyphos cruformate demeton DFP diazinon dichlorfenthion dichlorvos dicrotophos dimefox dimethoate dioxathion disulfoton ethion ethoprop ethyl guthion famphur fenamiphos fenitrothion fensulfothion fenthion fonophos G-27365 G-28029 G-30493 G-30494 GC-3582 isazophos isocarbophos isofenphos leptophos leptophosoxon malaoxon malathion methamidophos methidathion methyl demeton mevinphos Mipafox monocrotophos Common Name/Trade Name Bayer 34042 Bayer 37289 Bayer 38920 Bayer 44831 Carbophenothion carbophos chlorfenvinphos chlorpyrifos, chloropyrifos chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-ethyl analog coumaphos crotoxyphos cruformate demeton diisopropyl fluorophosphate, DFP, Isofluorphate Diazinon dichlofenthion, dichlorfenthion dichlorvos, DDVP, phosphoric acid 2,2 dichlorovinyl d, DDVP dicrotophos, dichrotophos Dimefox dimethoate dioxathion disulfoton ethion ethoprop ethyl guthion famphur fenamiphos fenitrothion fensulfothion fenthion fonophos G-27365 G-28029 G-30493 G-30494, methyl phenkapton GC-3582 isazophos, isazofos isocarbophos isofenphos leptophos leptophosoxon, leptophos metabolite malaoxon, malathion metabolite malathion metamidophos, methamidophos, metamidofos methidathion methyl demeton mevinphos Mipafox monocrotophos

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 18

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Insecticide Type organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate organophosphate pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid pyrethroid Contaminant Code naled neostigmine omethoate organophosphates paraoxon parathion parathion-methyl phorate phosalone phosdrin phosmet phosphamidon phoxim pirimiphos ethyl propetamphos prothiophos pyridaphenthion quinalphos/ chinalphos ronnel soman sulfotep tabun temephos TEPP terbufos tetrachlorvinphos triazophos trichlorphon tri-o-tolyl phosphate/ TTP 1R, aS-Cypermethrin 1RS-resmethrin allethrin bioresmethrin cismethrin cyfluthrin cyhalothrin cypermethrin deltamethrin des-cyano-deltamethrin esfenvalerate fenpropathrin fenvalerate flumethrin kadethrin NRDC permethrin phenothrin pyrethrin pyrethroids s-bioallethrin Common Name/Trade Name naled neostigmine omethoate various, organophosphates paraoxon, parathion metabolite parathion methyl parathion, parathion-methyl phorate phosalone phosdrin phosmet phosphamidon phoxim pirimiphos ethyl propetamphos prothiophos, prothiofos pyridaphenthion quinalphos, chinalphos ronnel, fenchlorophos soman sulfotep tabun temephos tetramethyl pyrophosphate, TEPP terbufos tetrachlorvinphos triazophos trichlorphon tri-o-tolyl phosphate, TTP 1Rm aS-Cypermethrin 1RS-resmethrin allethrin, prallethrin, pallethrine bioresmethrin, cismethrin cismethrin, bioresmethrin cyfluthrin cyhalothrin alphamethrin, FASTAC 10EC, cypermethrin deltamethrin, decamethrin, cis-deltamethrin des-cyano-deltamethrin esfenvalerate fenpropathrin, fenpropanate, s-Fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, ssfenvalerate flumethrin kadethrin, cis-kadethrin, RU 15525 NRDC 119 permethrin phenothrin, d-phenothrin pyrethrin, pyrethrum various, pyrethroids s-bioallethrin

Appendix 2b - Contaminant Type - 19

Category pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide pesticide Insecticide Type pyrethroid unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown various Contaminant Code tetramethrin duo sai wan fei fu san hun mie wei mie chu wei nereistoxin sha chong dan sha chong shuang yi ji dao fen san hydrocarbons Common Name/Trade Name tetramethrin duo sai wan fei fu san hun mie wei mie chu wei nereistoxin, cartap, carbomothioic acid sha chong dan sha chong shuang yi ji dao fen san various, hydrocarbons or organic compounds

Appendix 3: Province, state or country name corresponding to codes in Table 1.

Code AL AK AB AZ AR AUS BC CA CAN CO CT DE FL FR GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MB MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NB NJ NM NY NF NAM NC ND NWT NS OH OK ON OR Province/State/Country Alabama Alaska Alberta Arizona Arkansas Australia British Columbia California Canada Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida France Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Manitoba Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Brunswick New Jersey New Mexico New York Newfoundland North America North Carolina North Dakota Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ohio Oklahoma Ontario Oregon Code PA PE PQ RI SK SC SD TN TX USA UT VT VA WA DC WV WI WY YT Province/State/Country Pennsylvania Prince Edward Island Quebec Rhode Island Saskatchewan South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas United States Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Yukon

Appendix 4: Descriptions of exposure route codes used in Tables 2, 3 and 4. Exposure route assignments to studies used standard methodology classifications. See the original reference for full details of study methodology.
Exposure Route DERMAL ENVIRON Exposure Route Term Dermal exposure Environmental exposure Exposure Route Description Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals by direct dermal application under laboratory conditions. See paper for specific details pertaining to this study. Exposure of contaminant(s) in external field surroundings as a source of toxicity to animals. Numerous contaminants may be involved and the source or concentration(s) may not be known. Direct exposure routes may include dermal, inhalation, and ingestion. This classification includes studies of environmental spills. In standard FETAX methodology, a range-finding and three replicate tests are performed on each test material. A control in which no test material has been added is used to provide 1) a measure of the acceptability of the test by indicating the quality of embryos and the suitability of the FETAX solution, test conditions and handling procedures, and 2) a basis for interpreting data from other treatments. Each test consists of several different concentrations of test material with two replicate dishes of each concentration. Each of the three tests is conducted using embryos from a different male/female pair of Xenopus laevis. A reference toxicant (6-aminonicotinamide) should be used as a quality control measure. The 96 h LC50 and 96 h EC50 (malformation) are determined by probit analysis and the TI (teratogenic index) is calculated by dividing the LC50 by the EC50. Growth inhibition is determined by measuring the head-tail length of each embryo and determining whether growth at a particular concentration is significantly different from that of the control. Other useful data can be collected (eg. pigmentation, locomotion and hatchability) to expand the utility of the test. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals in an aqueous solution in which they are submerged. This methodology is often the most common form of determining LC values under laboratory conditions. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals is in gaseous form under laboratory conditions. Some dermal uptake may also occur under this conditions, however primary source of uptake is reported to be inhalation. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals in aqueous form through injection (i.e. subdermal, intraperitoneal) under laboratory conditions. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals often in liquid form by gavage under laboratory conditions. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals often in aqueous form sprayed in surrounding field environment. Exposure of altered acidity of substrate or surrounding water to animals under laboratory or field conditions (i.e. pH = 3.0). Exposure of a combination of altered acidity of substrate or surrounding water and contaminant(s) to animals under laboratory or field conditions (eg. low pH and aluminum). Exposure of ultraviolet radiation to animals under laboratory or field conditions. A common laboratory study might include exposure to UV and UV-B during various larval developmental stages. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animals, often in crystalline form, by surgically placing it under the skin. Exposure of contaminant(s) to animal tissues following dissection. Common studies within this category include ion transport, neurological effects or hematological status investigations.

FETAX

Frog Embryo Teratogenesis AssayXenopus (FETAX)

IMMER

Exposure through immersion Exposure through inhalation Exposure through injection Oral dosing exposure Pesticide application Exposure to altered pH Exposure to altered pH in presence of contaminant Exposure to radiation

INHAL

INJECT ORAL PESTAPP pH pH+CONT

RAD

SUBDERM TISPREP

Subdermal exposure to contaminant Contaminant exposure to isolated tissue preparation

Appendix 5: Descriptions of study endpoint codes used in Tables 2, 4 and 6. Study endpoint assignments used standard methodology classifications and the original reference may discuss other effects of exposure not presented here. See the original reference for full details of study methodology.
Study Endpoint BEHAV DEVOBS Endpoint Term Study Endpoint Description

GENOTOX

HATSUC MORT PATH PHYSIO

POPSUR REPRO RESIDUE

Behavioural observations Contaminant exposure was associated with altered behaviour (i.e. avoidance, lethargy, paralysis). Developmental Contaminant exposure was associated with alterations to various observations developmental processes or disruptions (i.e. growth, teratogenesis, delayed metamorphosis, polydactyly, limb regeneration). Endpoint may also refer to endocrine disrupting effects. DNA damage/ Contaminant exposure was associated with DNA damage which may genotoxicity include increased frequencies of gamete loss due to cell death, embryo mortality (lethal mutations), cancer, heritable mutations and abnormal development. Hatching success Contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in hatching success, hatching rate etc. of eggs/embryos. Mortality observations Contaminant exposure was associated with death of animals. Pathological observations Contaminant exposure was associated with various infections in animals (i.e. tumors, viruses, parasites, fungal growth). Physiological Contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in animal observations physiology (i.e. temperature tolerance, hematological status, ion balance, hormone level response). Population surveys Field populations were surveyed (i.e. presence/absence, species richness and density) following exposure to contaminant(s). Reproductive Contaminant exposure was associated with altered reproductive activities observations (i.e. adult fertility, etc.). Tissue residues Contaminant(s) exposure resulted in residues of the contaminant(s) appearing in tissues under laboratory or field conditions.

Appendix 6a: Glossary of Abbreviations and Units

ai alb appl approx AUS avg body wt CAN CNS conc cont d dif DOC dw ENU EPP F h ha Hb im ip ISC L LDH LOEL LU M MAS max MCIG min mo MPC MT ND NOEL OCS ORD PCB ppb ppm ppt rad active ingredient albumen application approximate Australia average body weight Canada central nervous system concentration contaminant day(s) different(ce) dissolved organic compounds dry weight ethylnitrosurea endplate potentials female hour(s) hectare haemoglobin intramuscular injection intraperitoneal injection short-circuit current Lake lactate dehydrogenase lowest observed effect level light units male metabolic activation system maximum Minimum concentration to inhibit growth minimum or minute(s) month(s) maximum peak concentration metallothionein not detected; below detection limit no observed effect level organochlorines orchard site polychlorinated biphenyls parts per billion parts per million parts per thousand radiation

Appendix 6a - Glossary of Abbreviations - 2

RBC s sig temp TI tox TU USA wk ww yr
1

red blood cells seconds significant(ly) temperature teratogenic index1 toxicity toxic units (see Dawson and Wilke 1991b) United States week(s) wet weight year(s)

TI is a measure of developmental hazard mostly associated with the FETAX asssay. TI values greater than 1.5 signify larger separation of the mortality and malformation concentration ranges and greater potential for all embryos to be malformed in the absence of significant embryo mortality. TI is calculated by dividing 96 hr LC50 by 96 hr EC50. (American Society for Testing and Materials 1991)

Appendix 6b: Relevant biological and toxicological terms and study classification terms used in the RATL database.
abnormalities/deformities - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint under Development in which contaminant exposure was associated with morphological abnormalities or deformities. acute studies - study type classification conducted in a laboratory setting where mortality values were determined (e.g. LC50, LD50 etc.). adult - standard life stage, sexually mature. behaviour - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with altered behaviour (e.g. avoidance, lethargy. predation). contaminant review papers - standard study endpoint classification incorporating reviews of primary literature on contaminant effects in amphibians and reptiles. dermal - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) to animals by direct application to the dermal layer under laboratory conditions. development - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations to various developmental processes. ecology - RATL contains some literature on general amphibian or reptilian ecology not necessarily related to contaminant exposure, however, a comprehensive literature search was not done in this subject area. egg/embryo - standard life stage, egg phase through embryo development to hatching. environment - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) from external field surroundings as a source of toxicity to animals. Numerous contaminants are involved and the source or concentration(s) may not be known. Direct exposure routes may include dermal, inhalation, and ingestion. This classification includes studies of environmental spills. fertility - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Hatching Success in which contaminant exposure was associated with adult fertility, gamete production and viability. FETAX - Frog Embyro Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus. Standard embryonal development assay developed in 1983 for screening substances for toxic effects. field studies - study type classification for studies conducted in a field setting. fungal - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology associated with fungal infections.

Appendix 6b - Glossary of RATL terms - 2

general ecology - standard study endpoint classification incorporating papers on general ecology, behaviour, habitat preferences, breeding habits etc. of amphibians and reptiles.

growth - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification under Development in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in body size of animals. hatching success - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in hatching success, hatching rate etc. immersion - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) to animals in an aqueous solution in which they are submerged. This methodology is often the most common form of determining acute toxicity values for amphibians under laboratory conditions. inhalation - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) to animals is gaseous form under laboratory conditions. Some dermal uptake may also occur under this conditions, however primary source of uptake is reported to be inhalation. injection - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification wherein contaminant(s) are presented to animals in aqueous form through injection (i.e. subdermal, intraperitoneal) under laboratory conditions. juvenile - standard life stage, all limbs fully developed. laboratory studies - study type classification for studies conducted in a laboratory environment. larvae/tadpole - standard life stage, hatched larvae through metamorphic stages of tadpoles. LC50 - 24, 48, 96 h - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with 50 % mortality of population after 24, 48, or 96 h of exposure. limb/tail regeneration - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification under Development with contaminant exposure associated with alterations in regeneration of limbs. metamorphosis - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Development in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations to metamorphosis (e.g. delayed metamorphosis, failure to complete metamorphosis). mortality - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with death of animals (but not acute toxicity study). oral - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification in which contaminant(s) were presented to animals often in liquid form by gavage under laboratory conditions.

Appendix 6b - Glossary of RATL terms - 3

other studies - research papers which contain information on general amphibian or reptilian ecology, and thermal effects, however, a comprehensive literature search was not done in subject areas other than those that are contaminant related. parasite - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology in which contaminant exposure was associated with the presence of parasites. pathology - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with various infections in animals (i.e. tumors, viruses, parasites, fungal growth). pesticide application - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification in which contaminant(s) were presented to animals often in aqueous form sprayed in surrounding field environment. pH - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents altered acidity of substrate or surrounding water to animals under laboratory or field conditions. pH+contaminant - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents a combination of altered acidity of substrate or surrounding water and contaminant(s) to animals under laboratory or field conditions (e.g. low pH and aluminum). physiology - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in animal physiology (i.e. temperature tolerance, hematological status, ion balance). polydactyly- contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Development in which contaminant exposure was associated with duplication of limbs, tails, or heads. population status papers - study type classification incorporating primary literature or reviews on population declines (i.e. no direct contaminant exposure investigations). population surveys - contaminant exposure study endpoint classification in which field population environments were surveyed (e.g. presence/absence, species richness and density) following exposure to contaminant(s). radiation - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification where ultraviolet radiation is presented to animals under laboratory or field conditions. A common laboratory study might include exposure to UV-b radiation during various larval developmental stages. reproduction - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Hatching Success in which contaminant exposure was associated with reproductive biology (e.g. adult fertility, sex determination etc.).

Appendix 6b - Glossary of RATL terms - 4

residues - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with tissue residues of the contaminant(s) under laboratory or field conditions. review - study type classification that contains summarized literature on contaminant effects in amphibians and reptiles. sex determination/ratio - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Hatching Success in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in gender determination of developing embryos. subdermal - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) to animals, often in crystalline form, by surgical placement under the skin. temperature effects - standard study endpoint classification incorporating papers on general effects of temperature on amphibians and reptiles (i.e. no contaminant exposure). temperature generation - RATL contains some literature pertaining to general amphibian or reptile thermal effects not related to contaminant exposure, however, a comprehensive literature search was not done in this subject area. temperature tolerance - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology in which contaminant exposure was associated with alterations in temperature tolerance in animals. teratogenesis - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Development in which contaminant exposure is associated with teratogenic effects. tissue injection - standard injection methodology exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology in which tissue injection was associated with pathological response to foreign tissue. tissue preparation - contaminant exposure study standard methodology classification which presents contaminant(s) to animal tissues following dissection. Common studies within this category include ion transport, neurological effects or hematological status investigations. tissue residues - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification in which contaminant exposure was associated with tissue residues of the contaminant(s) under laboratory or field conditions. tumor - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology in which contaminant exposure was associated with the presence of tumors. viral - contaminant exposure study standard endpoint specific classification under Pathology.