Urea and thiourea derivatives: 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]urea (BFMU) and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan... more Urea and thiourea derivatives: 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]urea (BFMU) and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]thiourea (BFMT) were synthesized and characterized by spectrometry analyses (UV, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR). They were screened for antibacterial (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis and Streptococcus bovis) and antifungal (Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cercospora zeae-maydis) activities. Quantum chemical calculations of frontier molecular orbital energies (EHOMO and ELUMO), and their associated global parameters were carried out by DFT levels of theory, with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-31G* basis set (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*). Azomethine functional groups (C=N) appeared at δ 7.6 ppm and δ 7.0 ppm in the proton spectra, the peaks between δ 105 and δ 160 ppm of 13C spectra represent the methylene carbons (C=C). BFMU is a better inhibitor of P. aeruginosa and S. bovis, while BFMT is a better inhibitor of S. typhi, S. aureus and X. axonopodis and the fungi isolates (F. oxysporum, C. gloeosporioides and C. zeae-maydis) used. The global parameters agreed favorably with the experimental results, indicating the higher activity of BFMT.
This study investigated the effects of solvents’ polarities on the geometry and electronic proper... more This study investigated the effects of solvents’ polarities on the geometry and electronic properties of 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan, (NVF). The investigation was carried via theoretical approach, using an ab-initio [Hartree Fock (HF/6-31G*)] and Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*).The properties investigated are optimized structures, energy gaps (ELUMO – EHOMO) and associated global properties, chemical potential (ƙ), global hardness (η), ionization energy (IE), Electron affinity (EA), dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α) and electronic charges. NVF was sparingly soluble in water, very soluble and more active in polar organic solvent than non-polar solvents. The solvent polarities do not change the structural parameters of NVF widely, but have significant changes on the electron density re-distribution. The highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of the molecule showed π-characters, an indication of intermolecular charge trans...
Furfural, a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivable from acid hydrolysis of sug... more Furfural, a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivable from acid hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, maize cob, rice husk or any cellulose-containing material, is useful in the synthesis of a range of specialized chemical products. Its condensation with nitromethane in basic medium yields 2-(2-Nitrovinyl) furan. This functional group (nitrovinyl) has been documented as a potent anti-microbial agent against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with more potency against the gram-positive strains. The reaction of urea and thiourea with furfural yields bisimines-1,3-bis[(E)-furan2-yl)methylene]urea, and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea respectively. The two compounds are good antimicrobial agents in addition to the latter as a potential dye for wool and cotton fabrics with different hues. Also the reaction between acetophenone and furfural (an aldehyde) in a basic medium yields the chalcone: (E)-3-(furan-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-ene-1-one. This chalcone has been confirmed as a good antifungal agent and wood-protector against termite attack. Thus, chemical modification of the aldehyde functional group of furfural to nitro, imine and chalcone groups imparted different activities on furfural.
Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectiv... more Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectively as analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) chromatogram were used for the synthesis of copper metal salt. The sodium carboxylate (soluble soap) prepared from the oils by saponifying with sodium hydroxide were reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the metal soaps. The yield was encouraging ranging from 60 to 65%. The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and their corresponding soaps indicates their production. Confirming it further, the appearance of the characteristic peaks of 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the metallic soaps affirm the synthesis of these compounds. The seeds are thus good sources of raw materials (oleochemicals) for the production of valuable industrial and domestic products.
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, Apr 9, 2018
Oleic acid (OA), and its primary amide (PA) derivative synthesized using thionyl chloride and amm... more Oleic acid (OA), and its primary amide (PA) derivative synthesized using thionyl chloride and ammonia solution were tested against five pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae and Drechslera oryzae) for their repellent activity. Toxicity of the compounds to termite was also determined. The estimated HOMO-LUMO energy gap and associated global parameters: global hardness and softness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, electronegativity, ionization potential, electron affinity and polarizability of the optimized structures of OA and PA were determined by Density Function Theory (DFT) using Becke-3-Lee Yankpar function (DFT-B3LY 631G*). The amide proved to be a good inhibitor of fungi and as well repelled the termite significantly between 20 % and 80 %. The PA also followed the same trend in the toxicity to termite with LC 50 mg/g of 1.2 and OA with LC 50 mg/g of 89. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap associated with high global softness (0.094), lower ionization potential (9.55), higher electron affinity (-1.02), higher polarizability (3.13), higher electrophilicity (-1.71) and lower electronegativity value (4.26) of PA is a strong indication of its high electron distribution and stronger activity than the OA. This is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
The oils of Citrus sinensis(CS) and Carica papaya(CP) seeds were extracted with soxhlet extractor... more The oils of Citrus sinensis(CS) and Carica papaya(CP) seeds were extracted with soxhlet extractor apparatus using n-hexane as the solvent. The oils were concentrated by distillation and degummed with water and phosphoric acid, which was thereafter neutralized. Gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used to determine fatty acid fraction (FAF). The prominent acids in the crude and refined oils of Carica papaya seed were oleic acid (74.5 %), (75.0 %), palmitic acid (12.1 %), (12.3 %), stearic acid (5.9 %), (5.6 %) and Linoleic acid (4.3 %), (4.1 %) respectively. The major fatty acids obtainable in Citrus sinensis sample were oleic acid (62.8 %), (63.4 %), palmitic acid (25.3 %), (24.3 %), stearic acid (7.2 %), (7.5 %) and Linoleic acid (3.4 %), (3.6 %) for crude and refined oils respectively. The statistical test results revealed that there was no significant difference in the values for the crude and refined oils. Thus, the purification processes (degumming and neutralization) did not affect the percentage fatty acid fractions of the oil but only reduced the phospholipid contents.
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, Nov 11, 2014
The effect of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan on the redox status of male rat liver and kidney was evaluate... more The effect of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan on the redox status of male rat liver and kidney was evaluated. Twenty male rats were randomized into four groups; group A received olive oil and groups B, C, and D rats received 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan intraperitoneally, daily at 24 h interval, respectively, for 14 days. 2-(2-Nitrovinyl)furan significantly reduced (P < 0.05) alkaline phosphatase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferase activities in male rat liver and kidney with a corresponding increase in serum. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and levels of reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio in the liver and kidney of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan-treated rats decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, GSSG, protein carbonyl, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, and fragmented DNA (%) in 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan-treated rats increased significantly (P < 0.05). Overall, data from this study revealed that 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan exhibited its toxic effect by suppressing or depleting the antioxidant systems.
This research investigated the effects of 1,3-bis(furan-2-yl)methylene) urea (BFMU), a synthesize... more This research investigated the effects of 1,3-bis(furan-2-yl)methylene) urea (BFMU), a synthesized imine compound with potential biological activities, on selected biochemical parameters of albino rats. The compound at varied concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally to albino rats for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, activities of enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were assayed. Also, activities of antioxidants including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione transferase (GST) and levels of parameters including protein, sodium, chlorine, and potassium were checked in the serum, liver, and kidney of the animals. The results revealed that the compound at the various concentrations tested caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in the serum activities of ALT, ALP, and GGT and significantly reduced AST activity. These were accompanied by significant reductions in their activities in the liver, an indication of hepatotoxicity. The kidney also experienced significant increase in ALT and ALP and reduction in AST and GGT, when compared to the control, also indicating a potential nephrotoxic effect. Results further revealed significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in the levels of serum protein, creatinine, uric acid, urea, and total and direct bilirubin, accompanied by significantly reduced levels of albumin, chlorine, and potassium, but an increased sodium level, further indicating possible damages to liver and kidney cells. Overall, this study revealed that BFMU possesses hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects and might need structural modifications.
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, Feb 3, 2019
Several copper carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized from other oil sources. Mangi... more Several copper carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized from other oil sources. Mangifera indica (MI) and Sesamum indica (SI) seed n-hexane extracts were used for the syn thesis of the carboxylates. The sodium soluble soap prepared from the oils by saponification with sodium hydroxide was reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the corresponding carboxylate. The yield was 47.45 % for the SI oil and 90 % for the MI oil (solid). The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and the carboxylates indicates the transformation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analys es conducted have also confirmed the transformation of oils to carboxylates. Ironically, MI carboxylate with a very high yield (90 %) has little repellence activity against termites compared with the SI copper carboxylate with average yield of 47.45 %. Key Words: Synthesis, copper carboxylate, saponification, frequencies, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
A branch of Teak tree was cut, dried and grounded with mortar and pestle before using blender. Th... more A branch of Teak tree was cut, dried and grounded with mortar and pestle before using blender. The powder was extracted with four different solvents namely n-hexane, benzene, chloroform and distilled water; the extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to identify various constituents in the samples. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the major constituent common to Chloroform (35.50 %) and benzene (26.78 %) while n-hexadecanoic acid was the major constituent extracted by n-hexane (21.76 %) and water (24.16 %). Other phthalic acid derivatives extracted by both chloroform and benzene are Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl)ester and di(oct-3-yl)ester. All the extracts were screened for termites repellence; all of them except water extract repelled termites in various degrees.
The synthesis and characterization of 1, 3-bis [(furan-2-yl) methylene] urea (BFMU) and 1, 3-bis ... more The synthesis and characterization of 1, 3-bis [(furan-2-yl) methylene] urea (BFMU) and 1, 3-bis [furan-2-yl) methylene] thiourea (BFMT) have been reported by our research team. The effects of solvents polarity on their electronic transition energies (HOMO-LUMO) and associated qualitative structure activity relationship parameters (i.e. log P, ionization energies and global hardness) were investigated in this study. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap values of BFMT (3.42-3.76 eV) in the solvents of choice (water, ethanol, toluene and dimethylsulphoxide) is an indication of higher distribution of charges and probability of higher activities of BFMT relative to BFMU with energy gap in the range: 4.27-4.54 eV. From the frontier molecular orbital study of BFMU, the HOMO centers over the entire molecule. However, the πelectrons of the LUMO are also over the entire molecule except one of the furan rings. Similar trends was observed for the HOMO of BFMT with electron delocalization excluding one of the furan ring, while the LUMO πelectrons system are more localized on the C=N, C=O and C-S bonds than the furan rings. These attest to the charge transfer (CT) characteristic properties of the compounds in the studied solvents. The logPoctanol/water values for the studied compounds which are less than 3, pointed to their usefulness in industrial development especially for agrochemical products.
Microbiology research journal international, Jan 10, 2017
Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on f... more Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on fungi of food origin. Study of Design: Pretreatment and processing of Myristica fragrans, solvent extraction technique, phytochemical screening, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic concentration assay, essential oil extraction and evaluation of antifungal activity.
Novel 1,3-bis[(furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea (BFMT) dye was synthesized from condensation reacti... more Novel 1,3-bis[(furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea (BFMT) dye was synthesized from condensation reaction between sugarcane bagasse derived furfural and thiourea. The synthesized BFMT dye was characterized by physicochemical (melting point and CHN) and spectrometry (UV-Vis, FTIR, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) analyses. The synthesized BFMT dye was screened for its antimicrobial (antibiotic and antifungal) properties. BFMT dye was applied on wool and cotton fabrics. The functional properties of BFMT dyed fabrics (color value, color strength, fastness properties, antimicrobial activities, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and mechanical properties) were assessed. Chemical composition of synthesized BFMT dye was determined by CHN analyzer, while its structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectrometry analyses. BFMT dye solution showed reddish brown complementary color with λ max 485 nm on UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antibiotic property of the synthesized dye was moderate, while antifungal property was excellent on tested microorganisms. BFMT dyed wool and cotton fabrics displayed good mechanical properties, air permeability, water vapor permeability and wetability. Dyed fabrics possessed excellent exhaustion (> 80%), fastness properties, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF > 40) and fungal growth inhibition rate (> 70%).
Fountain Journal of National ad Applied Sciences, Dec 31, 2019
The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for fabrication of sensors and biosensors has increased conside... more The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for fabrication of sensors and biosensors has increased considerably over the past decade. This review covers the progress and advances made during the years (2014-2018) in the utilisation of carbon nanotubes for fabrication of electrochemical biosensors. The focus of the review is on reported CNT-based biosensors for detection of, important substances, such as glucose, H2O2, (DNA), ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, metal ions, and pesticides. The review starts by first discussing the structures and properties of CNTs, followed by discussion of some of the synthetic methods for CNTs preparation. The working principles and performances of CNT-based biosensors are then discussed. Considerations for future developments in CNT-based biosensors are also outlined.
The current research examined the use of sodium tert butoxide as a catalyst for the synthesis of ... more The current research examined the use of sodium tert butoxide as a catalyst for the synthesis of 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan. The compound was synthesized via the condensation of furfural with nitromethane using sodium tert-butoxide as catalyst; unlike the ubiquitous use of sodium hydroxide, ethanol and isobutylamine as catalysts in which longer reaction time (five hours), reflux (heat) and strong agitation were required before getting to completion. In contrast with the use of the alkoxide as catalyst, the reaction went to completion with stirring for fifteen minutes. The product crystallized exclusively as the trans-isomer when the reaction was stopped by neutralizing the medium (base) with dilute hydrochloric acid. The compound was characterized using 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and melting point determination. The peaks appearing at δ 7.45, δ 7.55, δ 7.8, δ 6.5 and δ 6.9 ppm in the 1 H-NMR spectrum confirmed the aromaticity of the compound. For the 13 C...
ABSTRACT Three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the ... more ABSTRACT Three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the heterogeneity of tubulins from nematodes and mammals. Western blot analysis of one-dimensional SDS-PAGE showed that anti-Brugia pahangi tubulin mAb 1B6 and P3D react with epitope(s) specific to nematode beta-tubulin and recognize tubulin from adults and microfilariae of B. pahangi, adult B. malayi and Dirofilaria immitis, eggs of Haemonchus contortus and adult Ascaris suum. However, the same mAb did not recognize tubulin from trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, pig brain or 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, mAb 1B6 recognized one isoform of beta-tubulin and mAb P3D recognized two beta-tubulin isoforms. Limited proteolysis showed that mAb 1B6 reacted with the amino-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In contrast, mAb P3D recognized the carboxy-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In ELISA, mAb P3D reacted with an 18 amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 430-448 of B. pahangi beta-tubulin. These observations confirm that the epitope of mAb P3D is located on the extreme carboxy-terminal region. Immunogold labelling of adult B. pahangi sections with mAb P3D revealed the presence of beta-tubulin isoforms in the cuticle, hypodermal layer and somatic muscle blocks of B. pahangi. Under in vitro conditions, mAb P3D caused 80% reduction in worm viability, during exposure over 48 h.
In this study, some of the property reclamation methods for spent lubricating oil (SLO) were demo... more In this study, some of the property reclamation methods for spent lubricating oil (SLO) were demonstrated. Firstly, 3.5 L of SLO was subjected to physical methods such as natural settling, sedimentation, magnetisaton and filtration to remove all forms of particles irrespective of size. The remaining samples were either subjected to acid treatment using concentrated sulphuric acid or solvent treatment using methanol, butanol and toluene including their blends to study their performance in the extraction process to recover the lubricating oil. The key parameter considered is the volume ratio of solvent/acid to used lubricating oil. In all, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml respectively were used for each of the treatments. Activated carbon was equally introduced as adsorbent. A ratio of 4:1 (B20 formulation) for the treated spent oil and additives was used in this study for the final reclamation of the spent oil. The performance of each of the treatments process was investigated by subjecting all ...
Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectiv... more Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectively as analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) chromatogram were used for the synthesis of copper metal salt. The sodium carboxylate (soluble soap) prepared from the oils by saponifying with sodium hydroxide were reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the metal soaps. The yield was encouraging ranging from 60 to 65%. The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and their corresponding soaps indicates their production. Confirming it further, the appearance of the characteristic peaks of 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the metallic soaps affirm the synthesis of these compounds. The seeds are thus good sources of raw materials (oleochemicals) for the production of valuable industrial and domestic products.
Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on f... more Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on fungi of food origin. Study of Design: Pretreatment and processing of Myristica fragrans, solvent extraction technique, phytochemical screening, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic concentration assay, essential oil extraction and evaluation of antifungal activity.
Urea and thiourea derivatives: 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]urea (BFMU) and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan... more Urea and thiourea derivatives: 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]urea (BFMU) and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl)methylene]thiourea (BFMT) were synthesized and characterized by spectrometry analyses (UV, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR). They were screened for antibacterial (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis and Streptococcus bovis) and antifungal (Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cercospora zeae-maydis) activities. Quantum chemical calculations of frontier molecular orbital energies (EHOMO and ELUMO), and their associated global parameters were carried out by DFT levels of theory, with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-31G* basis set (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*). Azomethine functional groups (C=N) appeared at δ 7.6 ppm and δ 7.0 ppm in the proton spectra, the peaks between δ 105 and δ 160 ppm of 13C spectra represent the methylene carbons (C=C). BFMU is a better inhibitor of P. aeruginosa and S. bovis, while BFMT is a better inhibitor of S. typhi, S. aureus and X. axonopodis and the fungi isolates (F. oxysporum, C. gloeosporioides and C. zeae-maydis) used. The global parameters agreed favorably with the experimental results, indicating the higher activity of BFMT.
This study investigated the effects of solvents’ polarities on the geometry and electronic proper... more This study investigated the effects of solvents’ polarities on the geometry and electronic properties of 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan, (NVF). The investigation was carried via theoretical approach, using an ab-initio [Hartree Fock (HF/6-31G*)] and Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*).The properties investigated are optimized structures, energy gaps (ELUMO – EHOMO) and associated global properties, chemical potential (ƙ), global hardness (η), ionization energy (IE), Electron affinity (EA), dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α) and electronic charges. NVF was sparingly soluble in water, very soluble and more active in polar organic solvent than non-polar solvents. The solvent polarities do not change the structural parameters of NVF widely, but have significant changes on the electron density re-distribution. The highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of the molecule showed π-characters, an indication of intermolecular charge trans...
Furfural, a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivable from acid hydrolysis of sug... more Furfural, a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivable from acid hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse, maize cob, rice husk or any cellulose-containing material, is useful in the synthesis of a range of specialized chemical products. Its condensation with nitromethane in basic medium yields 2-(2-Nitrovinyl) furan. This functional group (nitrovinyl) has been documented as a potent anti-microbial agent against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with more potency against the gram-positive strains. The reaction of urea and thiourea with furfural yields bisimines-1,3-bis[(E)-furan2-yl)methylene]urea, and 1,3-bis[(E)-furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea respectively. The two compounds are good antimicrobial agents in addition to the latter as a potential dye for wool and cotton fabrics with different hues. Also the reaction between acetophenone and furfural (an aldehyde) in a basic medium yields the chalcone: (E)-3-(furan-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-ene-1-one. This chalcone has been confirmed as a good antifungal agent and wood-protector against termite attack. Thus, chemical modification of the aldehyde functional group of furfural to nitro, imine and chalcone groups imparted different activities on furfural.
Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectiv... more Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectively as analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) chromatogram were used for the synthesis of copper metal salt. The sodium carboxylate (soluble soap) prepared from the oils by saponifying with sodium hydroxide were reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the metal soaps. The yield was encouraging ranging from 60 to 65%. The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and their corresponding soaps indicates their production. Confirming it further, the appearance of the characteristic peaks of 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the metallic soaps affirm the synthesis of these compounds. The seeds are thus good sources of raw materials (oleochemicals) for the production of valuable industrial and domestic products.
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, Apr 9, 2018
Oleic acid (OA), and its primary amide (PA) derivative synthesized using thionyl chloride and amm... more Oleic acid (OA), and its primary amide (PA) derivative synthesized using thionyl chloride and ammonia solution were tested against five pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryzae and Drechslera oryzae) for their repellent activity. Toxicity of the compounds to termite was also determined. The estimated HOMO-LUMO energy gap and associated global parameters: global hardness and softness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, electronegativity, ionization potential, electron affinity and polarizability of the optimized structures of OA and PA were determined by Density Function Theory (DFT) using Becke-3-Lee Yankpar function (DFT-B3LY 631G*). The amide proved to be a good inhibitor of fungi and as well repelled the termite significantly between 20 % and 80 %. The PA also followed the same trend in the toxicity to termite with LC 50 mg/g of 1.2 and OA with LC 50 mg/g of 89. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap associated with high global softness (0.094), lower ionization potential (9.55), higher electron affinity (-1.02), higher polarizability (3.13), higher electrophilicity (-1.71) and lower electronegativity value (4.26) of PA is a strong indication of its high electron distribution and stronger activity than the OA. This is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
The oils of Citrus sinensis(CS) and Carica papaya(CP) seeds were extracted with soxhlet extractor... more The oils of Citrus sinensis(CS) and Carica papaya(CP) seeds were extracted with soxhlet extractor apparatus using n-hexane as the solvent. The oils were concentrated by distillation and degummed with water and phosphoric acid, which was thereafter neutralized. Gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used to determine fatty acid fraction (FAF). The prominent acids in the crude and refined oils of Carica papaya seed were oleic acid (74.5 %), (75.0 %), palmitic acid (12.1 %), (12.3 %), stearic acid (5.9 %), (5.6 %) and Linoleic acid (4.3 %), (4.1 %) respectively. The major fatty acids obtainable in Citrus sinensis sample were oleic acid (62.8 %), (63.4 %), palmitic acid (25.3 %), (24.3 %), stearic acid (7.2 %), (7.5 %) and Linoleic acid (3.4 %), (3.6 %) for crude and refined oils respectively. The statistical test results revealed that there was no significant difference in the values for the crude and refined oils. Thus, the purification processes (degumming and neutralization) did not affect the percentage fatty acid fractions of the oil but only reduced the phospholipid contents.
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, Nov 11, 2014
The effect of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan on the redox status of male rat liver and kidney was evaluate... more The effect of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan on the redox status of male rat liver and kidney was evaluated. Twenty male rats were randomized into four groups; group A received olive oil and groups B, C, and D rats received 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan intraperitoneally, daily at 24 h interval, respectively, for 14 days. 2-(2-Nitrovinyl)furan significantly reduced (P < 0.05) alkaline phosphatase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferase activities in male rat liver and kidney with a corresponding increase in serum. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and levels of reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio in the liver and kidney of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan-treated rats decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, GSSG, protein carbonyl, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, and fragmented DNA (%) in 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan-treated rats increased significantly (P < 0.05). Overall, data from this study revealed that 2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan exhibited its toxic effect by suppressing or depleting the antioxidant systems.
This research investigated the effects of 1,3-bis(furan-2-yl)methylene) urea (BFMU), a synthesize... more This research investigated the effects of 1,3-bis(furan-2-yl)methylene) urea (BFMU), a synthesized imine compound with potential biological activities, on selected biochemical parameters of albino rats. The compound at varied concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally to albino rats for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, activities of enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were assayed. Also, activities of antioxidants including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione transferase (GST) and levels of parameters including protein, sodium, chlorine, and potassium were checked in the serum, liver, and kidney of the animals. The results revealed that the compound at the various concentrations tested caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in the serum activities of ALT, ALP, and GGT and significantly reduced AST activity. These were accompanied by significant reductions in their activities in the liver, an indication of hepatotoxicity. The kidney also experienced significant increase in ALT and ALP and reduction in AST and GGT, when compared to the control, also indicating a potential nephrotoxic effect. Results further revealed significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in the levels of serum protein, creatinine, uric acid, urea, and total and direct bilirubin, accompanied by significantly reduced levels of albumin, chlorine, and potassium, but an increased sodium level, further indicating possible damages to liver and kidney cells. Overall, this study revealed that BFMU possesses hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects and might need structural modifications.
Journal Of Chemical Society Of Nigeria, Feb 3, 2019
Several copper carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized from other oil sources. Mangi... more Several copper carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized from other oil sources. Mangifera indica (MI) and Sesamum indica (SI) seed n-hexane extracts were used for the syn thesis of the carboxylates. The sodium soluble soap prepared from the oils by saponification with sodium hydroxide was reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the corresponding carboxylate. The yield was 47.45 % for the SI oil and 90 % for the MI oil (solid). The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and the carboxylates indicates the transformation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analys es conducted have also confirmed the transformation of oils to carboxylates. Ironically, MI carboxylate with a very high yield (90 %) has little repellence activity against termites compared with the SI copper carboxylate with average yield of 47.45 %. Key Words: Synthesis, copper carboxylate, saponification, frequencies, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
A branch of Teak tree was cut, dried and grounded with mortar and pestle before using blender. Th... more A branch of Teak tree was cut, dried and grounded with mortar and pestle before using blender. The powder was extracted with four different solvents namely n-hexane, benzene, chloroform and distilled water; the extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to identify various constituents in the samples. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the major constituent common to Chloroform (35.50 %) and benzene (26.78 %) while n-hexadecanoic acid was the major constituent extracted by n-hexane (21.76 %) and water (24.16 %). Other phthalic acid derivatives extracted by both chloroform and benzene are Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl)ester and di(oct-3-yl)ester. All the extracts were screened for termites repellence; all of them except water extract repelled termites in various degrees.
The synthesis and characterization of 1, 3-bis [(furan-2-yl) methylene] urea (BFMU) and 1, 3-bis ... more The synthesis and characterization of 1, 3-bis [(furan-2-yl) methylene] urea (BFMU) and 1, 3-bis [furan-2-yl) methylene] thiourea (BFMT) have been reported by our research team. The effects of solvents polarity on their electronic transition energies (HOMO-LUMO) and associated qualitative structure activity relationship parameters (i.e. log P, ionization energies and global hardness) were investigated in this study. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap values of BFMT (3.42-3.76 eV) in the solvents of choice (water, ethanol, toluene and dimethylsulphoxide) is an indication of higher distribution of charges and probability of higher activities of BFMT relative to BFMU with energy gap in the range: 4.27-4.54 eV. From the frontier molecular orbital study of BFMU, the HOMO centers over the entire molecule. However, the πelectrons of the LUMO are also over the entire molecule except one of the furan rings. Similar trends was observed for the HOMO of BFMT with electron delocalization excluding one of the furan ring, while the LUMO πelectrons system are more localized on the C=N, C=O and C-S bonds than the furan rings. These attest to the charge transfer (CT) characteristic properties of the compounds in the studied solvents. The logPoctanol/water values for the studied compounds which are less than 3, pointed to their usefulness in industrial development especially for agrochemical products.
Microbiology research journal international, Jan 10, 2017
Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on f... more Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on fungi of food origin. Study of Design: Pretreatment and processing of Myristica fragrans, solvent extraction technique, phytochemical screening, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic concentration assay, essential oil extraction and evaluation of antifungal activity.
Novel 1,3-bis[(furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea (BFMT) dye was synthesized from condensation reacti... more Novel 1,3-bis[(furan-2-yl) methylene]thiourea (BFMT) dye was synthesized from condensation reaction between sugarcane bagasse derived furfural and thiourea. The synthesized BFMT dye was characterized by physicochemical (melting point and CHN) and spectrometry (UV-Vis, FTIR, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) analyses. The synthesized BFMT dye was screened for its antimicrobial (antibiotic and antifungal) properties. BFMT dye was applied on wool and cotton fabrics. The functional properties of BFMT dyed fabrics (color value, color strength, fastness properties, antimicrobial activities, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and mechanical properties) were assessed. Chemical composition of synthesized BFMT dye was determined by CHN analyzer, while its structure was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectrometry analyses. BFMT dye solution showed reddish brown complementary color with λ max 485 nm on UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antibiotic property of the synthesized dye was moderate, while antifungal property was excellent on tested microorganisms. BFMT dyed wool and cotton fabrics displayed good mechanical properties, air permeability, water vapor permeability and wetability. Dyed fabrics possessed excellent exhaustion (> 80%), fastness properties, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF > 40) and fungal growth inhibition rate (> 70%).
Fountain Journal of National ad Applied Sciences, Dec 31, 2019
The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for fabrication of sensors and biosensors has increased conside... more The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for fabrication of sensors and biosensors has increased considerably over the past decade. This review covers the progress and advances made during the years (2014-2018) in the utilisation of carbon nanotubes for fabrication of electrochemical biosensors. The focus of the review is on reported CNT-based biosensors for detection of, important substances, such as glucose, H2O2, (DNA), ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, metal ions, and pesticides. The review starts by first discussing the structures and properties of CNTs, followed by discussion of some of the synthetic methods for CNTs preparation. The working principles and performances of CNT-based biosensors are then discussed. Considerations for future developments in CNT-based biosensors are also outlined.
The current research examined the use of sodium tert butoxide as a catalyst for the synthesis of ... more The current research examined the use of sodium tert butoxide as a catalyst for the synthesis of 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan. The compound was synthesized via the condensation of furfural with nitromethane using sodium tert-butoxide as catalyst; unlike the ubiquitous use of sodium hydroxide, ethanol and isobutylamine as catalysts in which longer reaction time (five hours), reflux (heat) and strong agitation were required before getting to completion. In contrast with the use of the alkoxide as catalyst, the reaction went to completion with stirring for fifteen minutes. The product crystallized exclusively as the trans-isomer when the reaction was stopped by neutralizing the medium (base) with dilute hydrochloric acid. The compound was characterized using 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and melting point determination. The peaks appearing at δ 7.45, δ 7.55, δ 7.8, δ 6.5 and δ 6.9 ppm in the 1 H-NMR spectrum confirmed the aromaticity of the compound. For the 13 C...
ABSTRACT Three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the ... more ABSTRACT Three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific to beta-tubulin were used to investigate the heterogeneity of tubulins from nematodes and mammals. Western blot analysis of one-dimensional SDS-PAGE showed that anti-Brugia pahangi tubulin mAb 1B6 and P3D react with epitope(s) specific to nematode beta-tubulin and recognize tubulin from adults and microfilariae of B. pahangi, adult B. malayi and Dirofilaria immitis, eggs of Haemonchus contortus and adult Ascaris suum. However, the same mAb did not recognize tubulin from trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, pig brain or 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, mAb 1B6 recognized one isoform of beta-tubulin and mAb P3D recognized two beta-tubulin isoforms. Limited proteolysis showed that mAb 1B6 reacted with the amino-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In contrast, mAb P3D recognized the carboxy-terminal fragments of beta-tubulin. In ELISA, mAb P3D reacted with an 18 amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 430-448 of B. pahangi beta-tubulin. These observations confirm that the epitope of mAb P3D is located on the extreme carboxy-terminal region. Immunogold labelling of adult B. pahangi sections with mAb P3D revealed the presence of beta-tubulin isoforms in the cuticle, hypodermal layer and somatic muscle blocks of B. pahangi. Under in vitro conditions, mAb P3D caused 80% reduction in worm viability, during exposure over 48 h.
In this study, some of the property reclamation methods for spent lubricating oil (SLO) were demo... more In this study, some of the property reclamation methods for spent lubricating oil (SLO) were demonstrated. Firstly, 3.5 L of SLO was subjected to physical methods such as natural settling, sedimentation, magnetisaton and filtration to remove all forms of particles irrespective of size. The remaining samples were either subjected to acid treatment using concentrated sulphuric acid or solvent treatment using methanol, butanol and toluene including their blends to study their performance in the extraction process to recover the lubricating oil. The key parameter considered is the volume ratio of solvent/acid to used lubricating oil. In all, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml respectively were used for each of the treatments. Activated carbon was equally introduced as adsorbent. A ratio of 4:1 (B20 formulation) for the treated spent oil and additives was used in this study for the final reclamation of the spent oil. The performance of each of the treatments process was investigated by subjecting all ...
Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectiv... more Thevetia peruviana (TP) and Hura crepitans (HC) seed oils with 73 and 65% unsaturation, respectively as analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) chromatogram were used for the synthesis of copper metal salt. The sodium carboxylate (soluble soap) prepared from the oils by saponifying with sodium hydroxide were reacted with solution of copper salt to produce the metal soaps. The yield was encouraging ranging from 60 to 65%. The progress of the reaction was monitored and confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The difference in absorption frequencies of the FTIR spectra of the oils and their corresponding soaps indicates their production. Confirming it further, the appearance of the characteristic peaks of 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the metallic soaps affirm the synthesis of these compounds. The seeds are thus good sources of raw materials (oleochemicals) for the production of valuable industrial and domestic products.
Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on f... more Aim: To determine radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of Myristica fragrans metabolites on fungi of food origin. Study of Design: Pretreatment and processing of Myristica fragrans, solvent extraction technique, phytochemical screening, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic concentration assay, essential oil extraction and evaluation of antifungal activity.
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