DLGR

The large body of work on relativization strategies in European and Brazilian Portuguese contrasts with the scarcity of studies on African varieties of Portuguese. This paper is a corpus-based study of PP-relativization in spoken Capeverdean and São Tomean Portuguese, which are respectively L2 and L1 varieties, exhibiting the strategies described for EP and BP (pied-piping, chopping, resumption), as well as defective copies, in the São Tomean variety. Chopping is the most common non-canonical strategy in all varieties, but we argue that only in São Tomean Portuguese can this strategy be related to more general changes in argument structure.

European Portuguese is the only Romance language displaying an é que- cleft structure, i.e. a strategy in which the focused constituent is fronted followed by é que ‘is that’. The analysis of data from the corpus CORDIAL-SIN shows that some non-standard varieties of European Portuguese exhibit a kind of mixed relative clause strategy that combines relativization with é que-clefting, typed here as cleft relative clauses. Assuming a head-raising analysis of relative clauses, we take é que in cleft relatives to be not a lexicalization of Co but a copula verb that selects a small clause whose subject is empty and whose predicate is a full clause (more precisely, a CP introduced by que). It is from this CP domain that the antecedent of the relative clause is extracted.

Neste artigo, propomo-nos comparar os mecanismos de formação de frases relativas restritivas que envolvem extracção de sintagmas preposicionais (PPs) nos crioulos de base lexical portuguesa em África e nas variedades do português, analisando os pontos de convergência e de divergência entre estes.

Master thesis on the description and analysis of an alternative process of forming (restrictive) relative clauses in European Portuguese (EP), which is called ‘resumptive strategy’, within the framework of the Generative Grammar – Principles and Parameters and Minimalist Program.

Ph.D. dissertation on two types of wh-constructions – interrogative and relative clauses – of Cape Verdean Creole (CVC), a Portuguese-based Creole language spoken on the archipelago of Cape Verde, specifically the variety spoken on Santiago Island, in the coast of West Africa.

The syntax of wh-questions has been largely investigated for several languages, basically focusing on their movement operations. In this paper I resort to wh-questions in Cape Verdean Creole (CVC) to illustrate a further syntactic aspect of these constructions, namely, the formation of resumptive and defective wh-chains. I suggest that these two chains are distinct from one another and, digging into their formal properties and assuming theory of resumption, I argue for a movement analysis of defective whchains.

In this article, we present COPLE2, a new corpus of Portuguese FL/L2, which encompasses written and spoken data produced by foreign learners of Portuguese at the University of Lisbon. Over the past few years we are seeing a substantial growth in the area of learner corpus research applied to other languages besides English. Our aim is to enhance the learning data of Portuguese, a less commonly taught language. We believe that COPLE2 will constitute a good resource for teachers and researchers, since it will provide empirical data to: (i) identify general errors in the learning of Portuguese L2; (ii) develop textbooks and other teaching material targeting specific groups of students; (iii) implement teacher training material by taking into account the analysis of the corrections of the teachers. We will briefly describe the work in progress regarding the constitution and linguistic annotation of this corpus. Keywords/Palavras-chave Corpus de aprendizagem, ensino e aquisição de português LE/L2, anotação do erro. Learner corpus, second language acquisition, foreign language teaching, error annotation. 1. Introdução 1 Este projeto tem o apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UID/LIN/00214/2013), Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (Projeto LeCIEPLE, Proc. nr. 134655) e Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa. 2 A preponderância de recursos no que respeita ao estudo do inglês L2 pode ser observada na lista Corpora Around the World,

Partindo de algumas análises no quadro da Gramática Generativa das construções que envolvem movimento-A', como as orações relativas, interrogativas e clivadas, e que têm sido feitas para o Português Europeu (PE) e para o Português Brasileiro (PB), 2 o objectivo deste artigo é apresentar dados do Crioulo de Cabo Verde (CCV-variante de Santiago) 3 que mostram que esta língua de base lexical portuguesa disponibiliza estratégias semelhantes às variedades do Português referidas, convergindo e/ou divergindo daquelas em alguns aspectos. 1 Como o texto apresentado faz parte de um trabalho de investigação em curso, razão pela qual algumas das questões não são mais desenvolvidas, gostaria de agradecer a Ana Lúcia Santos, Tjerk Hagemeijer e, especialmente, a Inês Duarte os seus comentários. Agradeço também à audiência do 1º CILP e a dois revisores anónimos as sugestões feitas. Quero expressar igualmente o meu agradecimento, pelo empenhamento e tempo dispendido, aos informantes caboverdianos Jeremias Fernandes, Ermelinda Furtado e José Moreno. O presente trabalho é resultado do Projecto BD/13536/2003, apoiado pelo Fundo Estrutural Europeu do IIIº Quadro Comunitário de Apoio da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal.

Compared to other natural languages, creole languages are specific in the sense that they are young languages. Several authors, such as Bickerton (e.g. 1981, 1984) and McWhorter (e.g. 1998, 2001, 2005) consider, albeit in distinct ways, that the 'special' social history of Creole languages is related to them having common linguistic properties. The aim of this paper is to show convergent and divergent syntactic tendencies in the Upper Guinea Creoles and the Gulf of Guinea Creoles, which constitute two independently formed language families. 1 Financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (fct) no âmbito do projeto "As origens e o desenvolvimento de sociedades crioulas no Golfo da Guiné: Um estudo interdisciplinar" (ptdc/cle-lin/111494/2009). 2 Financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia através da Bolsa de Pós-Doutoramento com a referência (sfrh/bpd/67241/2009).

Os crioulos de base lexical portuguesa foram, na maioria dos casos, línguas orais até ao século XIX, quando começaram a surgir as primeiras recolhas de tradições orais, textos e traduções. Como lhes falta uma tradição escrita robusta e generalizada, a nossa recolha e descrição abrangem, além de antologias, materiais que, não sendo antologias no sentido restrito, resultam de um trabalho de compilação de fontes escritas ou orais.

Placement tests are a form of assessment that aims at placing students in appropriate levels. Placement tests must, therefore, be based on validity and reliability arguments to ensure appropriateness and consistency of assessment. Despite the growing interest in Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PFL), both nationally and internationally, to our knowledge there is no validated placement test that informs on general language abilities of adult PFL learners across levels. The POR Nível project aims at designing and validating a placement test for PFL adult learners, from A1 to C1 CEFR levels in grammar, vocabulary, listening and reading components. Corpora of written productions of 15 learners of 3 native languages (English, Mandarin and Spanish) from certified exams of PFL provide the empirical basis for items construction. Also, items’ specifications follow national and international guidelines (CEFR, Camões Profile for PFL), validity, reliability and practicality requirements, and a...

Caboverdiana, explores the presence of (West-)African elements in the Cape Verdean Creole (Santiago variety-henceforth, CVC). The main goal of this book is to examine the relevance of the African stratum of CVC, deciding which African-based Capeverdean words and/or structures determine, in particular, the origins of this Creole language and of the Afro-European Creoles, in general. In the literature on CVC, two main varieties of the language are typically considered: (i) the Sotavento variety, spoken in the leeward islands of Brava, Maio, Fogo and Santiago, represented by the island of Santiago; and the Barlavento variety, spoken in the windward islands of Boavista, Sal, Santo Antão, São Nicolau and São Vicente, identified with the island of São Vicente (cf. Veiga 2000; Baptista 2002). Quint's option for the Santiago variety is based on three (strong) reasons. First, Santiago variety is the one the author assumes to know better; second, the island of Santiago is taken to be the cradle of CVC and is the variety that is more basilectal (i.e. more africanized); third, the demographic figures show that Santiago is the most populated island, given that over 50% of the population of the country lives there. The book begins with a long and inspired preface from Manuel Veiga (former Minister of Culture, linguist and native speaker of the Santiago variety), who acknowledges Quint's contribution for the research on CVC, enhancing the African nature of the language, and, according to Veiga, deviating from the scholars that claim that the 'European influence' on the Lexicon and the main components of the grammar of Creoles is very relevant. Veiga's desire to show the African influence on CVC leads him to add to Quint's arguments one of his own, suggesting that the monophthongization that CVC exhibits is a process of innovation probably due to African influence (e.g., Portuguese baixo > CVC baxu 'low'; caixa > kaxa 'box'; peito > petu 'chest'; deitar > deta 'lay'; beijo > beju 'kiss'; feijão > fixon 'beans'; Europa > orópa 'Europe'; noite > noti 'night'; doido > dodu 'crazy'; louco > loku 'insane'; poupar > popa 'save'; coice > koxi 'kick'; from table in pages 10-11). Note, however, that the very same diphthongs in bold in the words given as examples are monophthongs in some varieties of contemporary Portuguese. Quint's book is organized in three main parts: Chapter 1 presents some historical facts about the origin of the black slaves that were taken to Cape Verde during the Portuguese settlement in the 15 th century, stressing on the fact that in the second half of the 16 th century there were thirteen thousand individuals living in Santiago island, 87% of which were black slaves (probably brought from a limited area in the West Africa coast, namely, between the peninsula of Dakar, in Senegal, and Freetown, in Sierra Leone). Assuming the hypothesis that the archipelago was inhabited when found, the African features of the contemporary Capeverdean culture (and language) must have their roots on other continental African cultures/languages. Chapter 1 also looks to methodological issues related to the African languages that the black slaves spoke and to the collection of African etyma. Particularly, Quint remarks that one of the methodological problems for the research on the African elements in CVC is the diversity of African languages that might have been at the origin of this Creole. Those languages belong to two linguistic branches of the Niger-Congo family: the Atlantic branch (especially languages such as

Both Cape Verdean Portuguese (CVP) and Santomean Portuguese (STP) are in contact with Portuguese-related Creole languages formed during the 15 th and 16 th centuries: Capeverdean, in Cape Verde, and Santome, Angolar and Lung'Ie, in São Tomé and Príncipe. Despite this, Portuguese is the only official language of the two archipelagos. The goal of this chapter is twofold. First, we aim to compare and discuss corpora data from CVP and STP underlining the impact of sociohistorical factors in some morphosyntactic aspects of these Portuguese varieties' grammars. Second, we will show that the convergence and divergence observed is not only driven by the language contact situation but also by internal change mechanisms.

• Definition: «The head [of the restricting clause] in itself has a certain potential range of referents, but the restricting clause restricts this set by giving a proposition that must be true of the actual referents of the overall construction». (Comrie 1981: 143) base-position to the left of the sentence, binding a (null) gap left behind. The relative pronoun may be preceded by a preposition and it may show Case morphology (e.g. Romance languages, English, Russian); • Gap relative type  it does not provide any overt indication of the role of the head within the relative clause, and therefore is the less explicit relative clause type (e.g. Romance languages, English, Mandarin Chinese).

os, obtendo-se a ordem D + AP + NP + CPrel (cf. (98)). Em PE, lingua que projecta GenP e NbP, o NP move-se para Spec/NbP, onde verifica os seus tracos-φ de numero, e depois o N desloca-se para adjuncao a Gen, de modo a verificar os tracos de genero, derivando a ordem D + N + AP + CPrel (cf. (99)). (98) DP 3 D’ 3 D AP ! 3 the A’ 3 A NbP ! 2 yellow NPi Nb’ 4 2 book Nb NP 2 CP NP 5 4 that I bought ti 113 Nas estruturas de DPs com adjectivos, assume-se que o movimento nao e feito por substituicao, do NP para Spec/GenP, mas sim por adjuncao do N a Gen. Isto e fundamentado pelos enunciados de (i) e (ii), nos quais a ordem entre AP e PP (Complemento Nominal) e obrigatoriamente N + AP + PP, sendo excluida a ordem N + PP + AP: (i) O livro [AP amarelo] [PP de linguistica] ... (ii) *O livro [PP de linguistica] [AP amarelo] ...

1. Introdução Neste artigo, propomo-nos comparar os mecanismos de formação de frases relativas restritivas que envolvem extracção de sintagmas preposicionais (PPs) nos crioulos de base lexical portuguesa em África e nas variedades do português, analisando os pontos de convergência e de divergência entre estes. As estratégias relativas têm sido amplamente analisadas na literatura sobre as variedades de português L1, a saber, o português europeu (PE) e o português brasileiro (PB) (e.g., Tarallo 1985; Brito 1991; Kato 1993; Peres & Móia 1995; Kato et al. 1996; Alexandre 2000, Kenedy 2007) e de forma mais incipiente para o português L1 ou L2 nos diferentes países de língua oficial portuguesa em África (para o português de Moçambique (PM), Chimbutane 1996; Gonçalves 1996; Gonçalves & Stroud 1998; Brito 2001, 2002; para o português de Angola (PA), Chavagne 2005; para o português de Cabo Verde (PCV) e São Tomé e Príncipe (PST), Alexandre, Gonçalves & Hagemeijer 2011). As estratégias de rel...

Resumo: Em comparacao com outras linguas naturais, as linguas crioulas tem a especificidade de serem linguas de formacao recente. Diversos autores, como por exemplo Bickerton (e.g. 1981, 1984) e McWhorter (e.g. 1998, 2001, 2005) consideram, embora sob um prisma distinto, que a historia social ‘especial’ dos crioulos tem como contrapartida o facto de estas linguas apresentarem um leque de propriedades linguisticas comuns. A nossa comunicacao incide sobre os crioulos de base lexical portuguesa da Alta Guine e do Golfo da Guine, que constituem duas familias linguisticas distintas, de formacao independente, e tem por objectivo mostrar tendencias de convergencia e de divergencia a nivel da estrutura sintactica. *** Abstract: Compared to other natural languages, creole languages are specific in the sense that they are young languages. Several authors, such as Bickerton (e.g. 1981, 1984) and McWhorter (e.g. 1998, 2001, 2005) consider, albeit in distinct ways, that the ‘special’ social hist...

1. Introdução Partindo de algumas análises no quadro da Gramática Generativa das construções que envolvem movimento-A’, como as orações relativas, interrogativas e clivadas, e que têm sido feitas para o Português Europeu (PE) e para o Português Brasileiro (PB), o objectivo deste artigo é apresentar dados do Crioulo de Cabo Verde (CCV – variante de Santiago) que mostram que esta língua de base lexical portuguesa disponibiliza estratégias semelhantes às variedades do Português referidas, convergindo e/ou divergindo daquelas em alguns aspectos. Pretende-se ainda chamar a atenção para o facto de, nas construções e línguas em estudo, parecer haver gramáticas em competição, condicionada pelos traços de que/ki, deixando aos falantes a opção de escolha de uma delas.