Books by Cláudia Castelo
Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2007
Books (Editor) by Cláudia Castelo
Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2012
A Casa dos Estudantes do Império (1944-1965) tem sido sobretudo «revisitada» por antigos associad... more A Casa dos Estudantes do Império (1944-1965) tem sido sobretudo «revisitada» por antigos associados, num exercício de rememoração do passado. No período pós-colonial, foi transformada num espaço de memória, apropriado e reconfigurado tanto por quem combateu a ditadura como pelos que lutaram pelas independências africanas. «Casa dos Estudantes do Império: Dinâmicas Coloniais, Conexões Transnacionais» oferece um outro olhar baseado no conhecimento resultante dos contributos da história e de outras ciências sociais e humanas, assumindo, portanto, a necessidade de questionar as narrativas lineares e celebratórias da Casa. Enquadrando-a no contexto histórico nacional, colonial e internacional, este livro apresenta estudos inéditos sobre aspetos que ainda não tinham sido alvo de análise, como a caracterização sociodemográfica da massa associativa ou o «zoom in» aos sócios goeses. Aprofunda ainda as articulações entre política e produção literária, por um lado, e entre política e atividade desportiva, por outro. Avalia a participação de alguns dos estudantes africanos que se encontraram em Lisboa na circulação global de ideias, textos e práticas contra o colonialismo. O livro inclui ainda três ensaios que concorrem para dar conta da história de associações de estudantes africanos noutras metrópoles imperiais e numa antiga colónia francesa, alargando ainda mais o referencial geográfico e cronológico em estudo. O posfácio aponta novos caminhos de pesquisa capazes de inserir a Casa numa história transnacional dos movimentos estudantis anticoloniais.
Books Chapters by Cláudia Castelo
Martin Thomas, and Gareth Curless (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Late Colonial Insurgencies and Counter-Insurgencies, 2023
The aim of this chapter is to present a case study of a particular instance of colonial fieldwork... more The aim of this chapter is to present a case study of a particular instance of colonial fieldwork to explain why and how social knowledge was first produced and then not applied in the forced resettlement conducted in the Niassa district, in Mozambique’s far north-west, bordering Malawi and Tanzania, during the Portuguese counter-insurgency campaign against the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO). The chapter will explore the Portuguese civil and military authorities’ development discourse and practice as it concerned the inhabitants of the Niassa region. Of particular interest is the work of a female geographer, Raquel Soeiro de Brito (b. 1925), who was a professor at the Advanced Institute of Social Sciences and Overseas Policy (Lisbon Technical University) and researcher at the Mission for the Study of Portuguese Overseas Physical and Human Geography (Portuguese Overseas Research Board). Soeiro de Brito carried out fieldwork in the Niassa plateau and lakeshore before and during the war, her studies focused on the Yao and the Nianja people.
Caminhos e diálogos da Antropologia portuguesa: Homenagem a Benjamim Pereira, editado por Saraiva, Clara; Durand, Jean-Yves; Botelho, João Alpuim, 2014
Com base numa entrevista a Benjamim Enes Pereira (Montedor, 6-7 de novembro de 2009) e em fontes ... more Com base numa entrevista a Benjamim Enes Pereira (Montedor, 6-7 de novembro de 2009) e em fontes de arquivo e impressas, apresenta-se a visão do entrevistado sobre as atividades da equipa de Jorge Dias, no Centro de Estudos de Antropologia Cultural e no Museu de Etnologia do Ultramar (depois Museu de Etnologia), enquadrada do ponto de vista político e institucional.
Science, Technology and Medicine in the Making of Lisbon (1840-1940), 2022
Since the early twentieth century, two contiguous and interrelated institutions inscribed colonia... more Since the early twentieth century, two contiguous and interrelated institutions inscribed colonial landscapes and commodities in the Belém’s neighborhood: the Colonial Agricultural Garden (1912) and the Colonial Agricultural Museum (1929). These scientific institutions served as colonial laboratories in the capital of the empire, places of study and training of colonial agriculture and forestry engineers, and loci of propaganda of the economic potentialities of the Portuguese colonies. The garden and the museum were also the setting for the colonial section of the Portuguese World Exhibition in 1940, where the diversity and wealth of the Portuguese Empire – nature, people, products and achievements – were at display for millions of visitors.
This chapter discusses the role and place of these scientific institutions within Lisbon at different geographic scales. It addresses the conditions of colonial knowledge production and circulation, the social relations of experts, workers, students and visitors that permeated the garden and the museum, and the interactions with the city’s dynamics and representations as an imperial metropolis. It argues that its location updated and reinforced Belém’s imperial “memory complex” adding a new scientific dimension to it: the agriculture sciences as a promise of future – through the rational development of the colonial economies – next to vestiges of the past maritime discoveries.
Não nos deixemos petrificar: reflexões no centenário do nascimento de Victor de Sá, 2021
Este ensaio retoma os itinerários planeados e percorridos pelo cientista social brasileiro
Gilb... more Este ensaio retoma os itinerários planeados e percorridos pelo cientista social brasileiro
Gilberto Freyre no império colonial português, entre outubro de 1951 e janeiro
de 1952. No decorrer da viagem, Freyre apresentou o conceito de luso-tropicalismo,
que o regime do Estado Novo português viria a reutilizar para fins político-ideológicos,
interna e externamente, nos anos seguintes, com o acordo ou tolerância da
Oposição democrática, e que continuou a ecoar na sociedade portuguesa, após o fim
da ditadura e do colonialismo, até aos nossos dias1. Da visita resultaram dois livros:
Um Brasileiro em terras portuguesas e Aventura e rotina (ambos de 1953). O primeiro,
como o subtítulo esclarece, pretende ser uma «introdução a uma possível luso-tropicologia», acompanhada de conferências e discursos proferidos durante o percurso.
O segundo é uma espécie de diário da viagem realizada «à procura das constantes
portuguesas de carácter e acção»
Ciência, Tecnologia e Medicina na Construção de Portugal, 2021
The chapter discusses the relation between the Estado Novo (the Portuguese dictatorship) and the ... more The chapter discusses the relation between the Estado Novo (the Portuguese dictatorship) and the scientific field for the reinvigoration and preservation of the Portuguese colonial empire in the era of decolonisation. Using the archival sources of the Portuguese Overseas Ministry and the Portuguese Overseas Research Board, it traces the Board’s institutional and political evolution, and identifies and analyses three political-scientific agendas that in post Second World War determined the research in and about the Portuguese colonies: the developmental, the inter-imperial and international cooperation,
and the nationalist (the most ancient and persistent one).
The creation of missions to perform fieldwork in the colonies in both natural and social sciences is interpreted at the light of those agendas. It turns out that, in addition to the Overseas Research Board, the Overseas Development Plans or the Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of Sahara (CCTA) were among the crucial sites for observing the entanglements of expertise and empire. The Overseas Research Board response to the requests from foreign researchers to enter the Portuguese colonies reveals how ideology and political anxieties could prevail over the supposedly universal value of sci‑
ence. I argue that the Portuguese state used scientific knowledge produced on the ground to boost the colonial developmental agenda shared with the other European colonial empires in the post-war period, and during the colonial wars acknowledged the experts’ role in the “battle for development”. Portugal’s participation the inter-imperial and international scientific and technical cooperation was a way of the country projects itself in a time of increasing anti-colonial contestation, in particular in the United Nations. In turn, field sciences tried to generate useful knowledge to sustain colonial development planning and policies and Portuguese diplomacy efforts vis-à-vis the anti-colo‑nial pressures, while still highlighting the limits of colonialism. Scientists were able to take advantage of both the demand arising from state developmental
policy and the opportunities enhanced by inter-imperial cooperation to access the field, launch research projects, join international networks, and strengthen their disciplinary areas.
D.J. Money, and D. van Zyl-Hermann (eds.), Rethinking white societies in Southern Africa: 1930s–1990s, 2020
This chapter discusses the place, image and experience of the Portuguese settlers sent by the Por... more This chapter discusses the place, image and experience of the Portuguese settlers sent by the Portuguese Estado Novo dictatorship to colonatos (state-sponsored rural settlements) in Angola (Cela and Cunene) and Mozambique (Limpopo) during the 1950s and 1960s. Trying to contribute to a more comprehensive vision of the white settler societies in “Portuguese Africa”, the research mobilises a wide range of primary sources (archival, printed and oral sources), of different nature and provenience (scientific publications, official discourses, newspapers and propaganda material). The Portuguese settlers came from different places and social classes in the metropole and, in Africa, formed a heterogeneous community with an a priori superior status than the Africans. The rural settlers established in the colonatos were only a tiny portion of the white population and did not corresponded to the expectations that the imperial state put on them – people who were attached to the land and hard-working and were a model of civilisation to the Africans. The majority of the Portuguese settlers, living in the main cities and working in the third sector, did not want to be confused with their rural, poor and illiterate countrymen, sometimes perceived as equal to the natives.
Borges, P; Freudenthal, A; Madeiros, T; Pedro, H (Ed.), Mensagem. Número Especial 1994-1995. Lisboa: Associação Casa dos Estudantes do Império, 1997
Retornar: traços de memória do fim do Império, coord. Elsa Peralta, Bruno Góis, Joana Gonçalo Oliveira, 2017
Luso-tropicalism and its discontents: The making and unmaking of racial exceptionalism, 2019
Os Outros da Colonização: Ensaios sobre o colonialismo tardio em Moçambique, 2012
No pós-II Guerra Mundial e sobretudo ao longo dos anos 60, Mo-çambique conheceu um desenvolviment... more No pós-II Guerra Mundial e sobretudo ao longo dos anos 60, Mo-çambique conheceu um desenvolvimento económico sem precedentes. Paralelamente ao forte investimento em grandes obras públicas e na mo-dernização da colónia, é finalmente concretizado um projecto antigo de colonização agrícola de feição ruralista, tradicionalista e conservadora. O presente capítulo tem como objecto de estudo o projecto de colonização agrícola dirigida levado a cabo pelo Estado Novo português, a partir de meados da década de 1950, no vale do Limpopo, no Sul de Moçambique. Interessa-nos perceber que modelo de colonização se quis instaurar, quem eram os colonos oriundos do continente e ilhas trans-portados para aquele colonato, o que representavam do ponto de vista do Estado colonial, que expectativas foram criadas em torno da sua presença no território, como eram vistos pela comunidade de colonos e pelas populações autóctones. Brancos nascidos na metrópole, cidadãos portugueses, estavam sujeitos ao direito público e privado da república portuguesa. Em Moçambique, a sua condição de cidadãos metropolitanos devia garantir-lhes automaticamente lugar privilegiado no seio da sociedade colonial. Em termos políticos, sociais, culturais e simbólicos, faziam parte do grupo dos civilizados, cuja superioridade relativamente aos indígenas não era sequer questionada. Porém, uma análise mais atenta não deixa de evidenciar que os colonos mobilizados para os colonatos oficiais ocupavam um lugar sui generis no seio dos chamados colonizadores. Apesar de toda a retórica, propaganda e idealização do colono rural, este foi sempre minoritário...
Garcia, J. L.; Kaul, C.; Subtil, F.; Santos , A. (ed). Media and Portuguese Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. , 2017
O império da visão: fotografia no contexto colonial português, 2014
Developing Africa Concepts and practices in twentieth-century colonialism, Sep 2014
This chapter examines the shifting contours and ambiguities of African development discourses dur... more This chapter examines the shifting contours and ambiguities of African development discourses during the Estado Novo, 2 in order to include the Portuguese case in the international debate on the colonial roots of development narratives. 3 Special attention is given to development ideas raised around Angola and Mozambique. In addition to being the two most signifi cant territories of the Portuguese empire, both politically and economically, they also became areas of white settlement. This last characteristic held strong sway in the development model that the regime devised for those colonies. Although this text will give priority to the perspectives and strategies of the Portuguese state, it will also refl ect on the views of experts. The study is based on political documents, such as governmental statements (namely of Ministers of Colonies/Ministers of Overseas Provinces and colonial offi cials), parliamentary debates, colonial legislation, Development Plans (Planos de Fomento); and on scientifi c surveys and reports, especially of the Overseas Provinces Research Board (Junta de Invest igações do Ultramar, JIU). Before proceeding, it is important to explain that in Portuguese there are two different words that can be used to refer to development: desenvolvimento (that may also be translated as growth) and fomento (that may also be translated as promotion or support). They both may signify an act and an effect. The word fomento is a word of Latin origin-fomentum ('material to feed the fi re')-and is derived from the Latin word fovere (keep warm; favour, cherish). 4 It means, in particular, an 'act or effect of promoting the development or progress of something'. 5 Other dictionaries describe it as 'government action aimed at facilitating the development of a country, region or economic sector: agricultural development', 6 or simply as 'development (of material progress, by the governments' benefi cial action)'. 7 During the Estado Novo, fomento was the word more often used in the political discourse to signify development produced by the state,
Paula Godinho (coord.), Usos da Memória e Práticas do Património. Lisboa: Edições Colibri., 2012
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Books by Cláudia Castelo
Books (Editor) by Cláudia Castelo
Books Chapters by Cláudia Castelo
This chapter discusses the role and place of these scientific institutions within Lisbon at different geographic scales. It addresses the conditions of colonial knowledge production and circulation, the social relations of experts, workers, students and visitors that permeated the garden and the museum, and the interactions with the city’s dynamics and representations as an imperial metropolis. It argues that its location updated and reinforced Belém’s imperial “memory complex” adding a new scientific dimension to it: the agriculture sciences as a promise of future – through the rational development of the colonial economies – next to vestiges of the past maritime discoveries.
Gilberto Freyre no império colonial português, entre outubro de 1951 e janeiro
de 1952. No decorrer da viagem, Freyre apresentou o conceito de luso-tropicalismo,
que o regime do Estado Novo português viria a reutilizar para fins político-ideológicos,
interna e externamente, nos anos seguintes, com o acordo ou tolerância da
Oposição democrática, e que continuou a ecoar na sociedade portuguesa, após o fim
da ditadura e do colonialismo, até aos nossos dias1. Da visita resultaram dois livros:
Um Brasileiro em terras portuguesas e Aventura e rotina (ambos de 1953). O primeiro,
como o subtítulo esclarece, pretende ser uma «introdução a uma possível luso-tropicologia», acompanhada de conferências e discursos proferidos durante o percurso.
O segundo é uma espécie de diário da viagem realizada «à procura das constantes
portuguesas de carácter e acção»
and the nationalist (the most ancient and persistent one).
The creation of missions to perform fieldwork in the colonies in both natural and social sciences is interpreted at the light of those agendas. It turns out that, in addition to the Overseas Research Board, the Overseas Development Plans or the Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of Sahara (CCTA) were among the crucial sites for observing the entanglements of expertise and empire. The Overseas Research Board response to the requests from foreign researchers to enter the Portuguese colonies reveals how ideology and political anxieties could prevail over the supposedly universal value of sci‑
ence. I argue that the Portuguese state used scientific knowledge produced on the ground to boost the colonial developmental agenda shared with the other European colonial empires in the post-war period, and during the colonial wars acknowledged the experts’ role in the “battle for development”. Portugal’s participation the inter-imperial and international scientific and technical cooperation was a way of the country projects itself in a time of increasing anti-colonial contestation, in particular in the United Nations. In turn, field sciences tried to generate useful knowledge to sustain colonial development planning and policies and Portuguese diplomacy efforts vis-à-vis the anti-colo‑nial pressures, while still highlighting the limits of colonialism. Scientists were able to take advantage of both the demand arising from state developmental
policy and the opportunities enhanced by inter-imperial cooperation to access the field, launch research projects, join international networks, and strengthen their disciplinary areas.
This chapter discusses the role and place of these scientific institutions within Lisbon at different geographic scales. It addresses the conditions of colonial knowledge production and circulation, the social relations of experts, workers, students and visitors that permeated the garden and the museum, and the interactions with the city’s dynamics and representations as an imperial metropolis. It argues that its location updated and reinforced Belém’s imperial “memory complex” adding a new scientific dimension to it: the agriculture sciences as a promise of future – through the rational development of the colonial economies – next to vestiges of the past maritime discoveries.
Gilberto Freyre no império colonial português, entre outubro de 1951 e janeiro
de 1952. No decorrer da viagem, Freyre apresentou o conceito de luso-tropicalismo,
que o regime do Estado Novo português viria a reutilizar para fins político-ideológicos,
interna e externamente, nos anos seguintes, com o acordo ou tolerância da
Oposição democrática, e que continuou a ecoar na sociedade portuguesa, após o fim
da ditadura e do colonialismo, até aos nossos dias1. Da visita resultaram dois livros:
Um Brasileiro em terras portuguesas e Aventura e rotina (ambos de 1953). O primeiro,
como o subtítulo esclarece, pretende ser uma «introdução a uma possível luso-tropicologia», acompanhada de conferências e discursos proferidos durante o percurso.
O segundo é uma espécie de diário da viagem realizada «à procura das constantes
portuguesas de carácter e acção»
and the nationalist (the most ancient and persistent one).
The creation of missions to perform fieldwork in the colonies in both natural and social sciences is interpreted at the light of those agendas. It turns out that, in addition to the Overseas Research Board, the Overseas Development Plans or the Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of Sahara (CCTA) were among the crucial sites for observing the entanglements of expertise and empire. The Overseas Research Board response to the requests from foreign researchers to enter the Portuguese colonies reveals how ideology and political anxieties could prevail over the supposedly universal value of sci‑
ence. I argue that the Portuguese state used scientific knowledge produced on the ground to boost the colonial developmental agenda shared with the other European colonial empires in the post-war period, and during the colonial wars acknowledged the experts’ role in the “battle for development”. Portugal’s participation the inter-imperial and international scientific and technical cooperation was a way of the country projects itself in a time of increasing anti-colonial contestation, in particular in the United Nations. In turn, field sciences tried to generate useful knowledge to sustain colonial development planning and policies and Portuguese diplomacy efforts vis-à-vis the anti-colo‑nial pressures, while still highlighting the limits of colonialism. Scientists were able to take advantage of both the demand arising from state developmental
policy and the opportunities enhanced by inter-imperial cooperation to access the field, launch research projects, join international networks, and strengthen their disciplinary areas.
Keywords
Colonial garden; Colonial Agriculture Museum; Colonial exhibition; “Human zoo”; Portugal.
Resumo
O Jardim Botânico Tropical (JBT), situado em Belém, Lisboa, assemelha-se a uma estação arqueológica com várias camadas a descoberto, mas em plano horizontal. Ali é possível distinguir vestígios patrimoniais dos séculos XVII ao XX, entre os quais "restos" da secção colonial da Exposição do Mundo Português, o grande evento de propaganda do Estado Novo português realizado em plena Segunda Guerra Mundial. Embora o JBT tenha estado sob a dependência do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical entre a década de 1980 e 2015, e desde então faça parte da Universidade de Lisboa, estas instituições não promoveram uma reflexão pública sobre a sua história e legado coloniais. Este artigo propõe uma abordagem crítica daquele espaço baseada na análise dos processos de simulação e dissimulação do último império português que ali ocorreram e ainda ocorrem, descortinando, em particular, a camada histórica de 1940.
Palavras-chave
Jardim Colonial; Museu Agrícola Colonial; Exposição colonial; “Zoo humano”; Portugal.
the European colonial powers to the scientific interest of the United Nations and North-American academic circles
in Africa, the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara (CCTA) paid particular attention
to social studies, establishing a research agenda parallel to that of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Based on the diplomatic and scientific colonial archives, the article analyzes the
activity of the CCTA in that domain and, above all, the Portuguese participation in these dynamics, determining the
relative importance of the country in their promotion and their reflexes in the field of social sciences in Portugal.
permitiria aceder ao campo científico. Para esse facto, também contribuiu a rede de relações privilegiadas que mantinha no campo político. O artigo destaca a influência do antropólogo australiano A. P. Elkin no interesse de Cinatti por uma antropologia aplicada ao desenvolvimento e promoção cultural dos timorenses. A debilidade
da antropologia cultural e social em Portugal (ausência de institucionalização e escassez de profissionais) e o descrédito que lhe merece o trabalho do antropólogo físico António de Almeida levam Cinatti a promover ou favorecer a entrada e o trabalho de campo intensivo de antropólogos franceses e anglo-saxónicos no território, sob uma suposta tutela da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. O Estado-império português, acossado pela crescente contestação ao colonialismo e pelas guerras de libertação em África, subscreveu a
sua estratégia como forma de garantir a “ocupação científica” de Timor, a prioridade nacional e a credibilidade do país na cena internacional.
In this article we follow the life story of Ruy Cinatti, a poet, agronomist
and (since 1958) ethnologist, who lived a few years in Portuguese Timor
and contributed to the opening of the territory to modern social and
cultural anthropology. As an amateur naturalist and collector, he established an international scientific network and built a statute of authority, which would allow him to access the scientific field. To this fact also contributed the network of privileged relations that he
maintained in the political field. The paper highlights the influence of the
Australian anthropologist A. P. Elkin in Cinatti’s interest for an applied
anthropology to the welfare of the Timorese. The weakness of cultural and social anthropology in Portugal (lack of institutionalization and shortage of professionals) and the discredit that the work of the physical anthropologist António de Almeida deserved led Cinatti to promote or favour the entrance and intensive fieldwork of French and Anglo-
Saxon anthropologists in the territory, under a supposed guardianship of the Board of Portuguese Overseas Research. The Portuguese empire, facing growing opposition to colonialism and the wars of liberation in Africa, endorsed his strategy as a way of guaranteeing Timor’s
“scientific occupation”, national priority and credibility on the international stage.
from the late nineteenth century to the end of empire, and the spatial
focus including Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique and Goa, provide examples of the current state of the art of archival fieldwork and memory related research on the ‘modern’ and ‘late’ Portuguese colonial empire and its populations.