FSLE

1] The Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) onboard the ENVISAT satellite provides for the first time a global view on stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO). Here we focus on a 10 day period in September 2002. The BrO retrievals are compared with modeled BrO profiles, based on estimated inorganic bromine (Br y ) from CFC-11 retrievals by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on ENVISAT and the calculated BrO/ Br y ratio from a photochemical model constrained by SCIAMACHY NO 2 retrievals. The BrO observations are broadly consistent with our current understanding of stratospheric bromine chemistry and a total stratospheric bromine loading of 18 ± 3 pptv. Comparisons between the measured stratospheric BrO column and the simultaneously measured total BrO column from SCIAMACHY nadir observations suggest an average global background tropospheric BrO mixing ratio of 1.0 ± 0.5 pptv.

Retrievals of stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) profiles from two years of limb measurements from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard ENVISAT are analysed and a global climatology of stratospheric BrO is prepared. A comparison of the SCIAMACHY BrO retrievals with a set of four balloon-borne BrO profiles shows mean relative differences in the altitude range from 18 to 30 km between +17% and -42%. The SCIAMACHY BrO observations provide for the first time a picture of the seasonal variation of stratospheric BrO on a global scale. At mid-latitudes of both hemispheres BrO shows a strong seasonal cycle with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. The seasonal variation of BrO is closely correlated with changes in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), confirming our present understanding of gas phase bromine chemistry. Using the SCIAMACHY BrO observations together with the calculated bromine partitioning from a photochemical model constrained by the SCIAMACHY NO 2 observations, the total stratospheric bromine loading is estimated to be 18.5±4 pptv. This indicates a contribution of about 3.5±4 pptv from short lived bromine species in addition to methyl bromide and the halons.

Bourgeois critique of cultural happenings, have been the standard that has been maintained, whether or not it is morally progressive, but the times seem to be a-changing. Modern political repression has lead changing power structures and the prosperity to attack certain classes for what is looked at as sins of their pasts.

Family feuds brings out the best in people. It is one thing to war against forces that are alien to you, but it takes true strength to destroy all that you owe allegiance to. To that end it may be right when Freud said that the world revolved around sex.

The Middle East is in disarray and three countries at the very least stand on the brink of possible extinction. This is the result of many factors, and one of them is the Islamic State (IS). With Baghdadi at its helm, the Islamic State has managed to reinvent itself as the perfect foil to the democracies of the West, completely rejecting the liberal values that are held so dear by the West.

To understand how exactly to deal with a variable like IS, it becomes important to not just understand it as a symptom and treat it as such, but to go beyond the purely physical manifestation of it and to understand it as the result of the varied social process that resulted in the revolutionary group. While this research paper does not follow revolutionary groups in general, it does attempt to make sense of the phenomenon of the Assassins and the Islamic State as being comparable.

The constraints that sub- national insurgent groups face vis- a vis the dominant state that they desire to rebel/ fight against is, as I do argue, fairly uniform even if examined across a thousand years. This means that there are certain inherent weaknesses and strengths that groups such as the Zealots, the Assassins and the Islamic State share, as a result of their strategic positioning in society. It is this generality that I propose is a promising field of study that will yield dividends in understanding terrorist groups, in the modern age, as arising from a certain primordial space in society that is reserved for anger, frustration and resentment against the powers that be, and not just viewing them as a “physical” phenomenon that can be dealt with the right concentration of force capabilities.

Human nature is such that if anything can be misunderstood, it will. This is true for something as mundane as a film and as arcane as religion. That, ironically, also is the saving grace of humanity: interpretation. If it wasn't something that enlightenment thinkers resorted to, the world would be quite a different place today. Liberalism as a theory of International Relations, has to be understood historically, with the beginning of enlightenment thought and the glorious idea of liberty and freedom for all.

Romulus and Remus built Rome. Julius Caesar watched over Imperial Rome. Nero watched it burn. Caesar had the fortune of being interred with his ancestors in the mess of the afterlife , before Rome was taken apart bit by bit, at the hands of reagents and barbarians. Alexander conquered the world, only to die, rather cruelly, before he knew that he had been crowned the conqueror of Kings. Power and the changing of power between the hands of individuals who claim to wield It, is the cruelest irony of life and it is this gambit that the most antiquated theory of International Relations (Henceforth called IR, the discipline, unless there needs to be some further explanation on my own part) hopes to explain as being the biggest arbiter of relations. Realism as a theory did not come from one particular source and did not arise from one particular period of time. European generals, advisors of Kings of the Asian subcontinent, disgraced Florentinian statesmen and Cranky old Chinese masters have all written historical treatise that have been called " realism " and continue to be the reason that a large number of realist theorists see the realist school as being the ultimate form of expression of international relations.

The hugely influential theorist Karl Heinrich Marx was born into a middle class Jewish household within the borders of Germany on the 5 th of May 1818. He would go on to write a series of heavily reviewed books that would spark off a polar method of governance that would be either loved or hated. His criticism of the burgeoning machine that is capitalistic society was insightful at its best and hopelessly ideological at other times.