There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human developm... more There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human development indicators. In this setting, this paper aims to examine the effects and evolution of unequal opportunities on the distribution of human development indicators embodied by monetary well-being (consumption) and education in Tunisia for the period 2005-2010. We used parametric and non-parametric approach in addition to Dissimilarity-Index and Shapley's Decomposition to identify most important factors explaining inequality of chances in Tunisia. We found that Father's education, residence area, and connection to drinking water appears to be the most important background variables affecting well-being profile. However, child's sex appears to be the most important determinant of the accessibility to education. Inequality of opportunity in consumption and education persists and tends to increase over time which is undesirable for the country. As an economic implication of our results, policy makers must make appropriate policies to reduce intergenerational transmission of parental background and sex discrimination and to overcome traps of inequality for future generations
Building on the current literature that increasingly recognizes inequality of opportunity among c... more Building on the current literature that increasingly recognizes inequality of opportunity among children, this paper analyzes to what extent access to basic education and core services is influenced by family and individual background factors in Tunisia. The analysis uses the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) methodology developed recently at the World Bank, and micro data from the National Survey on Households' Budget, Consumption and Standard of Living (HBCLS) for 2010. The main contribution of the study is its in-depth investigation of the key factors affecting child development in Tunisia. The results reveal large and persistent interregional and intra-regional disparities among children, mainly in pre-secondary school enrollment and access to safe water and sanitation services. Such inequalities of opportunity, obviously shown between inland and littoral regions, are found to be driven mainly by geographic factors and parents^education and wealth. These findings may have important policy implications in term of developing better-targeted interventions aiming to reduce inequality in accessing basic services.
The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively c... more The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively correlated with the physical and psychological development of households, threatening its survival and influencing its social and professional opportunities and well-being in adulthood. Therefore, investing in all forms of child deprivation and combating all forms of deprivation are ways of overcoming the social problems and impasses of inequalities and combating transmissible poverty between generations. In this paper, we try to study the effects of the inequality of opportunity in access to basic public services in Tunisia. We applied the dissimilarity index for the basic education for children at school age and for housing services. Significant imbalances of inequality still persisting in rural areas and regional disparities have been detected between coastal and inland regions of Tunisia even after the revolution. Without appropriate policy intervention, there are a few chances for the next generation to overcome this trap of inequality.
This paper tries to quantify the extent of inequality of opportunity between Tunisian active popu... more This paper tries to quantify the extent of inequality of opportunity between Tunisian active populations when a number of labor market outcomes are affected by circumstances beyond individuals “control. Using recent Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey, we firstly assess origins of differences in the occupation rate then we distinguish between formal and informal jobs finally we apply the parametric approach to explain dissimilarity in household wages. The Circumstances explain more than 22% of wage inequality and “household wealth”’ is the most contributive variable explaining inequality. The Tunisian labor market suffers from inequalities that are passed down from generation to generation. Without appropriate public policy intervention reducing corruption and cronyism, it will be bad repercussion in the political and social stability in Tunisia.
Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introdu... more Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introducing aldehyde crosslinker during the regeneration process. The cellulose source material was derived from kenaf core powder and dissolved in LiOH/urea solvent at −13 °C to form a cellulose solution. The cellulose solution was cast and coagulated in a crosslinker bath at different percentages of glutaraldehyde (GA) and glyoxal (GX) to form a regenerated cellulose film. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, the hydroxyl group of the cellulose was reduced, reducing the percentage of swelling as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystallinity index of the crosslinked film was decreased. The pore size of the films decreased as the percentage of crosslinker was increased, resulting in decreased film transparency. The pore volume and percentage of swelling in water of the films also increased with decreases in the pore size as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. The tensile strengths of the GA-and GX-crosslinked films increased by 20 and 15% with the addition of 20% of each crosslinker, respectively.
Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introdu... more Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introducing aldehyde crosslinker during the regeneration process. The cellulose source material was derived from kenaf core powder and dissolved in LiOH/urea solvent at −13 °C to form a cellulose solution. The cellulose solution was cast and coagulated in a crosslinker bath at different percentages of glutaraldehyde (GA) and glyoxal (GX) to form a regenerated cellulose film. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, the hydroxyl group of the cellulose was reduced, reducing the percentage of swelling as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystallinity index of the crosslinked film was decreased. The pore size of the films decreased as the percentage of crosslinker was increased, resulting in decreased film transparency. The pore volume and percentage of swelling in water of the films also increased with decreases in the pore size as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. The tensile strengths of the GA-and GX-crosslinked films increased by 20 and 15% with the addition of 20% of each crosslinker, respectively.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to selfarchive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to selfarchive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human developm... more There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human development indicators. In this setting, this paper aims to examine the effects and evolution of unequal opportunities on the distribution of human development indicators embodied by monetary well-being (consumption) and education in Tunisia for the period 2005-2010. We used parametric and non parametric approach in addition to Dissimilarity-Index and Shapley's Decomposition to identify most important factors explaining inequality of chances in Tunisia. We found that Father's education, residence area, and connection to drinking water appears to be the most important background variables affecting well-being profile. However, child's sex appears to be the most important determinant of the accessibility to education. Inequality of opportunity in consumption and education persists and tends to increase over time which is undesirable for the country. As an economic implication of our results, policy makers must make appropriate policies to reduce intergenerational transmission of parental background and sex discrimination and to overcome traps of inequality for future generations.
The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively c... more The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively correlated with the physical and psychological development of households, threatening its survival and influencing its social and professional opportunities and well-being in adulthood. Therefore, investing in all forms of child deprivation and combating all forms of deprivation is a way of overcoming the social problems and impasses of inequalities and combating transmissible poverty between generations. In this paper, we try to study the effects of the inequality of opportunity in access to basic public services in Tunisia. We applied the dissimilarity index for the basic education for children at school age and for housing services. Significant imbalances of inequality still persisting in rural areas and regional disparities, have been detected between coastal and inland regions of Tunisia even after the revolution. Without appropriate policy intervention, there are a few chances for the next generation to overcome this trap of inequality.
Background: The early years in children's life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, ... more Background: The early years in children's life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, socio-emotional skills development. So, it is of paramount importance in this period to be interested in different indicators that would influence the child's health.
There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human developm... more There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human development indicators. In this setting, this paper aims to examine the effects and evolution of unequal opportunities on the distribution of human development indicators embodied by monetary well-being (consumption) and education in Tunisia for the period 2005-2010. We used parametric and non-parametric approach in addition to Dissimilarity-Index and Shapley's Decomposition to identify most important factors explaining inequality of chances in Tunisia. We found that Father's education, residence area, and connection to drinking water appears to be the most important background variables affecting well-being profile. However, child's sex appears to be the most important determinant of the accessibility to education. Inequality of opportunity in consumption and education persists and tends to increase over time which is undesirable for the country. As an economic implication of our results, policy makers must make appropriate policies to reduce intergenerational transmission of parental background and sex discrimination and to overcome traps of inequality for future generations
Building on the current literature that increasingly recognizes inequality of opportunity among c... more Building on the current literature that increasingly recognizes inequality of opportunity among children, this paper analyzes to what extent access to basic education and core services is influenced by family and individual background factors in Tunisia. The analysis uses the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) methodology developed recently at the World Bank, and micro data from the National Survey on Households' Budget, Consumption and Standard of Living (HBCLS) for 2010. The main contribution of the study is its in-depth investigation of the key factors affecting child development in Tunisia. The results reveal large and persistent interregional and intra-regional disparities among children, mainly in pre-secondary school enrollment and access to safe water and sanitation services. Such inequalities of opportunity, obviously shown between inland and littoral regions, are found to be driven mainly by geographic factors and parents^education and wealth. These findings may have important policy implications in term of developing better-targeted interventions aiming to reduce inequality in accessing basic services.
The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively c... more The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively correlated with the physical and psychological development of households, threatening its survival and influencing its social and professional opportunities and well-being in adulthood. Therefore, investing in all forms of child deprivation and combating all forms of deprivation are ways of overcoming the social problems and impasses of inequalities and combating transmissible poverty between generations. In this paper, we try to study the effects of the inequality of opportunity in access to basic public services in Tunisia. We applied the dissimilarity index for the basic education for children at school age and for housing services. Significant imbalances of inequality still persisting in rural areas and regional disparities have been detected between coastal and inland regions of Tunisia even after the revolution. Without appropriate policy intervention, there are a few chances for the next generation to overcome this trap of inequality.
This paper tries to quantify the extent of inequality of opportunity between Tunisian active popu... more This paper tries to quantify the extent of inequality of opportunity between Tunisian active populations when a number of labor market outcomes are affected by circumstances beyond individuals “control. Using recent Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey, we firstly assess origins of differences in the occupation rate then we distinguish between formal and informal jobs finally we apply the parametric approach to explain dissimilarity in household wages. The Circumstances explain more than 22% of wage inequality and “household wealth”’ is the most contributive variable explaining inequality. The Tunisian labor market suffers from inequalities that are passed down from generation to generation. Without appropriate public policy intervention reducing corruption and cronyism, it will be bad repercussion in the political and social stability in Tunisia.
Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introdu... more Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introducing aldehyde crosslinker during the regeneration process. The cellulose source material was derived from kenaf core powder and dissolved in LiOH/urea solvent at −13 °C to form a cellulose solution. The cellulose solution was cast and coagulated in a crosslinker bath at different percentages of glutaraldehyde (GA) and glyoxal (GX) to form a regenerated cellulose film. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, the hydroxyl group of the cellulose was reduced, reducing the percentage of swelling as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystallinity index of the crosslinked film was decreased. The pore size of the films decreased as the percentage of crosslinker was increased, resulting in decreased film transparency. The pore volume and percentage of swelling in water of the films also increased with decreases in the pore size as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. The tensile strengths of the GA-and GX-crosslinked films increased by 20 and 15% with the addition of 20% of each crosslinker, respectively.
Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introdu... more Regenerated cellulose film with better mechanical properties was successfully produced by introducing aldehyde crosslinker during the regeneration process. The cellulose source material was derived from kenaf core powder and dissolved in LiOH/urea solvent at −13 °C to form a cellulose solution. The cellulose solution was cast and coagulated in a crosslinker bath at different percentages of glutaraldehyde (GA) and glyoxal (GX) to form a regenerated cellulose film. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, the hydroxyl group of the cellulose was reduced, reducing the percentage of swelling as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the crystallinity index of the crosslinked film was decreased. The pore size of the films decreased as the percentage of crosslinker was increased, resulting in decreased film transparency. The pore volume and percentage of swelling in water of the films also increased with decreases in the pore size as the percentage of crosslinker was increased. The tensile strengths of the GA-and GX-crosslinked films increased by 20 and 15% with the addition of 20% of each crosslinker, respectively.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to selfarchive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to selfarchive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human developm... more There are many socioeconomic factors beyond the individual control that can affect human development indicators. In this setting, this paper aims to examine the effects and evolution of unequal opportunities on the distribution of human development indicators embodied by monetary well-being (consumption) and education in Tunisia for the period 2005-2010. We used parametric and non parametric approach in addition to Dissimilarity-Index and Shapley's Decomposition to identify most important factors explaining inequality of chances in Tunisia. We found that Father's education, residence area, and connection to drinking water appears to be the most important background variables affecting well-being profile. However, child's sex appears to be the most important determinant of the accessibility to education. Inequality of opportunity in consumption and education persists and tends to increase over time which is undesirable for the country. As an economic implication of our results, policy makers must make appropriate policies to reduce intergenerational transmission of parental background and sex discrimination and to overcome traps of inequality for future generations.
The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively c... more The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child's life, is negatively correlated with the physical and psychological development of households, threatening its survival and influencing its social and professional opportunities and well-being in adulthood. Therefore, investing in all forms of child deprivation and combating all forms of deprivation is a way of overcoming the social problems and impasses of inequalities and combating transmissible poverty between generations. In this paper, we try to study the effects of the inequality of opportunity in access to basic public services in Tunisia. We applied the dissimilarity index for the basic education for children at school age and for housing services. Significant imbalances of inequality still persisting in rural areas and regional disparities, have been detected between coastal and inland regions of Tunisia even after the revolution. Without appropriate policy intervention, there are a few chances for the next generation to overcome this trap of inequality.
Background: The early years in children's life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, ... more Background: The early years in children's life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, socio-emotional skills development. So, it is of paramount importance in this period to be interested in different indicators that would influence the child's health.
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