Teorias sobre el

desarrollo humano
01
Etapas de desarrollo
psicosexual
SIGMUND FREUD
ETAPA ORAL : primer año de vida
● La boca es la fuente de placer para el lactante, constituyendo la zona erógena
que procura al bebé no solo la satisfacción de alimentarse, sino sobre todo el
placer de chupar, poner en movimiento los labios, la lengua y el paladar en una

● La fijación en la etapa oral o una regresión a ella puede ocasionar dependencia exagerada,
preocupación excesiva por la ingestión consistente en adquirir posesiones, conocimiento o extrema
credulidad (deseo de ingerir todo).
● El habito de fumar, la glotonería y morder la punta del lápiz, son actos en los que se manifiesta la
conducta regresiva
 ETAPA ANAL: 1 AÑO Y MEDIO A 3 AÑOS

● Comienza a obtener placeres con la expulsión de las heces por lo que el ano en esta época es la
fuente principal de placer y conflicto potencial.
● Representa el primer intento del niño por convertir una actividad involuntaria en voluntaria.
● Con base a la obtención del placer a la expulsión o retención de las heces es una etapa donde se
inicia el control de los esfínteres y permite que este desarrolle su personalidad:

Anal-retentiva (retención de heces) donde esta respuesta se generaliza después a otras actividades, de
cómo el niño adquiere un carácter obstinado y avaro

Anal-expulsivas (expulsión de heces en momentos menos oportunos) esto puede originar características
de desorden, berrinches, crueldad o destructividad.
ETAPA FALICA( DE LOS 3 A LOS 5 AÑOS)

● La libido se centra en los genitales, y el niño comienza a obtener placer con la

exploración masturbadora.

● Al comienzo de esta etapa los niños y las niñas creen que todas las personas poseen pene
o falo según Freud es la etapa en la que se desea poseer al progenitor del sexo opuesto y
eliminar al otro. este deseo recibe el nombre de complejo Edipo en los niños y complejo
de electra en las niñas.

● El principal aspecto de desarrollo es la identificación con el progenitor del mismo sexo.

 ETAPA DE LATENCIA: DE LOS 6 A LOS 12 AÑOS

● Se reprime la sexualidad y los recuerdos del erotismo infantil.

● En este periodo no existe zona específica donde se concentre la energía sexual o
impulso sexual, es un periodo de calma.
● Los impulsos sexuales inaceptables son canalizados a niveles de actividad más
aceptados por la cultura.
 Etapa genital: DE LOS 12 en adelante

● Resurgimiento del interés sexual y establecimiento de relaciones sexuales

maduras.​
● Inicia en la pubertad
● Aquí la zona erógena son los genitales
● En esta etapa renacen los impulsos sexuales, solo que ahora se dirigen a los
miembros del sexo opuesto.
● Al tener relaciones sexuales el adolescente y el adulto satisfacen los deseos
incumplidos en la infancia
02
Etapas de desarrollo
psicosocial
ERIC ERIKSON
1.Confianza vs Desconfianza​: 0 a 18 meses de vida
● La relación o vínculo que se haya creado con la madre, determinará los futuros vínculos que se
establecerán con las personas a lo largo de su vida. ​

2​ .Autonomía vs Vergüenza y duda: ( 18 meses a 3 años)

● Proceso de aprendizaje donde comienza a controlar y ejercitar los músculos, los logros en esta etapa
desencadenan sensación de autonomía y de sentirse como un cuerpo independiente.​
3.Iniciativa vs Culpa: Desde los 3 hasta los 5 años de edad.​
● Crece su interés por relacionarse con otros niños, poniendo a prueba sus habilidades y
capacidades.
● Si los padres reaccionan de de forma negativa a las preguntas o a su iniciativa es
probable que les genere sensación de culpabilidad.​

​
● 4.Laboriosidad vs. Inferioridad: entre los 6-7 años hasta los 12 años.
Intentan realizar actividades por sí mismos, con su propio esfuerzo y poniendo en uso
sus conocimientos y habilidades.
● Si sus fracasos tienden a las comparaciones con otros, puede desarrollar sensación de
inferioridad que le hará sentirse inseguro frente a los demás.​
5.Exploración de la Identidad vs Difusión de Identidad.
¿Quién soy?. Comienzan a explorar sus propias posibilidades, y buscar su propia identidad a
través de sus experiencias, produciéndose confusión. ​

​
6.Intimidad frente al Aislamiento( desde los 20 años hasta los 40, aprox. )​
● Empieza a priorizar relaciones más íntimas que ofrezcan y requieran de un compromiso
recíproco, una intimidad que genere una sensación de seguridad, de compañía, de
confianza.​

● Si se evade este tipo de intimidad, puede conducir a la soledad o el aislamiento,

pudiendo causar depresión.​

​
7​ .Generatividad frente al Estancamiento
( entre los 40 hasta los 60 años.)​

● La persona dedica su tiempo a su familia.

● Se prioriza la búsqueda de equilibrio entre la productividad y el estancamiento; una
productividad que está vinculada al futuro, al porvenir de los suyos y de las próximas
generaciones, es la búsqueda de sentirse necesitado por los demás, ser y sentirse útil.​

● El estancamiento es esa pregunta que se hace el individuo: ¿qué es lo que hago aquí si no
sirve para nada?; se siente estancado y no logra canalizar su esfuerzo para poder ofrecer
algo a los suyos o al mundo.​
8​ .Integridad del yo frente a la Desesperación
( desde los 60 años hasta la muerte.)​

● El individuo deja de ser productivo, o al menos no produce tanto como era capaz
anteriormente.

● La forma de vivir se ven alteradas totalmente, los amigos y familiares fallecen, tiene que
afrontar los duelos que causa la vejez, tanto en el propio cuerpo como en el de los demás​
03
Etapas de desarrollo
cognitivo
JEAN PIAGET
● ​Etapa Sensoriomotora ( de 0 a 2 años)

● Etapa Preoperacional ( de 2 a 7 años, es decir durante la infancia)

● Fase de pensamiento simbólico ( de 2 a 4 años)

● Fase de pensamiento Intuitivo ( de 4 a 7 años)

● Etapa de operaciones concretas ( de 7 a 11 años, es decir durante la niñez)

● Etapa de operaciones Formales (de 11 años en adelante, a partir de la adolescencia)

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Do you need a longer text?
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and Speaking of craters, many of them were named
the smallest one in the entire Solar System. after artists or authors who made significant
This planet’s name has nothing to do with the contributions to their respective fields.
liquid metal, since Mercury was named after Mercury takes a little more than 58 days to
the Roman messenger god. Despite being complete its rotation, so try to imagine how
closer to the Sun than Venus, its temperatures long days must be there! Since the
aren’t as terribly hot as that planet’s. Its temperatures are so extreme, albeit not as
surface is quite similar to that of Earth’s extreme as on Venus, and the solar radiation is
Moon, which means there are a lot of craters so high, Mercury has been deemed to be non-
and plains habitable for humans
Maybe you need two columns

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name and is
Sun and the smallest one in the the second planet from the Sun.
Solar System—it’s only a bit larger It’s hot and has a poisonous
than the Moon atmosphere
Here are three important ideas

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
of them all the Sun of iron oxide dust
Divide the content in four ideas

Mars Venus
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely
cold place high temperatures

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and
planet of them all has several rings
Maybe you need six columns

Mars Venus Neptune

Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
cold place temperatures planet from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun several rings planet of them all
Awesome
words
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important said
and can make the reader get
inspired”
—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A picture
always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a
long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
4,498,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Let’s use some percentages

25% 50% 75%

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
of them all the Sun of iron oxide dust
Computer
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This is a map
Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
a very cold place
A timeline always works well

01 02 03 04

Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter

Mercury is the Venus is the second Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest
closest planet to the planet from the Sun Mars is a very cold planet of them all
Sun place
You can use infographics
01 Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

02 Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all
Growing up

03 Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun

04 Saturn
Saturn was named after a Roman god
Tables represent your data

Friends Family Coworkers

Mars is actually a very Mercury is the closest Venus has extremely high
Mercury cold place planet to the Sun temperatures

Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter doesn’t have a Pluto is now considered a
Mars has several rings solid surface dwarf planet

Neptune is far away The Moon is Earth’s only Ceres is located in the main
Saturn from us natural satellite asteroid belt
You can use this graph
Mercury
Mercury is quite a
small planet

Venus
Venus has very high
temperatures

Jupiter
Jupiter is an enormous
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the planet
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 Our team

Sofia Hill Timmy Jimmy

You can speak a bit about this You can speak a bit about this
person here person here
My family tree
Venus Neptune
Venus is the second It’s the farthest planet
planet from the Sun from the Sun

Mars Saturn Mercury Jupiter

Despite being red, Saturn was named It’s the closest planet Jupiter doesn’t have a
Mars is a cold place after a Roman god to the Sun solid surface

Pluto
Is now considered a
dwarf planet
My birthday
November
M T W T F S S
The day I was born
1 2 3 4 5
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the entire Solar System. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
This planet’s name has nothing to do with
the liquid metal, since Mercury was named 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
after the Roman messenger god 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30
Where I grew up

Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
6 random facts about me
01 02 03
● Earth is also known as the ● Neptune is far away from ● Mars is actually a very cold
Blue Planet all of us planet
● Mercury is the closest ● Venus is the second planet ● Jupiter is the biggest planet
planet to the Sun from the Sun of them all

04 05 06
● Saturn is composed of ● The Sun is the star at the ● The Moon is Earth’s only
hydrogen and helium center of the Solar natural satellite
● Jupiter is a gas giant and a ● Saturn is a gas giant with ● Neptune is the farthest
big planet several rings planet of them all
My story highlights
Birth Moving
Earth is the third planet
1 2 Neptune is far away from
from the Sun all of us

First love Met my sis

Jupiter is the biggest
6 3 Mercury is the closest
planet of them all planet to the Sun

Met my cat Highschool

Saturn has a high number
5 4 Venus is the second
of moons planet from the Sun
My origins

Saturn 20 10 Venus
Is a gas giant and has Venus is the second
several rings % % planet from the Sun

Mars 60 10 Jupiter
Mars is actually a very Is the biggest planet of
cold place % % them all

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My personal timeline
Teenager Young adult

Venus is the second planet Saturn is a gas giant and

14 yo from the Sun
21 yo has several rings

Mercury is the closest Jupiter is the biggest planet

16 yo planet to the Sun 23 yo of them all

Mars is actually a very cold Neptune is the farthest

18 yo place 25 yo planet from the Sun
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