INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL

ALVARO ALFONSO FARACO DONADO

Doctor en Ciencias de la Educación
alfaraco69@[Link]
Celular /Whatsapp: 305 332 8712
Sustantivo
Lápiz Juan
Es la parte variable de la Carro Pedro
oración que sirve para Pupitre María
nombrar y dar a conocer a las
Com Propi
personas, animales y cosas ún o
materiales e inmateriales.

Son las palabras que

nombran a personas,
Casa
Perro
Conc Libertad
Amor
animales, objetos, ideas y María reto Paz
sentimientos.

Tienen: género y número. Por

lo tanto, tienen una gran
Avión
Correa
Cole Ejército
Piara
cantidad de información. Tenis ctivo Jauría
 TABLA DE PRONOMBRES
Peter works from home
He works from home
Mary called Peter yesyerday
She called him yesterday
Pronombre Pronombre Adjetivo Pronombre Pronombre
Personal Objetivo Posesivo Posesivo Reflexivo

I Me My Mine TomMyself
brought my lunch
He brought it
You You Your Yours HeYourself
brought mine

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Its Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourselves

Theirs
They Them Their Themselves
 MY HUSBAND AND I go swimming with OUR FRIENDS every weekend.
R/: We go swimming with them every weekend.

1 Peter is a teacher. 5Carlos lends the pencil to ___ (Carlos le presta el lápiz a

___ is a teacher. ella). she / her/ hers

2 Peter and Oscar are teachers. 6We will see ___ on Sunday (Les veremos el

___ are teachers. domingo). theirs / they / them

3 Maria plays tennis. 7We bought ___ some flowers (Les compramos algunas flores a

___ plays tennis. ustedes). you / your / yours

4 Charles and I like American movies. 8Call ___ if you need help (Llámame si necesitas

___ like American movies. ayuda). me / I / my

Adjetivos
El comparativo
y superlativo
de los adjetivos
Pronombres Demostrativos vs. Adjetivos Demostrativos
Afijos: Prefijos y Sufijos
En la formación de palabras se utilizan los afijos que preceden al lexema (prefijo) y los pospuestos
(sufijos) y de esta manera desde la raíz, formar nuevas palabras con diferentes significados

Prefijos (prefixes) Se anteponen o preceden al lexema (raíz) y modifican el significado

del mismo

Extraordinary Prehistoric
Sufijos (suffixes) Los sufijos siguen al lexema o van pospuestos para modificar el significado
del mismo

ation
Teacher Communic
ate
 Análogos intralingüísticos: Cognados y falsos cognados

En lingüística histórica, se llama cognados a dos términos, generalmente de

lenguas distintas, derivados del mismo radical y que por tanto poseen cierta
similitud fonética y léxica. Estos cognados pueden ser identificados como falsos
y verdaderos
Un cognado verdadero o positivo es una palabra que se deletrea igual a otra de
diferente idioma y tienen el mismo significado, por lo tanto, poseen el mismo
origen etimológico (son verdaderos o cognados positivos), es por ello que
tienen relación
Un cognado falso o negativo es una palabra que se deletrea igual a otra de
diferente idioma, pero tiene diferente significado, por lo tanto no posee el
mismo origen etimológico (no son verdaderos o positivos cognados), es por
ello, que no presentan ninguna relación.
Análogos intralingüísticos: Cognados verdaderos
 Análogos intralingüísticos: Cognados y falsos cognados

an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto)

actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)

advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)

apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)

arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)

arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)

to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)

attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)

camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field)

1. I speak three ( idioms – languages ).

2. He ( realized – made ) his homework.

3. You need a ( carpet – folder ) for the documents.

4. I attended to an important ( lecture – reading ) at the university.

5. My secretary must ( assist – help ) me.

6. They work in a ( fabric – factory ).

Verbos
En todas las oraciones hay una palabra que nos informa acerca de lo que hace, dice, piensa alguien.

Jhon Juega en el parque

Bebe leche en el desayuno
Estudia Inglés en el colegio
Llora de dolor
Todas las palabras en rojo del ejemplo anterior son verbos, que se definen como esas palabras que nos
informan de los que hace o le sucede al sujeto; o como palabras que significan acciones o estados que suceden
en un tiempo determinado; o también como palabras que nos informan de lo que sucede, hace o piensa
alguien.

El verbo: indica
acción (correr, jugar, dormir, jugar, pensar, escribir), sino también puede expresar
estado de ánimo (reír, llorar, sentir, sufrir) o
acontecimientos de la naturaleza (nevar, llover, temblar).
PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb consists of a verb

together with a preposition or
adverb that modifies the sense of
the same one. This preposition or
adverb can also be called
complement. The same phrasal
verb can have several meanings
and very different.
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs which take objects (transitive)
Phrasal verbs which take objects can be separable or inseparable:
• Separable phrasal verbs can remain together when using an object
that is a noun or noun phrase.
Example: I picked Tom up. OR I picked up Tom (Yo recogí a Tom)

• Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used:

Example: We picked him up at the station. NOT We picked up him at the
station. (Lo recogimos en la estación)

• Inseparable phrasal verbs always remain together. It makes no

difference if a noun or pronoun is used.
Example: We set off for the beach. / We set off for it. (Salimos para la
playa. / salimos para ello)
PHRASAL VERBS

• Three-word phrasal verb

• Some verbs are followed by two prepositions (or adverbs).
These phrasal verbs are ALWAYS inseparable.
Example: I'm looking forward to meeting John. OR I'm looking
forward to meeting him
The nurse is taking care of the patient
PHRASAL VERBS LIST
• Come across: encontrarse con / toparse con Stand by: apoyar / no abandonar (a alguien)
Stand for: representar / significar
• Come along: llegar/ ocurrir/venir/ ir /
Stand in for: sustituir (a alguien)
acompañar
Stand out: destacar / sobresalir
• Come apart: deshacerse / caerse en pedazos Stand up: levantarse
• Come down on: regañar /echar una bronca a. Stand up to: hacer frente / plantar cara a.
• Come in: entrar/ pasar.
• Come into: entrar en / heredar
• Come round: venir a visitar / recobrar la
conciencia / volver en sí
• Come through: salir (de algo malo) /
sobrevivir / atravesar
• Come up with: proponer
 EXERCICES
1- When I was reading the paper, I…...........this article.
When I was reading the paper, I came across this article.
2- We were at a complete loss, and then Jane …………….. a brilliant idea.
We were at a complete loss, and then Jane came up with a brilliant idea.
3- That product ……………….the wood that was covering the table
That product came apart the wood that was covering the table
4- From the day of the discussion that Jonathan does not …………….me.
From the day of the discussion that Jonathan does not come round me.
5- What do the initials C.I A. …..………. ?
What do the initials C.I A. stand for?
6- He …....……….and said nothing as if he wasn't even there.
He stood by and said nothing as if he wasn't even there.
7- He ……………...in any group as he was more than two meters tall.
He stood out in any group as he was more than two meters tall.
8- He …………….his girlfriend and left her waiting outside the cinema.
He stood up his girlfriend and left her waiting outside the cinema.
 SIGNIFICADO DE
PALABRAS SEGÚN
EL CONTEXTO
Panda: a bear-like marsupial
originating in Asian regions. Eats
shoots and leaves."
Panda: a bear-like marsupial
originating in Asian regions. Eats
shoots and leaves."
El Chavo le menea la cola a Don
Ramón
https://
[Link]/file/d/1o-q8HrIB2JilQvCgVF0z207MvXR
RmnE2/view?usp=sharing
 PARTY
[Link] belongs to the Liberal Party.
[Link] recognize the tourist
because they are the party with
blue shirts.
3.I am going to a party tonight.
Party: (1) n. social gathering to celebrate
(2) group of people working or traveling
together (3)political organization.
 LAST
1.A soccer game lasts almost 2
hours.
[Link] is the last month of the
year.
3.I went to the cinema last Sunday.
[Link] is the last bottle of wine.
Last: n. (1)coming after all others in time or order
(2)more recent, latest (3)final, only remaining.
(4) V. continue for a period of time, endure
 HEAD
[Link] fell and hit his head.
[Link] are heading for the stadium.
[Link] is the head of the Police Department.
[Link] tossed a coin and it came down heads.
[Link] head lights of a car help the driver to
see the road in front

Head: n. (1)part of the body containing, the eyes, nose,

mouth and brain. (2)-s side of a coin with the head of a
person. (3) chief person of a group or organization. (4) be
at the top or front (5) v. move in the specified direction.
 CLOSE
[Link] the stores close at 9:30 p.m.
[Link] are close friends.
[Link] church is close to the school.
[Link] soldiers advanced in close
formation.

Close: n. (1)near in space or time(2)compact,

with little or no space between (3)intimate, near
in relationship. (4)at a short distance (5)shut, to
cover an opening.
 FISH FOR FUN! THE FUNCTION OF A NOTICE IS TO GIVE
INFORMATION, TO WARN OR TO GIVE AN ORDER
DO NOT FISH FOR FOOD!

Dónde vería la gente este aviso?

Se puede pescar donde vea este aviso?

Qué advertencia se da en el aviso?

FISHERMEN!
FOR THE PROTECTION Que puede suceder si no se hace caso a
OF YOUR HEALTH,
FISH FROM THESE WATERS
SHOULD NOT BE EATEN
BECAUSE OF MERCURY la información?
CONTAMINATION.
Department of Land and Forests
BOOK CHAPTERS
1. World population today a. Telescopes and the stars
2. Architecture in the 20th century b. Observations and hypotheses

3. Child language and education c. Simple machines

4. Photography for beginners d. Nutrition and health

5. Mechanical engineering science e. Economic development and

demography
6. A history of astronomy f. Bilingualism and the teacher

7. Introduction to the philosophy of g. How to choose a camera

science
8. Man and food h. Design of tall buildings
1 Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977 at the age of 88,
was one of the most famous stars in the history of the 1 When did Chaplin go to the
cinema. He was certainly the most famous comic United States?
actor of the cinema. His first films were in the age of
5 silent films. He wrote and directed nearly all his 2 What kind of film was his
films and composed the music of all his sound first film?
pictures.
Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in 1889 in London.
3 What was the name of his
His family was poor and he had a hard childhood. In first film?
10 1910 he left Britain for the United States and in 4 What film did he make in
1914 he made his first film. In his films he created the
character of a little man who always faced life's 1938?
difficulties with courage. 5 Where did he live after
Because he was very successful, he created his own
15 film company in 1918. His great films include The
1952?
Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931) and Modern 6 How often was he
Times (1938). Chaplin was married four times and in married?
1952 left the United States with his family and lived in
Switzerland.
THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE

Plants absorb nitrates

1 _________
2 Plants remains are decomposed by
___________________
bacteria.
3 Decomposition releases
Ammonium compounds
________________________
4 Bacteria convert ammonium compounds into
Nitrates
___________.

nitrates Plants
Ammonium compounds Plants remains
 The skull is made up of eight cranial
WHOLE PARTS bones and fourteen facial bones which
are all fused together.
1
eight cranial bones
skull The skull turns freely on top of the
2 vertebral column which is made up of
fourteen facial bones
separate bones called vertebrae.
vertebrae
Vertebral The vertebrae interlock to form a strong
column
flexible column through which the spinal
1 cord runs.
vertebra
2 short bone
ring Each vertebra consists of a short bone
and a ring which endorses the spinal
cord.
 1 2 3 4 Early in the 16th century men were trying to reach Asia by travelling west
5 6 7 8 from Europe. In order to find Asia they had to find a way past South
America. The man who eventually found the way from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Pacific was Ferdinand Magellan.
Magellan sailed from Seville in August 1519 with five ships and about 280
Number the following events in men. Fourteen months later, after spending the severe winter on the coast
chronological order: of Patagonia, he discovered the channel which is now called Magellan's
A, the discovery of the Straits Straits. In November 1520, after many months of dangers from rocks and
B, the return to Seville storms, the three remaining ships entered the ocean on the other side of
C, the arrival in the South America.
They then continued, hoping to reach Asia. But they did not see any land
Philippines
until they reached the islands off the coast of Asia. Before they arrived at
D, the journey round Africa
these islands, later known as the Philippines, men were dying of starvation.
E, the departure from Seville While they were staying in the Philippines, Magellan was killed in battle.
F, the stay in Patagonia The remaining officers then had to get back to Spain. They decided to sail
G, the arrival in the Pacific round Africa. After many difficulties, one ship with eighteen men sailed
Ocean into Seville three years after leaving. They were all that remained of
H, the death of Magellan
Magellan's expedition. However, their achievement was great. They were
the first men to sail round the world.
Elementos de coherencia

Los conectores en inglés son un tipo de conjunciones que usamos para unir
palabras o frases entre sí.

Sirven para indicar una relación entre dos palabras o elementos

gramaticales, como entre frases u oraciones entre sí, entre palabras con
frases, oraciones con palabras, adjetivos, adverbios, verbos, sustantivos, etc.
Los conectores en inglés más utilizados son las conjunciones and
(copulativo) /or (disyuntivo) (y/o).

Algunos de los tipos de conectores más importantes, son los siguientes:

 Elementos de coherencia
CONECTOR
COPULATIVOS and (y), also (Además), too (también), as (tanto, tanto como)
DISYUNTIVOS or (o), nor (ni), otherwise (de otra manera).

CONDICIONALES in case of (en caso de). if (si), if…then… (si…entonces…)

CONCESIVOS although (aunque), in despite of (a pesar de), even if (incluso si)
CONTINUIDAD then (entonces), furthermore (además, a continuación)
TIEMPO after (despues), before (antes), At time (en el mismo momento)
CONCLUSIVOS so (así), hence (por lo tanto), consequently (en consecuencia, en conclusión),
finally (finalmente)
ADVERSATIVOS however (sin embargo),but (pero), instead (en lugar de)
CAUSALES due to (debido a),because (porque), own to (debido a)
COMPARATIVOS as (tanto, como), as…as (tanto…como), not as…as (no tanto…como); more…
than / –er…than (más…que) the most… / –est… (el más)
Elementos de coherencia
Conectores copulativos. También llamados conectores de adición, son los
que unen palabras como una unidad. El más conocido es and (y). Otros conectores
copulativos son las palabras also (Además), too (también), as (tanto, tanto como):
My uncle and my aunt come to the party.
Steve plays the guitar. Sometimes, also sings.

Conectores disyuntivos. Son las conjunciones que unen dos o más palabras o
cláusulas, dando la idea de que no pueden coexistir o que debemos elegir o pensar en
una o en otra, es decir, que son excluyentes entre sí. El más usado es la conjunción or
(o). Otros son las conjunciones nor (ni), otherwise (de otra manera).
When you will come, on Wednesday or Thursday?
He doesn’t wear jacket nor tie.
Elementos de coherencia
Conectores condicionales. Estos conectores conocidos también sólo como
condicionales, sirven para establecer una relación en la que un elemento está
condicionado al otro. Algunos de estos conectores en inglés se forman por conjuntos
discontinuos de palabras, que funcionan como una unidad. Algunos son: in case of (en
caso de). if (si), if…then… (si…entonces…):
If I don’t have anything to do, then I come on Saturday.
In case of it rains, you can’t come home.

Conectores concesivos. Son los que nos permiten indicar que algo sucede o no sucede
a pesar de los contratiempos o esfuerzos. Algunos de estos conectores son although
(aunque), in despite of (a pesar de), even if.
I can’t go to the party, in despite of my parents give me permission.
You need to rest, although you denied.
Elementos de coherencia
Conectores de continuidad, también llamados de secuencia. Los conectores de
continuidad indican una relación de consecuencia lógica o cronológica entre las
oraciones o cláusulas con la idea anterior. Algunos son: then (entonces), furthermore
(además, a continuación):
He suscribe to the race, then he begin to train.
My aunt come to the store when it opens, furthermore, buy the dress she wants.
Conectores de tiempo. Son los conectores que indican una relación de tiempo entre la
oración que conectan, y la oración que le sirve como antecedente. Se parecen a los
conectores de secuencia; la diferencia consiste en que los conectores de secuencia
indican una sucesión lógica o cronológica, es decir, una serie de hechos en el orden que
suceden, mientras que los conectores de tiempo pueden hacer referencia a algo que
ocurrió, ocurre o ocurrirá en cualquier momento en relación a la oración principal.
Algunos de los más usados, son: after (despues), before (antes), At time (en el mismo
momento):
I call you before you come. Do your homework after the dinner.
I was thinking in you at the moment you enter at classroom.
Elementos de coherencia
Conectores conclusivos. Son aquellos los que sirven para indicar que idea es la conclusión de
una exposición o párrafo. Algunos de los más usados son: so (así), hence (por lo tanto),
consequently (en consecuencia, en conclusión), finally (finalmente):
Taking as a scientific fact than humans and apes have five fingers, bipedal gait and also have a
98% of equal common genetic info, consequently we conclude that biologically, we own a
common ancestry.
You ate a big hamburger, drink two sodas and carry candies in your bay, so, you’re not in diet.

Conectores adversativos. Sirven para indicar una relación de oposición entre dos elementos.
La diferencia con los disyuntivos consiste en que los adversativos expresan una oposición
entre las ideas, mientras que los disyuntivos indican exclusión entre los elmentos (uno u otro).
Algunos son: however (sin embargo),but (pero), instead (en lugar de):
I wish give you a gift, but can’t find I was looking for.
Animal force has traditionally used in agriculture; however, machinery is more efficient.
Elementos de coherencia
Conectores causales. Sirven para establecer una relación de causa–efecto entre las ideas.
Se usa cuando la idea de una oración da como consecuencia la de la siguiente. Algunos de
estos conectores en inglés, son: c:
I pass the test due to I Study in [Link].
Julio don’t answer his messages because he haven’t internet connection.

Conectores comparativos. Son los conectores que usamos para comparar dos
sustantivos, adjetivos, adverbios u oraciones. También se les conoce simplemente como
comparativos. Tienen tres grados: igualdad, comparativo (de aumento o disminución) y
superlativo. Los más comunes son as (tanto, como), as…as (tanto…como), not as…as (no
tanto…como); more…than / –er…than (más…que) the most… / –est… (el más):
Ann is as pretty as Joanne.
Carmen is bigger than James.
This house is the most beautiful I’ve ever seen
Co m p l e te w i t h a n d , b u t , o r, s o, b e ca u s e .

1 . We a re n ´ t go i n g to t h e p a rk . . . . . . i t ´ s ra i n i n g.
2 . I d o n ´ t h ave a ny m o n e y, . . . . . . I ´ l l go to t h e b a n k .
3 . S h e d o e s n ´ t l i ke ve ge t a b l e s . . . . . . fi s h .
4 . I n e e d m i l k , b u tte r . . . . . . b re a d .
5 . T h e re ´ s s n ow o n t h e s t re e t . . . . . . i t ´ s n o t to o co l d .
6 . S h e s t u d i e s a l o t s h e n e ve r p a s s e s t h e e x a m s.
7 . Yo u ´ ve go t a n e x a m to m o r row, yo u m u s t s t u dy
to n i gh t .
8 . I d o n ´ t go to t h e c i n e m a B EC AU S E I h ave n ´ t go t
a ny m o n e y.