Terapia
cognitiva con
niños y
adolescentes
Maira Carmona Valencia
Magister en neuropsicología y educación
DSM
5R
vs
CIE 11
Fracaso en la intervención terapéutica con niños y
adolescentes
Ansiedad
Respuesta anticipatoria de un daño o desgracia futura, acompañada de un sentimiento de disforia
desagradable, síntomas somáticos de tensión o conductas evitativas (Ministerio de Sanidad y
Consumo, 2008).
• Los síntomas pueden ser (Ferre F, 2011):
Emocionales: la ansiedad se manifiesta por una sensación de inquietud psíquica, nerviosismo,
desasosiego, vivencias amenazantes, aprensión, sentirse atrapado o al borde de un peligro, miedo o
pánico, temores difusos, inseguridad, sensación de vacío, presentimientos de la nada y disolución del yo.
Cognitivos: los síntomas cognitivos se traducen en preocupaciones excesivas sobre
circunstancias reales o imaginarias del presente o del futuro inmediato (expectación
aprensiva), anticipación del peligro, o de que algo va a pasar, hipervigilancia.
Conductuales: aparece inquietud psicomotora, tendencia al llanto como
consecuencia de sentimientos de impotencia, así como una exageración
de la respuesta de alarma
• Motores: temblores, sobresalto, sacudidas musculares, cefaleas, cansancio fácil,
incapacidad para relajarse.
• Somáticos: debido a hiperactivación autonómica aparecen síntomas cardiovasculares,
respiratorios, sensoriales, digestivos, vegetativos (febrícula, sofocaciones, escalofríos,
oleadas de calor, sudoración, sequedad de mucosas, manos frías y húmedas, poliuria,
tenesmo).
Miedos normales
Trastornos de ansiedad más comunes
Ansiedad de separación, fobia especifica, fobia escolar,
ansiedad generalizada infantil
Causas de los trastornos ansiosos
• Vulnerabilidad biológica
• Procesamiento sesgado de información por parte del niño
• Trasmisión cultural sesgo catastrófico en ambientes familiares
• Experiencias de aprendizaje
Gestionar emociones
• Bote de la calma: Cuando el niño entre en la etapa de las rabietas puedes crear un bote de la calma y de la
paz, cuando el niño la agite verá como la purpurina se mueve de forma descontrolada, como cuando él se
encuentra enfadado, una vez que la purpurina comience a caer en el fondo, el nerviosismo pasará y el
niño conseguirá relajarse.
• Mindfullnes: Cuando los niños ya son mayores de 7 años pueden comprender algunas actitudes de la
meditación, y se puede proponer esta técnica ya en silencio, o con algún audio de meditación que sirva
como guía. Para ello deben sentarse en el suelo, en silencio, poner el audio guiado y prestar atención a lo
que ocurre alrededor cuando decide estar quieto.
• Técnica del globo: En esta técnica debes pedirle al niño que imagine que es un globo y hacer que
inspire muy profundo hasta que llene sus pulmones por completo y no entre más aire; luego debe
exhalar el aire muy despacio y repetir este ejercicio varias veces, esta técnica es excelente para
niños con TDAH.
• Técnica de la tortuga: El niño debe asumir que es este animal, se colocará en el suelo boca abajo y
le dirás que el sol está a punto de esconderse y la tortuga ha de dormir, para ello debe esconder
las piernas y poco a poco los brazos, muy despacio hasta que los ponga bajo su espalda, que será
como el caparazón de la tortuga. Después debes indicarle que es un día nuevo y la tortuga debe
emprender un viaje nuevo, por lo tanto, debe sacar los brazos y piernas de nuevo muy despacio.
Caja arena
01. 04.
ANNOUNCEM
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section here
WELCOME!
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section here
ENTS
02. IN DEPTH
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section here sect
03. IN BRIEF
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section here
A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORC
ES THE
CONCEPT
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so remember: use an image instead
of a long text
01
ANNOUNCEM
ENTS
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need it
WHO
A!
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yourself, write your email…
THIS IS A TABLE
1st Period 2nd Period 3rd period
MARS
JUPITER
2ND ANNOUNCEMENT
Jupiter Neptune Mars
It’s a gas giant and the Neptune is the farthest It’s full of iron oxide
biggest planet in the planet from the Sun and dust, which gives the
Solar System the fourth-largest planet its reddish cast
02
IN DEPTH
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IN DEPTH ● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss
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“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”
—SOMEONE
FAMOUS
IN DEPTH
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Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s full of
iron oxide dust, which gives the
SECTOR planet its reddish cast
NEWS Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun.
It’s terribly hot, even hotter than
Mercury
PERCENTAGES
25 35 65
% % %
Mercury Mars VENUS
Mercury is the Despite being red, It has a beautiful
smallest planet in Mars is actually a name and is the
the Solar System cold place second planet
03
IN BRIEF
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need it
NEWS
MERCUR MARS
Mercury is the closest Mars is actually a very
planet Y
to the Sun cold place
VENUS JUPITER
It has a beautiful name Jupiter is a gas giant and
and is the second planet the biggest planet
A
PICTURE
IS
WORTH A
THOUSA
ND
CUSTOMER REVIEWS
“Neptune is the farthest “Mercury is the closest “ Mars is full of iron oxide
planet from the Sun and the planet to the Sun and also dust, which gives the planet
fourth-largest!” the smallest one” its reddish casts”
LAURA JENNA SMITH JOHN JAMES
PATTERSON
“Venus has a beautiful name “Jupiter is a gas giant and “Earth is the third planet
and is the second planet the biggest planet in the from the Sun and the only
from the Sun” Solar System” one that harbors life”
ANNE NICOLE JAMES SUSAN
SMITH PATTERSON KIMBER
04
WELCOME
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need it
WELCOME
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun.
It’s terribly hot—even hotter than
Mercury—and its atmosphere is
extremely poisonous
WELCO
ME
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly
hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its
atmosphere is extremely poisonous
05
EVENTS
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30,960,1
00
Big numbers catch your audience's attention
REVIEW OF PAST EVENTS
01 Mars
Despite being red, Mars
. is actually a very cold
place
Mercury 02
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the . jupiter
smallest one
03 Jupiter is a gas giant and
the biggest planet in the
. Solar System
AWESOME
WORDS
UPCOMING EVENTS
Mercury is the closest Jupiter is a gas giant
planet to the Sun and the biggest planet
01 02 03 04
It’s the farthest planet Venus is the second
from the Sun planet from the Sun
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SCHOOL
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