PRESENT PERFECT

- Se hace la pregunta en inglés con Present Perfect,pero se traduce al español

en Presente.
A- How long has he been in Spain?
B- Cuanto tiempo hace que esta en España?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

- Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continuan ahora.

- Con How long.......+ Since and For

A-How long have you been studying english?

C- I‘ve been studying english for two years

- Acciones que acaban de terminar recientemente

A- You’re very dirty.What have you been doing?

B- I’ve been playing football

REFLEXIVOS

Myself, Himself, Herself, Yourself

Yourselves, Ourselves, Themselves

Si se les adjunta la particula “By” = Solo

She was by herself

Estaba sola

Each other A B

Paul and Peter live near each other

Enjoy..: Siempre necesita un reflexivo u otro objeto al lado

We enjoyed oorselves
BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

154
 BOTH....and... (A and B)...: Ambos / Los dos
Both Auxi and I are studying english

EITHER .... or... (A or B)....:Uno u otro / cualquiera

Either Auxi or Álvaro have blue eyes

NEITHER ...nor... (A nor B )....: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos

Neither Auxi nor Álvaro have curly hair

ONE OF US...: Uno de los dos

One of us are fatter than other one

- Despues de BOTH y NEITHER el verbo debe ser positivo

- Pueden llevar detrás un sustantivo
-
- Si el sustantivo va precedido de The, These, This, My...se añade “Of”
Both of the .../ Neither of these ...

-Con pronombres personales, también se añade Of

Both of them Both of us Neither of you
Niether of us was ungry

- Con un verbo negativo, se usa Either en vez de Neither.

I don’t know either of them

- Neither puede usarse solo o al principio de la frase

POSESIVOS –‘S y OF

- El Apostrophe -‘S se usa con personas

Lo poseido se coloca detrás y no lleva articulo
My sister’s mouse
- Of, se usa para hablar de cosas, lugares..
The roof of the building

Present En frases del tipo .... Significa:

Perfect +
ALREADY - Afirmativas YA

155
 - Interrogativas (esperamos que la respuesta YA
sea afirmativa)
YET -Negativas TODAVÍA
Interrogativas (No sabemos si la respuesta sera YA
afirmativa o negativa, pedimos apinion)
JUST - Afirmativas ( Se intercala Just entre el ACABAR DE:
verbo To Have y el Participio

TOO
- Significa : También
- Se coloca al final de la frase
- Va detrás de un verbo afirmativo
I’m happy . I’m happy too

NOT EITHER
-Significa : Tampoco
-Se coloca al final de la frase
-Va detrás de un verbo negativo
I’m not happy . I’m not happy either

SO AM I
Estructura: So + auxiliar + sujeto
-Significa: (y) yo también
- Se usa en frase Positivas
I’m tired . So Am I

NEITHER DO I
Estructura: Neither + auxiliar + sujeto
-Significa: (ni) yo tampoco
- Se usa en frase Negativas
I won’t be here tomorrow. Neither will I
AM/ IS / ARE
SO WAS / WERE
DO / DID / DOES
HAVE / HAD
CAN
NEITHER WILL
MUST

156
 IMPORTANTE: Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,: DO/ DOES / DID
NEITHER =NOR

SO AM I
(y) yo tambien

 En frases afirmativas
 Se coloca al principio de la frase
 Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did...) correspondiente
al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”

I’m tired / So am I
I was late for work today / So was John
I work in a bank / So do I
We went to the cinema last night / So did we

NEITHER DO I
(ni) yo tampoco
 En frases negativas
 Se coloca al principio de la frase
 Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did...) correspondiente
al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”
What does he like doing?.....que le gusta hacer?
What does he look like?...... Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)
Who does he look like?....... A quien se parece?
What’s it like?..............Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)
How is she?...................Como esta? (de salud)
Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase nº1

“BASTANTE”
SHE’S QUITE TALL
VERY
RATHER
FAIRLY

157
 Rather es “Bastante” pero en frase negativas,con un tono peyorativo
The meal was rather expensive

Fairly, también se traduce por “Bastante” pero con un matiz menor que los
otros tres casos.
My parents live in a fairly large house
Mis padres viven en una casa bastante grande

No tienen que ver con Enough y Too (suficiente y demasiado)

What does he like doing?.....que le gusta hacer?

What does he look like?...... Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)
Who does he look like?....... A quien se parece?
What’s it like?..............Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)
How is she?...................Como esta? (de salud)
Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase nº1

LOOK OR LOOK LIKE

LOOK + ADJECTIVE.....:PERSONALIDAD
LOOK LIKE +NOUN.....:ASPECTO / APARIENCIA

OBLIGACION
Obligacion propia que yo me impongo y/o moral: MUST (DEBO)

158
Obligacion externa (una orden dada por tu jefe/padre: HAVE TO (TENGO)

POSESIVOS

En cuanto al apostrofe:
1. A photo of my father (una foto donde aparece mi padre)
2. A photo of my father’s ( Unas fotos que ha pagado my padre aunque no
aparezca)
Con pronombres posesivos
A friend of mine
A friend of yours
A friend of hers
A friend of his
A friend of theirs
A friend of ours

PARTS OF THE DAY

 MORNING (In the morning): de 8:00 de la mañana a 14:00
 AFTERNOON (In the afternoon): de 14:00 a 18:00
 EVENING (In the evening): de 18:00 a 23:00
 NIGHT(At the night): Despues de las 23:00

/i/ OR /ai/
i entre consonantes = /i/ (skin, dinner)
i + consonante + e = /ai/ (wine,driver)
igh entre consonantes = /ai/ (right,light)

PRESENT SIMPLE or PRESENT CONTINUOUS

159
 PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SITUACIONES PERMANENTES ACCIONES QUE ESTAN
I live in a flat SUCEDIENDO “AHORA”,EN EL
MOMENTO DE HABLAR
I’m having dinner with friends
ACCIONES HABITUALES + PARA CITAS FUTURAS
EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO What are you doing on friday night?
She always has toast for breakfast

LOS VERBOS DE POSESION,NO SON USADOS

EN PRESENT CONTINUOUS :

WANT, LIKE, LOVE, HATE,

NEED, PREFER, DEPEND, KNOW,
MEAN, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE,
REMEMBER, FORGET

TIME EXPRESSIONS

AT
Se usa para decir la hora
At 8 o’clock / At 10:30 / At midnight

Y también:
At weekend / At night / At christmas / At the end / At the moment

ON
Se usa con los dias y las fechas
On Sundays / On April 25 / On my birthday / On Christmas Eve

160
 Y también:
On Monday morning / On Saturday night

IN
Se usa con los meses,años y estaciones
In April / In 1996 / In Summer

Y también:
In the morning / In the afternoon / In the evening /
In five minutes / in a few days/ In six weeks / In two years

QUANTIFIERS

Los sustantivos pueden ser CONTABLES o INCONTABLES

PARA GRANDES CANTIDADES:

MANERA CONTABLE INCONTABLE

POSITIVO A LOT /LOTS OF A LOT/ LOTS OF

NEGATIVO (NOT) MANY (NOT) MUCH
INTERROGATIVO HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?

PARA PEQUEÑAS CANTIDADES:

MANERA CONTABLE INCONTABLE

POSITIVO A FEW A LITTLE

VERY FEW VERY LITTLE

161
 INTERROGATIVO HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?

Grandes Pequeñas Cantidad Mas de lo que Menos de lo

cantidades cantidades cero necesitas que
necesitas
CONTABLE (+) A LOT OF A FEW NOT...ANY TOO MANY NOT
LOTS OF VERY FEW NONE ENOUGH
(-) NOT MANY
(?) HOW MANY

UNCONTABLE (+) A LOT OF A LITTLE NOT...ANY TOO MUCH NOT

LOTS OF VERY NONE ENOUGH
(-)NOT MUCH LITTLE
(?)HOW MUCH

CONTABLE......MANY / FEW
INCONTABLE......MUCH / LITTLE

I HAVE A FEW FRIEND......TENGO MUCHOS AMIGOS

I HAVE FEW FRIENDS....TENGO POCOS AMIGOS

A LOT OF .....MUCHO (CANTIDAD)

A LOT ...ME GUSTA MUCHO, MUCHAS GRACIAS...

TOO + ADJECTIVE
TOO MUCH + NOUN (CONTABLE)

REMEMBER:

162
 DO YOU GOING (NUNCA!!!)

DO + ING SON INCOMPATIBLES

GERUND
1. DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES
She left without saying goodbye
I´m thinking of buying a flat

2. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS ( ”EMOCION” )

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH, STOP...
I love cooking but I hate cleaning
I don’t mind driving you to the airport

3. COMO EL SUJETO DE LA FRASE

Eating in restaurants is expensive
Swimming is good exercise

TO + INFINITIVE

163
 1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
It’s difficult to learn a language

2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON / PROPOSITO)

Why did you go to Mexico?
To see my aunt and uncle

3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( “INTENCION” )

WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE, EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET,
SEEM, TRY, PROMISE, OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE
Would you like to come?
I’m hoping to get a better job soon

QUESTION TAGS
Las QUESTION TAGS, son pequeñas preguntas al final de una frase que
corresponden a expresiones en español como: No? / Verdad?

Si la frase es afirmativa, la question tag es negativa

Si la frase es negativa, la question tag es afirmativa

Frase afirmativa Q.T. Negativa

It’s a beautiful day ins’t it?

She lives in London doesn’t she?
You Closed the window didn’t you?
Those shoes are nice aren’t they?
Tom will be at home tomorrow won’t he?

Frase Negativa Q.T. Afirmativa

That ins’t your car is it?

You don’t smoke do you?
You haven’t met my mother have you?
You won’t be late will you?

164
 Usamos DO/DOES para el presente y DID para el pasado

SHORT ANSWERS
Usamos las Short Answers despues de preguntas con respuestas SI /NO
Para hacer una Short Answer,repetimos el verbo auxiliar.
Si no lo hay ,usamos do/does/did

Are you coming with us? Yes I am / No I’m not

Mary likes reading Yes she does / No she doesn’t
Do you go out yesterday Yes,we did / No we didn’t
Have you been here before? Yes,I have / no I haven’t
Can you cook? Yes I can / no I can’t
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH : GOOD ENOUGH
ENOUGH + NOUN : ENOUGH MONEY

I USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO

(SOLÍA / NO SOLÍA)

Usamos USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO,

Para hábitos que han cambiado

I used to drive to work ( but i don’t now)

Situaciones pasadas o estados que han cambiado

She used to be a Diana Lookalike (But now,she isn’t)

She used to have short hair (But now,she’s a different style)

Para hábitos y/o situaciones del presente usamos

USUALLY+ PRESENT SIMPLE
I used to eat a lot of meat but now I usually eat fish

165
 Porque: USED TO ,no existe en el
presente!!!
(+) I USED TO WORK IN A RESTAURANT
(-) I DIDN’T USED TO DRIVE TO WORK
(?) DID YOU USED TO PLAY WITH DOLLS WHEN
YOU WERE A CHILD?
WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD, DID YOU USE TO...
... SHARE A BEDROOM ?
Yes, I did. When I was a child I used to share a bedroom.

... BE ILL A LOT ?

Yes, I did. I used to be ill a lot.

... DO ANY SPORT ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to do any sport.

... PLAY IN THE STREET ?

Yes, I did. I used to play in the street .It was funny.

... LIKE SCHOOL ?

No, I didn’t. I didn use to like school. It was bored.

... EAT A LOT OF SWEETS ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to eat a lot of sweets. I didn’t like they.

... WATCH A LOT OF TV ?

Yes, a did. I used to watch a lot of TV.

... HATE ANY PARTICULAR FOOD ?

Yes, I did. I used to hate turkey and chicken,Today, already, I hate them

... FIGHT WITH YOUR BROTHER OR SISTER ?

Yes, I did: I used to fight with my brothers or sister.

... VISIT YOUR GRANDPARENTS ?

166
No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to visit my grandparents. They were died in that moment.

... BE AFRAID OF ANYTHING ?

Yes, I did. I used to be afraid of darkness and Count Drácula!

... HAVE A FAVOURITE POP GROUP / SINGER ?

Yes, I did. I used to have a favourite singer and pop group.

El comparativo y superlativo de los

adjetivos
La formación del comparativo y el superlativo de los adjetivos depende
del número de sílabas de la palabra.

Los adjetivos de una sílaba, excepto aquéllos que terminan en -ed (vexed,
bored), forman el comparativo agregando -er y el superlativo agregando
-est:
tall taller tallest
he's taller than me

big bigger biggest

it's the biggest in the world

La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo

usando more y el superlativo usando most:
famous more famous most famous
careful more careful most careful
interesting more interesting most interesting
Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos
irregulares:
good better best
bad worse worst

167
 far further/farther furthest/farthest
many more most
much more most
little less least
ANY MORE / ANY LONGER

Usamos ANY MORE / ANY LONGER al final de una oracion con un verbo
negativo
para indicar que una situación pasada ya no existe.

I don’t work there any more

I used to work there but I don’t now

ANY LONGER / NO LONGER significan lo mismo que ANY MORE ,

pero es mas formal

This credit card is no longer valid

MAKE, LET (+ Person + Infinitive) without TO

BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive)

Usamos LET + Person + Infinitive para “PERMITIR”

Our teachers let us wear what we like

Usamos MAKE + Person + Infinitive para “OBLIGACIONES”

(A obliga a B a hacer algo)

Our boss makes us work late

Does your teacher make you speak English in class?

Usamos BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive) para decir que PODEMOS / NO

PODEMOS

We aren’t allowed to smoke in the office

168
 PAST TENSES ARE:

MAKE MADE
LET LET
BE ALLOWED TO WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO

THE JOKER

El articulo definitivo THE

(El/La/Los/Las)
Usamos THE:

 Para hablar acerca de GENTE, COSAS, SITIOS “ESPECIFICOS”

The books I bought yesterday

 Cuando solo hay UNO de algo (El Sol, La Luna, La Oficina de Correos)
We looked at the Moon

 Si esta CLARO que tú estas hablando sobre eso.

She opened the door and went into the flat

 Con instrumentos musicales

I can play the piano but no the guitar

169
 NO usamos THE

 Cuando estamos hablando acerca de COSAS o GENTE “EN GENERAL”

Men /women are selfish
Love is more important than money

 Con: SITIOS EN GENERAL : School, University, Work, Bed, Hospital,

Church...
She’s at school
I start work at 8.00

 Despues de verbos BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE

How often do you go to church?

 Con NEXT / LAST ...WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...

I went to Amsterdam last month
What are you doing next weekend

 Con DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

I hate football but I love cicling
I’m terrible at Maths

RESUMEN DE THE

SI
COSAS, SITIOS, GENTE ESPECIFICA

 SOLO HAY UNA :SOL LUNA...
 ESTAMOS HABLANDO DE UNA COSA CLARAMENTE
 INSTRUMENTOS MUSICALES

NO

170
  COSAS, GENTE EN GENERAL
 SITIOS EN GENERAL: SCHOOL,WORK,HOSPITAL,UNIVERSITY...
 DESPUES DE :BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE
 CON : NEXT / LAST ...MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...
 CON DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

CAN Y COULD SOLO SE UTILIZAN EN

TIEMPO PRESENTE Y PASADO
LOS USAMOS PARA DECIR QUE ALGO ES POSIBLE O QUE ALGUIEN
TIENE LA HABILIDAD DE HACER ALGO
I can speak German
They can come at 7 o’clock
She couldn’t help me

BE ABLE TO SE UTILIZA EN FUTURO

LO USAMOS CUANDO NO ES UNA FORMA DE CAN

I’ll be able to drive next year

She’s never been able to park
I’d like to be able to dance well

I’ll be able to= PODRÉ

Being (Sujeto) able to use= Poder usar

PASADO
USO DEL COULD ó WAS /WERE ABLE TO

171
 USAMOS COULD PARA HABLAR DE UNA HABILIDAD GENERAL

My grandfather could play the piano

USAMOS WAS / WERE BE ABLE TOPARA DECIR QUE ALGUIEN HIZO

ALGO EN UNA OCASIÓN ESPECIAL O TENIA UNA DIFICULTAD MUY
GRANDE PARA HACERLO

Although the restaurant was very full, we were able to get a table

I was be able to pass my driving test after six times

CAN Y COULD
La formas negativas de can y could son can't y couldn't, pero en
contextos formales o enfáticos se suele usar cannot y could not. Cuando
expresan la idea de posibilidad o permiso, y en oraciones interrogativas
en las que se pide un favor, can equivale a puedo, puedes, etc. y could
puede equivaler a podía, podías, etc., pude, pudiste, etc. o podría, podrías,
etc.:

He can help you él te puede ayudar

Can you open the door for me? ¿me puedes abrir la puerta?
She couldn't understand why no podía entender por qué
I couldn't finish the essay no pude terminar el trabajo
Could you lend me the money? ¿me podrías prestar el dinero?
We could go by train podríamos ir en tren

La expresión to be able to sustituye a can y could en los tiempos

verbales en que éstos no se utilizan:
Do you think he'll be able to do it? ¿crees que podrá hacerlo?
She hopes to be able to come on Tuesday espera poder venir el
martes
I haven't been able to do it yet todavía no he podido hacerlo

172
can't, could y couldn't también pueden ir seguidos de
have + participio:
He can't have said that! ¡ no puede haber dicho eso!
You could have told me! ¡ me lo podrías haber dicho!
I couldn't have done it without you no lo podría haber hecho sin ti

can y could equivalen a formas del verbo saber

cuando van seguidos de verbos que expresan una habilidad que se ha
adquirido:
She can't swim no sabe nadar
Can you type? ¿sabes escribir a máquina?
He could read when he was four sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro años
She told us she couldn't sing nos dijo que no sabía cantar

can y could generalmente no se traducen al

español cuando van seguidos de los verbos de los
sentidos:
I can't hear you no te oigo
I can see why she doesn't like it ya veo por qué no le gusta
He couldn't see a thing no veía nada
She could smell gas notó que olía a gas

AFIRMATIVO ? / NEGATIVO ?

COMO CONOCER SI ES CAN ó CAN’T CUANDO NOS LO

HABLAN :

173
 Si la entonacion va sobre CAN es Afirmativo:
I can stop

Si la entonacion va sobre el VERBO PRINCIPAL es Negativo

I can’t stop

CAN BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE

PRESENT CAN AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO
SIMPLE - WILL BE ABLE TO
FUTURE (WILL) COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
PAST SIMPLE - HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
P. PERFECT - (TO) BE ABLE TO
INFINITIVE - BEING ABLE TO
GERUND

SUGERENCIAS
 LET’S....
 WHY DON’T WE....?
 HOW ABOUT...?

PARA CUANDO .... ?

When is It for ? Para cuando es ?

When would It be for ? Para cuando sería /Estaría ?
When will It be for ? Para será /estará

174
 EN CASO
 In case (Por si acaso)
In case it rains, take an umbrella

 In the event (En caso de )

In the event of fire, call 080

BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES

PODEMOS USAR ADJETIVOS QUE AUMENTAN EL SIGNIFICADO DE ALOS
ADVERBIOS .POR EJEMPLO VERY Y ABSOLUTELY

NO PODEMOS DECIR ABSOLUTELY BIG PORQUE ABSOLUTELY SOLO VA CON

STRONG ADJECTIVES. Y NI PODEMOS DECIR
VERY ENORMOUS PORQUE ENORMOUS YA SIGNIFICA VERY BIG.

BASE ADJECTIVE STRONG ADJECTIVE

COLD FREEZING
TASTY DELICIOUS

175
INTERESTING FASCINATING
BAD HORRID, HORRIBLE, AWFUL,TERRIBLE,
DISGUSTING
GOOD PERFECT, MARVELLOUS, SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
DIRTY FILTHY
FUNNY HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED TERRIFIED
CLEVER BRILLIANT
PRETTY BEAUTIFUL
BIG ENORMOUS
SAD TRAGIC
TIRED EXHAUSTED
COLD FREEZING
HOT BOILING
HUNGRY STARVING
LITTLE TINY
ANGRY FURIOUS
SURPRISED AMAZED. ASTONISHED
SURE POSITIVE
ED = PEOPLE I’M BORED (SOY ABURRIDO)

ING =THINGS /PERSON I’M BORING (ESTOY ABURRIDO)

IT’S BORING ES ABURRIDO
A SEVERAL PHRASAL VERBS
FIND OUT DESCUBRIR
GET ON (WELL) LLEVARSE (BIEN)
GIVE UP DEJAR
GO ON SEGUIR
GO UP SUBIR /AUMENTAR
LIE DOWN TUMBARSE /HECHARSE
LOOK FOR BUSCAR
LOOK UP BUSCAR INFORMACION
PUTT OFF POSPONER

176
 SET OFF PONERSE EN CAMINO

MAKING REQUESTS
EN INGLES HAY MUCHAS FORMAS DE HACER PETICIONES:

CAN
COULD
YOU HELP ME PLEASE?
WILL
WOULD

CAN
I SPEAK TO YOU ,PLEASE?
COULD

COULD Y WILL SON MAS INFORMALES

Would you mind opening the window?

Le importaría abrir la ventana?

Do you mind if I open the window?

Le importa si abro la ventana?

CAN YOU...? OR COULD YOU..?

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO (PUEDES,
PODRÍAS?)

Can / could) you open the door ,please ?

177
 can / could you tell me the time ?

CAN I...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO ( PUEDO ?)

Tom, can i take your umbrella ?

(At phone) Hello. Can I speak to gary,please ?

CAN I HAVE...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS ( QUISIERA... DESEARIA... ME DA...? )

Can I have the bill ,please?

Can I have these postcards,please?

WHOULD YOU LIKE...?

QUIERES...? (LITERALMENTE:TE GUSTARÍA?)

PARA OFRECER ALGO:

Would you like some coffee
PARA INVITAR A ALGUIEN:
Would you like to come to a party ?
“QUISIERA” ES UNA MANERA EDUCADA DE PEDIR ALGO:
I’d like a drink

REQUEST
RESUME
CAN YOU...? O COULD YOU..?

178
 SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO
(PUEDES, PODRÍAS?)
CAN I...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO (PUEDO?)

CAN I HAVE...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS (QUISIERA..DESEARIA.. ME DA..?)

WHOULD YOU LIKE...?

QUIERES...? (LITERALMENTE: TE GUSTARÍA? )

FUTURE FORMS

WILL
DECISION EN EL MOMENTO
I’ll give you my phone number. Ring me tonight
I’ll check her diary for you
I’ll phone back later

PREDICCION DE FUTURO
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny

179
 I’m sure you‘ll pass your exam

GOING TO
DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO (Ya premeditadas)
We’re going to have a holiday
My daughter’s going to study spanish in madrid

CERTEZA DE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS
especialmennte con los verbos
GO, COME, SEE, MEET, LEAVE HAVE(DINNER ETC)
Pat and Peter are coming for a meal tonight
We’re having salmon for supper

BECAUSE Y BECAUSE OF
LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ES QUE
BECAUSE OF NO VA ACOMPAÑADO DE VERBO

He didn’t come BECAUSE he was ill

He didn’t come BECAUSE OF his illness

I WORK (sus prepocisiones de lugar)

IN.....: a city / country / region
AT....: (Inside of) Hospital / chemist’s / market
FOR ....: Big Companies

ACONTECIMIENTOS QUE VAN O PUEDEN SUCEDER

180
 1º SEGURO QUE VA A SUCEDER:
You’re going to have an accident

2º PREDICCION (CON EL CONDICIONAL IF):

You’ll have an accident if...

3º POSIBILIDAD DE QUE OCURRA:

You might / may have an accident
(Might : menos posible / May : más posible)

WILL........: DECISION EN EL MOMENTO

SHALL..........: OFRECIMIENTOS
MIGHT/MAY ...........: NO ESTAS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA
GOING TO...........: DECISION PREMEDITADA
PRESENT CONTINUOUS............: PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS

MIGHT / MAY
QUIZAS... / ES POSIBLE.../ PUEDE

SE USA PARA DECIR ALGO QUE NO ESTAMOS SEGURO

QUE SUCEDA

You haven’t decided if you really want to go to the party: I might go .I’m not
sure
You’re not sure if you want to go to the cinema tonight:I might see a film this
evening

MIGHT Y MAY VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN INFINITIVO “SIN TO”

181
 MIGHT ES MAS COMUN EN INGLES HABLADO
Take your umbrella . It migth rain /Quizas llueva
Ann may phone tonight / Es posible que Ann llame esta noche

LA NEGACION

MIGHT NOT / MAY NOT

QUIZÁS NO
I might not go to work / Quizas no vaya a trabajar
Sue may not come to ... / Quizas Sue no venga a ....

PARA PEDIR PERMISO

MAY I ?

PUEDO?
May I smoke? / Puedo fumar?
May I sit here? / Puedo sentarme aquí?

LIVING IN THE MATERIAL WORLD

CUAL ES LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE.... ?

182
 LEND...: DEJAR PRESTADO / BORROW...:PEDIR PRESTADO
WIN...: GANAR UN PREMIO / EARN...: GANAR DINERO TRABAJANDO
SPEND...: GASTAR / WASTE...: DERROCHAR
INHERIT...: HEREDAR / INVEST...: INVERTIR
WEALTHY ...: ADINERADO / BROKE...: ARRUINADO
VOCABULARY IN REFERENCE TO THE "MONEY"

BANK LOAN PRESTAMO BANCARIO

BANKRUPT ARRUINADO
BROKE SIN UN DURO
CAN’T AFFORD NO PODERSELO PERMITIR
DEBT DEUDA
EXCHANGE RATE TIPO DE CAMBIO
FOOTBALL POOLS QUINIELAS
FOREING CURRENCY MONEDA EXTRANJERA
GIVE AWAY DAR, DONAR
INCOME INGRESOS (POR SUELDO)
INHERIT HEREDAR
INVEST INVERTIR
LIKELIHOOD PROBABILIDAD
MORTGAGE HIPOTECA
NOTE BILLETE
OWE DEBER DINERO / UN FAVOR...
SAFE CAJA FUERTE
SHARES ACCIONES DE BOLSA
SPEND GASTAR DINERO
TO SHOW OFF ALARDEAR
WASTE (MONEY) DERROCHAR
WEALTHY ADINERADO,RICO
WILL TESTAMENTO
YIELD RENDIMIENTO

183
 FIRST CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDADES FUTURAS Y SUS
CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PRESENT... FUTURE + INFINITIVE

If she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes

she'll be here in ten minutes, If she takes a taxi
Si toma un taxi, Estará aquí en diez minutos
Estará aquí en diez minutos, si toma un taxi
En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condición
expresada.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE UN PRESENTE IMAGINARIO O UNA
SITUACION FUTURA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PAST...CONDITIONAL (WOULD / WOULDN’T)+
INFINITIVE

If she took a taxi, She would be here in ten minutes

She would be here in ten minutes, If she took a taxi
Si tomara un taxi, estaría aquí en diez minutos
Estaría aquí en diez minutos, si tomara un taxi
If I had any money, I would lend it to you
I would lend it to you, If I had any money
Si tuviera dinero, te lo prestaría (pero no tengo dinero)

184
 Te lo prestaría, si tuviera dinero,
En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condición
expresada.
En las oraciones condicionales a menudo se utiliza were en lugar de
was, sobre todo en la expresión if I were you (yo que tú):
If I were you, I would go and see a doctor

PUNTUALIZACIONES

 EL SUBJUNTIVO EN ESPAÑOL ES PRESENT SIMPLE EN

INGLÉS

I’ll do It if....I have time

I’ll do It when ....I have time
I’ll do It as soon as ....I have time

Lo haré si....tengo tiempo

Lo haré cuando....tenga tiempo
Lo haré tan pronto como....tenga tiempo

 EN LOS EJEMPLOS ANTERIORES: I WILL HAVE TIME :

NUNCA WILL !!!

I’ll do It if....I will have time

I’ll do It when ....I will have time
I’ll do It as soon as ....I will have time

 IF + NEGATIVE = UNLESS + AFFIRMATIVE

If he doesn’t arrive earlier , I’ll sack him

Si no llega mas pronto, le despedirè
Unless he arrives earlier , I’ll sack him
A menos que llegue mas pronto,le despedirè

185
 VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION

VERBO MODAL NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

MUST MUST NOT MUSTN’T DEBER,TENER QUE
NO DEBER ,NO
PERSONAL PROHIBITION TENER QUE
OBLIGATION

HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE TO DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO

QUE
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION
IT’S NO NECESSARY
SHOULD SHOULD NOT SHOULD’T TENDRIAS / NO
TENDRIAS
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACION

EJEMPLOS
MUST: OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)
I must remember her birthday

MUSTN’T: PROHIBICION
You mustn’t park here

HAVE TO: OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the left

DON’T HAVE TO: AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

It’s free. You don’t have to pay

SHOULD: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly

SHOULDN’T: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldn’t eat so much

186
 Past Perfect
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
A past acction that I HAD I HADN’T WHEN HAD
PAST happened before FINISHED FINISHED YOU
PERFECT WORK AT 6.00 WORK AT FINISHED
than another past
HAD + P.P 6.00 WORK?
acction

We arrived too late. They had already gone. (they went before we arrived)
Llegamos tarde.Ya se habian ido. (Se fueron antes de que llegaramos)

Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del

verbo que se conjuga:
I had worked we had worked
you had worked you had worked
he/she/it had worked they had worked

Uso. Para referirse a acciones anteriores a determinado momento en el

pasado. Es el equivalente pasado del present perfect y se usa de forma
paralela:
I had already seen that film ya había visto la película

Sin embargo, con este tiempo, a diferencia de con el present perfect, se

puede especificar el momento en que había ocurrido la acción:
I wasn't hungry because I had had breakfast half an hour before

187
 RELATIVE CLAUSES
Las frases de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la
informacion y decirnos sobre QUIEN o DE QUE cosas estamos
hablando

WHO/THAT WHICH /THAT WHERE WHOSE

QUIEN /QUE CUAL/QUE DONDE CUYO /CUYA

The boy as gone into hospital (Wich boy?)

the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital
the book is very good (Wich book?)
The book that I bought yesterday is very good

WHO/THAT...QUIEN /QUE
WHO lo usamos para referirnos a personas
THAT lo usamos para referirnos a cosas

The book is about a girl who marries a millonaire

What was the name of the horse that won the race?

Si WHO o THAT es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:

I like people who are kind and considerate

Si WHO o THAT es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:

The person you need to talk to is on holiday
(Sujeto: you)

WHICH / THAT.....CUAL / QUE

Puede ser usado para referirnos a toda oracion o idea anterior
Jane can´t come to the party,wich is a shame

WHERE...DONDE
WHERE lo usamos para referirnos a lugares
The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach

WHOSE...CUYO /CUYA
Usamos WHOSE para referirnos a la posesion de alguien
That’s the woman whose son won the lottery

DEFINING RELATIVES

188
 The actor WHO/THAT won The Oscar ir from New Zealand

The film WHICH/THAT won The Oscar was about gladiators

The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.

The film WHOSE direction won The Oscar was Gladiator

This is the person WHO works for me

Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi
(La persona : sujeto)

This is the person WHO I work for

Esta es la persona para la que trabajo
(Yo : sujeto)

That is the car WHICH cost 1 million Pounds

Este es el coche que cuesta 1 millón de Libras
(El coche : sujeto)

That is the car WHICH I like

Este es el coche que me gusta
(A mí: sujeto)

WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO

EL VERBO DESPUES DEL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO
(WHO / WHICH )TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE

NON-DEFINING RELATIVES

189
 Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o
cosa.

LA FRASE QUE CONTIENE EL RELATIVO,

VA SIEMPRE ENTRE COMAS. (Ó COMA Y PUNTO)

En este tipo de uso del relativo,

NO PODEMOS OMITIR WHICH /WHO, WHERE AND WHOSE
como antes que se daba el caso al cambiar el sujeto.

NO PODEMOS USAR THAT

 The house ,which has a large garden, was just what they had always wanted
 My mother ,who is 65, has just retired
 Finally I arrived home, where my mother was waiting for me
 Chester,where my parents live, is a beautiful town

PREPOSICIONES Y EXPRESIONES DE
MOVIMIENTO

190
 GO STRAIGHT ON.................SIGA RECTO
 ON THE LEFT......................... A LA IZQUIERDA
 ON THE RIGHT...................... A LA DERECHA
 TAKE THE FIRST/SECOND... STREET ON......TOME LA 1ª,2ª.....CALLE A....
 TURN LEFT..............................TUERCE A LA IZQUIERDA
 TURN RIGHT.......................... TUERCE A LA DERERCHA
 GO PAST.................................. PASAR DE LARGO
 TO CROSS............................... CRUZAR
 CROSSROADS....................... CRUCE DE CAMINOS
 ICE RINK................................ PABELLON DE PATINAJE
 ROUND ABOUT.................... ROTONDA
 ALONG..................................... A LO LARGO
 DOWN........................................HACIA ABAJO
 UP................................................HACIA ARRIBA
 INTO .............................. ..........HACIA DENTRO
 OUT OF..................................... HACIA FUERA
 OVER .........................................POR ENCIMA
 PAST...........................................PASAR JUNTO A
 TROUGH...ATRAVESAR;A TRAVES DE 3 DIMENSIONES O CUANDO HAY
OBSTACULOS
 ACROSS....................................A TRAVES DE UNA SUPERFICIE
 UPHILL.......................................CUESTA ARRIBA
 DOWNHILL..............................CUESTA ABAJO
 KEEP WALKING.......................CONTINÚA
 KEEP GOING............................ SIGUE
 AS FAR AS................................ HASTA
 HALFWAY................................. MITAD DE LA CALLES
 JUCTION.................................. CRUCE DE CALLES
 CROSSROAD............................ CRUCE DE CARRETERAS
 CAR PARK.................................. APARCAMIENTO

LA VOZ PASIVA

La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo:

191
 the cathedral was built in the seventeenth century

El presente pasivo se forma con: AM / IS / ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE

El pasado pasivo se forma con : WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Si queremos indicar quien hizo la accion usamos el by

Usamos la pasiva cuando no estamos interesados en quien realiza la accion

Su uso es mucho más frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en

español, ya que se emplea también en frases como:
it was decided that... se decidió que...
he was told the truth le dijeron la verdad
my car is being repaired me están arreglando el coche

Positive Negative Questions

PRESENT Rice is grown in It isn’t grown in Is it grown
china. germany. In france?

Cars are made in They aren’t made Are they made in

brazil in monaco korea
PAST Paper was It wasn’t When was it
invented by invented by the invented?
chinese. greeks.

The pyramids They weren’t Were they built

were built by the built by the by the pharaons?
egiptians english
THE PASSIVE (EXAMPLES)
+ Anna Karenina was written by leo tolstoy
- Anna Karenina wasn’t written by william shakespeare
? Was Anna Karenina written by leo tolstoy ?

+ The pyramids were built by the egyptians

- The piramids weren’t built by the greeks
? Were the pyramids built by the egyptians ?

192
 + The 1994 world cup was won by the brazilians
- The 1994 world cup wasn’t won by the spanish
? Was the 1994 world cup won by the brazilians ?

+ Paper was invented by the chinese

- Paper wasn’t invented by the italians
? Was paper invented by the chinese ?

+ The mona lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci

- The mona lisa wasn’t painted by Miguel Angel Buonarotti
? Was the mona lisa painted by Leonardo da Vinci ?

+ The olimpics games were started by the greeks

- The olimpics games weren’t started by the romans
? Were the olimpics games started by the greeks?

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made

ASKING POLITELY FOR INFORMATION

 Where’s the bookshop?

Excuse me , IS there a bookshop near here, please ?
Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW. / COULD YOU TELL ME IF.....where the bookshop
IS ?

193
NOTAR QUE: en la primera frase el verbo IS esta dentro de la frase porque
forma parte de la pregunta que se hace.

SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase el verbo IS va al final de la frase porque

la pregunta en sí es DO YOU KNOW/ COULD YOU TELL ME IF... ?
(Esta es mucho mas educada y correcta)

DOES this train stop at London Bridge

DO the shops open on Sunday

NOTAR QUE: en la primera frase,el auxiliar es DOES, por que,this train es 3ª

persona del singular.

SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase, el auxiliar es DO, porque, the shops, es

tercera persona pero del plural

Do the shops open on Sunday ?

Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW IF... the shops open on Sunday ?

How long does the journey take ?

Excuse me, COULD YOU TELL ME ...How long the journey takes ?

Where do I have to get off ?

Excuse me, COULD YOU TELL ME ...Where I have to get off ?

Does this train stop at London Bridge ?

Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW IF...This train stops at London Bridge ?
LA VOZ PASIVA(II)

1ª REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

LA PASIVA, SIEMPRE TIENE QUE TENER UNA

REGLA VERBAL MÁS QUE LA FRASE EN ACTIVA.
e.g.
Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody

194
 2ª REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

EN LA FRASE PASADA A PASIVA, LA PRIMERA

REGLA VERBAL,SIEMPRE CONSERVA EL MISMO
TIEMPO VERBAL.
e.g.
Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody

3ª REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

EN LA FRASE EN PASIVA,LA REGLA

VERBAL,SIEMPRE ACABARÁ EN PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g.
Casablanca is remembered by everybody

OTRAS:

 Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3

elementos)
Cuando el verbo es TO BE es Being
Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been

 Nunca ing detrás de have has being

195
 El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos

Los adjetivos de una sílaba, forman el comparativo agregando -er y el

superlativo agregando -est:
tall taller tallest / he's taller than me
big bigger biggest / it's the biggest in the world

La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo

usando more y el superlativo usando most:
famous more famous most famous
careful more careful most careful
interesting more interesting most interesting
Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos
irregulares:
good better best/
bad worse worst
far further/farther furthest/farthest
many more most
much more most
little less least

WHAT’S THE OPPOSITE OF...?

196
 Comparative Opposittes Superlative Opposites
Adjectives Adjectives

Longer Shorter The slowest The fastest

Smaller Bigger The coldest The hottest
Cheaper More expensive The safest The most dangerous
More difficult Easier The saddest The happiest
More interesting More boring The rudest The most polite
Better Worse The best The worst
More Less The most The least
PARA COMPARAR DOS COSAS

 Comparativo + than or Adverbio + than

Boxing is more dangerous than rugby
I can run faster than you

PARA EXPRESAR MAXIMOS O MINIMOS

 The + Superlativo or The + Adverbio

She’s the tallest player in the team
She plays the best

DECIR QUE DOS COSAS SON LO MISMO

 As + Adjetivo + as or As + Adverbio + as
Our team is as good as yours
He can play as well as me

 The same as
My racket is the same as yours

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE SPELLING

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST + ER COMPARATIVE
HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST + EST SUPERLATIVE
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + MORE COMPARATIVE
EXPENSIVE MORE THE MOST EXPENSIVE +THE MOST UPERLATIVE
EXPENSIVE

197
 GOOD BETTER THE BEST IRREGULAR
BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST

N0TA
It is the least expensive
Es el menos caro
Se traduce por el menos porque least va seguido de un adjetivo
It consumes the least petrol
Consume la menor cantidad de gasolina
Se traduce por la menor cantidad porque least va seguido de un nombre

NARRATIVE TENSES
 PAST SIMPLE
 PAST PERFECT
 PAST CONTINUOUS

Usamos el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en el

pasado

She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small café

(ella se tomo un café despues de comprar el periodico)

Usamos el PAST PERFECT para hablar acerca de algo que sucedió antes del
tiempo del cual estamos hablando

198
 When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill

(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara)

Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir una

accion mas larga en continuo.

The sun was shining when she left the café

(La accion de continuo mas larga es que el sol estaba brillando.

Ella dejó el café es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la accion
mas larga de continuo)

VERBOS MODALES DE DEDUCCION

 MUST + Inf (Seguro que es verdad)

 MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)
 CAN’T + Inf (Es imposible)
Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo
(logicamente) es verdad. El contrario es CAN’T BE

He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.They’re speaking Italian

199
 Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE
verdad.

She might be working. I’m not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.

Usamos CAN’T para decir que algo es IMPOSIBLE

It can’t be true! I don’t believe it.

They can’t be in New York! I saw them this morning.

CONNECTORS
Usamos ALTHOUGH / THOUGH ,HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND
para introducir otra frase cuya informacion difiere de la primera

We had a good time ,although / though it rained a lot

She usually listens to pop music,however/on the other hand,She likes opera
too.

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH significan lo mismo,

THOUGH no es usado al principio de la frase, suele ir en la mitad de esta.

200
HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND solo pueden ser usados a principio de
la frase.

Usamos ALSO O AS WELL para introducir informacion similar adicional

He had some chocolate cake, and he also had an ice cream.

He ha some chocolate cake and an ice cream as well

ALSO Y AS WELL, significan lo mismo,

ALSO, usualmente va antes del verbo principal , pero despues de BE.

Y AS WELL,siempre va al finalde la frase, como Too

ESTILO DIRECTO/INDIRECTO
 Se llama Estilo directo (DIRECT SPEECH), cuando el que habla o escribe
reproduce textualmente las palabras con las que se ha expresado el
autor...

es decir: LAS PALABRAS DICHAS DIRECTAMENTE POR UNA PERSONA

 Se llama estilo indirecto(REPORTED SPEECH) cuando hablamos en

pasado sobre lo que alguien dijo, preguntó o escribió...

es decir: CUANDO REFERIMOS CON NUESTRAS PROPIAS PALABRAS

LO QUE EL OTRO HA DICHO ANTERIORMENTE.

PEDRO: Yo Trabajo aquí (I work here)

201
 MARÍA: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)

Un somero analisis de estos ejemplos nos revela que estas estructuras

sintacticas son basicamentes ,coincidentes en inglés y español.

Nos revela igualmente que:

a) Las construcciones de estilo indirecto van precedidas de un verbo

introductorio.

b) Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las
construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.

c) El paso de estilo directo a estilo indirecto implica cambios importantes en

tres campos : Sujeto,(Yo / Pedro) Verbos (trabajo / trabajaba))
y Adverbios (Aquí/ Allí.) (Observese los subrayados)

Estilo Directo: Yo trabajo aquí.

Estilo Indirecto: Pedro dijo que trabajaba allí
AFIRMACIONES)

(REPORTED SPEECH : STATEMENTS)

Es usual que el tiempo del verbo en estilo directo se mueva un paso hacia el
pasado para formar el estilo indirecto
I’m going  He said he was going

Si el verbo en el estilo directo está en Presente en el indirecto sigue en

Presente
I come from Spain  She says she comes from Spain

(PREGUNTAS)

(REPORTED SPEECH : QUESTIONS)

202
 1- El orden de las palabras en el reported question es igual que en el Direct
speech. (SUJETO + VERBO).
2- No hay inversion del sujeto y no se usan verbos auxiliares. No hay
do/does/did.
What time is it?  He wants to know what time it is.
Where do you live  She asked me where I lived

3- SI NO HAY QUESTION WORD (what, who, where...etc)

o EMPIEZA POR VERBO,

USAMOS “IF”
Can you show me the way?
She asked him IF he could show her the way

(ORDENES

REPORTED SPEECH : IMPERATIVES

USAMOS “TELL”PARA AFIRMACIONES Y ORDENES,

Statements (Afirmaciones):
He told me that he was going
They told us that they were going abroad

Commands (Ordenes):
He told me to keep still
The police told people to move on

SE FORMAN CON:VERBO + PERSONA+ TO+

INFINITIVO

203
 PARA ORDENES NEGATIVAS USAMOS NOT TO
He told me not to tell anyone

PETICIONES,
REPORTED SPEECH : REQUEST

USAMOS “ASK” PARA ORDENES Y PREGUNTAS,

Commands (Ordenes):
He asked me to open my suitcase
She asked me not to smoke

Questions (Preguntas)
He asked me what I did for a living
She asked me why I had come
DIRECT & REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE PASA PAST SIMPLE
I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST CONTINUOUS

HE’S READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING A BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT PASA PAST PERFECT

HE’S FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN
HOUR
PAST SIMPLE PASA PAST PERFECT
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE A SHE SAID SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS
THEATRE FOR THE THEATRE
FUTURE (WILL) PASA CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
I‘LL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER

FUTURE CONTINUOUS PASA CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS

I’LL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO
YEARS UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS
PAST PERFECT SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN CONTINUOUS
Bnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn gggggggggggg lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
SHALL/WILL  WOULD
CAN  COULD
MUST  MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD  SHOULD
OUGHT TO  OUGHT TO
MAY  MIGHT
  llllll
I  HE / SHE

204
 WE  THEY
MY  HIS/ HER
OURS  THEIRS
  lllllll
HERE  THERE
THIS  THAT
THESE  THOSE
TODAY  THAT DAY
YESTERDAY  THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK  THE WEEK BEFORE
TOMORROW  THE NEXT DAY
NOW  THEN
AGO  BEFORE
TONIGHT  THAT NIGHT
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW  IN TWO DAYS’TIME
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY  TWO DAYS BEFORE
DON’T  NOT TO
STATEMENTS UN TIEMPO ATRÁS EN EL I’M GOING
PASADO HE SAID HE WAS GOING
AFIRMATIVAS / NEGATIVAS SAID / TOLD ME...
QUESTIONS ORDEN: SHE ASKED ME WHERE I LIVED
SHE ASKED HIM IF HE COULD SHOW
PREGUNTAS ASKED ME... SUJETO + HER THE WAY
VERBO
COMMANDS VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF
NEGATIVO : NOT TO HE TOLD ME TO DRIVE FASTER
ORDENES HE TOLD ME NOT TO DRIVE FASTER
TELL
REQUEST VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF SHE ASKED ME TO OPEN MY BAG
NEGATIVO : NOT TO SHE ASKED ME NOT TO SMOKE
PETICIONES ASK

-ED /-ING ADJECTIVES

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ED,PARA EXPRESAR

“COMO “NOS SENTIMOS NOSOTROS” = PARA PERSONAS
We were exhausted after the long flight
Estabamos agotados despues del largo vuelo
I’m bored
Estoy aburrido

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ING,PARA EXPRESAR QUE

“ALGO ES DE UNA MANERA” = PARA COSAS
The long flight was exhausting
El largo vuelo fue agotador
It’s boring

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 Es aburrido
ED=COMO NOS SENTIMOS. ING = COMO ES ALGO.
PARA PERSONAS ESTOY: PARA COSAS ES:
FRIGHTENED ASUSTADO FRIGHTENING ATERRADOR
BORED ABURRIDO BORING ABURRIDO
SURPRISED SORPRENDIDO SURPRISING SORPRENDENTE
TIRED CANSADO TIRING CANSADO
DEPRESSED DEPRIMIDO DEPRESSING DEPRESIVO
TERRIFIED ATERRORIZADO TERRIFYING TERRORIFICO
ANNOYED ENFADADO ANNOYING MOLESTO
EXCITED EXCITADO EXCITING EXCITANTE
EMBARRASED AVERGONZADO EMBARRASING EMBARAZOSO
FASCINATED FASCINADO FASCINATING FACINANTE

IN CASE
(POR SI)
USAMOS IN CASE CUANDO SUGERIMOS QUE SE HAGA ALGO PORQUE
MAS TARDE HAY UNA POSIBILIDAD DE QUE SUCEDA ALGO Y NOS HAGA
FALTA LO SUGERIDO

DESPUES DE IN CASE USAMOS PRESENT ,PERO TAMBIÉN PODEMOS

USAR EL PASADO SI EL VERBO PRINCIPAL ESTA EN ESTE TIEMPO
Take a map in case you get lost
Coge un mapa por si te pierdes

SOME PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERB EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

BE ON THERE’S A GOOD FILM ON TV PONER (TV,CINE)
BE OVER THE MATCH IS OVER ACABAR
BREAK DOWN MY CAR HAS BROKEN DOWN ROMPER
BREAK UP HE BROKE UP WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND TERMINAR (UNA
RELACION)
FALL OVER HE FELL OVER AND BROKE HIS LEG CAERSE
FILL IN FILL IN THE FORM,PLEASE RELLENAR
FIND OUT FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS DESCUBRIR
GET AROUND THE BEST WAY TOGET AROUND IS BY CAR VIAJAR (POR LA
CIUDAD)
GET IN (TO) GET OUT (OF) GET INTO THE CAR.WE’RE LEAVING ENTRAR/SALIR DE

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 UN COCHE
GET ON/ FF GET OFF THE BUS AT THE NEXT STOP ENTRAR /SALIR
OCHE,BUS...
GET ON WITH I GET ON WELL WITH MY SISTER LLEVARSE BIEN
GET UP SHE GETS UP AT 7 EVERY MORNING LEVANTARSE
GIVE AWAY HE GAVE AWAY ALL HIS MONEY DAR (DINERO)
GIVE BACK GIVE ME BACK MY BALL DEVOLVER
GIVE UP I’VE DECIDED TO GIVE UP SMOKING DEJAR
GO AWAY WE WENT AWAY FOR A WEEKEND SALIR DE LA CIUDAD
GO OUT WE WENT OUT LAST NIGHT SALIR DE LA CASA
GO BACK HE WENT BACK TO WORK VOLVER
GO DOWN THE TEMPERATURE HAS GONE DOWN BAJAR
GO/CARRY ON HE WENT ON SPEAKING FOR TWO HOURS SEGUIR,CONTINUA
R
GO UP PRICES ARE GOING UP SUBIR
HOLD ON PLEASE HOLD ON A MOMENT ESPERAR
HARRY UP HURRY UP.WE’RE LATE DARSE PRISA
LIE DOWN HE LAY DOWN ON THE BED TENDERSE
LOOK AFTER HE’S LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN VIGILAR
LOOK FOR I’M LOOKING FOR A JOB BUSCAR
LOOK FORWARD TO I’M LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU TENER GANAS QUE
SUCEDA ALGO
LOOK UP CAN YOU LOOK UP THIS WORD IN THE BUSCAR INFORMACION
DICTIONARY? EN UN LIBRO
PAY BACK I’LL PAY YOU BACK TOMORROW DEVOLVER DINERO
PRESTADO
PICK UP I’LL PICK YOU UP AT YOUR HOUSE AT 7 RECOGER A ALGUIEN O ALGO
DEL SUELO
PUT ON PUT ON YOUR COAT .IT’S COLD VESTIR
PUT OFF LET’S PUT OFF THE MEETING UNTIL MONDAY POSPONER,ATRASAR
RUN OUT OF OH.NO! WE’RE RUNNING OFF PETROL QUEDARSE SIN AGO
RUN OVER HE WAS RUN OVER BY A BUS ATROPELLAR
SET OFF THEY SET OFF EARLY IN THE MORNING PONERSE EN CAMINO
SWITCH / TURN OFF PLEASE SWITCH /TURN OFF THE LIGHTS APAGAR/DESCONECTAR
SWITCH / TURN ON FIRST SWICHT /TURN ON THE ENGINE ENCENDER /CONECTAR
TAKE BACK I’M GOING TO TAKE THIS SWEATE BACK DEVOLVER / CAMBIAR
TAKE OFF THE PLANE TOOK OFF DESPEGAR UN AVION
HE WAS HOT SO HE TOOK OFF HIS JACKET /
QUITARSE UNA
PRENDA
TAKE OUT SHE TOOK SOME MONEY OUT OF THE BANK SACAR
THROW AWAY HE THROW THE SHOES AWAY TIRAR A LA BASURA
TRY ON CAN I TRY THESE JEANS ON? PROBARSE ROPA
TURN UP /DOWN CAN YOU TURN UP THE TV? I CAN’T HEAR IT SUBIR (EL VOLUMEN)
WAKE UP I WAKE UP AT 8 EVERY MORNING DESPERTAR
WASH UP I’LL COOK IF YOU WASH UP LAVAR

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 THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIÓN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:
EN ESTE CASO ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA
CONDICIÓN EXPRESADA.

(PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ALGO QUE SUCEDIÓ EL EL PASADO Y

PODRÍA HABER SIDO DIFERENTE)
IF + PAST PERFECT...WOULD+ HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE (conditional perfect)

If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi

Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos

Ella habria estado aquí si hubiera tomado un taxi

PODEMOS USAR COULD Ó MIGHT EN VEZ DE WOULD

If I’d worked harder, I could have passed the exam

I could have passed the exam If I’d worked harder

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Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen
Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado más duro

VOWELS & CONSONANTS

DIPHTONGS
i: see /si:/  pen /pen/
 sit /sit/ b bad /bd/
e ten /ten/ t tea /ti:/
 hat /ht/ d did /did/
: arm /:m/ k cat /kt/
 got /t/  got /t/
: saw /:/ t chin /tin/
 put /t/ d June /du:n/
: too /t:/ f fall /f:l/
 cup /k/ v voice /vis/
I happy /’hpi/  thin /in/
: fur /f:(r)/  then /en/
 ago /’g/  so //
ei page /peid/  zoo /:/
 home /hm/  she /i:/
ai five /faiv/  vision /‘vin/
a now /na/  how //
 join /dn/  man /mn/
 near /n( r)/  no //
e hair /he(r )/  sing /si/
 pure /pj( r )/ l leg /leg/
r red /red/
j yes /jes/
w wet /wet/

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 VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION

VERBO NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

MODAL
MUST MUST NOT MUSTN’T DEBER,TENER QUE
NO DEBER ,NO TENER
PERSONAL PROHIBITION QUE
OBLIGATION

HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO QUE

TO
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION
IT’S NO NECESSARY
SHOULD SHOULD NOT SHOULD’T TENDRIAS / NO
TENDRIAS
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACI
ON

EJEMPLOS

MUST: OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)

I must remember her birthday

MUSTN’T: PROHIBICION
You mustn’t park here

HAVE TO: OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the left

DON’T HAVE TO: AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

It’s free. You don’t have to pay

SHOULD: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly

SHOULDN’T: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldn’t eat so much

VERBOS MODALES DE DEDUCCION

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  MUST + Inf (Seguro que es verdad)
 MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)
 CAN’T + Inf (Es imposible)

Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo (logicamente) es verdad. El
contrario es CAN’T BE

He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.They’re speaking Italian

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE verdad.

She might be working. I’m not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.

Usamos CAN’T para decir que algo es IMPOSIBLE

It can’t be true! I don’t believe it.

They can’t be in New York! I saw them this morning.

211