GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 1 Simple present and adverbs of frequency Use We use the simple present: + to talk about habits and routines. Iplay tennis every week. + to talk about things that are alwaye true. Bee teal err far eal Form ‘We form the simple present with the base form of the verb, To make negative sentences, we add don’t before the verb. To make questions, we add do before the subject. After he, she; il, etc, we add -+ to the verb, We use doesn’t in negative sentences, and does in questions. lyoutwerthey leat You dan’teat. De you eat? henheit —Sheeats. He docsn'test. Does heisheit ext? ‘The verb te is different from other verbs. ' Vm ft. tim nat it. Am fi? youlwerthey We're fit, Theyaren‘t fit. Are you ft? hesheit Sheet. She lent me. shes? p Exercise 1 Adverbs and expressions of frequency We use aclverbs and other expressions in simple present sentences ta tall: about how often we do ‘Mike ustally goes for a run in the evening. {Tm often late for work. Thave a kot drink five or six times a day. We so on vacation teeo or three times a year. ‘Some common frequency adverbs are: 100% always usualy often sometimes not often rarely 0% never Position Frequeney adverbs and expressions of frequency 20 in different places in a sentence. + Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, but after the verb te. ‘They never eat out She's alevays out on the weekend 1 don’t often play sports, ‘+ Expressions of frequency normally go at the beginning or end of a sentence. | go out wat friends Bhree or four times a week Once a week, 1.0 for «run » Exercises 2 and 3 Present continuous Use ‘We use the simple present to talk about things we do or that happen regularly. We use the present contintious to talk about something, in progress in the present. This can be: + something actually in progress at this moment. Leas f answer the phone because I'm driving. ‘something happening around now, but not necessarily at this moment. Vm looking for a rcw job + a changing situation, ‘More aid more people are changing their die Form We form the at continuous with be-+ verb + ing, tmvaiting. I'm not ‘Am! writing? vweleng. youwe! Were Theyarent Areyou they writing. writing. writing? hethesit He's writing. Sheisn't_ Is she writing, writing? Some verbs describe states (for example, agree, believe, ‘our, hate, know, like, love, prefer, ean). We don't use these verbs with the continuous. He owns a really nice car Exercises 4, 5, and 6Exercises 4 Complete the sentences with the simple present form of the verbo in parentheses 1 Sam (not live) neae me. 2 Sofia! (drive) to work. 3 she (speak) any bother languages? 4 (not like) waking up early 5 they ‘6ce) each other on the weekends? 6 We be) very tired. 7 Some people (not need) a lol of sleep. 8 (be) your bus late? 9 He (have) a big; house in the county 2. Look at the sentences, Find and correct the amnistakes with the position of frequency adverbs and time expressions 1 Loften am tired at work 2. Wetwice a week eat out ina restaurant 3. Thave two or thrce times a day a cup of coffee. 4 They don't play often board games, 5. Does usually she lake public transportation? 3 Complete the text with words from the boxes, Use an ‘expression from box A and a vert from box B in each air of blanks. BY aways es ee [i ieee a about 7:0 a.m and et ready For work. D breakfast because I don’t fel hungry in the ‘[Link] workat 9a.m, and at 12:noon {taka hunch break. 1° . iy friend for unch—normally two or three times a week. At 4130 Istart work again, and I finish at 5:30 p.m. ike to keep fit, 8017 to the gym? Tget home at about 8: p.m. and make dinner, but Lalso® atzestaurants Fim always tired in the evening, so I go to bed warly. And that’s my day! 4 Complete the sentences with the present continuous form of these verbs become build go not work talk wait vwirite 11 for the bus. 2. A: Where, ou. B; To the Supermarket, We need milk! 3. She. this week because she's on vacation. 4A: What are you doing? BI ‘an email to my friend 5. A: Where's Michael? B: He tosomeone on the phone, 6 The new house on my stevet, 7 More and more people vegetarians, 5 Complete the pairs of sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use the simple present form in one sentence and the present continuous form in the other it my Lunch very early today. I normally 1pm. (eat) 2. Tina rarely to work, But today she because of the rain. (drive) 3. She to her brother on the phone Fight now, They. at this time every day. (talk) 4 Is6p.m.and1 hardin the office. Tnormally ‘only until 5 pam. (work) 51 shopping now. always shopping at this time. (g0) 6 Complete the text with the simple present ‘or present continuous form of the verbs in parentheses. ‘The Mediterranean People in countries like Italy, Spain, France, and, Greece * (live) longer than people from many ather countries. This is probably because of their diet—they ? (eat) lots of food like vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, fish, and olive oil. People often? (cay) that this diet (be) good for your heart. But the traditional Mediterranean diet* (change) because more and more people (eat) junk food. So, in the futere, the ‘Mediterranean dict might be very different. ne |GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2 Modal verbs for rules Use Tottalk about rules, we use the modal verbs must, hhaww to, and ean, * To-say that something is obligatory, we use must or dave to. ‘You have to train hare to rua murathon, Runners mast arrive twenty minutes before the race. © Tosay that something is allowed, we use oat Members can use the swimming pool for fre. + Tosay that something is nat obligatory but allowed, we use don’t have to. ‘You don't have to be fil to join the club, + To say thal something is not allowed, we use can't or must nat You can't touch the boil with your hands or arms in You must not leave ary bags ir this area The modal verbs nus! and have Fo, and can‘t and must not, have very similar meanings. In general, we prefer {o-use have £0 and can't in spoken English to talk about rules. In formal written English, we prefer to use must and must not. “You have to pay $40 to ein the race. (spoken) Competitors must pay $40 fo ter the mace. (lormal, written) You can't go rear the poo! with shoes on. (spoken) Customers must not go near the poo! with skaes om. (formal, written) But remember that must not and don’t lee fo have completely different meanings—musir’t means “don’t do it” while don't have to means “i's not necessary to doit” Form We normally use modal verbs before a main verb. “You ean burraw my running shes The modal verbs mest /must not and can faan’t don't work like normal verbs. They never change—we use the same form for all persons (J, you, he/she et.) We don’t use do, does, or did to make questions or negatives. ani nn aa Uyoulwelthey Jeanswim. — dcan'tswim Canyou heshefit She canswim. Hecan’t — Camheswim? aia, ‘The modal verb have Jo works like a normal verb. It ‘changes for he/sle/'t in the simple present, and we form questions and negatives in the past and present rasing do, does, or did SESE lyounwelthey Ihave to go, Ident have Do you have ‘ogo. ‘90? hethert —-He-has to go. she doesn't Does she [Link]. have to go? > Exercises 1, 2, and 3 -ing form We use the -ing form of a-verb after te to form the present or past continuous. Tim getting rendy 1 go oul Ios toatching mawic. raat ee eer ways -ing form as the subject of a sentence ‘We can make a verb the suibject of a sentence, When we do this, we usually use the -ing form. Playing sports is geeat for your health -ing form after prepositions When a verb comes altera preposition, itis always in the -ing form. Tm not very good at swimming. -ing form after some verbs We sometimes pul two verbs together in a sentenes ‘The form of the second verb depends on the first verb, Alter the vetbs lite, dislike, love, hate, can't stand, enjoy, andl dor mid, the second verb isin the ~ing form. Tn ives watching sports 1 don’t mind runsang in le eo » Exercises 4 and 5Exercises Match the rules (1-6) with the meanings {a-<. a Do this. b Don’tdo this, This is allowed. You must wear your seat belt in.a car: You can't hit the ball with your hand in Boxers have to wear spectal gloves, You can walk in a marathon, ‘The students can’t use their cell phones during the exam. __ 6 Wecan take photos during the tennis, match, one irtle the eorect options to complete the sentences, 1. You must not / don’t acc to kick the ball when you play basketball. You can only use your hands. 2 We must not J don't have fo go to the football game. We can watch it on television. 3. Ifthe fie alarm rings, you must / don't have fo go straight outside. It’s important tcrbe quick 4 Inmany countries, you mast / rust not wait until you are 18 to drive. I's not possible if you're younger. 5 Youdon't have to # wus! nol come tonight. Slay at home if you prefer. Circle the correct options to complete this email How are you? I'm doing well. You asked me in your email about the gym I go to, so here’s some information for you. You ' hve ta / must pay for awhole month—you? don’t ue 0 / can't pay for one visit. When you pay, they give you a gym card. You" don't have fa / nsust not Forget this card because you need it to get in the gym. like to use the bikes in the gym. Lusvally ride for about an hour, but when there are a lot of peaple, you !car’t / must not use the bikes for a long time. also do a yoga class once or twisea week, You ® ont ve 10 F must not sign up in advance, 801 usually deciele when | arrive. One last thing—you * nwst / cno't remember to bring towels with you because the gym doesn’t give them to you, Why don't you come with meto the gym next week? I ean show you everything. Let me know! 4 Complete the sentences with the ing form of a verb from the box. fall play help watch wakeup read ‘She's really good at the piano, 1 2 Idon't like TW it’s so boring! 3 Hehates early on the weekends. 4. I'mworried about my exam. 5 a book is.a great way 1o pass the ime ona train. 6 Thank you for ‘me with my work. Circle the correct options to complete the conversation. As Why are you! cleaning / clewa the house? Bi: Its dirty: Why? Is such a nice day: Why don’t we? doing / do something outside? * Staying / Stay at home is 50 boring, B: OK. What do you think about go / going for a As hate ram / running! B: OK, how about gaing / go for a walk in the mountains? ‘Ax That's a good idea, We could” fuking / take a picnic with us, B: Great! Hove § eat / eating outside on a sunny aay, ‘A: Good—you can® us, then! making / make the picnic for |GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 3 Comparatives and superlatives ra Pasicive Yonparatve suneratve | = ES = SS ae rm oy area en ee me fag nee For most one-syllable adjectives, we add -er to form the comparative, and we acid -est to form the superlative. {ask +faster fastest old + older oldest For most adjectives that have two or more syllables, we use more + adjective to form the comparative, and we use most + adjective to-form the superlative. usefial -+ more useful / most useful expensive + more expensive / mostexpeasive lable adjectives (often adjectives that end in y, “le, ow, and -er), we can use either ror ‘more to form the comparative, and -est or mest to form the superlative. We sometimes tse one form more than the ather (e.g, uarrewer is more common than ‘more narrow, whereas friendlier and nrore friendly ane both common) friendly + friendlier or more friendly {friendliest ox most friendy Simple + simpler or more simple simplest or most simple » narrower oF more narroco nanvonaes! or most narrow Spelling rules Note the following spelling; rules when adding -er or -esl lo adjectives + For adjectives that end in -¢, we just add -r ort. nice nicer [nicest + For adjectives that end in -y, we change the y to and add -er or est busy + busier /busiest * Tor one-syllable adjectives that end in consonant-vowel-consonant, we generally. double the final consonant. big — bigger / biggest wet wetter / wettest However, we do not dauble wx, or y. slow ~ slower /slowest Irregular forms There are three common irregular adjectives, _good = heiler Jest Jud > worse / worst {far ~ further ot farther (furthest o fortest Less and the least Tomake a negative comparison, we use less + adjective to form the comparative, and the least + adjective to form the superlative, _fuas+ Tess fun the Teast fun “popular + ess popular / the least popular Use We use comparative adjectives to compare things. We ‘often use it with than. ‘A tani will be quicker tear a tus. We could get a bus, but a taxé willbe quicker. This ones mare expensive than the others They're Less popular thane they used tobe. ‘We use superlative adjectives to compare one thing ‘with other things in a group. We usually use the before a superlative. Whats the easiest rosy 10 get 10 the center of lown? ‘We can also use a possessive form (Ide company’s, New York’s, my, ete) and words such as the secand, the third, the next, ele, before a superlative Tinies Square is New York City’s busiest subtoay station and Grand Central isthe second busiest > Exercises 1 and 2 as... as ‘We use as + adjective +-as to say things are the same, Riding a bike there is as quick as goong by bus. It’sas ofd as Tam. Tosay things are not the same, we use not as + adjective +s. The thing we mention first is smaller or less busy / heavy, etc The UK is not as big as Ialy. ‘The tocon isn’[Link] busy as it used ty be > Exercises 3 and 4 Comparative modifiers We use comparative modifiers when we say there isa big orsmall difference between things that we are comparing, ee teeta tig emeretrrteen roee etd much, Tosay there isa small difference, we can use a bit or alittle. Public transportation fs mich more expensive than it iva tobe Lucy's house is a bit closer lan Sue's. Waruaty fy in Menchaster fpeaible oats Airport is a lot less convenient. ene ere Gee ee eeceeer che » Exercise 5Exercises 7 Complete the sentences with the comparative ot superlative form af the adjectives in bald. 1 I've driven lots of nice ears, but this one is the 2. Chikagois pretty far from here, but Beston is 3 Today’s lectune was interesting, but I think last week's was 4 I've flown with some bad airlines, but Speed Air has to be the ever! 5. The exhibition is busy today, but yesterday was, In fact, [think yesterday was the day far sinew it pened. 6 Vmpretty good at tennis, but my friend Alex is ‘Actually, he’s probably the player in the club. Pera isa big country, but Argentina is In fact, Argentina is the second country in South, America, after Bravil 2 Complete the transportation facts. Use the comparative of superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses. Add the or than if you need to 2 The fastest _(fast) time taken to visit all the world’s countries by public transportation is, years and 31 days, “The world’s* ang) and 3 (Gleep) rail funnel, the Gotthard ‘Tunnel in Switzerland, opencd in 2016, It is 57 km. Jong, and is about 3 km‘ (long) the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. ‘The countey with ® (high) ‘number of train passengers is China with aver {7 billion ailjousneys per year This is much (high) india with 8 billion. 3 Write sentences using ws. as and an adjective from the box big fast heavy igh 1 Height: Mount Fuji 3,776 m, Mount Kilimanjaro, 5895 m. ‘Mourtt Fuji isn’t as hgh as Mount Kilimanjaro, 2. Area: USA 9,833,634 km#, Canada 9,984,670 k= 3. Top speed: Kangaroo 71 kmh, Horse 71 kmh 4 Weight: Jumbo Jet 180,000 kg, Dreamliner 120,000 kg, 4 Rewrite the sentences using os 15 0 that the meaning is the same. 1 Traveling by car is safer than traveling by motorcycle. “Traces Traveling by ca 2. Riding a bike and driving are both dan geroms. They have the same number of accidents Heathrow Airport is more convenient for us than Gatwick Airport 4 Going by earisno quicker than taking the bus ‘Complete the text about travel in Indonesia, ‘Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in parentheses, Add any other wards youneed. : (good) way to travel around Indonesia depends on where you are, On major islands, getting around is generally Amuch / easy) Away, from the tourist areas, can be 3___ bit / difticut. Buses are (convenient) and popular means of transportation in Inclonesia, Hetween major tourist destinations, air-conditioned ‘buses are available, and these buses are generally 5 (quick). Flowever, prices canbe® (lot / high) the slower local buses. ‘Trains run only in Java and in parts of Sumatra. They're? (bit / expensive) the bus, but are’ (ouch / quick), and its worth paying extra fora {comfortable} journey. erGRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 4 simple past Use ieee tee renege te cer reer eter events of situations in the past. {lsited the Taj Mahal lst yer. We sexo great movie over ihe tec Form Simple past forms can be regular or iregular. Bae ree eerste eee adiding-ed tothe base form of the verb. want + wanted: Jook + looked + [the verb ends in -e, we just add ~f. likes ited hope = hoped 4 We form the simple past of verbs ending in consonant + -y by changing -y toed study studied try tried + We don’t form the simple past of irregular verbs with go went hear heard see ~ saw Fora list of common irregular simple past forms, see page 180. To form negatives in the simple past, we use didn’t + ‘base form of the verb. ili: Wyouwethey — twatched. ‘ddr watch hefsheit He watched. ‘She dido’t watch, (The verb be is different from other verbs. Its simple past form is was or were. We don’t use didn’t to form negatives. nottherit (was tre. ‘She wasn't tired, yaunwarthey We were tied. You weren't te, > Exercises 1 and 2 Simple past questions ‘We make questions in the simple past with dit + base form of the verb, Why did you choose to visit Turkey? Did she lave fan on vacation? When we make questions in the simple past with the verb be, we-use uns or were. We do not add did. Were you tired after your irip? Where was your hotel? > Exercise 3 Past continuous and simple past Use We use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress at a moment in the past. meas watching TV at eight o'clack Last night Tony wvas living in Madrid in 2015 Form We form the past continuous with wns/were and the ing form of the main verb, Uheshert was Hewasn't — Was she reading. reading. reading? youtwenney They were We weren't Were you reading. reading. reading? We often use the past continuous and the simple past together, We use the past continuous fora longer, continuing activity, and the simple past for a shorter, finished action, phone rang now watching a movie Jack was watching a neovie when his phone rang. Tenet my fuustand ther | was traveling around India We often use zen and zfileto join the two parts of a sentenee with past continuous and simple past together, We use wien before a simple past or a past ‘continuous verb. Wemormally only use while with a past continuous verb. I met Matthew when 1 was fiving in California. Someone stole my camera white I tas eating ia a restaurant. When we use when with the simple past, itcan also mean “after.” J ealled Syfoia whten I read er message. Ifthe part of the sentence with zotey or zie comes first, we puta comma after it. Where Inet Matthew, Ions living in California Remember that we dom’t use verbs that deseribe states (€g,, believe, like, love, prefer, know) with a continuous tense. Exercises 4, 5, and 6Exercises Complete the second sentence in each pair with the simple past form of the verb in bold. 1. She wants to travel the world She to travel the world 2. Itisn’t easy to get ajob. It ‘easy to [Link]. 3. They don’t have a lot of maney. They a lotof money. 4 He doesn't like traveling by plane, He traveling by plane, 5. They are late again. They late again. 6. Lstudy inthe schoo brary in the schol Hbrary 2 Complete the text with the simple past form of these verbs, One verb is used twice. hire be visit dex drive notknow eat not want An island vacati ith a difference Last summer, my husband and 1___the ‘sland of Sicily ie aly: We love the water but we to spend every day on the beach. So, we to go to Mount Etna, a live ‘voleano! We to the mouniain from our hotel early in the mamting. When we arrived, wet ‘where lo g0, 50 we + a guide to help us. She Z very good and told us about the Fistory of the volcano. When we got near the crater, there was a strong smell, but the views, at the top ® ‘amazing, After that, we went back to the hotel and a delicious lunch there. ILwas.a fantastic experience! 3 Write simple past questions with these words. 1 how / be / your hotel? 2 when 7 you / get back? 3 they / lake the train home? 4 what / be / your / favorite experience? 5 you / call me / this morning? 6 how m 7 your / plane cts cost? 4 Complete the sentences with the past continuous form of the verbs in parentheses. 1 We (wait) for the bus, 2 He (not eal) his food. 3 you (alk) to your friend? 4 What those people {Gay} [Link] other? 5 i (hot rain) when we left the house. 6 Where she (ay) to? 5 Circle the correct options to complete the sentences. 1. Jack arrived faves arriving while Twas watching / inatched TY, 2. When the taxi arrieed /was arriving, we got / awere gelling in 3 tts staring / started snowing, whi climbed f were climbing the mountain. 4 He cas playang / didn't play on his computer ‘when Tieas seving sau him, 5. Did she ski / Was she skiing when she had / uns having the accident? 6 _Lhnew /ons Knowing he hac a problem when I Jivard fwoas hearing him shout. © Complete the text with the simple pastor past continuous form of these verbs. come eat look start travel wait not end reach Thad an amazing surprise while 1? around India last year. 12 restaurant in Delhi when someone ‘in and sat at the table next to me. She! familiar, but I couldn't remember who she was. We talking, and then I realized—it was Maggie, my best friend from elementary school! there, When I ‘the airport on the last day of my ‘vacalion, who did I see there? Magaie, af course. She! for the same flight, and her seat was Fight in front of mine on the plane! dinner in. But the storyGRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5 Quantifiers We use quantifiers The choice of quant jth nouns to talk about quantity ot depends on: + if the noun is countable or uncountable * if weare talking about small or lange quantities Some newns ane countable. This means they ean ‘become plural, for example, computer, bag, box, magazine, Other nouns are uncountable, This means they cannot normally become plural, for example, trash plastic, paper, ictal, Em Ca ery large quantity a lotof/lotsaf —aletoflats of neutral quantity some some (not large or matt) small quantity not many rot much savall quentiy 2 few fete ro quantity 2et0) net any rot any We use a fot ofor lots of with countable and. uncountable nouns fo talk about large quantities. “There was a lot of trash om the strets after the party. We have lots of great shops i my neighborhood. We use some with both countable and uncountable nouns. It does not refer to a specific amount—we use it to talk about quantities that are not large and are not small 1 found some really wvefl books i the library. (© not a lot) In more formal English, we use many + plural noun to talk about large quantities ‘There are many interesting places to visit inthe city. We also use many and much in questions. Are there marty good shops wliere you live? ‘Do you have sich free time? We don’t normally use many ancl mucl in affirmative sentences in spoken English. We use « lt ofr los of instead. We use sot much andl not many te talk about small quantities, We use not much with uncountable nouns: and not marty with plural countable nouns. ‘There weren't many penple al the party ‘They den’t have much money. ‘Note that not always goes with the verb in the sentence, We also use a few anda little to talk about small ‘quantities, We use afew with plural countable nouns and lle with uncountable nouns. have a fore wally good friends Theee’s a Fittle milk in the container ‘We use nof ary with countable and uncountable nouns to talk about zero quantity (when there is nothing). I don’t have airy money. There weren’t any shoes open when ie arrived. Note that not always goes with the vert in the sentence, Wealso use any with countable and uncountable ‘nouns to ask questéons. Are there any good beaches inthe area? Do you haze any orange juice? » Exercises 1, 2, and 3 Articles (a/an, the, or no article) Wee seo an # to talkabout something that isn’t specific. ‘Have you got « pen? {not a patticular pen) ‘© the first time we mention something, T saco an eagle yesterday. We tse thes + the scoond time we mention something. Aman and a woman zwere wailing for us al the apport. The mar helped us with ovr suitcases. © when something is unique, The sun looked really beatiful from Fhe top ofthe ‘mountain with superlatives Tews the best cacation of my lie 4 with the names oFsome places, stich as oceans (@g. the Atlantic Ocean), deserts (eg, the Sahara Dewrt), and mountain ranges (eg, He Himalayas). We use no article: * (0 talk about plural or uncountable nouns in general. Tnever stay in (-) hotels because they're so expensive. (©) Tourism brings a lot of morey tothe area. + with the names of most places, for example, the ‘names of continents, countries, cities, and lakes. Exercises 4, 5, and 6Exercises Choose one quanlifier from each pair to complete the sentences 1 many / much a. There wasn't cheese in the fridge. by There weren't apples lett. 2 alittle / afew a There was space for me on the seat b We have. recycling bins outside ourhouse. 3. many / much a How lea do you drink ina day? b How tourists visit the national park? 4 some / any a. The parking lol dichn't have space for my ear, b ‘people prefer shopping online, 2 Circle the correct option (a-<), 1 Tean‘t travel this year beeause I don’t have money. a much b alot = ¢ few 2. The hotel doesn’t have free rooms. a some b any © alittle 3 Thave, clothes I don’t wear a alot b lotsof—c-much 4 He made coffee for me. a any b many some 5. There was trash left in the trashcan, a afew —b allittle little 6 Theshop had things that I liked. a much b alile © afew 3 Circle the correct options to complete the conversation, ‘A; Wait! Bow’ t throw your coffee cup in the trash, B Why not? A: Well, if fol of /aIlife people throw away their coffee cups, it creates * few /lots of trash B: Tonlly drink? a ftdle /a few cups of coffee a week. Thai’s nat “much /many coffee cups. ‘A; Yes, but I ead in an article that people throw away 7 million coffee cups every day in the US! By Really? That is 8a la of fa litle cups! Ai I know, The arlicle says that * some / any tnusinessex now have recycling bins for coffee cups. 18 Were there Timuch /any recycling bins in the eafé we were in? A: Look, here's one! You can recycle your cup here 4 Circles, an, the, or no article (-) to complete these facts. Surprising facts about our world Redwood trees are (fe / — tallest trees in the world. 2. =/ The Lake Superior is the largest lake in the USA. 3. China built te / aw amazing bridge over the ehang Canyon. The / A bridge is the highest in the world. 4 Mercury is the closest planet to ~ / the sun. 5. —/ The honey bees only live for five to six weeks, 6. Until around 4,000 years ago, the / —Sahara Desert was given, and animals probably lived there. 5 Circle o, ay, tke, or noarlicle () to complete the conversation. A Twatched “an / the interesting dacumentary last night about? the / ~ lowers. Bi Really? ‘A: Yeah. The /.A documentary showed where in #—/ the world they grow * the / « flowers and hhow thoy arrive here in the US. B: And what did you learn? A: Well, they grow the flowers in countries like ¢— / the Kenya, and then they ship them around the world. ‘That's not great for" / He environment, Did you lear anything else? A: Seah, Most of ous lowers come from he / «big market in the Netherlands. Is" « / the biggest flower market in the world! 6 Circle the, a, or no article (-) in the text below. In! / the small oven called Rjukan in 24ie / — Norway, there is no sunlight for six months a year. People in *the / ~ Rjukan live without“ the / a sun from September to March, But this is changing. thanks to Martin Andersen—a local man who had the clever idea to use @ / the mirror to bring sunlight to the town." The / A mirror is on top oF a mouiniain next to the town, and it reflects light from the sun onto "a f tke town's main square. "The / —people love coming, to the main square and sitting in the sun,GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 6 Infinitive forms An infinitive is defined as fo + base form of the verb. ‘We use infinitive forms in different situations, verb + infinitive Sometimes, two verbs appear together in a sentence. ‘The form of the second verb depends on the first verb. Many verbs (e.g, cide, help, ope, intend, learn, need, plan, pretend, promise, want, would like) are followed by infinitives, need to go to the stove, We decided to move abroad, adj When a verb appears after an adjective, itis often in the infinitive form. Irs exciting to visit new places Is mice to see you again. fe + infinitive > Exercise 1 infini We also something, {Tivent fo the library to Look for a book. She's going lo Parts to visita friend. We don’t use far + verb to give -xplaining the purpose of an action © the infinitive Form to say why we do 1 called Jan to inte her to mey party, Note that the negative form of an infinitive is not to + base Fors of the verb. I promise not to do that again {Ys importaat net to work too dard. See Unit2 for when we use the -iny form ofa verb. » Exercises 2 and 3 Future forms Present continuous We tse the present continnoms to tak about a Fixed arrangement in the future, for example, when We have planned something with other people or when we have already spent money. We normally mention a specific time. We're getting te tran at 11:20 a.m Im going (othe tieaterzith Michelle tonight be going to We use be going fo + base form of the verb to talk about general plans and intentions Ym going to travet around Asia this summer, We're going to go to the mois Fhiszooehrnd. We form questions and negatives with going loin the same way as in the present continuous Ymnot going to have tine fo se you. Ave you going to drive tothe party? will We use will + base form of the verb when we make a deci ‘we're speaking, ‘Az What can I bring. you? B: 110 have the tuna salad, please: jon whil We also use will to make promises and offers We'll meet you atthe train station. 11 pay for your tick. > Exercises 4, 5, and 6Exercises 1 Complete the text with the infinitive form of the verbs in the box go complete pursue stay Yesterday was a special day for Michael Sanders At the age of 75, he finished his college degree. “Lalways intended * tocollege,” says Michael. “But when [finished high school, decide my career, not study.” However, Michael always had his dream, and he didn’t give up. He was 70 years old when he started college, and it wasn’t easy. “Toften found it hard ® my work on time," he says, “But the other students were great “They helped me a lot” And Michae'snot firished—he hopes * in college fora few more years and get another degree. 2 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1-5) with the endings (ae). 1m saving money 2. She went to the university library 3 Let's go to the gym 4 Tlooked out of the window 5. You need to study hard a tobuy anew car b toexercise, © topass your exam. __ _ tose the weather, fe testady. 3 Circle the correct options to complete the sentences, 1 Lean‘tstand staying / ta stay inside all day. 2 I think it’s easy learning /to Jearn a new language Jack helped ane to fi / fixing my ear. I would like fo visit / sisiting China one day. Tm not very goodl at fo paint / painting. went to the store for buying / 0 buy some milk. Eating / To ent vegetables is good for your health. 8. Lwashappy hearing / to hear about your new job. 4 Complete the sentences these verbs, th the be going to form of watch not get, have miss spend start 1 Ile goin fo wwf that new crime drama tonight 2 you to ‘our party tomorrow? 3 Tanja 4 Mathiew ‘Australia later this year. 51 martied until 'm at Teast 30! 6 we ure tain? 71 college in September. a baby in December. six months in 5 Circle the correct options to complete the dialogs. 1A: Thisbag’s heavy, Fithelp / 1m hejping you to carry it! Do you have plans for tonight? Tn going / 1 goto the movies. Ijust bought my ticket. ‘There’s no more milk! Oh, no! 'm going {1 goto the store and get I can’t wait until the exams are over. Tknow. I'm going fo take / I take a vacation after my exams. 2 eb wpe BD 6 Choose the best explanation (a orb) for each sentence (I=!) 1 Vim meeting my friend John at 4:30 p.m. a We planned this together 1b Thisis an idea, but F'm not totally sure, 2. Im going to travel when | finish college. a I'vealready decided where to go, and I've boaked some hotels b This is my idea, but Thaven’t booked anything yet 3 Is raining. Il take you to the store in my ear ‘a [just decided this now, b We organized this earlier 4 Vm going to join a gym this month, a. [made an appointment at a gym for this Friday at 10.4.m. b This is my idea, but [haven't organized anything yet. crommarsunmany @GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 7 Present perfect and simple past Present perfect: form We form the present perfect with hace/has + past participle. yout ‘Wve arrived. They haven't Have you worthy arrived. orrved? hesheit —fthasamived. He hasn't — Mache arrived. arrived? Regular past participles end in ed and are the same as regular simple past forms (e.g, change ~ changed, live - lows), Many past participles are irregular. Some irregular past participles are the same as the irregular simple past form ‘make (base fore), mate (simple past), ‘mate (past participle) Other irregular past participles are different from the irregular simple past form. rite (base form), wrote (simple past), uritten (past participle) See page 180 fora list of common irregular simple past and past participle forms. b Exercise 1 Present perfect and simple past: use ‘We use the present perfect: + when we don’t know when something happened, or we don’t say because it's not important. I've visited over fity countries. He's written some really importaatt books. + to ask about people's experiences, using ever. Have you ever worked in another country? + for something that started in the past and continues now Hoe alwoays loved working with mumibers, = loved it in the past, and I stil lave it now.) We use the simple past when we know the exact time something happened in the past. {saz Max this morning. visited our Los Angeles affce last year. In conversations, we often start with the present perfect to ask about an experience in general, and then use the simple past to give details, ‘A; Have you ever been skibig? Bs Yes, Phe. tried ie Colorado ast yur > Exercises 2 and 3 Present perfect with for and since We use the present perfect with or and since to talk about situation that started in the past and continues now. We use for with a period of time. oe worked here for three years We use since with a point in time (when the situation started) oe known Taylor since 2005, Exercise & Prepositions of place and movement Prepositions can tell us where something or someone is, or the direction something or somcone moves. Prepositions of place mad ot in above under below opposite LD ites eres SEN, lia between mt behind mextto near on We use af to talk about where we work, live, and study, ‘at home, at work, at school, at college We use in with towns, cities, countries, and continents, in London, in Mexio, in Asia We use on to say where on a road places are. ‘Tie bank ison the ffl. My house is on the right. We also use on with floors in a bul 2 Ee frst floor, on the second floor Exercise 5 Prepositions of movement We use prepositions of movement after a verb that describes a movement (e...g0, com, talk, clit), past » Exercise 6Exercises Make present perfoct sentences using these Words. 1 1/ see / that movie / five times 2 you /ever / go / to Australia? 3. They / always / live / in the countryside. 4 she fever / visit / you? 5 1/ not finish / my work Why / you / apply / for this job? 2. Cirele the correct uptions to complate the sentences, 1 Vowstarted / 1 started my new job last week. 2 Have you ever gone # Did you ever goto the USA? 3 They've afwaysfovad / They akways lowed playing basketball they play three times a week now! Jill has spoken / spoke to her boss last night. Tuworked ¢ Te wcrked in.a café when Twas a student. 6 Voenecer gone / T never wont to a concert in my lie, 3 Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past form of the verbs in the boxes. finish have set A: you work yet? B Yes? ome an hour ago. Ast you ‘a good day? B Twas OK tell hear send Ast you about the new job at Max’s company? B: Yes, 1 already Max my resume. You? A: Nat yet. Max only me about it have spend, be At youever to Pais? Bi es, 1" a week there last year, Ast you ‘a good time? Bi Yes, ilwas great, 4 Complete the sentences with for or since. 1 Have you lived in your apartment along time? 2. She's worked here 2018. 3. I've studied Spanish two years, 4 He's been a baseball fan he was a shuld. 5 we had a cold over a week 5 Complete the text with these prepositions, below between in close on opposite {ve just moved into my new apartment and 1 love it It's! small building with three floors—Vim = the top floor. he people in the apartment * mine are really friendly, and T've been down to their apartment twice for dinner already. There's a park the building, just on the other side of the road. Toften go there for lunch. What else? Oh, my building is* ‘wo amazing, restaurants—on the right, there's a great Greek restaurant, and on the left, there's a really good ‘Mexican place. Ym also really * tothe subway station, sp I can get to work really quickly 6 Look at the map below and circle the correct prepositions to complete the vetions Everyone in the office is looking forward to meeting you. Here are the directions you asked for. First, go out ef / down the station, and then turn right. Go? inside / across the bridge, and then walk ‘along / outside Bridge Street for about three minutes. Go past / thraugh the bank and the post office, then turn left and watk' through / along the park. The building is opposite the park gates. Walk “inside / up the steps and you've arrived! Call me when you're there, and Pl come? out uf / oubséde to meet you. ast officeGRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8 Zero and first conditionals Zero conditional We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true. The form is: f+ simple present + simple present Uf there's important news, everyone or Twitter talks about it If I get an email, I don't akways read i right aowy. If the weather's bad, do you sill walk to work? We can also use zen instead of if; The meaning is the » Exercise T First conditional We use the first conditional to talk about a possible fature situation. The form is: f+ simple present + will/wor't + base verb If {hear something about the job, PA send you a message. If you don’t read my blog, you wvon't hear afl my news. Note: We never use a future form in the ifclause. Ifét wit rain on tee weekeed, we'T stay at heme. fet rains on she weekend, we'll stay at home. Order in conditional sentences Conditional sentences have two parts: the ifelause and the main clause. The main clause describes the result of the situation in the ifelaus fa rains, we'l say ab home. We can put the sfclause first or the main clause first When the jf clause comes first, we put a comma before the main clause. When the if clause comes second, we don’t need a comma, We'll stay at Fome if it rains » Exercises 2 and 3 Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses give essential information about person thing, or place. They say exactly Which person, thing, or place we are talking about. Look ai the box that's on the table. (the relative Fie eee eee eee ‘He's the scientist who was om TV yesterday. (the relative clause tells-us exactly which scientist) Form To make a relative clause, we add a relative pronoun after a noun, The choice of relative pronoun depends on the type af noun. © Fora lative clause about a person, use who, That's the woman who we saxo yesterday, © Fora relative clause about a thing. use thal Did you get the message that Tseret you? For a relative clause about a place, use where. This iste place where they made the first battery, ‘The relative pronouns wo and fhat can be the subject or the object of a relative clause. [fit is the subject, we don't need another subject This is an snvertion thal i€ cowld change the works Iitis the object, we don’t need another object. Did Utell you about the movie that sm # last week? » Exercises 4, 5, and 6Exercises 4 Match the sentence beginnings (1-4) with the endings (a-d), LF get a text message, Ifshe doesn’t sleep well at night, When he has an exam, Whenit snows, bone he stays up late to study. —_ she feels tired the next slay. reply right away. there are more traffic accidents, —_ 2 Make first conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1 we (finish) the meeting early, we igo out) for a coffee. 2 You (iss) the train if you (fot leave) the house now. 3. Ifthe weather (be) badl tomorrow, 1 {ervey to work 4 Ifshe (not do) her homework, her teacher (be) angry. 51 {oot answer) my phone if 1 {be) busy. 3 Ineach section, match the sentence beginnings, (1-4) with the endings (a-d) and complete the sentences with the correct form of the: verbs in parentheses. A. Zero conditional 1 When it rains (rain), 2 ft (pot sleep) well at night, 3 Plants (die) 4 Sh (like to go for a ran al {drink} strong coffee in the moming.—— b ifyou (not give) them water. when She, (wake up). 4 we _preler (prefer) to stay at home B First conditional 1 Ifshe (be) free tomorrow evening, 2 Wwe (oot eat) now, 3. they (not complete) the course 41 (buy) a new pair of shoes a we (Geel) hungry later. b if {have) enough money. el {invite) her to the party. — @ ifthey (not finish) the assignment on time. A. Complete the sentences with who, Hhal, or where 1. That's the man 2 Thisis the book the exam. 3. He visited the town were born 4. We liked the chocolate you bought us. 5. got this present from the old woman lives on our street. 6 Thisis the cate 1 first met my wife 7 Can you see the cat Iying on top of the car? lives next door to helped me pass his parents 5 Find and correct the mistakes in these sentences, 1 This is the house that I want to buy it, 2. She bought the car who she saw last week, 3. Look! That's the friend where Iwas talking, about yestentay, 4 Those are the students who they are looking for an apartment. 5 He didn’t see the person who he took his wallet 6 Complete the text with the phrases below (2-2) and who, that, ox where. a [didn’t want tobe friends with again b lived next door tome © she gave me for my eighth birthday we had always played together e youhaverdéseen-foralong time Facebook isa fantastic way to find old friends 3 _awiho you hacen seen for along hince_, When Twas 2 small gil, [was best friends with lena, the girl 2 sill have thedoll : Bat then her family mowed away, and we lost touch cover the years. When Ljoined Facebook, I wasn't sure about itt first. There were alot of people é But one day, [saw that Flena wanted tobe friends with me ‘We stasted chatting online, and after afew months awe agreed to meetin the park 5 when we were children. Itwas so nice to seeher and tobe friends again. And itsall thanks to Facebook!GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9 Past perfect Form We form the past perfect with Jad + past participle. See page 180 for a list of common isregular past participles, UyouWwel hae! They hadn't Had you they ‘rived, arrived. arived? hesheit. — Hehad = She hadn't adit ‘arrived, arrived. rived? In spoken English and informal written English, we use “d instead of had, especially after pronouns. Ud already seen her Use ‘We use the past perfect when we need to make itclear that one past action happened before another past action. For the action that happened first, we use the past perfect. For the action that happenedl second, we Use the simple past When we arrived atthe airpnt, the plane lad clay tft we arrive at plane leaves Uheaitport now +. st ‘We only use the past perfect when we need to make it clear which action happened first. If the oder is obvious, we just use the simple past forall the actions. ‘When Egot tothe station, [bought ticker ant swaited for the train. (all simple past) We often use linking words and phrases like but, ecause, 90, and as soon as to link simple past with past perfect sentences. Td booked the hotel months before, but when I got there they said they were full ‘wus tired because Ud heen at work all day. sad pained all night, 80 the roads tere very wel ‘The children ran outside as soon as the sun baal come out. Exercises 1, 2, and 3 Subject questions Other questions ‘We can use questions to ask about different things, for example, time, places, things, or reasons. When did you visit Brazil? (asking about a time) Where do you stay? (asking about a place) ‘How ch does it cost? (asking about a thing) Why didn’t you like the hotel? (asking about a reason) To form most questions, we put an auxiliary verb before the subject. To form simple present questions, we need to add the auxiliary verb do or docs. To form simple past questions, we need to add the auxiliary verb did Subject questions. We can also use questions to ask about the subject of a sentence. Who lives here? (Arssver: Katrin lives here) sumfecT Who likes the fond? (Aswer: We al ike Fhe fond) supsecr different from The grammar in subject questions other questions. In subject questions: + the word order is the same asa statement, and the question word replaces the subject. =a [George] tines here. [Who] tives here? © we do not use the auxiliary verb do or did Exercise 4 We often ask subject questions using who, which, whal, and hoco many. Who pus this suitense here? ‘Whicts lantel hans the best prices? What coused ihe delay? How many poeple cume to the party? Exercises 5 and 6