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 PA RT-T
Finite Fictds

A Gs0wp 6, Sgme times denoted by , ? is a

ttoh clement's oith a binany ope xatton tey deno ted kñ
at associates to ea e cndea. pan (aib) of elements in G
eleme ut (a-b) nG, Suh hat the lu Pvg ax tns
obeyed :
{A,) clos ae. 1f and b belorgs to G then a b?s

(Ag A%ociate : a-lb-c) (a-b) -c foY all ab,c in G.

A) ? de nity elemeat: These is an eleme vó 'e in B d

tat.
al a in G.
a e Ee a a fy

CAe Invey eleme nd Tore cach ele ment a in G, hone

Ps an eleme vt a' in 6.
Suca hat a-as a-ae.

a qrop has a fite number ot elements, is

Tefesred. to as a Ate alemeut.
qo pand the otdes
ohthe P equal to te numbey oh eleme nts fn the
Pnite
grop.
Abelian 2voup
A i8 &aid to be abelian 4 it Batit
the folloub? additianal. Condi tÉ ons.
(As) (ornmutotive ab= bua oY ot a b in G
<yclie GsDup ot G
A 6h0up G is ye (ie evexy ele me n
I3 a p0Wey ak (k i an i t cge) ot a fie . eleme nt
aEG. he element a' is soid to be geneYole he
g'cup G Co) to be a gne satoy ot 6. A cyele gro wp
infiite.
may be finite Gy
is aluays abelian
Aote: The additive pee group oh Cq<5
Fnfinite. Cyelie gYoup gene Yated by the element I. In
th is Cay.
potoes ase Pudeyptete&. addtively, o thod n PA

RINGS
A Tig R, bome imes dencted by ['Rit,x3 s ast
o . el ements co?th two binay o
mutipliofen, Sucl at or al a,b,c inR the followig
axi omy obeye a.
CA, -As) e i8 an abelian qvoue ofth vspet to
Satisttes axiomg Athaough 4s.
foY the ose oofh, additive group ,oe denote the
fdentity element as o and the Învesge ot a as -a

n) closu5e andea Hutipli tation:

If aand.b belergs to R, the nab is also
CH) Asociatrbity ot tutipliain:
alb)= ab)c foy at. a bc. in R

a(bt) = abtac foy al aib,c in R

(a+b)c = act bc foy au aib,c in R
A rinq is baid to be. (om mutat e f 4
Satisfies he follouo Pug adaitforol (onoli tlon:
Gta) Commutotuity ot muti pli caton: ab-ba or aw, a,binR
 Tn teqral domain, whict isa (emm tofve rig
that the follouei aYí oms;
Cns) Mutipliatve tdentity : ia buch tat
hese iS an element
af 1 a =afoy all a in R

then eithey a=0 or bz0.

Frelds:
A feld f, Sone fi mg dencte d. by fiti x} i4 a
Set o-f elements with two binasy operatfon Glled,
addition mutipiatton, buda tat -foY all a b,c in £
the tlowing obeye d.
Rutegyal domaf n. tat s F satsfies
axt oms A, thacualh d and. Hi tHnoug H6.
a) Huttpi afive inveye: Foy each a in f, exept o, thee
elemevt a'in F Auc hat aa'=(a)a=)

Set of elemeut in ohce

A Aeld ?a.
amd
mltipi Gtim,
do addrton, buttaten, is de fed with
am
withcut leoviy te st. Diston the.
als= alb
 A fieldf ?s denoted by fF,+? is a
0t elementy with too binany opesatt os aled additi ore
muttaliotion, Auch tat followiug Conditfioy hold;
Oond
lian qYoup with. tespe t to add ion.
yF foYm& a be
abeli an rop
The non zese ele ments ot F form
wiia vepet to muwttp diohon.
3y The diytyi buf ve Law holds. tat is hy all a b,cing
albtc)- abtac
(a+b) c -actbc
ari ons at
4) The following fguye shows the
de f ne qvovp s, nigs, ield..
 Ficld
Figure
Integral domain

Commutative ring
Properties Ring

Abelian g

of Group
Groups,Multiplicative
inverse:
(M7) (M6) (MS) Distributive
(M4) (M3)
laws:(M2) (M1) inverse:
(A4)
identity:
Additive
(AS)Additive (A1)
(A2)under
(A3)Closure

No
Commutativity Commutativity
Closure
Associativity Associativity
Rings, Multiplicative
identity:
zero

and divisors: under

of of
Fields multiplication: of addition:
of addition:
multiplication: addition:
multiplication:

clement Ifaorb=0 al
a=0 IfThere b Ifa
(a+ a(a(bc) asuch For Therea aIfa
a, = + +b=b+ +0=0
belongs b)c= and cach +(b+andb
b la is
in an ab c)= = that is
(ab)c b a an )=
a-l Sand =a = acab belong a in
+a=a belong
for ba
in to clement + +for a +clement (a
Ssuch for bcac for (-a)there S
S ab=0, all +
and a 1 all for for al to al=(-a) l for 0 b) to
in a, all all
a, S, a, isall in + S,
-
that a then S in b
b,
then b an then
S in + a cforR
0, such in a, a, c such
in
O aa-lthere either in element
a=0
Scanned
S b, b, S' ab S
c c is S a+bisal
that in in that a,
= S S also b,
a-la= an is -a
with in cin also
in
OKEN S S Sin
1 S
Scanner
Finite felds o4 he foy m hrCp)

rielda

fie lds w?th ay |Finte Asdy

infinite numbe
of elemeut

Grlp) Einite hesdz

Einte tidds with p
ele meuts
elemet

Tyres ot. pisds.

d A Finite Ael d or) Galois
(ontai ug fenite number of ele meut.
Afite a d. is a gt et cn ohtch the opeYatio
ot mutfipi atfens, additten, subtyoen f divisiog a
defie d. and. datshy Cextoin. baie audes i.e Rig.gry3,

4, he most Cemm on exo,mpleg oh fiite felds aty

qiven by tae fut ege s Cmod p) ohen pisa prime
nusm ber
 We de fine he fite ksd ot endo p, Gpp)

P-prime numbe ,n- poitve o y

iA a fiite fiesA wit p elemety
Grlp^)
nl
Gr (p) pfo,t. -- p-?
ee we (on prfen mtuo aita oe opezotHocsi e

E:fo.- - p-1|
2-3
opeaaf on 6+*
yAddificn modulo 2

mcd 2
9)>(1
2
)A Mutiliotion modulo 2
3, Addi{fve fnvess

) Mutipli (allve invey

GrCs)

elemends a
opesafeng aet,*?
y A ddtfan mod ulo
34
1+0| 1+23
3 4
4

2 2 3 4 | 3+02 3 3+2=S mod

3 4 0 2 3+3=6=1mefs:mcds
A 4

9, Mutipan voduo 5
3 ¢ G mod s=l
8 mod s 3 12 mods:2
2 3 4

9 4 3 a mod S
3 (2 medS 2

4 4 3
3) Addi tive ?nuex

-ao t 3 2 I
we bave to Considot Adto
Tn Addit ve ?nvey
mod udo5 hat con sid e ncnai ndr o. in tat.
twe bave to ceck Eves clemeat ett inole le t value
o fov ot (om gpondig valw. we bave to take.
Muuti pi eive PnvesK.
2 3 4
3 2 4

Hutip otve. invesg we have to Con kicle

sider aenainder
Mutipia ve. modudo s', in Hat we Con
>Se e an kecp -
in val ue o fee s no aenainder
Topie - 2
m
* Finite freds oh the -fos elementz,
GFC) is a Einite fisd woith

The elene nts fa this seE are. n-bit.

is: Sooo. co1. ol0,ol, to0, to, io "
tor i# n-3 the Act
et has
then Gg (g) eld whihfe

why GEC9n)?
Comput ca stoses pohi li ve ftegess as n-bitwor
Geneal y
Gun be. g-bit 6-6?t, 64- bit
This me a ns trat tange. oth wonds Cinteges) is oto
"-|. Sothe, moduus is an we bave tuwo choi ces ff we.
se a feld. sfzut ye

40e uye. GFCe) with the sSet zp, whe ye p is tee larqut
r me nu mbe des than this is ine ffic fent, iR we
y fut eqers from p to "-t.

hat wecan no
GPC) with the Bet an eleme ts. The ele me
wos ds..
 Galois iod. Ge (o3) we have &-eleme tg
Gr(o3)= So, , . , 3 ,
2(noglemet Nonzero Eleme ts in te ro
hee elemme ds are nepseje ted by ad.
bo s Galed psintlve
elemeu
ese, a' ts notal ng bit pyiive glement

pr imt fi ve pdynonial, plz)- z34x+|

3’ Hese, e have 5 So togepeut

So it's a. gl Îri polynonial,

o> Addifive ideity.

t|
 tese, see ts ax septated se elenets oe

Addstve ta ble toy GFCs)

1 o tod

ing bay '

tt
Huliplicative tablk oy GE (s) 6) 6r(s)

|
MultipliCative TnVesse

* The End