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Figura de cuerpo libre de las Fuerzas en el eje x que intervienen en el movimiento del
bloque de agua entre las secciones 1 y 2 en un canal.
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Variables que gobiernan el flujo uniforme

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Momentum Equation

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Área de rozamiento y el peso del agua en el canal

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 Momentum Equation

Fuerza cortante

Perímetro mojado

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 W sinθ = Pf

The coefficient C is either estimated or

determined experimentally. C has
dimension of

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 Manning’s Equation
• In 1889 Irish Engineer, Robert Manning
presented the formula:
1.49 2 3 1 2
v= R S
n
✓ v is the flow velocity (ft/s)
✓ n is known as Manning’s n and is a coefficient of roughness
✓R is the hydraulic radius (a/P) where P is the wetted perimeter (ft)
✓S is the channel bed slope as a fraction
✓1.49 is a unit conversion factor. Approximated as 1.5 in the book.
Use 1 if SI (metric) units are used. 25
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La ecuación de Manning tiene un conjunto de limitaciones a
mencionar:
a) El coeficiente n no es adimensional. Cada valor es válido
sólo para las dimensiones del canal en que se obtuvo.
b) No considera la influencia de la viscosidad y por ello es
válida sólo para números de Reynolds grandes (Re > 10000).
c) No sigue las leyes generales de fricción y por ello es
válida sólo para rugosidades relativas medias.
d) No considera la forma de la sección y por ello un valor
conocido de n es válido sólo para la forma de sección del canal
en que se obtuvo.
e) No considera la influencia de distintas rugosidades en
la misma sección y la de su distribución de acuerdo con el
nivel del agua.
f) No considera la influencia de la formación de ondas y la
inestabilidad que introducen cuando el régimen es supercrítico.
g) No considera la influencia del arrastre de aire al interior
del flujo cuando la velocidad es muy grande.
J) No considera la influencia del transporte de sedimentos
y de la forma variable de un lecho móvil.

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Galvanized Steel
• Old pipe with new extension

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Concrete Pipe

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 Wooden
Pipe

District 1 in Duluth
State Highway MN 23

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 Plastic Pipe

“Smooth Plastic” dual wall HDPE has slight corrugations.

PVC (no photo available)
Hidraulicawould also
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 Change in floodplain features and Manning’s n
with time (Upper Mississippi River)

Trees, Shrubs, Grass in 1900 v = 1.49 R0.67 S0.5

n
n = .1
As n decreased, v increased
resulting in more flow in the
Floodplain over time

Open Water in 1992

Marsh in 1956 n = .03
n = .05
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 Composite n Values
• Complex channels may have several different n-values

• Horton Method: Applies to a single cross section, which

represents a reach’s 6 components (listed below). Used
in HEC-RAS (see Ch. 2, Pg 2-6 HEC-RAS users
manual, version 3.1, Nov 2002)

1. earthen material
2. regularity of a given section
3. regularity among sections
4. obstacles
5. vegetation n=0.025 n=0.050
6. sinuosity
N 2/3
nc = (Pini1.5)
i=1 Hidraulica de canales UdeA 2024 37
P
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 Table 7.1 Manning’s n Roughness Coefficient
Type of Channel and Description Minimum Normal Maximum
Streams
Streams on plain
Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.03 0.033
Clean, winding, some pools, shoals, weeds & 0.033 0.045 0.05
stones
Same as above, lower stages and more stones 0.045 0.05 0.06
Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.05 0.07 0.07
Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways 0.075 0.1 0.15
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel,
banks steep, trees & brush along banks
submerged at high stages
Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.03 0.04 0.05
Bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.04 0.05 0.07
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 Flujo Uniforme (NORMAL)
El flujo uniforme es un estado de equilibrio definido por un perfecto balance
entre las fuerzas impulsoras gravitacionales y las fuerzas resistivas en el
lecho. El flujo resultante es constante en el tiempo y en la dirección aguas
abajo (dirección x).

Parametros:

x = coordenada aguas abajo [L] tbBx x

H = profundidad de flujo [L]
U = velocidad de flujo [L/T]
qw = caudal por unidad de ancho [L2T-1]
B = ancho [L] H
3 x 
Qw = qwB = caudal liquido [L /T] B
g = aceleracion de la gravdedad [L/T ] 2
gHxBS
 = inclinación del lecho [1]
tb = tension cortante en la frontera del
lecho [M/L/T2] sin  tan  = S , cos  1
S = tan = pendiente logitudinal del lecho
[1]
(cos   1; sen   tan   S)
 = densidad del agua [M/L3] Hidraulica de canales UdeA 2024 43
 o conductividad

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 Uniform Flow in Channels
• Uniform depth occurs when the flow depth (and thus the
average flow velocity) remains constant
• Common in long straight runs
• Flow depth is called normal depth yn
• Average flow velocity is called uniform-flow velocity V0

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 Example Problem
Velocity & Discharge
✓ Channel geometry known
✓ Depth of flow known
✓ Determine the flow velocity and discharge

20 ft

1.5 ft

✓ Bed slope of 0.002 ft/ft

✓ Manning’s n of 0.04
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 Solution
•Q = V*A equation 7.1
•V =(1.5/n) R2/3 S1/2 (equation 7.2)
•R= A/P (equation 7.3)
•A = width x depth = 20 x 1.5 ft = 30 ft2
•P= 20 + 1.5 + 1.5 ft = 23 ft.
•R= 30/23 = 1.3 ft
•S = 0.002 ft/ft (given) and n = 0.04
(given)
• V = (1.5/0.04)(1.3)2/3(0.002)1/2 = 2 ft/s
• Q = V*A=2x30= 60 ft3/s or 60 cfs
Answer: the velocity is 2 ft/s and the discharge is 60 cfs
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 Example Problem
Velocity & Discharge
✓ Discharge known
✓ Channel geometry known
✓ Determine the depth of flow

35 ft

? ft

✓ Discharge is 200 cfs

✓ Bed slope of 0.005 ft/ft
✓ Stream on a plain, clean, winding, some pools and stones
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 Solution
• q = va equation 7.1
• v =(1.5/n) R2/3 S1/2 (equation 7.2)
• R= a/P (equation 7.3)
• Guess a depth! Lets try 2 ft
• a = width x depth = 35 x 2 ft = 70 ft2
• P= 35 + 2 + 2 ft = 39 ft.
• R= 70/39 = 1.8 ft
• S = 0.005 ft/ft (given)
• n = 0.033 to 0.05 (Table 7.1) Consider
deepest depth
• v = (1.5/0.05)(1.8)2/3(0.005)1/2 = 3.1 ft/s
• q = va=3.1 x 70= 217 ft3/s or 217 cfs
• If the answer is <10% different from the
target stop!
Answer: The flow depth is about 2 ft for a discharge of 200 cfs
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Cálculo de la Profundidad normal Canal Trapezoidal

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 Flujo uniforme: Balance de
fuerzas
V2
toP x
Shear force =________ 2g Energy grade line
Hydraulic grade line
Wetted perimeter =P__ b
Gravitational force =Ax sin
________ x c

Ax sin  − t o Px = 0

a
A
to =  sin d
P W cos  

Shear force
W
A sin 
= R h Hydraulic radius S =  sin 
P W sin  cos 
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Dimensional analysis
Relationship between shear and velocity? ___________________
 Open Conduits:
Dimensional Analysis
• Geometric parameters
Hydraulic radius (Rh)
– ___________________ A
Rh =
– ___________________
Channel length (l)
P
– ___________________
Roughness (e)

• Write the functional relationship

Vl
Re =
 l e  
C p = f  Re, Fr ,M, W, , 
 Rh Rh 
V Kinetic Energy
Uniform flow Fr = Potential Energy
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Open Channel Flow Formulas

2g
V= SRh V = C SRh Chezy formula

1 2/3 1/2
V = R h So Manning formula (MKS units!)
n
1/3
Dimensions of n? T /L
Q = VA
Is n only a function of roughness? NO!
1
Q= ARh2 / 3 S o1 / 2
n

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 1 2/3 1/2
Manning Formula V = R h So
n

• The Manning n is a function of the boundary

roughness as well as other geometric
parameters in some unknown way...
Channel curvature (bends) 1 2
– ____________________
– _______________________________
Cross section geometry
P1 < P2
• Hydraulic radius for wide channels
Rh1 > Rh2

Rh =
A A = bh
P P = b + 2h
h
bh
Rh = b
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Why Use the Manning Formula?
• Tradition
• Natural channels are geometrically complex and
the errors associated with using an equation that
isn’t dimensionally correct are small compared
with our inability to characterize stream
geometry
• Measurement errors for Q and h are large
• We only ever deal with water in channels, so we
don’t need to know how other fluids would
respond

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 Values of Manning n
Lined Canals n
C ement pla ster 0.011
Untrea ted gunite 0.016
Wood, pla ned 0.012
Wood, unpla ned 0.013
C oncrete, trow led 0.012
C oncrete, w ood forms, unfinished 0.015 The worst channel
Rubble in cement 0.020 has…
Aspha lt, smooth 0.013
Aspha lt, rough 0.016
N atural Channels
G ra vel beds, stra ight 0.025 Roughness at many
G ra vel beds plus la rge boulders 0.040 scales!
Ea rth, stra ight, w ith some gra ss 0.026
Ea rth, w inding, no vegeta tion 0.030
Ea rth , w inding w ith vegeta tion 0.050
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 Example: Manning Formula
• What is the flow capacity of a finished
concrete channel that drops 1.2 m in 3
km?
3m
1
1.5 m
2

3m

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 Example
1
Q = ARh So
2 / 3 1/ 2

n
A=3 m *1,5m + 3,0 m*1,5m = 9 m2 A
Rh = = 0.927m
P= 3m + 2√(3m)2+(1,5m)2 =9.71 m P

12
. m
n = 0.012 S0 = = 0.0004
3000m

Q = 14.3m / s 3

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 1
Depth as f(Q) Q = ARh2 / 3 So1/ 2
n

• Find the depth in the channel when the

flow is 5 m3/s
• Hydraulic radius is function of depth
• Area is a function of depth
• Can’t solve explicitly
• Use trial and error or solver

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 Normal Depth Computation
• The Manning equation for uniform flow1 can
𝐶𝑜 2Τ
be expressed as: 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆𝑜 Τ2 ,
𝑛
𝐶𝑜 =
1.49 𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐼 −
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2Τ 𝑛𝑄
• 𝐴𝑅 = 3
1ൗ [left hand is called section
𝐶𝑜 𝑆𝑜 2
factor]
• Specific values of 𝑛, 𝑄, and 𝑆𝑜 we solve this
equation to determine the normal depth in a
given channel
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A trapezoidal channel with b= 20 ft, z=2,
𝑆𝑜 =0.0016,
and 𝑛 = 0.025, carries a discharge of 400
cfs.
Compute the normal depth and velocity.

(Chaudhry, 2008)
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Trial and Error Procedure
y A R R^2/3 AR^2/3 Remarks

3 78 2.33 1.760 137.3 y too small

3.5 94.5 2.65 1.915 181.0 y too large

3.3 87.8 2.53 1.854 162.8

3.35 89.4 2.56 1.870 167.3

3.36 89.6 2.56 1.872 167.8 The closest

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Uniform Flow, Determine Flow Rate Q
Water flows in the canal of trapezoidal cross section shown
in Fig. The bottom drops 1.4 ft per 1000 ft of length.
Determine the flowrate if the canal is lined with new
smooth concrete. Determine the Froude number for this
flow

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Uniform Flow, Determine
Flow Depth
Water flows in the channel shown in Fig. E10.3 at a rate o Q
= 10.0
m3/s. If the canal lining is weedy, determine the depth of the
flow.

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1. The Easy Parameters to Calculate with the Manning Equation: Q, V, S,
and
n are the easy parameters to calculate. If any of these is the unknown, with
adequate known information, the Manning equation can be solved for that
unknown parameter and then used to calculate the unknown by calculating
Rh and substituting known parameters into the equation. This is illustrated for
calculation of Q in Example #1 and calculation of n in Example #2. Another
example here illustrates bottom slope, S, as the unknown. Then in the next
section, we’ll take a look at the hard parameter to calculate, normal depth.

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The wetted perimeter and cross-sectional area of flow for a triangular open
channel of the configuration shown in Figure 5, can be expressed in terms of
the depth of flow, y, and the side slope, z, as follows:

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2.

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 Uniform Flow, Maximum Flow Rate Caudal
máximo
Water flows in a round pipe of diameter D at a depth of 0 ≤ y ≤ D, as
shown in Fig. E10.5a. The pipe is laid on a constant slope of So, and the
Manning coefficient is n. At what depth does the maximum flowrate
occur? Show that for certain flowrate there are two depths possible with
the same flowrate. Explain this behavior.

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 Uniform Flow, Effect of Bottom Slope
Water flows in a rectangular channel of width b = 10 m that has a
Manning coefficient of n = 0.025. Plot a graph of flowrate, Q, as a
function of slope So, indicating lines of constant depth and lines of
constant Froude number.

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Uniform Flow, Variable Roughness
Water flows along the drainage canal having the properties shown in Fig.
E10.7a. If the bottom slope is S0 = 1 ft/500 ft=0.002, estimate the flowrate
when the depth is y = 0.8 ft + 0.6 ft = 1.4 ft.

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12.

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13.

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14.

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15.

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Sección hidráulica más eficiente

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Uniform Flow, Best Hydraulic Cross Section
Water flows uniformly in a rectangular channel of width b and depth
y. Determine the aspect ratio, b/y, for the best hydraulic cross section.

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What Happened at the Oroville Dam

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Oroville Dam is an earthfill embankment dam on
the Feather River east of the city of Oroville,
California, in the United States. At 770 feet (235
m) high, it is the tallest dam in the U.S.[8] and
serves mainly for water supply, hydroelectricity
generation and flood control. The dam impounds
Lake Oroville, the second largest man-made lake
in the state of California, capable of storing more
than 3.5 million acre-feet (4.4 km3)[9]. It is
located in the Sierra Nevada foothills east of the
Sacramento Valley.
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Last Tuesday, operators noticed turbulence in the water rushing
down the spillway’s chute at a rate of 50,000 cubic feet — about
375,000 gallons — per second. They reduced the flow to
investigate, and discovered that a large portion of the concrete
had been washed away.

It is not yet known what caused the damage to the concrete,

but one culprit is cavitation, or tiny bubbles of water vapor that
can form in high-velocity water, said Blake P. Tullis, a professor
of civil engineering at Utah State University. When the bubbles
collapse, they create tiny shock waves that are strong enough to
damage concrete, he said.

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What Happened at the Oroville Dam
The erosion in the main spillway led to the decision to use
the emergency spillway for the first time since the dam was
completed nearly 50 years ago. Emergency spillways are
designed for use only in exceptional conditions, when the
reservoir is rising so fast that there is a risk it will top the
dam itself. Water flow over the emergency spillway stopped
on Sunday, but more rain is expected this week.
Because emergency spillways are seldom used, they are not
built to the same specifications as main spillways, and some
damage to them can often be expected if they are used. At
Oroville, environmental groups including the Sierra Club
requested in 2005 that the emergency spillway be lined
with concrete on the downstream side, to prevent erosion.
The request was rejected.

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