Sistemas Automáticos con Encoder
Sistemas Automáticos con Encoder
Incremental encoders provide position information by generating a defined number of pulses per unit of movement, which requires a counter to track position from a reference point. This means position data can be lost if power is interrupted, and the system must reference a starting position upon restart . In contrast, absolute encoders provide a direct digital output indicating the current position, which remains accurate even after a power loss, without needing to reference a starting position again . The resilience to errors of absolute encoders is higher as they can recover immediately from a power interruption, while incremental encoders may suffer data corruption under similar circumstances .
Incremental encoders achieve higher resolution by configuring the counting mechanism to track multiple phases of pulse edges. For example, the use of quadrature output allows for bidirectional counting by utilizing two channels 90 degrees out of phase. This means that both rising and falling edges of pulses are counted, effectively doubling (x2) or quadrupling (x4) the resolution by considering both channels for a comprehensive count . This increased resolution allows for finer control and more precise measurements in applications requiring detailed position tracking, thereby improving the overall performance in dynamic settings .
For incremental encoders, recalibration or initialization of position from a known reference may be necessary after any power loss or system shutdown to ensure accurate position tracking. This is because incremental encoders rely on counting pulses which could be lost or corrupted without continuous power . In contrast, absolute encoders continuously report the position regardless of power state changes, eliminating the need for such recalibration as they inherently include the current positional information within each signal output, making them more resilient and fault-tolerant in this regard .
Quadrature output in incremental encoders involves utilizing two channels of signal output that are 90 degrees out of phase with each other. This configuration enables the determination of both direction and position without ambiguity, even in situations where movement is reversed . The phase relationship between the two signals is used to ascertain the direction of rotation, which is particularly beneficial in processes that may involve reversing direction or require precise control for maintaining position, such as in robotic arms or CNC machines . It enhances resilience against false triggering that could be caused by mechanical oscillations or vibrations .
Parallel output from encoders provides all signal bits simultaneously, allowing for very fast information availability which can be crucial in high-speed real-time applications . However, this method comes with disadvantages such as the need for bulky cabling and cost considerations due to the requirement of numerous parallel connections to transmit bits simultaneously. This could be a limiting factor in data-heavy industrial settings where extensive cabling may hinder maintenance and add to the system's complexity. Despite this, parallel outputs ensure immediate access to data, which can be beneficial in processes where speed is more critical than infrastructure costs .
When choosing between optical and magnetic encoders, key trade-offs include considering resolution, environmental resilience, and operational speed versus robustness. Optical encoders typically provide higher resolution and faster operational speeds, which are beneficial in precision applications like robotics or automated machinery within controlled environments . However, they may be less durable under harsh conditions due to their sensitivity to environmental factors such as dust and vibration. Magnetic encoders, although often offering lower resolutions, are preferred in demanding environments like those involving heavy-duty industrial machinery due to their robustness against temperature extremes, moisture, and particulate interference . This trade-off requires assessing the application's specific needs for precision versus environmental exposure.
The choice between binary and Gray code in encoder outputs is influenced by the need for error minimization and efficiency in data transmission. Gray code is often preferred for absolute encoders because it ensures that only one bit changes at a time in successive values, minimizing the risk of errors during rapid transitions . This is particularly useful in high-speed applications where multiple bit changes could lead to transient errors. On the other hand, binary code is simpler and more straightforward for systems that do not require the extra protection against errors that Gray code provides, such as in low-speed or simple applications .
The construction of a disk with Gray code enables the control system to accurately determine position with minimal error, as Gray code changes only one bit at a time during transitions. This reduces the potential for error in signal interpretation when the disk moves slightly due to mechanical vibrations or oscillations . The encoded Gray code on the disk facilitates the accurate tracking of motor position by comparing the current disk position with feedback signals, which allows the system to find its equilibrium point efficiently where the input and feedback signals match, preventing unnecessary motor movement .
Optical encoders offer high resolutions and fast operation speeds, making them particularly suitable for precise and rapid signal processing required in many industrial applications. They provide long-lasting operation in many industrial environments due to their non-contact sensing mechanism . On the other hand, magnetic encoders, while offering good resolution and robust operation, are typically preferred in environments with extreme conditions such as dust, moisture, and temperature changes due to their superior resistance to these factors . The major advantage of optical encoders is their high performance in clean environments where their high resolution can be fully utilized without interference from particulates or magnetic fields.
In the described control system, the first three bits of the error signal determine whether the motor is turned on or off, thus controlling its basic operational state . The last bit of the error signal controls the direction of the motor. This setup allows the system to manage both the movement and orientation of the motor effectively, fine-tuning its operations based on precise signal comparisons to maintain desired system performance .