HW4 Sol
HW4 Sol
Curso 2020-21
Macroeconomia I
Lista de Problemas 4
I. Preguntas multirespuesta
1. a 6. a 11. a 16. b
2. d 7. d 12. a 17. a
3. b 8. c 13 d 18. a
4. d 9. d 14 b 19. a
5. a 10. c 15. b 20. b
II. Ejercicios
86 Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems
1. Respuestas:
Proba)lem
Enslaand AKeynesiana
aspa pplicationlas función de gasto planificado es E = C (Y − T ) + I + G.
1. a. The
La Keynesian
condición de cross graphs
equilibrio an economy’s
señala planned
que el gasto expenditure
efectivo debe ser function, E = real
igual al gasto
C(Y – T) + I + G, and the equilibrium condition that actual expenditure equals
Yplanned
= E, tal como muestra
expenditure, Y = E,la
asFigura 10–6.
shown in Figure 10–6.
Y=E
Figure 10–6
E
E2 = C(Y – T) + I + G2
Plannedexpenditure
expediture
B E1 = C(Y – T) + I + G1
Planned
∆G A
45˚
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
UnAn incremento
increase in government purchases
en el gasto público defrom
G1 aGG 1 to G2 shifts la
2 desplaza
thefunción
planneddeexpendi-
gasto plani-
ture function upward. The new equilibrium is at point B. The change in Y equals
ficado hacia arriba.
the product El nuevo equilibrio semultiplier
of the government-purchases encuentra enthe
and changeB.
el punto in El cambio en
govern-
Yment spending:
se obtiene ∆Y = [1/(1 –el MPC)]∆G.
multiplicando cambio enBecause
el gastowe know por
público thatelthe marginal del
multiplicador
propensity to consume MPC is less than one, this expression tells us that a one-
dollar increase in G leads to an increase in Y that is greater than one dollar.
b. An increase in taxes ∆T reduces disposable income Y – T by ∆T and, therefore,
reduces consumption by MPC × ∆T. For any given level of income Y, planned
1
expenditure falls. In the Keynesian cross, the tax increase shifts the planned-
expenditure function down by MPC × ∆T, as in Figure 10–7.
45˚
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
gasto público: 4Y = [1/ (1 − P M C)] 4G. Dado que sabemos que la propensión
marginal al consumo (PMC) es menor que uno, esta expresión nos dice que un
An increase in government purchases from G1 to G2 shifts the planned expendi-
incremento de unupward.
ture function G new
euro enThe conlleva un aumento
equilibrium de [Link]
is at point que un
The change in euro.
Y equals
the product of the government-purchases multiplier and the change in govern-
b) Un ment
incremento de los
spending: ∆Yimpuestos 4T reduceBecause
= [1/(1 – MPC)]∆G. la rentawedisponible
know thatY− the en 4T , por
T marginal
propensity
lo tanto, to consume
el consumo MPC isen
se reduce less
PM than
C ×one,
4Tthis expression
. Para tellsnivel
cualquier us that
de arenta
one- Y ,
dollar increase in G leads to an increase in Y that is greater than one dollar.
[Link] gasto planificado
An increase cae.∆TEnreduces
in taxes la aspa keynesiana,
disposable un Yincremento
income – T by ∆T de lostherefore,
and, impuestos
reduces
desplaza la consumption by MPC
función de gasto × ∆T. Foren
planificado anyPM given
C ×level
4T ofhacia
income Y, planned
abajo, tal como
expenditure falls. In the Keynesian cross, the tax increase shifts the planned-
indica la Figurafunction
expenditure 10–7. down by MPC × ∆T, as in Figure 10–7.
E
Figure 10–7
Y=E
Planned expenditure
MPC × ∆ T
E = C(Y – T ) + I + G
A
45˚
Y2 Y1 Y
– MPC
∆T
1 – MPC
Income,
Income, output
output
2
Because government purchases and taxes increase by the same amount, we know
that ∆G = ∆T. Therefore, we can rewrite the above equation as:
∆Y = [(1/(1 – MPC)) – (MPC/(1 – MPC))]∆G
= ∆G.
This expression
Esta expresión tellsque
nos dice us that
un an equal increase
aumento in government
del gasto purchases
público y los and taxes
impuestos de la
increases Y by the amount that G increases. That is, the balanced-budget
misma cuantía generará un aumento de Y de la misma magnitud que el incremento multi-
plier is exactly 1.
en G. Total
2. a.
Es decir, este multiplicador “sin déficit público” es exactamente uno.
planned expenditure is
E = C(Y – T) + I + G.
2. Respuestas:
Plugging in the consumption function and the values for investment I, govern-
ment purchases G, and taxes T given in the question, total planned expenditure E
is total planificado es E = C (Y − T ) + I + G. Si sustituimos la función de
a) El gasto
consumo y los valores para laEinversión I, el –gasto
= 200 + 0.75(Y público
100) + G, y los impuestos T ,
100 + 100
obtenemos que el gasto planificado = 0.75Y = 200 + 0,75 (Y − 100) + 100 + 100 =
es +E325.
0,75Y This equation
+ 325. is graphedesinla
Esta ecuación Figure 10–[Link] la Figura 10–8.
dibujada
E = 0.75 Y + 325
325
45
Y * = 1,300 Y
Income, output
3
0,75, es decir, el multiplicador del gasto público es 4. Esto significa que el gasto
público debe aumentar en 75 (a un nivel de 175) para que la renta aumente en
300.
3. Respuestas:
Por lo tanto, podemos escribir el multiplicador del gasto público como 1/ (1 − (1 − t) P M C),
en lugar de 1/ (1 − P M C). Esto significa que el multiplicador es mucho menor. Por
ejemplo, si la propensión marginal al consumo (PMC) es 3/4 y t es 1/3, entonces
el multiplicador será 1/ (1 − (1 − 1/3) (3/4)) = 2 en lugar de 1/ (1 − 3/4) = 4.
c) Para determinar como este sistema impositivo altera la curva IS, podemos derivar
la curva IS para el caso en que los impuestos dependen de la renta. Empezamos
4
considerando la identidad de la contabilidad nacional sobre la renta: Y = C +I +G.
La función de consumo es C = a + b (Y − T − tY ). Note que en esta función
de consumo los impuestos son una función de la renta. La función de inversión
I = c − dr. Sustituyendo la función de consumo e inversión el la identidad de la
renta obtenemos: Y = [a + b (Y − T − tY )] + c − dr + G. Resolviendo por Y :
1
Y = a + c + G − bT̄ -dr
1 − b (1 − t)
Sabemos que t es menor que 1, por lo tanto, concluimos que la curva IS tiene una
C h aimpuestos
pendiente más pronunciada que cuando los pter 10 Aggregate Demandde
no dependen 89
I la renta.
4. Respuestas:
This IS equation is analogous to the one derived in the text except that each term
is divided by 1 – b(1 – t) rather than by (1 – b). We know that t is a tax rate, which
a) Si is
la less
sociedad
than [Link],
conviertewemás austera
conclude (i.e.
that para
this cualquier
IS curve nivelthan
is steeper de renta la in
the one gente
which taxes are a fixed amount.
ahorra más y consume menos), entonces la función de gasto planeado se desplaza
4. a. If society becomes more thrifty—meaning that for any given level of income people
hacia abajo, como en la Figura 10–9 (fijase que C̄2 < C̄1 ). La renta de equilibrio
save more and consume less—then the planned-expenditure function shifts down-
caeward,
de Yas
1 ainYFigure
2. 10–9 (note that C2 < C1). Equilibrium income falls from Y1 to Y2.
E
Y=E Figure 10–9
E 1 = C1 + c (Y – T ) + I + G
Planned expenditure
E 2 = C2 + c (Y – T ) + I + G
B
Y2 Y1 Y
Income, output
wealth, so an increase in real money balances makes consumers feel wealthier and buy
more. This shifts the IS curve to the right, also increasing income.
r1 A
There are two ways in which falling prices can reduce income. The first is the
debt-deflation theory. An unexpected decrease in the price level redistributes wealth
from debtors to creditors. If debtors have a higher propensity to consume than credi-
r2 this redistribution causesB debtors to decrease their spending by more than
tors, then
creditors increase theirs. As a result, aggregateI(r)
consumption falls, shifting the IS curve
to the left and reducing income. The second way in which falling prices can reduce
income is through the effects of expected deflation. I, S Recall that the real interest rate r
equals the nominal interest rate
Investment, i minus the expected inflation rate πe: r = i – πe. If
Saving
everyone expects the price level to fall in the future (i.e., πe is negative), then for any
given nominal
Thus, in theinterest
classicalrate, thethe
model, real interestofrate
paradox is does
thrift higher.
not Aexist.
higher real interest rate
depresses investment
En conclusión, and shifts
en el modelo clásicothelaISparadoja
curve to the left,
de la reducing income.
austeridad no existe.
5. Respuestas:
Problems and Applications
a) Si el banco central incrementa la oferta monetaria, la curva LM se desplaza hacia
1. a. If the central bank increases the money supply, then the LM curve shifts down-
abajo, como
ward,muestra
as shownla in
Figura
Figure11–4.
11–[Link] rentaincreases
Income aumentaandy elthe
tipo de interés
interest [Link]
rate falls.
increase in disposable income causes consumption to rise; the fall
El aumento en la renta disponible genera un incremento del consumo, mientras in the interest
el
rate causes investment to rise as well.
descenso del tipo de interés conlleva un aumento de la inversión.
r Figure 11–4
LM1
LM2
Interest rate
r1
A
r2 B
IS
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
6
94 Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems
94 Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems
b) Si el gasto público aumenta, el multiplicador del gasto público nos dice que la curva
IS [Link] desplazará
If governmenta lapurchases
derecha enincrease, then the igual
una cantidad government-purchases
a [1/ (1 − P M C)] multiplier
4G, comotells
b. usgovernment
If that the ISpurchases
curve shifts to the then
increase, rightthe
by government-purchases
an amount equal to [1/(1 – MPC)]∆G.
multiplier tells
puede verse
This enshown
is la Figura 11–5. Tanto
in Figure 11–5. la rentaand
Income como
theelinterest
tipo derate
interés aumentan. El
us that the IS curve shifts to the right by an amount equal toboth
[1/(1increase. The
– MPC)]∆G.
increase
This
incremento is in renta
enshown
la disposable income
in disponible
Figure 11–5. causes
Income
lleva consumption
and the a
el consumo to rise,
interest
crecer, while
rate boththe
mientras elincrease
increase.
aumento in
The
the interest
increase rate causesincome
in disposable investment to fall.
causes consumption to rise, while the increase in
del tipo de interés reduce la inversión.
the interest rate causes investment to fall.
r Figure 11–5
r ∆G Figure 11–5
LM
1 – MPC
∆G LM
1 – MPC
r2
rate rate
B
r2
Interest
B
r1 A
Interest
r1 A
IS2
IS1 IS2
IS1
Y1 Y2 Y
Income,
Y output
Y Y
1 2
Income, output
c) Si aumenta los impuestos, el multiplicado de los impuestos nos dice que la curva
c. If the government increases taxes, then the tax multiplier tells us that the IS
IS [Link] desplazará
curve
If the shiftsa latoizquierda
government enan
the increases
left by una cantidad
amount
taxes, then igual
equal
the tax –[−P M C/tells
to [amultiplier
MPC/(1 −us
–(1MPC)]∆T.
PM C)]
that 4TIS
This
the ,
is
shownshifts
curve
como muestra inlaFigure
to the
Figura 11–6.
left Income
11–6. byTanto and
an amount the equal
la renta interest
comoto rate bothdefall.
[ –tipo
el MPC/(1 – Disposable
MPC)]∆T.
interés income
This
bajarán. Lais
falls because
shown income
in Figure 11–[Link] lower
Incomeandandtaxes
the are higher;
interest ratethis causes
both [Link] to fall.
Disposable income
renta disponible
The fall
falls seincome
in the
because reduce
interestisdebido a lataxes
rate causes
lower and bajada
investmentde tolarise.
are higher; renta y el incremento
this causes consumption de los
to fall.
The fall
impuestos, in the
lo que interest
genera un rate causes
descenso delinvestment
[Link] rise.
reducción del tipo de interés
conlleva un incremento de la inversión.
r
Figure 11–6
r – MPC
1 – MPC ∆ T Figure 11–6
– MPC LM
1 – MPC ∆ T
LM
r1
rate rate
A
r1 A
Interest
r2 B
Interest
r2 B
IS1
IS2 IS1
IS2
Y2 Y1 Y
Income,
Y2 output
Y1 Y
Income, output
7
mento equivalente del gasto público y los impuestos sumando el efecto de los dos
multiplicadores usados en los apartados (b) yC (c): hapter 11
4Y = [(1/ (1 − P M C)) 4G] 95
Aggregate Demand II
−
[(P M C/ (1 − P M C)) 4T ]. Dado que tanto el gasto público como los impuestos
d. We canen
incrementan figure out how
la misma much thesabemos
cantidad, IS curve que
shifts
4G in response to an equal
= 4T . Entonces increase
podemos
in government purchases and taxes by adding together the two multiplier effects
volver athat
escribir la ecuación anterior como:
we used in parts (b) and (c):
∆Y = [(1/(1 – MPC))]∆G] – [(MPC/(1 – MPC))∆T]
4Y = [(1/ (1 − P M C)) − (P M C/ (1 − P M C))] 4G
Because government purchases and taxes increase by the same amount, we know
that ∆G 4Y
= ∆T.=4G
Therefore, we can rewrite the above equation as:
∆Y = [(1/(1 – MPC)) – (MPC/(1 – MPC))]∆G
Esta expresión nos dice como cambia la renta, manteniendo el tipo de interés cons-
∆Y = ∆G.
This expression
tante. Dice tells us how
que un incremento output changes,
equivalente holding
en gasto the interest
público rate constant.
y impuestos desplazaIt
says that an equal increase in government purchases and taxes shifts
la curva IS a la derecha en la misma magnitud en que aumenta G, tal comoISmues- the curve
to the right by the amount that G increases.
This
tra la Figura shiftLais renta
11–7. shownaumenta,
in Figure pero
11–[Link]
Output
menorincreases,
medida butque by
el less than the
aumento en
G y T , lo que lleva a una caída de la renta disponible Y − T y una bajada dela
amount that G and T increase; this means that disposable income Y – T falls. As
result, consumption also falls. The interest rate rises, causing investment to fall.
consumo. El tipo de interés aumenta, causando una reducción de la inversión.
r Figure 11–7
LM
∆G
r2
Interest rate
r1 A
IS2
IS1
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
6. Respuestas:
8
shifts the IS curve out. That is, at every interest rate, firms want to invest more.
The increase in the demand for investment goods shifts the IS curve out, raising
income and employment. Figure 11–8 shows the effect graphically.
r Figure 11–8
LM
B
r2
Interest rate
A IS2
r1
IS1
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
11–9. A
r2
B
r1
IS
Y2 Y1 Y
Income, output
9
b. The increased demand for cash shifts the LM curve up. This happens because at
any given level of income and money supply, the interest rate necessary to equili-
brate the money market is higher. Figure 11–9 shows the effect of this LM shift
graphically.
r
LM2 Figure 11–9
LM1
Interest rate
A
r2
B
r1
IS
Y2 Y1 Y
Income, output
r
LM Figure 11–10
B
r2
Interest rate
A IS2
r1
IS1
Y1 Y2 Y
Income, output
La renta,
Income,el interest
tipo de rates,
interésand
y elconsumption
consumo caen, mientras
all fall, la inversión
while investment aumenta.
rises. IncomeLa
rentafalls
caebecause
porqueatpara
every level of the
cualquier interest
nivel de tiporate,
de planned
interés, expenditure falls. The es
el gasto planificado
interest rate falls because the fall in income reduces demand for money; since the
menor. El tipo
supply de interés
of money se reduce
is unchanged, theporque
interestla caída
rate must enfall
la to
renta reduce
restore la demanda
money-market
equilibrium. Consumption falls both because of the shift in the consumption func-
tion and because income falls. Investment rises because of the lower interest rates
and partially offsets the effect on 10
output of the fall in consumption.
de dinero, dado que la oferta de dinero no se altera, el tipo de interés debe caer
para equilibrar el mercado de dinero. El consumo decrece tanto por la reducción
de la renta como por el desplazamiento de la función de consumo. La inversión
aumenta debido al menor tipo de interés y contrarresta parcialmente el efecto de
la caída del consumo sobre la renta de equilibrio.
7. Respuestas:
98a) LaAnswers
curvatoISTextbook
viene Questions
dada por:and Problems
Y = C (Y − T ) + I (r) + G
3. a. The IS curve is given by:
r IS LM Figure 11–11
6
Interest rate
0
500 1,100 1,700 Y
Income, output
b.
b) La curva The
LMLM securve is determined
determina by equating
igualando theydemand
la oferta for andreal
la demanda supply
de of real money
dinero. La
balances. The supply of real balances is 1,000/2 = 500. Setting this equal to money
oferta real de dinero
demand, es 1000/2 = 500. Igualando esta ecuación con la demanda
we find:
real de dinero, obtenemos: Y = 500 + 100r. 500 =Esta curva LM es la que se representa
Y – 100r.
en la Figura 11–11 para r desde 0 hastaY 8. = 500 + 100r.
This LM curve is graphed in Figure 11–11 for r ranging from 0 to 8.
c. If we take the price level as given, then the IS and the LM equations give us two
equations in two unknowns, Y and r. We found the following equations in parts (a)
and (b): 11
IS: Y = 1,700 – 100r.
LM: Y = 500 + 100r.
c) Si tomamos el nivel de precios como dado, entonces la curva IS y LM se convierten
en un sistema de dos ecuaciones con dos incógnitas, Y y r. Hemos hallado estas
ecuaciones en los apartados (a) y (b):
r LM Figure 11–12
IS1 IS2
7
Interest rate
200
0
500 1,100 1,200 1,700 1,900 Y
Income, output
1900 1,900
− 100r– 100r
=500= 500 + 100r
+ 100r
1,400 = 200r
r =7
7 = r.
We can now substitute r into either the IS or the LM equation to find the new
level of output. We find
Y = 1,200.
12
Therefore, the increase in government purchases causes the equilibrium interest
rate to rise from 6 percent to 7 percent, while output increases from 1,100 to
1,200. This is depicted in Figure 11–12.
100 Ahora
Answerspodemos usar
to Textbook r para
Questions Problems el nivel de renta. Obtenemos Y = 1200. Por
andencontrar
lo tanto, el incremento del gasto público conlleva un aumento del tipo de interés
del e.6 % al 7 %, mientras la renta crece de 1.100 a 1.200, tal como muestra la Figura
If the money supply increases from 1,000 to 1,200, then the LM equation becomes:
11–12. (1,200/2) = Y – 100r,
or de dinero aumenta de 1.000 a 1.2000, la curva LM se convierte en:
e) Si la oferta
Y = 600 + 100r. Esta es la curva LMY dibujada= 600 + 100r.
en la Figura 11–13 como LM 2 .
ThislaLM
Vemos que curve
curva LMis se
graphed as hacia
desplaza LM2 inlaFigure 11–13.
derecha Wedebido
en 100 see that
al the LM curve
aumento en
shifts to the right by 100 because of the increase in real money balances.
la cantidad real de dinero.
r
Figure 11–13
IS LM1 LM2
6.0
Interest rate
5.5
100
0
500 600 1,100 1,150 1,700 Y
Income, output
13
As shown in Figure 11–14, the LM curve shifts to the left by 250 because the
increase in the price level reduces real money balances.
7.25
6.0
Interest rate
250
0
250 600 1,100
975 1,200 1,700 Y
Income, output
14
This aggregate demand equation is graphed in Figure 11–15.
P
Figure 11–15
4.0
1.0
0.5
0
975 1,100 1,350 1,850 Y
Income, output
Y = C(Y – T) + I(r) + G.
15
a loose monetary policy and a tight fiscal policy, as shown in Figure 11–20. In the
new equilibrium at point B, the interest rate is lower, so that investment is high-
er. The tight fiscal policy—reducing government purchases, for example—offsets
the effect of this increase in investment on output.
r Figure 11–20
LM1
LM2
Interest rate
r1 A
r2 B
IS1
IS2
Y1 Y
106 Answers to Textbook Questions and output
Income, Problems
The policy mix in the early 1980s did exactly the opposite. Fiscal policy was
La combinación de políticas en los inicios de los ochenta hizo exactamente lo contrario.
expansionary, while monetary policy was contractionary. Such a policy mix shifts
the
La política fiscal curve to the right
ISexpansionaría,
era and the la
mientras LM curve to
política the left, asera
monetaria in Figure 11–21. Esta
constrictiva. The real
interest rate rises and investment falls.
combinación desplaza la curva IS a la derecha y la LM a la izquierda, como muestra la
Figura 11–21. El tipo de interés aumenta y la inversión se reduce.
r Figure 11–21
LM2
LM1
Interest rate
r2 A
r1 B
IS1 IS2
Y1 Y
Income, output
6. a. An increase in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the right in the short run.
9. Respuestas: This moves the economy from point A to point B in Figure 11–22: the interest rate
falls from r1 to r2, and output rises from Y to Y2. The increase in output occurs
because the lower interest rate stimulates investment, which increases output.
a) Un aumento en la oferta de dinero desplaza la curva LM hacia la derecha en el
corto plazo. Esto mueve la economía del punto A al punto B en la Figura 11–22.
El tipo de interés baja de r1 a r2 y la renta crece de Ȳ a Y 2 . El aumento de la
r Figure 10-19
Figure 11–22
renta ocurre porque el menorY=tipo
Y
de interés estimula la inversión.
LM1
LM2
Interest rate
r1 A
r2 B
16
IS
Y Y2 Y
falls from r1 to r2, and output rises from Y to Y2. The increase in output occurs
because the lower interest rate stimulates investment, which increases output.
r Figure 10-19
Figure 11–22
Y= Y
LM1
LM2
Interest rate
r1 A
r2 B
IS
Y Y2 Y
Income, output
Since the level of output is now above its long-run level, prices begin to rise.
Dado que Aahora
risingelprice
nivellevel
de lowers
renta esta
real por encima
balances, whichde su nivel
raises theen el lagro
interest plazo,
rate. los
As indicat-
ed in Figure
precios empiezan 11–22,
a crecer. Elthe LM curvede
incremento shifts back to reduce
los precios the [Link] continue
cantidad real to
derise
until the economy returns to its original position at point A. The interest rate
dinero, lo returns
que aumenta el tipo
to r1, and de interés.
investment Como
returns to itsindica la level.
original Figura 11–22,
Thus, la curva
in the long run,
there is no impact on real variables from an increase in the
LM vuelve a la izquierda. Los precios siguen creciendo hasta que la economía money supply. (This is
what we called monetary neutrality in Chapter 4.)
vuelve a su punto inicial en A. El tipo de interés vuelve a r1 , y la inversión vuelve
a su nivel original. En conclusión, en el largoC plazo, hapter 11
el aumento en la oferta de107
Aggregate Demand II
Figure 11–23
r Y= Y LM2
LM1
C
r3
Interest rate
r2 B
r1
A
IS2
IS1
Y Y2 Y
Income, output
The increase in the interest rate reduces investment and “crowds out” part of the
expansionary
El aumento en el tipo deeffect of the
interés increase in parte
contrarresta government purchases.
del efecto Initially,
expansivo the LM
del incre-
curve is not affected because government spending does not enter the LM equa-
mento deltion. After
gasto the increase,
público. output is
Inicialmente, la above
curvaitsLM
long-run
no se equilibrium
ve afectadalevel, so prices
porque el
begin to rise. The rise in prices reduces real balances, which shifts
gasto público no está en la ecuación LM. Después del aumento, la renta está por the LM curve
to the left. The interest rate rises even more than in the short run. This process
continues until the long-run level of output is again reached. At the new equilibri-
um, point C, interest rates have risen to r3, and the price level is permanently
higher. Note that, like monetary
17 policy, fiscal policy cannot change the long-run
level of output. Unlike monetary policy, however, it can change the composition
of output. For example, the level of investment at point C is lower than it is at
point A.
1
I
A
IS2
IS1
Y Y Y
encima de su nivel en el largo plazo 2 y los precios empiezan a subir. El incremento
Income, output
de los precios reduce la cantidad real de dinero, lo que mueve la LM a la izquierda.
The increase in the interest rate reduces investment and “crowds out” part of the
El tipo deexpansionary
interés aumenta aún más hasta que la renta de equilibrio se alcanza
effect of the increase in government purchases. Initially, the LM
otra vez. curve
En el is not affected
nuevo because
equilibrio, en elgovernment
punto C, elspending
tipo de does not ha
interés enter the LM
subido equa-
hasta
tion. After the increase, output is above its long-run equilibrium level, so prices
r3 y el nivel de precios será más alto de forma permanente. Como en el caso de
begin to rise. The rise in prices reduces real balances, which shifts the LM curve
la políticatomonetaria,
the left. Thelainterest
políticarate rises
fiscal noeven more
puede than in the
modificar shortde
el nivel run. Thisen
renta process
el
continues until the long-run level of output is again reached. At the new equilibri-
largo plazo. Sin embargo, si puede cambiar la composición de la renta agregada.
um, point C, interest rates have risen to r3, and the price level is permanently
En el puntohigher.
C, laNote that, like
inversión monetary
es menor quepolicy,
en el fiscal
puntopolicy
A. cannot change the long-run
level of output. Unlike monetary policy, however, it can change the composition
c) Un aumentoof output.
de los For example,
impuestos the level
reduce of investment
la renta disponible at de
point
losCconsumidores
is lower than des-
it is at
point A.
plazando la curva IS a la izquierda, como muestra la Figura 11–24. En el corto
c. An increase in taxes reduces disposable income for consumers, shifting the IS
curve to
plazo, la renta y the left, de
el tipo as shown
interésincaen
Figure
a Y11–24.
2 y r 2 In the shortlarun,
mientras output and
economía the inter-
se mueve
est rate
del punto A al B. decline to Y 2 to r2 as the economy moves from point A to point B.
r1 A
B
r2
r3 C
IS1
IS2
Y2 Y Y
Income, output
18