TEORÍA

Reported speech
Alguien le cuenta a una persona lo que otra persona ha dicho:
Estilo Directo: “Tengo dos hermanos y una hermana”, dijo él
Estilo Indirecto: Él dijo que él tenía dos hermanos y una hermana
Direct Speech: “I have two brothers and one sister”, he said
Reported Speech: He said that he had two brothers and one sister
Hay una serie de cambios, unos siguen unas normas y otros no:
1. VERBOS
Tenéis que aprenderos esta tabla de cambios OBLIGATORIAMENTE, sin pensar si
suena mal en nuestra lengua
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
Present Simple Past Simple
Past Simple Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Future con WILL Conditional WOULD
Future Perfect (WILL HAVE + participle) WOULD HAVE + P. Participle
Conditional Conditional
VERBOS MODALES
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
CAN COULD
COULD COULD
MAY MIGHT
MIGHT MIGHT
SHOULD SHOULD
MUST HAD TO
2. ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO
Tenéis que aprenderos esta tabla de cambios OBLIGATORIAMENTE, sin pensar si
suena mal en nuestra lengua
Today That day
Yesterday the day before
Tomorrow the next day/the following day Next week/year … the following week /
year …
Last week/ year … the previous week / year … A week / year ago the previous
week / year
Now then
3. ADVERBIO DE LUGAR Y DEMOSTRATIVOS
Tenéis que aprenderos esta tabla de cambios, sin pensar si suena mal en nuestra
lengua
Here there
This that
These those
4. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
Estos cambios no tienen reglas fijas, ¡¡¡ HAY QUE UTILIZAR LA LÓGICA !!!
Estilo Directo: “Yo vivo en esta calle”, dijo Mary
Estilo Indirecto: Mary dijo que ella vivía en esa calle”
Estilo Directo: “Esa era mi antigua casa” dijo John
Estilo Indirecto: John dijo que esa era su antigua casa
REPORTING VERBS
Estos verbos introducen el estilo indirecto y siempre se conjugan en pasado simple.
Direct Speech: “I have two brothers and one sister” he said
reporting verb
Direct Speech: “Where does he live?” he asked
reporting verb
3 Direct Speech: “Let’s go out” she suggested
reporting verb

Los Reporting Verbs cambian en función de si “decimos” (said), “preguntamos”

(asked), “ordenamos” (told), “sugerimos” (suggested), etc.
●​ SAID (dijo) Utilizados en las oraciones enunciativas afirmativas y
negativas
Direct Speech: “I have just heard the news!”, Tom said
Reported Speech: Tom said (that) he had just heard the news
 ●​ SUGGESTED (sugirió) Utilizado para las sugerencias
Direct Speech: “You should study harder” I said to him
Reported Speech: I suggested him studying
●​ TOLD / ORDERED (ordenó) Utilizado para las oraciones exhortativas
(Commands Imperativos)
- Estos verbos necesitan SIEMPRE un Complemento Indirecto porque
siempre le damos una orden a alguien
Direct Speech: “Be quiet”, the teacher said to him
Reported Speech: The teacher TOLD/ORDERED him to be quiet - Si la frase de
estilo directo no lleva un Complemento Indirecto, nos los inventamos: Direct
Speech: “Move back”, the policeman said Reported Speech: The policeman TOLD
me/us/the people to move back - Si el imperativo está en negativo, ponemos el
infinitivo en negativo también: NOT TO _____ V Direct Speech: “Don’t talk” the
teacher said Reported Speech: The teacher TOLD the students NOT TO SPEAK
Veamos como pasamos las oraciones al Reported Speech. Recordad ¡¡ HAY QUE
UTILIZAR LA LÓGICA ¡! REPORTED SPEECH NURIA 4 1. STATEMENTS u
ORACIONES ENUNCIATIVAS El Reporting Verb se utiliza siempre en Past
Simple. El verbo más frecuente es SAID, aunque también podemos utilizar otros:
ADMITTED, ANNOUNCED, EXPLAINED, COMPLAINED… De momento, nos
conformamos con SAID Con estos verbos la conjunción THAT es opcional: Direct
Speech: “I took the last piece of cake” Harry said Reported Speech: Harry said
(that) he (Harry) had taken the last piece of cake Direct Speech: “I won’t lend you
my motorbike” Rick said to me Reported Speech: Rick said to me (that) he (Rick)
wouldn’t lend me his motorbike Veamos los cambios: - Verbos: took had taken ;
won’t lend wouldn’t lend - Pronombre personal: I he - Posesivo: my his -
Prompmbre objeto: you me
2. QUESTIONS u ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS
El Reporting Verb más frecuente es: ASKED, aunque también podemos utilizar
ENQUIRED, WANTED TO KNOW
De momento, nos conformamos con ASKED
Hay dos tipos de oraciones interrogativas:
- las que llevan un pronombre interrogativo: What, When, Where, Why, etc.
- las preguntas de SI o NO.
Aquí tenéis que utilizar la LÓGICA
Preguntas con PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS:
-​ La conjunción THAT no se puede poner, ¡¡¡ es incorrecto !!!
-​ Aunque el reporting verb de la oración de estilo directo sea SAID, hay
que cambiarlo por ASKED…
Estilo Directo: ¿Qué tienes en tu bolsa? Él me dijo
Estilo Indirecto: Él me preguntó que qué tenía en mi bolsa
Direct Speech: “What have you got in your bag?” He said to me
Reported Speech: He asked me that what I had got in my bag
Estilo Directo: “¿Dónde vives? dije a John
Estilo Indirecto: Pregunté a John que dónde vivía él
Direct Speech: “Where do you live?” I said to John
Reported Speech: I asked John that where he lived
Veamos los cambios:
- Reporting verb: said asked
- Pronombre personal: you I ; you he -
- Posesivo: your my
Pregunta de SI o NO:
Hay que añadir IF para que tenga sentido la oración
Estilo Directo: “¿Conoces a Bill? Él me preguntó
Estilo Indirecto: Él me pregunto SI yo conocía a Bill
Direct Speech: “Do you know Bill?” he said to me
Reported Speech: He asked me that IF I knew Bill
Estilo Directo: ¿Puedes nadar? Él preguntó a Mary
Estilo Indirecto: Él preguntó a Mary si ella podía nadar
Direct Speech: “Can you swim?” He said to Mary
Reported Speech: He asked Mary that IF she could swim Veamos los cambios: -
Reporting verb: said asked
Pronombre personal: you - I ; you - she

3. ORDERS/COMMANDS u ORACIONES EXHORTATIVAS (IMPERATIVOS)

El Reporting Verb más frecuente es TOLD
Hay que tener mucho cuidado con este tipo de oraciones porque no se parece nada a
nuestra lengua y por eso no soléis hacerlo bien
-​ Como ya hemos visto al principio de la explicación, estas oraciones
necesitan SIEMPRE un Complemento Indirecto y si no lo hay, me lo
invento porque es obligatorio
-​ También necesitan un infinitivo: TO + verbo (en oración afirmativa) o
NOT TO + verbo(en oración negativa)
Estilo Directo: “Vete” dijo ella Estilo Indirecto: Ella me dijo/ordenó que me fuera
Direct Speech: “Go away”, she said to me
Reported Speech: She told me TO GO away CI V inf
Estilo Directo: “No te comas todos los caramelos” dijo ella
Estilo Indirecto: Ella me dijo/ordenó que no me comiese todos los caramelos
Direct Speech: “Don’t eat all the sweets!” she told Reported Speech: She told ME
NOT TO EAT all the sweets CI V inf inventado
Veamos los cambios:
- Reporting verb: said told
- Verbo: go to go ; don’t eat not to eat
- C.I: me (inventado, podía haber sido otro)

4. SUGGESTIONS o SUGERENCIAS
El Reporting Verb es SUGGESTED
Ejemplos para reconocer cuáles son las sugerencias en inglés:
“Why don’t we go to the cinema tonight?” he said
“How about going to the cinema tonight?” he said
“Let’s go to the cinema tonight” he said
Hay dos formas de poner las sugerencias en el estilo indirecto, podéis coger la que
queráis aunque hay una que es más fácil que la otra:
●​ Poniendo el verbo en Gerundio (fácil) Direct Speech: “Why don’t we go to
the cinema?” he said Reported Speech: He suggested GOING to the cinema
Direct Speech: “Let’s visit grandma” mum said Reported Speech: Mum
suggested VISITING grandma
●​ Poniendo los modales COULD (menos fácil)
Direct Speech: “Why don’t we watch a film?” John said
Reported Speech: John suggested WE COULD watch a film
PASIVE
FORMA: Se forma con el verbo to be + el participio del verbo principal.
ACTIVE: They make these cars in Japan.
PASIVE: These cars are made in Japan.
Al transformar una oración activa en pasiva, se producen una serie de cambios. El
Objeto de la oración activa se convierte en el sujeto de la oración pasiva. El verbo en la
oración pasiva se pone en el mismo tiempo que el de la voz activa y finalmente, el que
era sujeto de la voz activa se convierte en complemento agente (precedido por by) en
la oración pasiva.

Los verbos modales (can, must, have to, should, etc) y la forma going to no pueden
ponerse en pasiva ya que no tienen [Link] estos casos, es el infinitivo que va
detrás el que se pone en pasiva
He had to abandon the house > The house had to be abandoned.
The family is going to sell their house > Their house is going to be sold.
You can do it easily > It can be done easily.
El uso de la voz pasiva es muy frecuente e inglés. Se utiliza sobre todo cuando nos
interesa más la acción realizada que el sujeto que la realiza, bien porque éste es
desconocido, es poco importante o no se quiere nombrar. También se suele usar la
pasiva cuando el sujeto de la oración activa es un pronombre persona (we, they, etc),
nobody, somebody, etc.
They discovered the truth > The truth was discovered. (Lo importante es la acción, no
quién la hizo)
Someone broke the glass > The glass was broken. (No se sabe quién lo ha roto)
Cuando se quiere nombrar al sujeto de la oración activa, este se utiliza como
complemento agente en la oración pasiva precedido de la preposición by. Shakespeare
wrote hamlet > Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Picasso painted that picture > That picture was painted by Picasso.

Si el sujeto de la oración activa es un pronombre personal (I, you, he, she, it, we, you,
they), al pasarla a pasiva debes cambiarlo por su correspondiente pronombre objeto
(me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) ya que va detrás de la preposición by. No obstante,
cuando el sujeto de la activa es un pronombre personal no se suele poner como
complemento agente en la pasiva.
He will inform everybody > Everybody will be informed (by him)

ACTIVA CON 2 OBJETOS.

Si la oración activa tiene dos objetos (objeto directo y objeto indirecto) pueden hacerse
dos pasivas; una con el objeto directo como sujeto de la oración pasiva y otra con el
objeto indirecto como sujeto de la oración pasiva. La más común de las dos es que que
toma como sujeto pasivo el objeto indirecto de la oración activa.
ACTIVA: They offered Harry a good job
PASIVA 1: Harry was offered a good job.
PASIVA 2: A good job was offered to Harry.
2 Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, la primera es la más común. Fijaté,
además, como cuando se utiliza como sujeto de la pasiva el objeto directo, al poner el
objeto indirecto, éste irá precedido de “to”.
Entre los verbos que admiten esta estructura cabe destacar: give, send, show, lend,
ask, tell, order y pay.
They didn´t lend us any money > We weren´t lent any money. No nos prestaron dinero
They have paid me a lot of money this time > I have been paid a lot of money this time.
Me han pagado mucho dinero esta vez

OTROS USOS DE LA PASIVA. (Impersonals passive)

La pasiva puede emplearse también, con verbos como say, think, report, know,
believe,etc. En estos casos, y en estructuras como las que veremos a continuación,
podemos formar dos tipos diferentes de pasiva.

ACTIVA: Experts say that this house dates back to the 12th century.
PASIVA 1: It is said that this house dates back to the 12th century.
PASIVA 2: This house is said to date back to the 12th century.
ACTIVA: They believe (that) this sword belonged to King Arthur.
PASIVA 1: It is believed that this sword belonged to King Arthur.
PASIVA 2: This sword is believed to have belonged to King Arthur.

ACTIVA: They thought (that) the flowers had arrived from Holland.
PASIVA 1: It was thought that the flowers had arrived from Holland.
PASIVA 2: The flowers were thought to have arrived from Holland

Causative Verbs HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Utilizamos la estructura de have causativo en pasiva para reflejar que hemos contratado a un
profesional para que lleve a cabo un servicio como pintar la casa, cortarnos el pelo,etc.
También para señalar que a alguien le han ocurrido hechos desagradables
SUJETO + TO HAVE + Objeto + PARTICIPIO PASADO verbo principal
I am having my house painted tomorrow morning
She had her mobile pone stolen last night.
I had my house painted last year.
He had his window broken last week.
The director has his car washed twice a week.
HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
Parecido a la forma pasiva pero señalando quién lo hizo. Más común en inglés americano.
También para indicar que le damos a alguien la responsabilidad de hacer algo o que queremos
que una tercera persona haga algo (en imperativa).
Dr. Smith had her nurse take the patient’s temperature.
Diana had her assistant print the report.
I had the electrician look at my broken light.
The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.
Please, have your secretary send the information via email.
MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
Para señalar que obligamos a alguien a hacer algo, o que un objeto haga algo como resultado
de una acción realizada por una persona.
Robert made the team stay after the meeting.
I made the telephone work.
Jim made the guitar sound great.
They made me apologize for what I had said.
Did someone make you wear that ugly hat?

GET SOMETHING DONE

Parecido a have something done pero en contextos más informales. También para indicar que
algo ocurrió por accidente.
I’ll get my hair cut next week.
He got his washing machine fixed.
The students are getting their essays checked.
He got hurt last Monday.(Más normal que was hurt)

GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING

Para indicar que hacemos que alguien haga algo pagando, pidiéndoselo o convenciéndoles. A
menudo esta estructura lleva implícito que ‘tuvimos que convercérles’, mientras que otras son
más neutras.
She gets her son to do his homework by promising ice-cream when he finished.
I got my brother to call my uncle.
Desambiguación HAVE SOMEONE DO y GET SOMEONE TO DO
A veces se pueden utilizar como si fueran lo mismo, pero no tienen exactamente el mismo
significado.
I got the mechanic to check my brakes. (Al principio el mecánico no quería, pero le
convencí para que lo hiciera)
I had the mechanic check my brakes. (Le pedí al mecánico que me revisara los frenos)
Modal verbs

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE ESTOS VERBOS

-​ No llevan -s en la tercera persona del singular del presente simple.
-​ No necesitan -do o -does para formar la negativa ni la interrogativa.
-​ Nunca llevan infinitivo con to detrás, excepto be able to, need to, have to y
ought to..
-​ No tienen infinitivo, participio ni tiempos compuestos.
NOTA: Los verbos have to y need to también se consideran “verbos semimodales”
porque no cumplen todas las características propias de los verbos modales.

CAN / BE ABLE TO
Can se auxilia de be able to en los tiempos de que carece, y tiene muchos usos:
a) Para expresar habilidad o capacidad: “saber”, “poder”.
b) Con acciones que empiezan en el pasado pero todavía tienen continuidad en el
presente.
c) Para hacer peticiones, dar y pedir permiso de manera informal.
d) Para indicar posibilidad: We can do that later. (Podemos hacer eso luego). En
negativa tiene, además de estos, otros dos usos:
e) Para expresar deducción.
f ) Para indicar prohibición. You can´t smoke here. (No puedes fumar aquí). BE ABLE
TO también indica habilidad y posibilidad como can, pero en los tiempos que le
faltan a este verbo modal. Will you be able to do it before six o´clock?. (¿Podrás
hacerlo antes de las 6?)
COULD
a) Se usa para expresar habilidad y capacidad en el pasado.
b) Para hacer peticiones o pedir un favor de manera más formal que con can.
c) Para hacer sugerencias.
d) Para indicar posibilidad, pero dando a entender que es más remota que si
usamos can. We could go on friday afternoon.. (Podríamos ir el viernes por la
tarde).
MAY / MIGHT
a) Ambos verbos expresan la posibilidad de que algo ocurra en el presente o en el
futuro, sin ser seguro. Como hemos visto antes, can también expresa posibilidad
pero denota que las circunstancias reales lo permiten.
b) May también se utiliza para pedir y dar permiso de una forma más educada que
con can.
MUST / HAVE TO Must sólo tiene presente, así que para el resto de los tiempos
se usa have to.
a) Los dos verbos expresan necesidad y obligación, pero con must la necesidad es
más fuerte. Cuando queremos suavizar la frase utilizamos have to. You must take
a decision as soon as possible. (Debes tomar una decisión lo antes posible) She has
to work tomorrow. (Tiene que trabajar mañana)
b) Must sirve para expresar una conclusión lógica.
NEED TO / NEEDN´T
a) Need to expresa obligación o necesidad.
b) Needn´t indica ausencia de obligación o necesidad.

MUSTN´T / DON´T HAVE TO

a) Mustn´t indica prohibición.
b) Don´t have to tiene un valor totalmente distinto pues significa ausencia de
necesidad, igual que needn´t. You don´t have to wash the dishes. (No tienes por
qué lavar los platos / no es necesario).
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
a) Se pueden utilizar indistintamente para dar consejos y hacer
recomendaciones, aunque should es mucho más frecuente. Ought to apenas se
usa en negativa e interrogativa.
Modal perfects

Must have + participio

Se usa para expresar certeza o una conclusión lógica sobre un hecho pasado. Might /
May have + participio
Se usa para hacer una predicción sobre algo pasado.
Could have + participio
Indica que hubo la posibilidad de haber hecho algo en el pasado pero que finalmente
no se hizo.
Couldn´t have + participio
En negativa expresa la imposibilidad de que el hecho enunciado se realizara.
Should have + participio
Se usa para lamentar que algo no ocurriera en el pasado y que no se haya cumplido lo
que esperábamos.
Shouldn´t have + participio
Con este modal expresamos nuestra opinión crítica sobre un hecho pasado indicando
que no debería haber ocurrido
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Fill in the blanks with a suitable verb: gerund or infinitive.
1. I ́m tired of_____________ (listen) to that music.
2. Anette is looking forward to __________________(work) in this new company.
3. Gail suggested__________ (go) to the cinema.
4. I ́m glad you have agreed _______________(come) with us.
5. The teenager denied _________________(take) the car from the car park.
6. Would you mind __________________(pass) me the salt.
7. I really don ́t want_________ (see) that programme.
8. She doesn ́t like_________ (park) her car in the street.
9. Tina offered (do) the project for me, but I refuse __________(accept) it.
10. I can ́t stand ___________(listen) to your arguments anymore.
11. When we lived abroad we often missed________ (meet) our friends at the weekend.
12. Betty decided ___________(live) in New York after she was left by her husband.
13. I promised ______________(write) to you every day while I ́m away.
14. They have been talking about __________(sell) the house to buy one in the country.
15. Has she finished_____________ (cook) yet?
16. She doesn ́t remember ____________(tell) anything about the wedding.
17. Mike isn ́t used to _____________(get) up early.
18. The dentist told Joe he must give up _________(eat) sweets.
19. They didn ́t expect me ________(arrive) until later that evening.
Now fill in the blanks with gerund or infinitive, or both where possible.
1. We began .......................................................our homework at eight o ́clock.
2. The doctor recommended....................................every day.
3. I can ́t stand ............................................on buses.
4. The students like.............................................their lessons in the park in the spring.
5. Margaret has begun .......................................a historical novel.
6. I ́m sorry I forgot .........................................your letters.
7. Do you remember .......................................that film at the cinema lately?
8. We will never forget ........................................the Alhambra on our first trip to Sapin.
Complete the second sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given.

1. Jack said that he hadn ́t cheated in the exam. Cheating

Jack .........denied cheating..............................................................in the exam.
1. It was difficult for me not to laugh at Wendy ́s letter. Help
I.........................................................................................................at Wendy ́s letter.
2. I ́m sorry but you have not been appointed to the post. Regret
I .........................................................you haven ́t been appointed to the post.
3. I needed a drink of water and so I stopped running. To
I stopped running..........................................................................water.
4. Luckily Peter didn ́t pay a fine. Paying
Luckily Peter.............................................................................a fine.
5. Don ́t forget the lights when you leave off
Don ́t forget ..............................................................................when you leave.
6. My neighbour said he would call the police! Threatened
My neighbour ............................................................................the police.
7. I think it would be a good idea to take the train. Taking
I............................................................................................................the train.
8. I think Derek has forgotten the meeting. Appears
Derek....................................................................................................the

3. Complete the second sentences so that they mean the same as the first.
Use a gerund or an infinitive in each sentence.
1. Keeping children amused on a three-hour car journey is often difficult.
It’s often difficult…
2. Asking for help was not an easy decision.
It wasn’t an easy decision…
3. I’m going to do my own research.
I’ve decided…
4. Some people marry again if they get divorced.
After …
5. Joanne must realize that she’s too moody.
Joanne needs …
6. I wish I hadn’t said that.
I regret…
7. You must bring your I.D. with you when you take the Psychometric test.
Don’t forget …
8. It’s useless to try and explain the problem to my parents. They’ll never
understand. There’s no point in …
9. He would like to learn medicine.
…is what he would like to do.
10. I prefer to listen to Rock n’ roll.
I enjoy…
11. Tom Cruise said that he was looking forward to seeing you in the concert.
Tom Cruise said that he hoped …
12. The principal said that he would definitely give us a day off before the exam.
The principal promised …
13. Purchasing that laptop was a waste of money.
That laptop was not worth…
14. I have seen this movie before.
I remember …
15. When I see the grades of my son, I get depressed.
I can’t stand

REPORTED SPEECH: MIXED FORMS

Rewrite the sentences into reported speech. Use the verbs in brackets.
1. “Why don’t we go to Brazil on holiday next summer?! (suggest)
Paul
………………………………………………………………………………
2. “I’m not wearing this dress for the party, definitely!” (refuse)
Carol
3. “The new teacher will start teaching next week.” (announce)
The headmaster ……………………………………………………………………………….
4. “Where are you going so fast, Sally?” (want to know)
Dave…………………………………………………………………
5. “Don’t make so much noise, children or the neighbours will phone the police
now.” (tell)
Dad…………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. “Can you make me some coffee please, I’m exhausted.” (ask).

Mum ……………………………………………
7. “The Smiths have bought a new car this morning.” (say)
Alice ………………………………………………………
8. “I wouldn’t miss my lessons if I were you, Tom.” (advise)
Emily……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. “We’re so sorry for being late, but we couldn’t park the car as soon as we
expected.” (apologize)
They …………………………………………………………………………………
10. “My sister studies at London University this year.” (comment)
Tom …………………………………………………………………
11. Where did you put your iPod, Sue?” (be interested in knowing)
Lewis………………………………………………………………………
12. “OK, Tony, I’ll give you a lift to the airport.” (agree)
Paul ……………………………………………………………………………
13. “You can’t enter the library if you haven’t got your card.” (prohibit)
The librarian………………………………………………………………………………
14. “Are you ready to leave now, Andy?” (ask)
Mary…………………………………………………………………………………
15. “I’m going to buy a present for my mum this evening.” (say)
Alice ……………………………………………………………………………………..
“Don ́t smoke in my office, please”, the boss said.

Our teacher said, “Try and read this text”.

“You shouldn ́t eat in the living room”, the mother told her son.

“Don ́t stop your car there”, the man said.

“I have to do my homework, Penny”

“We can save a lot of trees by recycling paper”, the ecologist said.

“Get out of my way”, he said.

“Be sure everything is in order”, I said to the children.

“Johnson used to be a member of parliament”, Errol said.

“Is he a scientist or a novel writer?”, the woman said.

“We are painting our house tomorrow”, Linda said.

“I had a bad cold last week”, she said.

“What else did you do on Saturday night?”, he said.

“Why is your home so full of antiques?”, he said.

“The electricity bill must also be paid this week”, he added.

“I would like to visit my parents”, Linda said to David.

“Put your gun on the table”, the policeman said.

“What was she wearing when you saw her last?”, the policeman said.

“Search the house”, the police sergeant said.

“Write to me as soon as you get to the hotel”, his wife said.

“Take me to the 33rd floor”, he said to the liftman.

“The government would have to make new laws”, the policeman argued.

“Don ́t argue with your parents”, I said.

“How long have you been here, jenny?”, her mother said.

“The Christmas holidays will start on December 23rd “, my father remarked.

“When did you first travel by plane?, she said.

“We will see you tomorrow if the weather improves”, she said.

“Have you done this sort of work before?, the secretary said.

“The palace will open to the public tomorrow”, he said.

“The shops weren ́t open yesterday afternoon”, the woman said.
PASSIVE
I. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, where possible.
1. Jane hasn't written the postcards yet. ............
2. Peter goes bowling with his friends on Fridays. .................
3. The mechanic will repair our car on Saturday. ................
4. They have mended my waIII.

Rewrite the following sentences using have something done.

1. Her windows are cleaned twice a month. ..................
2. Their swimming pool will be drained. .....................
3. Her bookcase was delivered last week. ..................
4. A new computer has been ordered for me. .................
5. Ann’s sculptures are going to be exhibited tomorrow. ...............

IV. Answer the questions with have/get.

1. Did Helen make her wedding dress herself? No, ...
2. Is Jenny going to cut her hair herself? No, ...
3. Has he upgraded the computer himself? No, ...
4. Does your brother plant the trees himself? No, ...
5. Do you shorten your trousers yourself? No, …
5. Someone covered the walls with posters. ..............
6. Tim sent me ten postcards. ..................
7. They accused Tom of stealing. ...............
8. They saw him swimming across the lake. ..................
9. What destroyed the shop? .................
10. Who built the Eiffel Tower? .................
11. They forbid to eat in the library. .............

V. Write sentences using the cues. They are active , passive or have/get
sentences.
1. We/our carpets/fit/yesterday. ..........
2. It/expect/that/prices/will go up soon. ...........
3. I/just/the leaking pipe/fix. ..................
4. I/tidy/ the garden/every spring myself. .............
5. He/believe/to be a liar. ...............
6. Her dress/design/by Valentino. ...........
She promised him a book.
He ..................................................................................................................
2 They will take her to hospital tomorrow.
She ..................................................................................................................
3 You cannot expect children to understand these problems.
Children .........................................................................................................
4 No-one has climbed this mountain before.
This mountain ................................................................................................
5 He disappeared and no-one has seen him again.
He disappeared and .......................................................................................
6 I was told the latest news by a friend this morning.
A friend .........................................................................................................
7 Have you ever been called a fool before?
Has ..................................................................................................................
8 She was recommended a new doctor by her friend.
Her friend ......................................................................................................
9 Were you offered the job I told you about?
Did ..................................................................................................................
Were you given enough sugar?
Did ..................................................................................................................
11 People will show the visitor the new buildings.
The visitor ......................................................................................................
12 Someone will tell you what time the train leaves.
You ..................................................................................................................
13 Someone ordered the prisoners to stand up.
The prisoners ................................................................................................
14 I want someone to answer the phone call.
I want ............................................................................................................
1 They will send for you when the boss arrives.
........................................................................................................................
The passive voice: Practice upper-intermediate – p. 2
2 He put off the meeting.
........................................................................................................................
3 They picked the students up from the school.
........................................................................................................................
4 Poor John! A drunk driver ran him over.
........................................................................................................................
5 We must go into this matter.
........................................................................................................................
6 Look how well they have brought up those children.
........................................................................................................................
7 Be careful what you say, as they will take down all your words.
........................................................................................................................
3 Interrogative form. Put these questions into the passive.
1 Is somebody picking you up tonight?
........................................................................................................................
2 Did they give up the search after three hours?
........................................................................................................................
3 Did anyone send you the photograph which they promised you?
........................................................................................................................
4 Can we solve the problem?
........................................................................................................................
5 Are you going to tell her the whole truth?
........................................................................................................................
6 Did anyone ask you any questions?
........................................................................................................................
4 Passive with reporting verbs. Put the following sentences into the passive.
1 People claim the Mona Lisa is the world's most famous painting.
The Mona Lisa .............................................................................................
_______________________________________________________________
2 Experts believe it was a portrait of a nobleman.
It is ..................................................................................................................
_______________________________________________________________
3 They say her smile hides a secret.
Her smile ......................................................................................................
______________________________________________________________
The passive voice: Practice upper-intermediate – p. 3

4 Many believe it is Leonardo's masterpiece.

It is ..................................................................................................................
5 Scientists know he was a wonderful engineer too.
He is ...............................................................................................................
6 Historians think he was unhappy in old age.
He is ...............................................................................................................
7 People think the fire started at about 8 o'clock.
The fire .........................................................................................................
8 They say experts are studying objects from a Spanish ship.
Experts ............................................................................................................
9 They believe the ship was carrying gold bars.
The ship .........................................................................................................
5 Rewrite the sentences in a different way.
1 You can only see these particles through a microscope.
These particles .............................................................................................
2 People are using computers in all kinds of work.
Computers ......................................................................................................
3 You have to keep dangerous chemicals in a safe place.
Dangerous ......................................................................................................
4 You should have left the laboratory unlocked.
The laboratory ................................................................................................
5 We are unlikely to discover intelligent life on other planets.
Intelligent life ................................................................................................
6 Three million people watch TV plays every week.
TV plays .........................................................................................................
7 The critics gave the play good reviews.
The play .........................................................................................................
8 A Greek architect is designing the new concert hall.
The new concert hall ....................................................................................
9 Two million people have already seen the exhibition.
The exhibition ................................................................................................
10 They are going to knock down the old theatre.
The old theatre .............................................................................................

The passive voice: Practice upper-intermediate – p. 4

11 They were still painting the walls when I left.
The walls ......................................................................................................
12 An American invented the laser.
The laser ......................................................................................................
13 They ought to mend the roof.
The roof .........................................................................................................
14 Brazil produces large quantities of coffee.
Large quantities .............................................................................................
6 Rewrite these sentences with the new beginnings.
1 No one ever uses this room.
This room ......................................................................................................
2 This building is said to be 2,000 years old.
They ...............................................................................................................
3 The teacher made the class stay in after school.
The class ......................................................................................................
4 Was it a monkey that bit your finger?
Was your .........................................................................................................
5 They were mending the road all last week.
All last week the road .................................................................................
6 They say the castle is 500 years old.
The castle ......................................................................................................
7 The police ordered the crowds to move on.
The crowds ...................................................................................................
8 No one ever saw him again.
He ..................................................................................................................
9 Rembrandt painted this picture.
This picture ...................................................................................................
10 No one ever discovered the identity of the murdered man.
The identity ...................................................................................................
11 Someone is painting our house.
We ..................................................................................................................
12 The painters decorated our house last week.
We ..................................................................................................................

EJERCICIOS CONDICIONALES
PRACTICE 1
Rewrite the following sentences using conditionals:​

1. Don’t go out in the rain because you’ll get wet.​

If you…​
2. I can’t meet my girlfriend because I have to study.​
If I ...​
3. I feel miserable because Kate doesn’t love me.​
If Kate…​
4. I won’t enjoy the film if you aren’t with me.​
Unless you…​
5. I won’t go to the party because I’m not feeling well.

I ...​
6. Girls don’t talk to you because you never smile.
Girls ...​
7. We got lost last night because we forgot the GPS.

We ...​
8. You ate the whole cake. That’s why you felt sick.

If you ...​
9. I didn’t go to see Helen because I didn’t know she was in hospital.

If I...​
10. There are too many cars. As a result, our planet is polluted.

If there…​

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES – WISHES / REGRETS

1. It was very cold, that’s why we didn’t have a party in the garden.

If it ...

2. Unless you hand in all your exercises you will have a negative mark.

If you ...

3. I missed my dental appointment because you didn’t remind me.

If you ...

4. He was using old tyres, that’s why he had an accident.

If he ...

5. If you don’t advertise your product, nobody will know it.

Unless ...

6. When I arrived the train had left, so I couldn’t say goodbye to them.

If I ...

7. I didn’t help Sheila because she didn’t ask me.

If Sheila ...

8. If he continues driving so fast he will be fined.

Unless ...

9. I don’t know what time it is because I haven’t got a watch.

If I ...

10. You got wet because you didn’t take an umbrella.

If you ...

11. You don’t feel well because you didn’t do the right thing (and you know it).

If you ...

12. I like that television but I can’t buy it because it is very expensive.

If ...

13. Dylan was not here at that time, so he didn’t meet the new counselor.

If Dylan ...

14. If we are not careful with the resources, the earth will suffer the consequences in a

short time.

Unless ...

15. Gerry is really helpful, so everybody is delighted to work with him.

If ...

16. She wasn’t wearing warm enough clothes, that’s why she caught a cold.

If she ...

17. Jake was so distrustful that he didn’t mix with anybody.

If Jake ...

18. It is a pity that you missed the play. It was really entertaining.

I wish ...

19. I regret not having more opportunities to speak English.

I wish ...

20. My parents don’t let me go out on weekdays. I don’t like that at all.

I wish ...

21. I regret ignoring my parents’ advice when I was at school.

If only ...

22. I don’t have much free time to do what I really like. That’s a pity.

I wish ...

23. I would like shops to be open on Sunday.

I wish ...

24. Brendan is very rude to me. I can’t stand it.

I wish ...

25. It’s a pity that you cannot take part in the competition. You play really well.

If only ...

26. Chris is always late, and that is not fair for the rest of the employees.

I wish ...

27. I can’t stand their impoliteness.

I wish …

CONDITIONALS 1. Write conditional sentences with the prompts below. Use IF or

UNLESS

. 1. I / go to the concert with you tonight my boss / ask me to work overtime this evening.
.................................................................................................................................................

2. you / read it carefully sign the document only.

.................................................................................................................................................

3. Paul / must study he / not want to fail this school year.

.................................................................................................................................................
 4. you / not be able to see that concert you / buy the tickets in advance.
.................................................................................................................................................

5. it / probably be to Australia he / move to another country.

.................................................................................................................................................

6. Your boyfriend / shouldn't drive he / not have a driver's license.

.................................................................................................................................................

7. it / rain this weekend we / go to the beach with you.

.................................................................................................................................................

8. feel free to visit us you / ever come to California.

.................................................................................................................................................

9. not do it you / not be sure of the consequences.

.................................................................................................................................................

10. it / be an emergency not interrupt the meeting

.................................................................................................................................................

11. just let it go you / not want to be involved in any argument.

.................................................................................................................................................

12. we / may repeat them we / learn from our mistakes.

.................................................................................................................................................

13. Karen / work hard she / not get a promotion.

.................................................................................................................................................

14. the students / not understand the exercise the teacher / try to help them.
.................................................................................................................................................

15. you / look at the picture carefully you / not be able to describe it.
.................................................................................................................................................

16. your sister / do well at the interview she / not be accepted in the Ph.D. program.
.................................................................................................................................................

17. people / not fight against air and water pollution life on the planet / be impossible.
.................................................................................................................................................

18. you / want to develop a lung disease you / shouldn't smoke.

.................................................................................................................................................
19. I / sit here you / ask me to sit somewhere else.
.................................................................................................................................................

20. the criminal / be caught in the act he / be sent to jail.

................................................................................................................

MODAL VERBS
1. Rewrite the sentences using the appropriate modal verb:

1. It’s possible that Jane will visit Switzerland next year.

Jane_________________________________________________________________________
2. Perhaps she is taking Spanish lessons.
She_________________________________________________________________________
3I’m sure they’ll be home by now.
They________________________________________________________________________
4. James definitely isn’t eighteen yet!
James______________________________________________________

5. It’s possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow.

The _________________________________________________________________

6.I’m sure that Mrs Smith didn’t leave home. Mrs

Smith____________________________________________________________________ 7.
Perhaps she’s gone to stay with her mother
She_________________________________________________________________________ 8.
It’s possible that Mr Smith committed a crime. Mr.
Smith____________________________________________________________________ 9.
I’m certain that he buried something in the garden.
He__________________________________________________________________________
10. Perhaps they are playing the match
They________________________________________________________________________
11. I’m sure he bought a new car.
He__________________________________________________________________________
[Link] Mr Smith murdered his wife. Mr
Smith________________________________________________________________________
13.I'm sure she's at home.
She__________________________________________________________________________
14.I know that isn't Janet-She's in America.
That_________________________________________________________________________
15.I'm sure she thinks I'm stupid. She
________________________________________________________________________

16.I bet I look silly in this coat.

I___________________________________________________________________________
[Link]'re always buying new cars. I'm certain they have a lot of money.
They________________________________________________________________________
18.I'm sure he's not a teacher. He's too well dressed.
He__________________________________________________________________________
[Link]'re an architect? I'm sure that's an interesting job. You’re an architect?
That________________________________________________________

20.I'm sure you're not serious. I know you're joking.

You_______________________

21.I'm sure he's got another woman.

He__________________________________________________________________________
[Link] water is possibly dangerous. This
water____________________________________________________________________

23. Maybe they will be travelling to New York

They________________________________________________________________________
24. It's impossible that she is singing at the Odeon. She
_________________________________________________________________________

25. There's a remote possibility that they are becoming king and queen. They
________________________________________________________________________ 2 2.
Rewrite the sentences using a modal verb:

1. It isn’t necessary for you to take a jacket.

You

2. I advise you to see a dentist.

3. You aren’t allowed to talk during the exam.

4. It’s forbidden to park here.

5. I advise you to study harder.

6. He is obliged to go to the police station twice a week.

7. Tom is not obliged to speak French.

8. He had permission to go to the party.

9. It isn’t possible that that is our plane.

10. It isn’t necessary to take a thick coat.

11. I wish I had paid for half of the meal, but I didn’t.

[Link] was wrong of Mary to tell Steve about us.

[Link] Anita didn’t get the text message.

[Link]’s possible that they went to the cinema.

[Link] wasn’t a good idea to ask the other couple to come with us.

16.I am certain you haven’t seen John because he is on a trip.

17. It is possible that Jake is in his room. Jake

18. Perhaps we will not see them at the weekend. We

19. I don’t know if I will go to the concert. I

20. It is unnecessary for her to come. She 21. I advise him to give up smoking. He

22. Eating chewing-gum in the class in prohibited. Students

23. There was an obligation to turn off the mobile phone.

24. I didn’t have the ability to cook when I was younger.

25. I am sure they are doing research in cancer

26. I believe she repaired the car herself. She

REPRAHING DE TODO EL CURSO
1. She started drinking too much alcohol two years ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- She has _____________________________.

2. I don’t have a computer so I can’t type the essay on English grammar. (Conditional

Sentence)

- If ________________________________

3. Despite having been vaccinated she caught the flu. (Contrast Connector)

- Although she _________________________________.

4. “We will arrest them for illegal entry in the country”, the policeman said. (Reported

Speech)

- The policeman said _______________

5. The teacher glued the pieces of the broken toy. (Passive)

- The pieces ___________________________.

6. It is possible that I finish work earlier than usual today. (Modal verb)

- I _______________________________.

7. This is the place. We last had coffee together here. (Relative Clauses)

- This is ______________________________________.

8. I love German. Unfortunately, I can’t speak it fluently. (Wish)

- I wish _____________________________________.

9. As he hadn’t behaved himself, his parents got angry with him. (Causal Connector)

- His parents ________________________________________.

10. Everybody must read the instructions first. (Passive)

- The instructions _____________________________.

11. He made an effort to speak in English. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- He tried __________________________________

12. I spent my holidays in France. (Question)

- ______________________

13. This is the man. His job is very dangerous. (Relative Clauses)

- This is __________________________________________.

14. The engineer has repaired my television. (Have sth. Done)

- I’ve _______________________________________

15. She gave up going to French lessons. (Gerund/ Infinitive)

- She stopped ____________________________________.

16. I regretted having hit the dog on the head. (Wish)

- I wish ___________________________________.

17. I’m not as good at English as you are. (Comparatives)

- You ____________________________________.

18. The policeman knew where the thief was hidden. (Question)

_________________________________________________?

19. If your friend doesn’t come before ten, he will miss the train. (Conditionals)

- Unless ______________________________________________.

20. The children stayed at home because it was raining. (Causal Connector)

- As ____________________________________________________.

21. “What time do the banks close today?” (Reported Speech)

- Tim asked me ____________________________________________.

22. Sharon hasn’t eaten junk food since last May. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- Sharon stopped _______________________________________.

23. My kitchen is being redecorated at the moment. (Have sth. Done)

- I am _________________________________________.

24. I am not sure that she is his girlfriend. (Modal Verb)

- She ______________________________________________

25. Albert’s drawing isn’t as good as Gerard’s. (Comparatives)

- Gerard’s drawing ___________________________________.

26. “Why don’t we play computer games?” said Michael. (Reported Speech)

- Michael suggested ______________________________________

27. She said: “Are you coming to the party on Friday?” (Reported Speech)

- She asked him __________________________________________.

28. They came to live in New York two years ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- They have ________________________________________________.

29. Smoking is forbidden in hospitals. (Modal Verb)

- You __________________________________________________.

30. Although the weather was horrible, we went skiing. (Contrast Connectors)

- In spite of ________________________________________________.

31. I would like to have more free time these days. (Wish)

- I wish ________________________________________________.

32. I met that famous writer a year ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- It’s been a year _________________________________________

33. Wendy didn’t study for her test. Therefore, she failed. (Conditionals)

- If _____________________________________________________.

34. “Don’t speak so loud, please”, she said to the students. (Reported Speech)
- She _____________________________________________.

35. We won’t buy that house because we don’t have enough money. (Causal

Connectors)

- As _________________________________________________________.

36. That man’s brother is my new English teacher. (Relative Clauses)

- That is the man ___________________________________________.

37. Steve advised me to tell Paul about it. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- Steve suggested _______________________________________________

38. I didn’t make a note of it in my diary, so I forgot about it. (Conditional Clauses)

- If ___________________________________________

39. She lost the race in spite of running well. (Contrast Clauses)

- Although ___________________________________________________.

40. It’s possible that her boyfriend is coming to the wedding. (Modal Verbs)

- Her boyfriend _______________________________________________.

41. Beth hasn’t smoked since last December. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- Beth stopped ___________________________________________.

42. My new neighbours have got a baby. Her name is Wendy. (Relative Clauses)

- My ____________________________________________________________.

43. Although Orson was over seventy, he continued to cycle to work every day.

(Contrast Connector)

- Despite __________________________________________________________

44. I haven’t read a play by George Bernard Shaw for eight years. (Verbal Tenses)

- It is _____________________________________.
45. “Perhaps it would be better to go out in the afternoon”, Sharon’s mother said.

(Reported Speech)

- Sharon’s mother recommended ________________________________.

46. The fireman managed to rescue the child from the burning house. (Modal Verbs)

- The fireman was _______________________________________________.

47. The police don’t oblige the suspects to say anything. (Passive)

- The suspects ____________________________________________.

48. My grandfather is eighty-two years old. (Question)

- ________________________________________

49. She hasn’t enjoyed herself so much for years. (Verbal Tenses)

- It is years _______________________________________.

50. I am going to the theatre tomorrow, and I’m really looking forward to it. (Modal

Verbs)

- I’m really looking _____________________________________________.

51. She’s getting someone to mend the windows. (Have sth. Done)

- She’s having ____________________________________________

52. I thought it would be better than that. (Comparatives)

- It’s not ________________________________________.

53. Mary said to us “Don’t be late.” (Reported Speech)

- She told __________________________________________.

54. She made a lot of mistakes because she didn’t study hard for the exam.

(Conditionals)

- If she ________________________________________

55. Her jokes are not as good as his. (Comparatives)

- His jokes ______________________________________.

56. It is possible that we’ll be together soon. (Modal Verbs)

- We ______________________________________________

57. People speak English all over the world. (Passive)

- English __________________________________________.

58. I am sorry I didn’t tell him everything. (Wish)

- I wish _______________________________________________.

59. Fiona is smiling in the picture. She is my boss. (Relative Clauses)

- Fiona, ________________________________________________________.

60. Despite the fact that it was very hot, she was wearing her winter clothes. (Contrast

Clauses)

- Although ________________________________________________.

61. I was not invited and I am sorry about that. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- I would like to ___________________________________

62. I am having my house painted now. (Passive)

- My house _______________________________________.

63. I’m sorry I haven’t got a car. (Wish)

- I wish _______________________________________.

64. The teacher said to me “Wait for me outside”. (Reported Speech)

- The teacher told me _______________________________________.

65. She needed a job, so she sent off an application form. (Causal Connector)

- She sent off an application form, _______________________.

66. It takes me two hours to get there. (Question)

- __________________________________

67. The last time she wrote a poem was two years ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- She _______________________________________.

68. You must not smoke in here. (Modal Verb)

- Smoking ____________________________

69. If the tickets don’t arrive, we won’t be able to go. (Conditional Clauses)

- Unless __________________________________________

70. Where are my keys? (Question)

I wonder ___________________________________.

71. The mechanic is going to repair her car next week. (Have sth. Done)

- She ___________________________________________

72. What a pity I didn’t have time to see you last week. (Wish)

- I wish _________________________________________

73. This story will shock you. (Passive)

- You ____________________________________________

74. Will you post this letter for me, please? (Gerund/Infinitive)

- Do you mind ____________________________________________

75. If you don’t review your notes tonight, you won’t do well tomorrow. (Conditionals)

- Unless _________________________________________________

76. “How much money have you put into the account?” they asked. (Reported Speech)

- ____________________________________________________

77. I’m sorry I can’t speak French perfectly. (Wish)

- I wish _______________________________________________

78. The next plane leaves at 9.45 p.m.. (Question)

- ___________________________________________

79. You should post these letters. (Passive)

- _______________________________________________

80. Although she was ill, she visited other countries. (Contrast Connector)

- Despite ________________________________________________.

81. “I have never seen anything so beautiful”, he said. (Reported Speech)

- He said _________________________________________________________

82. Mary was sorry she ate so many cakes. (Wish)

- Mary wished _______________________________________________

83. I have failed all my exams at the university because I didn’t study enough. (Conditionals)

- If _______________________________________________________

84. I forgot to phone Lisa on her birthday. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- I didn’t remember________________________________________

85. Sheila is 1.55 m tall. Her brother is 1.70 m tall. (Comparatives)

- Sheila _________________________________________

86. Although it was cold, we went to the countryside. (Contrast Connector)

- In spite of ______________________________________________.

87. The hairdresser cut my hair yesterday morning. (Have sth. Done)

- I ___________________________________________________________

88. This is the man. His dog bit my brother in the park. (Relative Clauses)

- This is the man __________________________________________________

89. I didn’t go to the gym yesterday because my foot hurt. (Conditionals)

- If ________________________________________________________________
90. The teacher said: “You have to hand your papers in at the end of this class”. (Reported
Speech)

- The teacher _______________________________________________________

91. If your boyfriend doesn’t arrive before eight, we will have to leave. (Conditionals)

-Unless____________________________________________________

92. The children couldn’t go out to the playground because it was raining. (Causal

Connector)

- As _______________________________________________________

93. The last time we saw that movie was six months ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- We have ________________________________________________.

94. Smoking is forbidden in most restaurants. (Modal Verbs)

- You _____________________________________________________.

95. The shop assistant didn’t give us the ticket. (Passive)

- We ____________________________________________________.

96. Al swims faster than Peter. (Comparatives)

- Peter ___________________________________________________.

97. I saw Frank two months ago. (Verbal Tenses)

- I haven’t __________________________________________________

98. He forgot to phone his wife yesterday. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- He didn’t remember __________________________________________

99. They are servicing my new car next week. (Have sth. Done)

- I ___________________________________________________________

100. If we don’t meet this month, it will be too late. (Conditionals)

- Unless ___________________________________________________
101. The trainer said: “Molly, come back to the team!” (Reported Speech)

- The trainer told her ________________________________________________

102. Ben drives 200 miles every day. (Question)

_____________________________________________________-

103. “Where did the robbery take place?” he asked. (Reported Speech)

- He asked _________________________________________________

104. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. (Passive)

- Penicillin _______________________________________________________

105. You can’t have a bicycle. (Modal Verbs)

- You are ___________________________________________

106. I don’t know her address, so I can’t write to her. (Conditionals)

- If I ____________________________________________________________

107. A new magazine is on the hall table.

- There is _________________________________________________________

108. John lives next door. (Question)

____________________________________________________

109. “Where are your brothers, Sheila?” (Reported Speech)

_____________________________________________________________.

110. Perhaps they only open the museum in the morning. (Modal Verb)

- They _________________________________________________________

111. The meat was better than the fish. (Comparatives)

- The fish _______________________________________________________

112. You can make green paint by mixing blue and yellow. (Passive)

- Green paint ___________________________________________________

113. I have been playing the piano for twenty years. (Verbal Tenses)

- I started ___________________________________________________

114. I have English classes three times a week. (Question)

- ____________________________________________________________

115. Sharon is going to marry a man. He is Eric’s brother. (Relative Clauses)

The man ___________________________________________________

116. “Why don’t we have dinner out tonight?” said Martin. (Reported Speech)

- Martin suggested ____________________________________________.

117. I didn’t open the door because I didn’t know it was you. (Conditionals)

- If I __________________________________________________

118. If you want my advice, go to the dentist! (Modal Verbs)

- You ______________________________________________________.

119. I forgot to post the letter. (Gerund/Infinitive)

- I didn’t remember ________________________________________________.

120. They say this tree is over 400 years old. (Passive)

- This tree _______________________________________________

121. The man said to us: “Keep off the grass!” (Reported Speech)

- The man ___________________________________________________.

122. They didn’t tell me the secret. (Passive)

- I _____________________________________________________________.

123. I’m sure they are at home. The lights are on. (Modals)

- They ___________________________________________________________.

124. I didn’t invite Beth. I had forgotten her telephone number. (Conditionals)

- If I ____________________________________________________
125. Shakespeare was a famous writer. He wrote beautiful sonnets. (Relative Clauses)

- Shakespeare, ____________________________________________________.

126. Someone knocked at the door. The dog woke up. (Connector)

- The dog __________________________________________________.

127. It’s such a pity you can’t come along! (Wish)

- I wish ____________________________________________________________.

128. Bananas are more expensive than apples. (Comparatives)

- Apples ___________________________________________________________

129. In spite of her beauty, she doesn’t have a boyfriend. (Contrast connector)

- Although _________________________________________________________.

130. I last had flu five years ago. (Verbal tenses)

- I haven’t ________________________________________________________.

131. I’m sure she’s telling lies. (Modal Verbs)

- She __________________________________________________________.

132. The teenager in red has broken the window. (Passive)

- The window ______________________________________________.

133. In my opinion, taking some exercise would be good for you. (Modals)

- You __________________________________________________________.

134. The teacher didn’t tell us the answer. (Passive)

- We ________________________________________________________.

135. I last visited London fifteen years ago. (Verbal tenses)

- I haven’t ___________________________________________________.

136. She asked me: “What time does your party start?” (Reported speech)

- She asked _______________________________________________________.

137. Will you close the door when you leave, please? (Gerund/ Infinitive)

- Do you mind ____________________________________________________?

138. We bought our tickets on the Web because it was much cheaper. (Causal connector)

- Since ____________________________________________________________.

139. Albert is coming back from hospital tomorrow. He has just broken his ankle. (Relative
Clauses)

- Albert, ___________________________________________

140. “How much is this T-shirt?”, she asked. (Reported Speech)

- She asked __________________________________________________.

141. If you want my advice, don’t eat so many cakes! (Modals)

- You _____________________________________________________

142. I’m sorry I didn’t work hard enough last year. (Wish)

- I wish ____________________________________________________.

143. Although he was exhausted, he managed to finish reading the novel. (Contrast connector)

- Despite _________________________________________________________.

144. Gerard plays tennis twice a week. (Question)

_____________________________________________________________

145. That woman’s husband is my boss. (Relative Clauses)

- That is the woman _________________________________________

146. They have found the stolen money. (Passive)

- The stolen money ___________________________________________

147. She divorced him because he was so terrible to her. (Conditionals)

- If he ____________________________________________________________
148. “I have read this book”, she said. (Reported Speech)

- She said _________________________________________________________

149. I am sure she knows you are here. (Modals)

- She ________________________________________________________.

150. I felt really tired so I stayed at home. (Causal connector)

- I stayed ______________________________________________________.

151. People consider that he is an expert on cricket. (Passive)

- He __________________________________________________________.

152. Please don’t shoot. (Gerund / Infinitive)

- He begged us ________________________________________.

153. Learning English is not easy. (Gerund / Infinitive)

- It is ___________________________________________________________.

154. We didn’t visit the museum because we hadn’t time. (Conditionals)

- If we _______________________________________________________

155. I’m sorry we accepted the invitation. (Wish)

- I wish ____________________________________________________________.

156. Although she was poor, she was happy. (Contrast connector)

- In spite of __________________________________________________

157. They didn’t pay for the ring. (Relative clauses)

- This is the ring _____________________________________________.

158. Although the weather was awful, they had a great time. (Contrast connector)

- In spite of ____________________________________________________.

159. They have given us a Roald Dahl novel. (Passive)

- We _______________________________________________________.
160. She hasn’t phoned her mother for two months. (Verbal tenses)

- It’s _____________________________________________

161. They don’t allow smoking in this room. (Modals)

- You __________________________________________________.

162. I’m sorry I didn’t go shopping with you. (Wish)

- I wish ________________________________________________.

163. London will fascinate you. (Passive)

- You _________________________________________________

164. I saw a man later. He was the president of the European Community.

(Relative clauses)

- The man, _____________________________________________________

165. Germany is richer than India. (Comparatives)

- India ____________________________________________________

166. “I don’t know”, he told them. (Reported speech)

- He told them ___________________________________________.

167. She can’t come to the party because she is so busy. (Conditionals)

- If she _____________________________________________________

168. Maybe your friend will call you on your birthday. (Modals)

- Your friend ____________________________________________.

169. “Where is the nearest cinema, please?” (Indirect question)

- Could you tell me _______________________________________________.

170. I haven’t seen your wife for a long time. (Verbal tenses)

- It’s _____________________________________________________.

171. He didn’t revise for the test so he failed. (Conditionals)

- If he ___________________________________________________

172. The ophthalmologist tests her eyes every year. (Have sth. Done)

- She _________________________________________________________.

173. The Da Vinci Code is a best-seller. It was written by Dan Brown. (Relative clauses)

The Da Vinci Code, __________________________________________

174. Mary goes swimming twice a week. (Question)

- _________________________________________________

175. I am sorry I didn’t remember your birthday. (Wish)

- I wish _________________________________________________.

176. He told us: “Don’t make so much noise!” (Reported speech)

- He ______________________________________________________________.

177. As it was Friday, the children stayed up late. (Causal connector)

- The children _____________________________________________________.

178. I have never read such an interesting book. (Verbal tenses / Superlative)

- This is the _____________________________________________

179. If you don’t hurry up, you won’t get tickets for the concert. (Conditionals)

- Unless _______________________________________________

180. I have to wear a uniform whenever I work in front of the customers. (Question)

- _____________________________________________________________

181. The film is not as good as the novel. (Comparatives)

- The novel ________________________________________________.

182. The hairdresser cut my hair last week. (have sth. Done)

- I ___________________________________________________.

183. “Let’s go to the cinema on Tuesday”, said Mary. (Reported speech)

- Mary suggested _________________________________________.

184. What a pity the weather was so bad last weekend. (Wish)

- I wish ________________________________________________.

185. I haven’t seen a good film for ages. (Verbal tenses)

- It’s ______________________________________________________.

186. John bought a new Rolls Royce. (Question)

- __________________________________________________________

187. I visited a village yesterday but I did not like it. (Relative clauses)

- I _________________________________________________________

188. He knows how to play golf. (Modals)

- He ______________________________________________________.

189. It’s ages since I last visited Russia. (Verbal tenses)

- I ____________________________________________________________.

190. You won’t understand the problem if you don’t listen carefully. (Conditionals)

- Unless ___________________________________________________.

191. Someone will cut your hair tomorrow. (Have sth. Done)

- You _______________________________________________

192. He visits his parents every Sunday. (Question)

- __________________________________________________________

193. “Can I go to the disco?”, Tim asked his mother. (Reported speech)

- Tim asked his mother ____________________________________________.

194. Despite the fact that the questions were difficult, she got a high mark in her exam. (Contrast
con)

- Although _____________________________________________________

195. It’s not necessary for you to make your bed. (Modals)

- You _________________________________________________

196. They will tell us the news tomorrow night. (Passive)

- We ________________________________________________________.

197. I don’t earn much money. It’s a pity I can’t buy a new car. (Conditionals)

- If ________________________________________________________

198. No other fictional secret agent is as famous as James Bond. (Superlative)

- James Bond _____________________________________________________

REPHRASING 2.

1.- It's not necessary for you to do the test.

You.....................................................................................................................................................
2.- The teacher didn't allow the class to leave before 4:30.
The teacher
made............................................................................................................................................
3.- They arrived very late because they had a flat tyre
If.........................................................................................................................................................
4.- If he doesn't apologize we will never invite him here again.
Unless.................................................................................................................................................
5.-Many people still remember the assassination of President Kennedy.
President Kennedy........................................................................................................................
6.- If you want my advice, get a good lawyer.
You.....................................................................................................................................................
7.- A university degree isn't necessary for that job.
You......................................................................................................................................
8.-Perhaps my father will pick you up.
My father..............................................................................................................
9.- My car needs cleaning. I’ll take it tomorrow.
(must) .......................................................................................................................
10.- Do you want to go to Saint Moritz this winter ?
(like) .........................................................................................................................
11.- We expect her to pass her driving test. She drives well.
She....................................................................................................................................
12.- The government should pass a law against pollution.
A law..........................................................................................................................
13.- She didn't tell anyone about the phone call.
No one...................................................................................................................................
14.- Never underestimate the importance of a good education.
The importance..............................................................................................................................
15.- That house is still up for sale.
Nobody.........................................................................................................................................
16.- Would it be possible for me to take the car?.
Would it be alright
if......................................................................................................................................?

17.- Can I read one of your books?.

Is it....................................................................................................................................?
18.- The teacher said the report must be finished by next week.
The teacher insisted on.......................................................................................
19.- Be careful not to drop the vase.
Whatever................................................................................................
20.- There were 100 redundancies in that company last summer.
100 workers....................................................................................................................
21.-I would prefer if we attended a late show.
I’d rather .................................................................................................................................
22.-1 won't let you forget about your appointment.
I’ll.......................................................................................................................................
23.- They crossed the Atlantic in three days.
It............................................................................................................................................
24.- She isn't old enough to play in the championship.
She is too......................................................................................................................
25.- Someone almost certainly stole the car during the night.
The car must.............................................................................................................................
26.- He didn't become an accountant because he failed his exams.
If...................................................................................................................................
27.- He gave up cigarettes when he was thirty.
He stopped..................................................................................................................................
28.- Few people speak Gaelic in Ireland.
There aren't..............................................................................................
29.- My elder sister doesn't speak Spanish, nor does my other sister.
Neither of..........................................................................................................................
30.- Running a big car like that can't be all that cheap.
It must..................................................................................................................................
31.- Jennifer started teaching six years ago.
Jennifer
has......................................................................................................................................................
32.- What do you find most interesting about the film?
What interests................................................................................................................?
33.-I was amazed by the things he said.
I thought what....................................................................................................................

CONDITIONALS

I didn’t know it was her birthday, so I didn’t buy her a present.

______________________________________________________________________________
4) You don’t always tell him the truth, so he doesn’t trust you.
______________________________________________________________________________
5) They don’t work hard, so they do badly at school.
______________________________________________________________________________
6) The old man gave us clear directions, so we found the address.
______________________________________________________________________________
7) You don’t get enough sleep, so you feel tired all the time.
______________________________________________________________________________
8) You forgot to bring a map, so we got lost.
______________________________________________________________________________
9) You didn’t water the flowers, so they died.
______________________________________________________________________________
10) She trains hard, so she’s a good player.
______________________________________________________________________________
11) Ms Dawson loves animals, so she has six cats.
______________________________________________________________________________
12) We didn’t see them, so we didn’t tell them about it.
______________________________________________________________________________
13) Max doesn’t know about the subject, so he can’t help.
______________________________________________________________________________
14) The critic didn’t like the film, so she wrote a bad review.
______________________________________________________________________________
_ 15) He likes children, so he gets on well with them.

Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets. The first one has been done
for you.
1. If you don’t study, you won’t pass your examinations. (unless)
_____________________________________________________________________
2. If you don’t hurry up, you won’t be able to cross the road before the traffic light turns red. (or)
_____________________________________________________________________
3. You can borrow my book if you return it by the weekend. (on the condition that)
_____________________________________________________________________
4. It you don’t train for the football match, you’ll perform badly. (or else)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. I’ll go to the outdoor training if the weather is fine. (provided that)
_____________________________________________________________________
6. You can stay and watch us rehearse if you are quiet. (as long as)
_____________________________________________________________________
7. If you go to bed early, you’ll feel refreshed in the morning. (and)
_____________________________________________________________________
8. You can’t continuously work for six hours if you don’t take a break. (without)
_____________________________________________________

RELATIVE CLAUSES
8. Combine the sentences using defining relative clauses. Make any necessary changes:
1. The site is really interesting. John sent me to the site.

2. The man lives next door to me. He designs websites.

3. Paul took us to the park. He plays football there.

4. The photo is not clear. Tom posted the photo on Facebook.

5. Everyone looked at the boy. His face was quite red.

6. I remember the day. You became my friend on Facebook that day.

 9. Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which.
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
The …………………………………………
2. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
The …………………………………………..
3. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
The ……………………………………….
4. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
The ………………………………………..
5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
The …………………………………………………….

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
1 Rewrite the sentences in a different way without changing the meaning.
1 You didn't tell me we had run out of bread, so I didn't buy any.
If you …
2 We only came by bus because there were no taxis.
If there …
I didn't know the ice was thin, so I was walking on it quite confidently.
If I'd …
He smokes too much. That's why he can't get rid of his cough.
If he smoked …
5 The shops don't deliver now, which makes life difficult.
If the …
6 You work too fast; that's why you make so many mistakes.
If you …
7 I used the dictionary. Otherwise, I wouldn't have known the answers.
If I …
8 I'm very stubborn. I can't admit I was wrong. I could …
9 I couldn't visit my grandparents because I didn't have time.
If
You must eat only fresh fruit and vegetables in that country. Otherwise, you may get food
poisoning.
Providing …
11 He is well-known because he has starred in successful films.
If …
12 You feel bad because you didn't apologise to her last night.
If you …
13 He wrote the message in code in order to avoid being discovered.
If …
14 We could control pollution by making strict laws.
If …
15 My friend advised me to sell it. My friend said, "
If …
2 Rewrite the sentences in a different way without changing the meaning.
1 I don't want to leave my present job. I can't find another one.
Unless …
2 In case of fire, press the alarm.
If …
3 I haven't got a map so I can't lend you one.
If I …
4 She was late for school because she wasn't in time for the 8.20 bus.
If she …
5 If you don't start at once, you'll be late.
Unless …
6 I didn't understand the joke, so I didn't laugh.
If …
7 You can't be truly happy unless you learn to laugh at things.
If …
8 If you don't pay your phone bill, you'll be cut off.
Unless …
9 In your place, I'd go straight to a hospital.
If I …
10 If you want my advice, don't carry too much cash around!
If I …
11 In my opinion, you should go and see that film.
If I …
12 My advice is: take the train.
If I …
3 Rewrite the sentences in a different way without changing the meaning.
1 Go to Britain and you'll be able to speak English all day long.
If …
2 You won't find any accommodation if you don't book it in advance.
Unless …
3 I didn't enjoy my holiday there and so I'm not going back.
If …
4 I couldn't get in touch because you didn't tell me where you were.
If …
5 Why don't you come on holiday with us - you'll enjoy it.
If …
6 She didn't write, so he forgot her.
If …
7 If he gets 60 per cent of the answers correct he'll get a certificate.
Unless …
8 He doesn't like his job, so he isn't happy.
If …
9 We must go or we'll be late.
If …
10 He'll miss the train if he doesn't hurry.
Unless …
11 She doesn't do her homework, so she doesn't get good marks.
If …
12 They didn't follow the map, so they got lost.
If …
4 Rephrase the sentences using unless.
1 If you don't wear your coat, you'll be cold. …

2 We'll play tennis tomorrow if it doesn't rain. …

3 He won't receive the letter tomorrow if you don't post it before 1 o'clock today.

4 If I don't get a pay rise at work, I'll start looking for another job.

5 I won't lend you the car if you don't promise to drive carefully.

6 Your cough won't be better if you don't stop smoking.

REPHRASING ON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISH / IF ONLY

1. Those of you who do not give in their names last week must do so today. -
Unless you
2. Those of you who haven’t got cars will have to take the bus. -
Unless you
3. I didn’t know anything about it. Otherwise, I’d told you. - If I
4. It may not fit you. In that case, you can return it to the shop. -
If
5. You didn’t tell me in time. Otherwise, I might have been able to help.
If
6. You could have had an accident and your family would have blamed me.

If
7. If you aren’t on a diet, try the cheesecake.
Unless
8. Danny wants to lose weight, but he doesn’t have any will power.
If
9. Sue didn’t mention the tennis game so I didn’t turn up to watch.
If
10. In my opinion, you should drink low-fat milk.
If
11. You should have a medical check-up when starting a diet. -
If
12. I didn’t buy any vegetables so I couldn’t make a salad. -
If
13. Paul won’t swim in the pool because there is no lifeguard.
Providing that
14. Peter gets angry with people who don’t take him seriously.
Unless
15. It was a mistake to go to England in winter.
I wish
16. She is so careless!
If only
17. You press this button to stop the machine. -
If
18. My advice is that you must go to the doctor.
If I
19. I’m sorry I didn’t meet you at the station.
If only
20. It’s a pity you don’t like this food.
I wish
21. What a pity Mary didn’t remember to take the camera.
I wish Mary
22. You should tell them immediately.
If I
23. She should have called her parents earlier.
I wish
24. I’m sorry but I can’t help you now. -
I wish
25. The computer was stolen because nobody saw the thief. -
If someone
26. I really want you to stop smoking. -
I wish
27. He shouts so much, and it’s so annoying! -
I wish
28. I didn’t have an umbrella with me and so I get wet.
I wouldn’t
29. I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone.
Unless
30. In the snowy weather, we don’t go to the school.
If
31. Without Jack’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to move the table. -
If

REPHRASING PRACTICE 2: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

. 1. We didn't see The Two Towers because the cinema was closed.

2. She doesn't understand because you haven't explained the situation to her.

3. You won't get a promotion if your work doesn't improve.

4. I never eat octopus because I get sick.

5. We didn't pick you up at the station because you didn't phone us.

6. The government won't win the elections unless they create employment.

7. I'll buy I new computer provided that I get a rise in salary.

8. She wanted to buy that picture, but she didn't have enough money.

9. Whenever I make a promise, I keep it.

10. We haven't got any matches, so we can't light a fire.

11. I didn't renew my subscription because I lost interest in the magazine's articles.

12. He was too slow to win the race.

13. I won't go to Rio unless I find a cheap flight.

14. I never sunbathe because I get sunburt easily.

15. She will understand you provided that you don't speak too fast.

16. He won't come for a drink because he's got work to do.

17. She's too young to get a driving licence.

18. They lost the match because of the heavy rain.

19. Whenever Peter and I meet, we talk about the good old times.

20. Should you see Paul, tell him about the meeting.

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining Relative Clauses
1 Join these sentences using a relative clause. If it is possible to omit the relative pronoun,
write it in brackets.
1 The man told me you were out. He answered the phone.
The man ………………………………………………………………
The boys have now been released. They were arrested.
The boys …………………………………………………………………………………………
The police are still trying to identify the body. It was found last week.
The police ………………………………………………………………………………………
4 It seems that Earth is the only planet. It can support life.
It seems that …………………………………………………………………………………
5 The pictures used to hang on that wall. Where are they?
Where …………………………………………………………………………………
6 Most of the people couldn't come. I invited them to the party.
Most ………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 The museum was shut. We wanted to visit it.
The museum …………………………………………………………………………
8 I like Ann's dress. She's wearing it now.
I like ………………………………………………………………………………………
Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses • Practice B2 Instructions as above.
1 The bed was too soft. I slept in it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 I didn't get the job. I applied for it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 The man has been married twice before. She is married to him.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 The party wasn't very enjoyable. We went to it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Who was that girl? You were with her last night.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 The flight was fully booked. We wanted to travel on it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 I enjoy my job because I like the people. I work with them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 They were talking about things. I wasn't interested in them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 The house is not in very good condition. I am living in it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 Write these sentences again together with a relative clause.
1 She showed me a photograph of her son. He is a policeman.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 We decided not to swim in the sea. It looked rather dirty.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 The new stadium will be opened next month. It holds 90,000 people.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 That man over there is an artist. I don't remember his name. (use whose)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 The postman was late this morning. He is always on time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. It is only 30 miles away.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for a few days.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 Next weekend I'm going to Glasgow. My sister lives there.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 Instructions as above.
1 This is a photograph of our friends. We went on holiday with them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 The wedding took place last Friday. Only members of the family were invited to it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 I've just bought some books about astronomy. I'm very interested in it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Supply commas where necessary, and then complete the blank spaces with the relative
between brackets wherever it can be omitted.
1 Robert's parents ……………… are both retired live in Spain.
2 Have you still got the money ……………… I gave you?
3 Sydney ……………… has a population of more than three million is Australia's largest city.
4 Peter's sister ……………… I've known for years is a very nice person.
5 We saw Maria last night with the man ……………… works in the library.
6 Is that the same song ……………… we heard yesterday?
7 Sue ……………… has only been here for a week speaks excellent English.
8 Who was the girl ……………… you were speaking to just now?
9 My sister ……………… wasn't feeling very hungry didn't want to go to the restaurant.
10 I've lost the money ……………… you gave me.
11 Mr Woods ……………… lives next door to us has gone on holiday.
12 Brighton ……………… is a tourist centre on the south coast is about 85 km from London.
6 that, who or what? If it is possible to write that or leave it out, write (that).
1 She gives her children everything ……………… they want.
2 Tell me ……………… you want and I'll try to help you.
3 Why do you blame me for everything ……………… goes wrong?
4 I won't be able to do very much but I'll do the best ……………… I can.
5 I can't lend you any money. All ……………… I've got is a pound.
6 Nora is the only person ……………… understands me.
7 Why do you always disagree with everything ……………… I say?
8 I don't agree with ……………… you've just said.
9 Did you hear ……………… I said?
10 Everything ……………… he said was true.
11 This is an awful film. It's the worst ……………… I've ever seen.
 Combine the following sentences using a relative pronoun. Make any other necessary
changes.
1 We visited the town. It lies at the source of the Danube.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 I know the girl. She is going to marry my cousin.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
He is a very funny person. I don't know anyone funnier.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 The old house on the hill has finally been sold. It was said to be haunted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 This is the music. I've listened to it many times.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 I met a friend last week. Her husband is an astronaut.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 Peter is going to marry a girl. Her sister is in my class.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 I will never forget the day. My eldest son was born that day.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 This is the school. I studied there as a child.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 I'd like you to meet Anna. You will be working with her in the future.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 Here is a photograph of the hotel. We stayed there for a long weekend.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12 New York is a wonderful city. I'd love to visit it one day.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 Join these pairs of sentences, beginning with the words given.
1 Ms Fortune was a writer. Her body was found in the cellar.
Ms Fortune, …………………………………………………………………………………
2 I met an old friend. He told me all about a book he'd just read.
I met ……………………………………………………………………………………………
3 A car was stolen. It was found at the airport.
The car ………………………………………………………………………………………
4 You recommended that book to me. It was very good.
The book ……………………………………………………………………………………
5 A simplified edition is easier to read than the original. It's shorter.
A simplified edition …………………………………………………………………………
6 I described a player to you yesterday. That's him.
He ………………………………………………………………………………………………
 7 Steffi was born in this house.
This is ……………………………………………………………………………………………
8 This is Sarah's boyfriend. I'm still friends with him.
This is ……………………………………………………………………………………………
9 I used to go to that restaurant every day.
That's …………………………………………………………………………………………
10 I met that woman yesterday. I didn't like her.
I didn't like ……………………………………………………………………………………
11 We had fish for dinner. It was really delicious.
The fish …………………………………………………………………………………………
12 I have been to many parties. The party last night was the best.
Last night's …………………………………………………………………………………

CONDITIONALS

1. Peter lives with his parents because he can’t buy a flat.

................................................................................................................................................
. 2. Mary is sad because she has a small flat.
.................................................................................................................................................
3. I didn’t go to Mary’s birthday because she didn’t invite me.
.................................................................................................................................................
4. John will pass the driving exam if he isn’t nervous.
.................................................................................................................................................
5. I don’t know his email so I can’t send him an invitation.
.................................................................................................................................................
6. You must leave home early or you’ll miss the flight.
.................................................................................................................................................
7. I was busy so I didn’t have enough time to go to the supermarket.
.................................................................................................................................................
8. Mary was ill so she didn’t go to the cinema with me.
.................................................................................................................................................
9. Mary didn’t play tennis because she had broken her leg.
.................................................................................................................................................
10. I’d like to buy a new car but I haven’t got enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
11. It rained so we couldn’t go for a walk.
.................................................................................................................................................
12. If you don’t study, you’ll fail your English exam.
.................................................................................................................................................
13. I missed the bus so I was late for my English class.
.................................................................................................................................................
14. You’re tired because you go to bed late.
.................................................................................................................................................
15. I didn’t buy a new mobile phone because my credit card didn’t work.
.................................................................................................................................................
16. It snowed so much yesterday that I didn’t go out.
.................................................................................................................................................
17. I didn’t see Mary because she didn’t go to the disco.
.................................................................................................................................................
18. It rained so the football match was cancelled.
.................................................................................................................................................
19. I can’t go to the disco because I’m under 18.
.................................................................................................................................................
20. I didn’t buy a new mobile phone because I didn’t have enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
21. It was so cold yesterday that we stayed at home.
.................................................................................................................................................
22. I couldn’t fix the washing machine because I didn’t have the instructions.
.................................................................................................................................................
23. The reason I was late was that my alarm clock didn’t work.
.................................................................................................................................................
24. I’m not going out because I’m tired.
.................................................................................................................................................
25. They didn’t miss the train because they were early at the station.
................................................................................................................................................
. 26. I don’t know how this machine works so I don’t use it.
.................................................................................................................................................
27. I don’t have enough time to learn how to play golf.
.................................................................................................................................................
28. We can’t go to the beach because it’s raining.
.................................................................................................................................................
29. I didn’t take any pictures because I forgot my camera at home.
.................................................................................................................................................
30. You forgot your coat, gloves and cap so you got a cold.
.................................................................................................................................................
31. I’m with the flu so I can’t go to the party.
.................................................................................................................................................
32. Unless you leave home now, you won’t miss the train.
.................................................................................................................................................
33. I would like to travel to Japan but I don’t have enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
34. I didn’t go to Anne’s birthday party because she didn’t invite me.

IMPERSONAL PASIVE

3. A journalist reports that they are leaving Las Vegas tomorrow night.
It ________________________________________________________________
They _____________________________________________________________
4. The lecturer thought that Columbus never realized that he had discovered America.
It ________________________________________________________________
Columbus _________________________________________________________
5. Their parents thought that the teenagers were dancing at the disco.
It ________________________________________________________________
The teenagers _____________________________________________________
6. Everybody thinks that she sings beautifully
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The children reported that their friends were swimming when they disappeared.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. People believed that they had killed the animals during the night.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. My friends think that my parents are the best parents in the world.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. They believed that the horse was a present.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] are thinking that drugs are very dangerous.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] knew that Mr. Brown was stealing iron from the factory.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[Link] people thought that the stars would fall on them.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. People consider that the team will be classified for the final.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. Everybody says that he settled the business.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
16. The reporters believed that the meeting would finish soon.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[Link] have thought the sportsmen are arriving today.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
18. Citizens presume that the government is responsible for the accident.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
19. The newspapers are reporting that the most outstanding athletes represent their country.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
20. The shareholders thought that the group had rejected the offer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. They say that the meeting will be held here
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. The hooligans expected that their team would win
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
1. Active/Passive. Impersonal Passives. Have/get something done
1. Nobody has ever climbed Mount Everest without using oxygen.
Mount Everest……………………………………………..
2. They think 80% of children have a TV in their room.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Nearly four million people read The Sun every day.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. The Olympic Games will be held in 2022.
………………………………………………………….
5. We believe Posh and Becks are unhappy.
It………………………………………………
6. My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner´s.
I……………………..
7. Someone said that England captain was upset
England…………………………………….
8. We understand they are getting a divorce.
It…………………………………………….
9. We expect William and Kate to make an announcement later today.
……………………………………………………………………….
10. They have been sent a ransom note.
………………………………………………………………
11. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style.
……………………………………………………….
12. Were you promised a promotion?
……………………………………………………………………
13. The cleaner is cleaning my windows right now.
I……………………………………………………………………..
14. Lewis Hamilton has been hired as the new face for Mercedes cars.
………………………………………………………………………
15. She´s going to celebrate her birthday party on the beach.
……………………………………………………………..
16. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview
……………………………………………………………………….
17. Our telephone bill must be paid before Friday.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
18. Do they clean the hotel rooms every day?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
19. A decorator has repainted our house.
We……………………………………………………………………………………
 20. The streets are being repaired this month.
………………………………………………………………………………………
21. They should have offered John the job. John
…………………………………………………………………………………..
22. I wasn’t told all the truth.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
23. Experts estimate that British children see about three hours of adverts each week.
British……………………………………………………
24. It is believed that one in six British children is overweight.
They ………………………………………………………………………..
25. I think the carpenter should fix my door
I think my……………………………………..
26. The crew were filming the new advert when the electricity was cut off.

IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

1. Police have reported that it was Peter who caused the accident.
It ____________________________________________________
Peter _______________________________________________
2. Everybody thinks that she sings beautifully
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The children reported that their friends were swimming when they disappeared.
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________________
4. People believed that they had killed the animals during the night.
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Experts consider that drugs are very dangerous.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. They knew that Mr. Brown was stealing iron from the factory.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. People consider that the team will be classified for the final.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 8. Citizens presume that the government is responsible for the accident.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
9. The newspapers are reporting that the most outstanding athletes represent their country.
It____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. People think that money is the most important thing in life.
Money________________________________________________________________________
11. Specialists say that the business was not good.
It___________________________________________________________________________
12. Astronauts confirm that the rocket was broken.
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Some people believe that the prisoner has had second chances.
______________________________________________________________________________
14. My boss expects that the job will be done soon.
______________________________________________________________________________
15. . Many people think that women are not as strong as men.
______________________________________________________________________________
16. People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire.
Mr Ross_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
17. ) They suppose that the two prisoners escaped
The two prisoners ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
18. Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire.
Seven people________________________________________________________________
19. It’s claimed that he is living in Brazil.
He _________________________________________________________________________
20. People expect that the President will resign.
The President_______________________________________________-
21. They expect that a new law will be introduced next year.
A new law___________________________________________
22. People believe that Mr White moved to New York last year.
Mr White________________________________________________
23. It’s thought that the fire started late last night.
The fire_________________________________________________
24. They think that Mr Smith died yesterday.
Mr Smith______________________________________________
 25. It is said that several students were punished this morning.
Several students ____________________________________________________
26. Very few students are thought to have passed their exams.
It____________________________________________________________
27. Everybody knows that war is devastating.
War______________________________________________________________
28. It is thought that Mary is the main witness. They think
___________________________________________________
29. Peter is considered to be the fastest runner in our school.
People_____________________________________________________________________

RELATIVE CLAUSES:
1. The burglars broke into my house. They were arrested this afternoon.
___________________________________________________
2. She lent me all the money. I needed it for my new house.
_______________________________________________________
3. The police found the stolen bags. Several of them were buried in our garden.
________________________________________________________
4. Who was that girl? You were speaking to her just now.
_____________________________________________________
5. You lent me a tent. The wind broke it while I was sleeping.
______________________________________________________
6. The letter came in today’s post. You were waiting for it
___________________________________
7. The students were really excited. Most of them were leaving on a student exchange
________________________________________________________
8. I’ll never forget the day. I met you that day.
___________________________________________________________
9. Mary is listening to music. It was written by Mozart.
The music___________________________________________
10. The village has become a popular resort. We spent our honeymoon there.
_________________________________________________________
11. The racing horse is a champion. Its owner is an Arabian Sheik.
The racing ________________________________________
12. John is my best friend. I met him when I was at school. John
___________________________________________________________
13. My grandfather works in his garden every morning. This makes him healthy.
My grandfather________________________________
14. This is the film. I’ve been waiting to see it for ages.
This ___________________________________________________
15. Mrs Wilson is very kind. Her daughter goes to my school
Mrs Wilson____________________________________
16. Have you found the teacher? She’s got a message for you.
Have you ______________________________________________________ ?
17. This is the classroom. I lost my coat here.
This is ________________________________
18. My friend has gone to university. She emails me every week.
My friend___________________________________________________
19. David speaks fluent English. He works in the Spanish embassy in London.
__________________________________________________________________
20. The man was arrested. I talked to him yesterday afternoon.
___________________________________________________________________
21. The e-mail never arrived. You sent it yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________
22. My father has just retired. He runs 10km every morning.
___________________________________________________
23. St. Benedict is the Patron Saint of Gondomar. His miracles are famous in Galicia.
________________________________________________________
24. I live in a town. They are building a new stadium there.
___________________________________________________________
25. She lent me all the money I needed. This was very generous of her.

26. In the village they told us about the legends. Some of them were really fascinating.
CAUSATIVE
1. The mechanic changed the oil in my car.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. A decorator has repainted our house.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. A friend of mine, who´s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player next week.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner´s.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. The town hall has just been rebuilt for the council.
___________________________________________________________
I washed my car. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. I cut my hair. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. I typed the documents. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
4. I fixed my washing machine. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
5. I cut my grass. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
6. I painted my bedroom. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
7. I repaired my fridge. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
8. I tidied my garden. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
9. I edited the article. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
10. I cleaned the carpets. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
11. I printed the photo. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
12. I checked my teeth. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
13. I cleaned the windows. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
14. I made the necklace. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
15. I delivered the furniture. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
16. I repaired the roof. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
17. I wrote the report. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
18. I dyed my hair. (get)
___________________________________________________________________________
19. I sent the money. (have)
___________________________________________________________________________
20. I built the shed. (get)
__________________________________________________________

CONDITIONALS

6. Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences.

1. Peter lives with his parents because he can’t buy a flat.
.................................................................................................................................................
2. Mary is sad because she has a small flat.
.................................................................................................................................................
3. I didn’t go to Mary’s birthday because she didn’t invite me.
.................................................................................................................................................
4. John will pass the driving exam if he isn’t nervous.
.................................................................................................................................................
5. I don’t know his email so I can’t send him an invitation.
.................................................................................................................................................
6. You must leave home early or you’ll miss the flight.
.................................................................................................................................................
7. I was busy so I didn’t have enough time to go to the supermarket.
.................................................................................................................................................
8. Mary was ill so she didn’t go to the cinema with me.
.................................................................................................................................................
9. Mary didn’t play tennis because she had broken her leg.
.................................................................................................................................................
10. I’d like to buy a new car but I haven’t got enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
11. It rained so we couldn’t go for a walk.
.................................................................................................................................................
 12. If you don’t study, you’ll fail your English exam.
.................................................................................................................................................
13. I missed the bus so I was late for my English class.
.................................................................................................................................................
14. You’re tired because you go to bed late.
.................................................................................................................................................
15. I didn’t buy a new mobile phone because my credit card didn’t work.
.................................................................................................................................................
16. It snowed so much yesterday that I didn’t go out.
.................................................................................................................................................
17. I didn’t see Mary because she didn’t go to the disco.
.................................................................................................................................................
18. It rained so the football match was cancelled.
.................................................................................................................................................
19. I can’t go to the disco because I’m under 18.
.................................................................................................................................................
20. I didn’t buy a new mobile phone because I didn’t have enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
21. It was so cold yesterday that we stayed at home.
.................................................................................................................................................
22. I couldn’t fix the washing machine because I didn’t have the instructions.
.................................................................................................................................................
23. The reason I was late was that my alarm clock didn’t work.
.................................................................................................................................................
24. I’m not going out because I’m tired.
.................................................................................................................................................
25. They didn’t miss the train because they were early at the station.
.................................................................................................................................................
26. I don’t know how this machine works so I don’t use it.
.................................................................................................................................................
27. I don’t have enough time to learn how to play golf.
.................................................................................................................................................
28. We can’t go to the beach because it’s raining.
.................................................................................................................................................
29. I didn’t take any pictures because I forgot my camera at home.
.................................................................................................................................................
30. You forgot your coat, gloves and cap so you got a cold.
.................................................................................................................................................
31. I’m with the flu so I can’t go to the party.
.................................................................................................................................................
32. Unless you leave home now, you won’t miss the train.
.................................................................................................................................................
33. I would like to travel to Japan but I don’t have enough money.
.................................................................................................................................................
34. I didn’t go to Anne’s birthday party because she didn’t invite me.
................................................................................................................

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES and WISH 2º Bachillerato** Say the same as the written
sentences beginning with the words given

1. Jim fell down the stairs, that's why he didn’t play football last Sunday.

If ................................................................................................................

2. If you don't come with me I won't go to the theatre.

Unless .......................................................................

3. I don't like Tim because he is always saying nasty things.

I would ..............................................................................

4. We were late because the plane was delayed by the bad weather.

If the .............................................................................................

5. If you want my advice, don't sell your car.

If I ...............................................................

6. I don't live near my office, so I have to drive.

If ..................................................................................
[Link] has eaten so many sweets that he isn’t hungry now.

If ...............................................................................

8. Anne doesn't look nice because her clothes are always untidy.

If ...............................................................................................

9. She won't babysit for us if we don't pay her.

Unless ............................................................

10. We can't go for a picnic because it is raining.

If .....................................................................

11. Clare doesn't go to the cinema because she has a lot of work to do.

If Clare ...............................................................................................

12. I didn't tape the concert because I didn't have a video.

If .....................................................................................

13. In my opinion, you ought to rest for a few days.

If ............................................................................

14. You have to have a visa to enter China.

Unless .....................................................

15. I don't finish the book because I found it booring.

If .......................................................................................
16. She doesn’t get enough sleep, that’s why she is always tired.

If she ...............................................................................

17. They missed the bus, so they were late.

If they .......................................................

18. Unless she helps me I won’t be able to finish all this work before lunch.

If she .......................................................................................................

19. She has done so much exercise that she feels exhausted.

If ………………………………………………………….

20. I regret not doing my best when my friends got divorced.

I wish ….

21. It’s a pity that we don’t live near the sea.

I wish …

22. I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

I wish …

23. I would love my little niece to live nearer. She always makes me laugh.

If only …

24. I shouldn’t have gone on that trip without my parents’ permission.

I wish …
25. It was a pity that it rained on your wedding day.

If only …

[Link] neighbours spend the whole day shouting at each other.

I wish …

27. I would like to have won that lottery prize. I really needed the money.

I wish …

28. She is always making excuses for everything. I hate that.

I wish …

29. I can’t stand this office. I would like to work in a quieter place.

I wish …

30. I regret not being able to spend more time with my children.

I wish …

31. It’s a pity that you fell down and broke your leg the day before our holiday.

I wish …
Change the sentences to passive voice.

1. Many people begin new projects in January

2. You must wash that shirt for tonight’s party.

3. Mum is going to prepare the food.

4. They make shoes in that factory.

5. We will have to examine you again.

6. They had finished preparations by the time the guests arrived.

7. The delegation will meet the visitors at the airport.

8. We have produced skis here since 1964.

9. All workers will read the memo.

10. Nobody can beat Tiger Woods at golf.

11. They also speak German at EU meetings.

12. We must look into the question.

13. Someone reads the newspaper to him every day.

14. The Chinese discovered acupuncture thousands of years ago.

15. Has he given you back the book yet?

16. The police locked up the criminals.

17. They must have left the keys behind.

18. The robbers made up the story.

19. The boy is eating the cake.

20. Dad promised by a box of chocolates.

21. The spider scared her.

22. The guide will show us the Natural History Museum in the afternoon.

23. The dentist is cleaning the woman’s teeth.

24. She showed her relatives the new house.

Change the sentences to passive voice.

1. The Browns have built the large house.

2. A jellyfish stung her while she was swimming.

3. They gave her a nice present.

4. Jane is singing the new song.

5. The storm destroyed the house.

6. People spent a lot of Monday on the first shopping Saturday.

7. How do you write that word?

8. She watered the flowers every day.

9. The headmaster called his parents to the office.

10. Ben will direct the show.

11. The dog has broken the window pane.

12. You must pay the bill first.

13. They were interviewing her for the job.

14. The professor told him not to talk in class.

15. You shouldn’t speak to your neighbor.

16. Do not leave your bicycle in the hall.

17. Can you learn French easily?

18. Your impolite tone surprises me.

19. James will repair the car.

20. An unknown author wrote the book.

21. They forced him to steal the money out of his dad’s room.

22. Our neighbors have invited us to dinner.

23. Why are they tearing down the old theatre?

24. I will present my ideas at the conference tonight.

25. She would have told you.

1. They make shoes in that factory.

Shoes __________________ in that factory.
2. People must not leave bicycles in the driveway.
Bicycles _________________ in the driveway.
3. They built that skyscraper in 1934
. That skyscraper _________________ in 1934.
4. People are reading the newspaper now.
The newspaper________________________.
5. The students will finish the course by July.
The course _____________________ by July.
6. They are repairing the streets this month.
The streets ________________this month.
7. They make these tools of plastic.
These tools ______________________ of plastic.
8. They have finished the new product design.
The new product design ___________________.
9. They were cooking dinner when I arrived.
Dinner ___________________ when I arrived.
10. Smithers painted 'Red Sunset' in 1986.
'Red Sunset' ____________________ in 1986 by Smithers.

11. They had finished the preparations by the time the guests arrived.
The preparations _____________________by the time the guests arrived.
12. You should take care when working on electrical equipment.
Care _______________________ when working on electrical equipment.
13. They are going to perform Beethoven's Fifth Symphony next weekend.
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony _____________________ next weekend.
14. Someone will speak Japanese at the meeting.
Japanese ______________________at the meeting.
15. Karen is going to prepare the refreshments. The refreshments
________________________ by Karen.
16. You should open your workbooks.
Your workbooks ______________________.
[Link] don't speak English in this shop.
English__________________________ in this shop.
18. The mechanic was repairing the DVD recorder.
The DVD______________________ by the mechanic.
19. Michael has not sent me the text message.
The text message __________________________.
[Link] grow coffee in Kenya.
Coffee ___________________ in Kenya.
[Link] sent her an invitation.
An invitation ____________________ to her.
[Link]'ll serve you lunch on the plane.
Lunch _______________________on the plane.
23. He gave her a present for her birthday.
A present _____________________ to her for her birthday.
24. Emily and Patrick ate my chocolate.
My chocolate __________________ by Emily and Patrick.
25. Her father taught her how to drive. She ______________________ how to drive
by her father.
26. We will warn her about the road.
She _____________________about the road.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Someone made an evening dress for me.
_______________________________________________________
Someone repaired my watch last week.
_______________________________________________________
I’ll have to pay someone to paint my flat.
_______________________________________________________
Someone must send the letter for him.
_______________________________________________________
Someone cleans my windows every month.
_______________________________________________________
She should ask someone to cut the tree down.
_______________________________________________________
She asked the hairdresser to do her hair.
_______________________________________________________
Someone has shortened John’s sleeves.
_______________________________________________________
We pay someone to check our car regularly.
_______________________________________________________
You must ask somebody to cut the grass in the front garden.
_______________________________________________________

CONNECTORS:

Gorillas are intelligent. They are also very strong (as well as)

He plays the guitar and he also writes songs (as well as…)

Pam has a dog. Don has a dog too (Both…)

Mary couldn’t lift the stone and Joe couldn’t either (Neither…)
First he did a climbing course. Then he climbed the Everest (After…)

We flew to Athens, and then we took the ferry to Crete (After…)

I spent 6 years at Secondary School and then I went to University (After…)

The staff was taught and then the project began (The project didn’t…)

We finished our work. Then we went to the cinema (Once…)

The farmer started his tractor and began to plough the field (When…)

She finished writing her book and then published it (When…)

Bill had no money left at the end of his holiday (By…)

We arrived late at the wedding. The ceremony had begun before we arrived (By the time…)

During our meal we discussed what to do at the weekend (While…)

During her husband’s absence she was very lonely (While…)

During my time at University I made a lot of friends (While…)

The alarm went off in the middle of her phone conversation (While…)

Concessive

There was a terrible traffic jam. He arrived on time (Although …)

He searched everywhere, but he couldn’t find the ticket (Although...)

Most animals survived the hard winter (Even though…)

Despite the age of the house, we managed to sell it (Although…)

Despite the doctor’s advice, he played football last week (Even though…)

Although he has an English name, he is in fact German (Despite…)

Although her friends advised her not to do it, she would not listen (Despite…)

Although MN is very famous in Spain, she isn’t widely known abroad (In spite of…)

We lost the match although we were the better team (Despite…)

We all enjoyed the walk, even though it rained heavily (In spite of…)
The dog barked all night, but we still managed to sleep (Despite…)

He is extremely rich, but very mean (In spite of…)

Mrs. Jones is 70, but she still goes for a run every day (In spite of…)

Susan is unattractive, but she is a film star (In spite of…)

She accepted the job. The salary was very low (Despite …)

I didn’t drink that much last night. I had a terrible hangover this morning (Despite…)

He came from a poor family. He became rich (In spite of …)

Causal

I’ve laid the table, so you can sit down (As the table…)

The weather was fine, so we decided to go out (As…)

He got the highest marks in the class; as a result, he received a prize (Since…)

The factory closed down as a result of so many strikes (As there…)

As they needed help, they made their way to a nearby village (They made… because…)

We still speak Italian at home, so I’m bilingual (I’m bilingual because…)

He left early because he wanted to avoid the rush hour (He left early in order…)

Joan eats very little so as not to put on weight (Joan eats very little because…)

RELATIVE CLAUSES:

NO COMMAS

I bought some red wine. It tasted like ink (The red wine…)

He made a promise. He didn’t keep it (… the promise…)

You heard a noise. It must have been the wind (The noise…)

I waved to a man. He is my manager (The man…)

We saw an actor on TV. What’s his name? (… of the actor…?)

You lent me a pen. I’m afraid I’ve lost it (… the pen…)

The river is very deep. The river runs by my house (The river…)

The bus leaves at 7. My sister is too late to catch it (My sister is…)

The inhabitants of Concord have to pay only federal income tax (The only tax…)

He tells jokes. I don’t like them (… the jokes…)

You wrote a letter. It never arrived (The letter…)

John sent Mary some flowers. She liked them (… the flowers…)

She met a man at a dance. She fell in love with him (… a man…)

That is the man. My best friend is going out with him (That is the man…)

COMMAS

Some children did not select these programs. They were imposed on them

This author is now very popular. Nobody read him 20 years ago

This book costs $4. I paid only 2 cents for it

Torture is inhuman. It was normal in Chile during Pinochet’s regime

My bicycle has been stolen. I left it there (My bike,…)

His evidence was proved to be false. No one doubted it at the time

My son starts school in September. He will be 5 years old next month

Your new flat mate used to be my best friend. He works in that office (Your new…)

London burnt down in 1666. It had to be rebuilt (London, …)

Mary had been driving all day. She was tired

Mr. Smith died last week. He used to live next door to us

I can’t understand why Tim doesn’t wear glasses. He is very short-sighted

He studied Maths in Salamanca. Salamanca is famous for its university (He studied…)
The Liverpool Express was late. It should have arrived at 3

The Titanic was the largest ship ever made. It had a length of 300 m

The last speaker made a good speech. He had never spoken in public before

He grows flowers in his garden. He sells most of them

The lorry crashed into a house. It was carrying a heavy load

WHOSE

This is Mr. Jones. His company exports to France (This is Mr. Jones, …)

That man’s daughter has an original Picasso painting (That is…)

That woman’s son used to go to school with me (That is the woman…)

The teacher is very pleased. His students passed the test successfully (The teacher…)

WHERE – WHEN

That is the office I work in (That is the office …)

I study English in that school (That is the school…)

This is the house. My grandmother was born in it (This is…)

That is the gym. We used to practise aerobics there (That is the gym…)

He never forgot that bad meeting with Alice (…the bad day when…)

REPHRASING EXERCISES (REVIEW).-

TENSES
​

She read the book first and then she saw the film.
After…
Steve started learning the violin a month ago.
Steve´s…
I haven´t been to an Indian restaurant for ages.
It´s ages…
The last time Nancy came here was in 1986.
Nancy hasn´t…
This is my first visit to Japan.
This is the first…
How long have Helen and Robert been married?
When…
She has never been to the club before.
It´s…
She has never heard such a funny story.
It´s…
It´s the worst headache she´s ever had.
She´s…
It´s months since I saw Jane.
I haven´t…
When did she come back?
Since…
I haven´t spoken to him for a week.
The last…
How long is it since he moved here?
When…
The last time I went to Brussels was two years ago.
I haven´t…
I´ve never heard such a silly story.
It´s…
When did you last go to London?
When was…
I haven´t finished my homework yet.
I´m still…
I have never tasted muesli before.
It´s…
​

QUESTIONS

Everybody congratulated him

We´ve known them since 1992
That dictionary is mine
Her cousins are very friendly
The English like to talk about the weather.
We need just a little sugar.
It costs ten pounds
Janet lives in the centre of London
I wash my hair three times a week
Her friend rented a new apartment
Ann is friendly
​

CONDITIONALS
​

I didn´t have an umbrella with me so I got wet.

If…
You can´t win if you don´t play.
Unless…
What a pity we ate all the food.
If only…
Don´t shout all the time. It´s so annoying!
I wish…
I´m sorry I didn´t warn her.
I wish…
You´d better see a doctor.
If I…
He won´t help you if you don´t ask him.
Unless…
She went home early because she was exhausted.
If…
I haven´t got a dictionary and I need one.
I wish…
I didn´t phone Fernando last night, and that was a mistake.
If only…
Cecilia is always criticizing everyone.
I wish…
She can´t eat eggs, so she won´t try that dish.
If…
Try to finish your homework early so we can go for a walk.
If…
I´m not rich, so I can´t travel around the world.
If…
We didn´t miss the plane because we left early.
If…
If the neighbours don´t stop shouting, I´ll call the police.
Unless…
It´s a pity you don´t work more efficiently.
I wish…
COMPARISONS
Chinese is more difficult than Japanese.
Japanese isn´t…
Bill was growing angrier all the time.
Bill was growing angrier…
I´ve never seen such a bumpy road.
This is…
If you drive fast, you´ll use more petrol.
The faster…
​
ADVERBIALS

The police locked the door. They didn´t want anyone to get in (so that)

The soldiers moved at night. They didn´t want to alarm the villagers. (in order to)

Helen´s so busy, she never feels bored.

Helen´s…

The table was too heavy to lift.

The table wasn´t…

I invited her but she didn´t come.

Although…

We lost the match but we celebrated.

Despite…

It was late, so we decided to go home.

As…

Though he is a millionaire, he hates spending money.

In spite of…

She attended the meeting although she was ill.

Despite…

Debbie hid her diary. She didn´t want anyone to read it. (so that)
 Debbie…

She´s such a sweet child, everyone loves her.

The child…

He´s too young to get married.

He isn´t…

The film is so good, I want to see it again.

It´s…

Read more and you´ll know more.

The more…

The price of petrol is increasing ever day.

Petrol is becoming…

Athens is older then Rome.

Rome isn´t…

No other gymnast is graceful as he is.

She´s…

Don´t buy as much cheese as before.

Buy…

She cooks well.

She´s a…

If you try harder, You´ll do better.

The…

She wrote to him. She wanted to tell him the news.

She…
I´ll help him. I want him to finish early.

I´ll help him…

She put on her raincoat. She didn´t want to get wet.

She…

The flight was so bad, we´ll never forget it.

It was…

We came back early because there were no seats left.

As/Since…

Although she spent all the afternoon on the project, she didn´t finish it.

Despite…

Mr White is tall, but his wife is short.

Mr White´s…

RELATIVES

Mary has gone to see the doctor. She has not been feeling very well lately.

Mary…

The school was built in 1960. We were educated there.

The school…

A waitress served them coffee. It was very hot.

A waitress…

There was a man in the room. We didn´t recognize him.

There was…

Send me copies of the letters. Your sister told me about them.

Send me…
Those are the passengers. Their passports disappeared.

Those…

They built a wall. It fell down after three weeks.

The wall…

That´s the man. He´s going to buy the company.

That´s…

I love the countryside. That is why I want to go and live there.

I love…

They bought several cakes. Some of them were really good.

They…

We stayed at a small hotel. We met Mrs Andersen there.

We…

She did it. I expected her to do it.

She did…

That´s the boy. We gave the present to him.

That’s…

That´s the lady. I lost her umbrella.

That´s…

The 9:00 o´clock bus arrived late. It was full.

The 9:00 bus…

​
REPORTED SPEECH

“I´ll call the police If I see you here again,” he said to me.

He…

“When will you visit us again?” they said to us.

They…

“Are you enjoying yourselves?” they said to us.

They…

“Don´t spend all your money on sweets,” Mrs Brown said to her children.

Mrs Brown…

“Please write your name and ID number on this card,” the receptionist said to me.

The receptionist…

“I can buy you a drink if you like,” he said to me. (offer)

CONNECTORS

We won´t buy that house because we don´t have enough money.

As.....................................................................................................

Despite the fact that the questions were difficult, he got a high mark in her exam.

Although...........................................................................................

Although she was ill, she visited other countries.

Despite..............................................................................................

Although he was cold, we went to the countryside.

In spite of...........................................................................................

In spite of her beauty, she doesn´t boyfriend.

Although..............................................................................................

The children stayed at home because it was raining.

As.......................................................................................................

She lost the race in spite of running well.

Although.............................................................................................

Although the weather was awful, he had a great time.

In spite of............................................................................................

Although the weather is horrible, we went skiing.

In spite of.............................................................................................

We bougth our tickets on the Web because it was much cheaper.

Since...................................................................................................

Althoug we worked hard, he could not finish the job.

Despite.................................................................................................
In spite of the terrible weather, they decided to play outside.

Although..............................................................................................

I like you even though you have a strange sense of humour.

In spite of..............................................................................................

He smoked a cigar, at the same time he waited for the manager.

While...................................................................................................

The train left at 6:00 and they arrived just after that.

When we..............................................................................................

I realised I had left my keys behind when I shut the door.

As soon as..............................................................................................

She came in and inmediately went into the kitchen.

As soon as...............................................................................................

The teacher asked her a question. She left nervous.

When......................................................................................................

We couldn´t understand the e-mail message because it was in Russian.

Since........................................................................................................

Because of the rain we didn´t go out

As it.......................................................................................................

They are living tomorrow, so we are having dinner with tonight.

Because..................................................................................................

I´ll make up my mind. I´ll let you know.

As soon as...............................................................................................
We had to wait. The light wasn´t green.

Until.........................................................................................................

I arrived at the cinema. The film had already started.

By the time............................................................................................

The children couldn´t go to the playground because it was raining.

As............................................................................................................

You´ll come back toninght. Phone me them.

When........................................................................................................

She finished her homework. Then she went out for a walk.

After........................................................................................................

The plane took off before he got to the airport.

By the time he............................................................................................

He saw the room and he liked it.

When...........................................................................................................

First Ann put her purse into her handbag and then she went to the supermarket.

After..........................................................................................................

I don´t work as hard as you do.

You work.......................................................................................................

Although he was clever, he couldn´t solve the problem.

In spite of.........................................................................................................

What a pity! I can´t go to your party tomorrow.

I wish...............................................................................................................
“I won´t answer her question” he said.

He refused......................................................................................................

You make too many mistakes because you try to work too quickly.

If.......................................................................................................................

Someone delivered the letters safely.

The letters........................................................................................................

I advise you to visit the doctor as soon as possible.

You...................................................................................................................

Somebody is repairing my car.

I am....................................................................................................................

Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk.

Although...........................................................................................................

Ann felt ill, but inside on going for a walk.

Despite.............................................................................................................

You are sure they haven´t sold all the tickts.

They.................................................................................................................

He works in this garden most of the day.

He espends.......................................................................................................

Perhaps he didn´t hear what you said.

He might...........................................................................................................

Please don´t use the shower after midnight.

Would you mind...............................................................................................

I had only just wetered the garden when it began to rain.

Hardly...............................................................................................................

Peter´s advice to me was to sell the shares immediatly.

Peter suggested................................................................................................

If you practise regularly you will become more skilful.

Without............................................................................................................

It´s time to leave now.

I had better……………………………………………………………………………………………………

You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Jones.

Mrs. Jones is…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

As I get older, I want to travel less.

The older…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ann failed to understand how serious her illness was until she spoke to the

doctor.

Not until…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

If you don´t come home, you dinner will be waiting.

Unless…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

It´s not necessary for you to work on Saturdays.

You…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

If someone had called the fire-brigade immediately, the tragedy might be have been
avoided.

If the fire-brigade……………………………………………………………………………………………

I´m sure you have a good have time at the concert.

You………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It would have been a good idea take your umbrella.

You…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Drinking alcohol while you drive is prohibited by law.

You…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

It was wrong of the manager to employ 13 year-old children.

The manager………………………………………………………………………………………………

Although there are buses in L.A. very few people actually use them.

Despite……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

In spite of the fact that he is know for his comedies, Woody Allen is a very serious
director.

Although…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Will you post this letter on the way home?

Would you mind……………………………………………………………………………………………

You shouldn´t eat raw fruit very often.

You had…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Please don´t smoke in anymore!

Please stop……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

I prefer not to give any explanation!

I´d rather…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The technician is going to look at all our computers tomorrow.

We are..............................................................................................................

They will build a new town hall in our city next year.

We will.............................................................................................................
Our house is being painted at the moment.

We are..............................................................................................................

My advice is not rent a car for the weeding.

You ought.........................................................................................................

If I don´t feel better tomorrow, I´ll go to the hospital.

Unless..............................................................................................................

Psycology interests me.

I´m interested...................................................................................................

Claudia isn´t as thin as her sister Kate.

Her sister Kate.................................................................................................

He hates travelling by bus.

Ha can´t stand..................................................................................................

I haven´t smoked for three years ago.

I gave...............................................................................................................

“I haven´t seen Peter since Saturday night” said Laura.

Laura denied.....................................................................................................

Don´t go out with that boy again! Said Jane´s father.

Jane´s father warned her..................................................................................

That overcoat costs too much.

I can´t afford.....................................................................................................

He hates it if he has to study on Saturday afternoons.

He cant´ satnd..................................................................................................
If you don´t practise any sport, you will probably have a heart attack.

Unless...............................................................................................................

There is the woman. She cleans my house once a week.

There is.............................................................................................................

Somebody is asking for Peter on the phone.

Peter................................................................................................................

The teacher promised Mary a prize.

Mary.................................................................................................................

We believe that he has a special knowledge which may be useful to the police.

It.......................................................................................................................

Tina can´t come to the party and she´s my best friend.

I wish................................................................................................................

​
REPHRASING EXERCISES (REVIEW).-

Although it was raining, we didn´t take our umbrellas.

Despite…

We invited them to our party. We wanted them to have a good time. (so that)

The exam was so difficult that nobody passed it.

It was…

Michael is very good at handball. He is 20 years old.

Michael…
The bike was made in Italy. I´ve just bought it.

I´ve…

They have painted the house in 2 weeks.

The house…

It is said this house was built in 1900.

This house…

Charles said to us: “ I don´t remember your names”

Charles…

Frank said to his parents, “Don´t wait for me”

Frank…

We haven´t got much money and that´s a pity.

If only…

I didn´t run so I missed the bus.

I wish…

My brother started travelling 2 months ago.

My brother´s…

If we don´t go to bed now, we´ll be very tired tomorrow.

Unless…

It´s not a good idea for you to drive so fast.

If I…
You are not allowed to leave your bags here.

You…

It´s impossible for him to have left. (His coat is here).

He…

She´s told the dressmaker to shorten her dress.

She´s…

Susan wears too much make-up.

I wish…

I´ve never heard such a horrible story.

That´s…

Our seats aren´t as good as tours.

Your seats are…

“Ok, I´ll do it”, Jack said to us. (agree)

Jack…

“I´m sorry I didn´t tell you before”, Liz said to me. (apologize for)

Liz…

It is believed the village is haunted.

The village…

Kathy is going to the optician because she wants to test her eyes.

Kathy´s…
I´ve never seen such a boring film.

It´s…

He´s never been to New York before.

It´s…

The last time I went to Brussels was two years ago.

I haven´t…

I´m still eating.

I haven´t…

I started working there two years ago.

I´ve…

They haven´t won a competition for years.

It´s…

You´d better see a doctor.

If I…

He won´t help you if you don´t ask him.

Unless…

She went home early because she was exhausted

If…

I bought this coat and now I regret it.

I wish…
I can´t find my passport and I need it.

I wish…

My neighbours make a lot of noise.

I wish…

I didn´t see her, so I didn´t tell her.

If…

He phoned her. He wanted to invite her to dinner. (in order to)

He phoned her…

I kept the vase. I didn´t want the cat to break it. (so that)

I…

We write with a pen. (for)

A pen…

Although he has lived in Spain for years, he can´t speak Spanish.

In spite of…

It´s your birthday, so I´ll give you a present.

As…

The weather was so nice that we went to the beach.

It was…

He is taller than John.

John isn´t…
If you leave early, you´ll reach the office early.

The earlier…

Ann is the best dancer of all.

No other…

He was talking to somebody.

Dickens is my favourite writer.

We rarely travel by train.

PASIVE​
Turn from ACTIVE into PASSIVE:

1. The gardener has planted some trees. ….

Some trees have been planted by the gardener..
2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.”
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Someone has broken the crystal vase.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. His parents have brought him up to be polite.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Fleming discovered penicillin.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. They will advertise the product on television.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Someone is remaking that film.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. Picasso painted that picture.
…………………………………………………………
Turn from ACTIVE into PASSIVE:
1. Someone is helping her with the hosework.
………………………………………………………………..
10. A pickpocket robbed me.
……………………………………………………………….
11. The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.
……………………………………………………………….
12. A dog is chasing the cild.
……………………………………………………………….
13. My friend sent me an invitation.
……………………………………………………………….
14. The farmer is building a new barn.
……………………………………………………………….
15. The secretary has given Mrs. Jones some letters.
……………………………………………………………….
16. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.
……………………………………………………………….
17. Someone had broken our door down.
……………………………………………………………….
18. They chose him as the best actor of the year.
……………………………………………………………….

I) Turn form ACTIVE into PASSIVE as in the example:

1. He gave me a present
. a) I was given a present.
b) A present was given to me.
2. The waiter will bring us the bill
. a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
3. The Queen presented him with a medal.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
4. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
5. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
6. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
IMPERSONAL

A) Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the PASSIVE:
1. People say Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.
a) It is said that Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.
b) Tom Cruise is said to be the richest movie star.
2. Everybody thinks that Hakan is a good football player.
a) It ………………………………………………………………………. .
b) Hakan …………………………………………………………………. .
3. They say that his books are still popular.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………
. b) His books ……………………………………………………………….. .
4. They report that at least 10.000 dolphins are caught in the nets of tuna fishers every
year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………. .
b) At least 10.000 dolphins …………………………………………………. .
5. They estimate that 1500 square kilometers of rainforests is cut every year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………… .
b) 1500 square kilometers of rainforests ……………………………………… .
6. We knew that pencil lead is made from graphite, clay, water and wax.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Pencil lead …………………………………………………………………... .
7. They reported that the railway line was buried under tons of rock and earth.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………… .
b) The railway line ……………………………………………………………… .
8. People don’t think that inflation will go down.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Inflation ………………………………………………………………………..
9. People expect that the third bridge will be built over the Bosphorus Strait.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………… .
b) The third bridge ……………………………………………………………….. .
10. People believe that he is living abroad.
a) It ………………………………………………………………………………. .
b) He ……………………………………………………………………………… .
B) Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the PASSIVE: 1
. People expect that taxes will be reduced soon.
a) It …………………………………………………………… .
b) Taxes ………………………………………………………. .
2. People say that the monument is over 2000 years old.
a) It ………………………………………………………………… .
b) The monument ………………………………………………….. .
3. People expect that the president will resign.
a) It …………………………………………………………………. .
b) The president ……………………………………………………. .
4. People think the fire started at about 8 o’clock.
a) It …………………………………………………………………. .
b) The fire …………………………………………………………… .
5. Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire.
a) It ………………………………………………………………….
. b) Seven people …………………………………………………….. .
6. People say the bridge is unsafe.
a) It ………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The bridge ………………………………………………………… .
C) REPORT these rumours:
1. People say that the actress Tania Revesky has refused a part in the film Volcano.
a) It is said ……………………………………………………………………… .
b) The actress Tania Revesky ………………………………………………….. .
2. Her friends have reported that the newsreader Ann Slater is furious at losing her job.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The newsreader Ann Slater …………………………………………………. .
3. Lots of people believe that The Prime Minister and his wife are getting divorced.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The Prime Minister and his wife ……………………………………………. .
4. Journalists have said that The footballer Gary Johnson earns $ 1 million a year.
a) It ………………………………………………………………………………. .
b) The footballer Gary Johnson …………………………………………

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

1. Someone has already paid the electrician for his work.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2. They taught him French and gave him a dictionary.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. When we first met, they had already offered me a job at the bank.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. A man requested the stranger to leave the meeting.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. A young woman asked the rest of us to be there at eight o’clock.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. They had eaten all the dinner before they finished the conversation.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. Who wrote it?
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The author has written a special edition for children.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. Did the idea interest you?
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in?
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. The burglars had cut a huge hole in the steel door.
…………………………………………………………………………………
12. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.
…………………………………………………………………………………
13. When did they ring the church bells?
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. Does listening to music disturb you?
…………………………………………………………………………………
B) Read the following sentences and write another one with the same meaning:
1. It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. It is expected that the government will lose this election.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. It is claimed that he drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. It is believed that Maria will not win the prize.
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. It is considered that the 2008 Olimpic Games will be held in Turkey.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. It is said that our teacher is 55 years old.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. It is thought that Tom didn’t steal their rings.
………………………………………………………………………………….
14. It is claimed that this examination will be the most difficult one.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. It is believed that John will marry Ann at the end of this month.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
16. It is expected that people will live in Mars in 2050.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
C) Change these sentences into PASSIVE FORM:
1. People believe that the strike will end soon.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. People believe that the thieves got through the kitchen window.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. People say that the company is loosing a lot of money.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. When is he going to pay the taxes?
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Who has designed these buildings?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. How much do they spend on these activities?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. They broke a lot of plates while they were dancing?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Who invented the electric bulb?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. People believe that they are secret agents.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. People think that he takes harmful drugs.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Did they give you a great reception?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
12. Nobody sends her a card at Christmas.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Did anyone call an ambulance after the accident?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Will you pay the fine?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
SUBJECT : Reported Speech A) Change the following sentences from DIRECT to
INDIRECT SPEECH:
1. He said, “I will be here at noon.” He said that he would be here at noon.

2. Mary said, “The train will probably arrive on time.”

………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. He said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The doctor said, “Mr. Smith will improve quickly.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. William said to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a composition.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. John said, “I saw that movie on Wednesday.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Helen said, “I have read that book.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movie with you.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. John said, “I have finished studying my lesson.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Mary remarked, “John speaks English well.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. William said to me, “I will not see Mr. Jones until Tuesday.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Mr. Smith said, “I will refuse their offer.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
14. John said, “I certainly hope it won’t rain tomorrow.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Henry said, “I can meet them later.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
16. The boy said, “I am only eight years old.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
17. She said to me, “The lights have gone out.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
18. The man said, “The telephone is out of order.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
19. He said, “I will never speak to her again.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
20. I said to the clerk clearly, “I have already paid that bill.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
B) REPORT what the guests said at a wedding last Saturday:
1. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.” Miss Moore said (that) they would make a lovely
couple.
2. Mr. Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. [Link]: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Mr. Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
C) Write sentences about Jane’s trip to Paris:
1. We’re taking the nine o’clock plane. Jane told me they were taking the nine o’clock plane.
2. I’ll have to get up early.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t really like traveling by air.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
4. But it’s the easiest way to travel.
But she decided ……………………………………………………………………
5. We’re going to spend a week in Paris.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
6. I want to go up the Eiffel Tower.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
7. We’ve been to Paris before.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
8. But we didn’t see everything.
But she said ……………………………………………………………………….
9. I’ll send you a postcard.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
10. But I won’t write you a letter.
But she told me ……………………………………………………………………
11. I’m very excited!
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
12. We’ll be in Paris tomorrow!
The last thing she said was that ……………………………………………………
D) REPORT the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner:
1. What’s your name? The police-officer asked him what was his name was.
2. Did you see the robbers?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3 . What were they wearing?
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. How do you think they got in?
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What did they take?
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Has this ever happened before?
………………………………………………………………………………………

B) REPORT what the guests said at a wedding last Saturday:

1. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.” Miss Moore said (that) they would make a lovely
couple.
2. Mr. Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. [Link]: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Mr. Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

C) Write sentences about Jane’s trip to Paris:

1. We’re taking the nine o’clock plane. Jane told me they were taking the nine o’clock plane.
2. I’ll have to get up early.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t really like traveling by air.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
4. But it’s the easiest way to travel.
But she decided ……………………………………………………………………
5. We’re going to spend a week in Paris.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
6. I want to go up the Eiffel Tower.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
7. We’ve been to Paris before.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
8. But we didn’t see everything.
But she said ……………………………………………………………………….
9. I’ll send you a postcard.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
10. But I won’t write you a letter.
But she told me ……………………………………………………………………
11. I’m very excited!
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
12. We’ll be in Paris tomorrow!
The last thing she said was that ……………………………………………………

D) REPORT the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner:

1. What’s your name?
The police-officer asked him what was his name was.
2. Did you see the robbers?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What were they wearing?
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. How do you think they got in?
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What did they take?
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Has this ever happened before?
………………………………………………………………………………………
D) Turn the following dialogue into REPORTED SPEECH: Sally: Have you applied for the
job?
Sally asked Diane if she had applied for the job Diane: Yes, I had an interview yesterday. Diane
told her…………………………………….
Sally: How did it go? …………………………………………………….
Diane: Fine, but I’m wondering if I want ……………………………………………………. the job
because I will have to move ……………………………………………………. to Manchester.
…………………………………………………….
Sally: What will you do then? ……………………………………………………
Diane: If they offer me the job, I can’t …………………………………………………… accept it.
…………………………………………………….
E) Write what the family said at the dinner table:
1. Mother: “Does anyone want some more potatoes?” Mother asked if anyone wanted some
more potatoes.
2. Father: “Pass me the wine, Beth.”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Beth: “The chicken is very nice.”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Grandfather: “I’m going to start my diet tomorrow.”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Grandmother: “Don’t eat with your mouth open, Sam!”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Tim: “This is the best dinner I’ve had!”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Jean: “Is there any more salad, Mum?”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Sam: “I’m very hungry because I only had a sandwich for lunch today.”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Helen: “What are we having for dessert, Mum?”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Bob: “I don’t want anything else to eat.”
………………………………………………………………………………………………
F) Gavin has worked for Bisco Supermarkets for thirty years.
He can still remember his job interview after leaving school and he can remember the
questions that the interview asked him:
Example: “Where do you live?” She asked him where he lived.
“Have you worked before?” She asked him if he had worked before.
1. “Why do you want the job?” She asked him
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. “How did you hear about it?” She asked him
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. “Are you fit?” She asked him …………………………………………………………………………..
4. “Can you work on Saturdays?” She asked him
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. “How will you travel to work?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. “Have you got a bicycle?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. “How much do you expect to earn?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. “When can you start?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
G) What does the policeman want to know?
1. What’s your name?
The policeman wants to know what my name is.
2. What’s your job?
………………………………………………………………………..
3. Where do you work?
………………………………………………………………………..
4. Where do you live?
………………………………………………………………………..
5. Where were you yesterday?
………………………………………………………………………..
6. Why are you in London?
………………………………………………………………………..
7. When did you come?
………………………………………………………………………..
8. How did you come?
………………………………………………………………………..
9. Where’s your ticket?
……………………………………………………………………….
10. Have you ever been in London?
……………………………………………………………………….
11. Do you know anyone in London?
……………………………………………………………………….
12. Were you in London last month?
……………………………………………………………………….
13. Are you telling the truth?
……………………………………………………………………….
H) Tell your family what the doctor said:
1. “You really ought to stay in bed.” He said I ought to stay in bed.
2. “But you can get up for half an hour.”
……………………………………………………………………….
3. “You can leave here on Thursday.”
……………………………………………………………………….
4. “You ought to take some exercise.”
……………………………………………………………………….
5. “But you shouldn’t walk too much.”
……………………………………………………………………….
6. “You mustn’t run at all.” ………………………………………………………………………

Do the same:
1. Mary said, “I like Turkish pop music.”
……………………………………………………………………
2. The woman said, “It’s not my umbrella, mine is red.”
……………………………………………………………………
3. Tom said, “I have a sports car. It is red.”
……………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Brown said, “I don’t drive a car in the rush hour.”
……………………………………………………………………
5. Terry said, “I eat toasts for breakfast. They are made by my mother.”
……………………………………………………………………
6. Sue said, “The boy is looking at us. I don’t know him.”
……………………………………………………………………
7. John said, “I can swim well but I don’t have enough time to swim.”
……………………………………………………………………
8. My brother said to me, “I don’t want to carry your books!”
……………………………………………………………………
9. The teacher said, “If you don’t study regularly, you’ll fail.”
……………………………………………………………………
10. Mr. Green said, “I have to water my flowers twice a week.”
…………………………………………………………………….
11. Alice said, “I used to swim well but now I don’t.”
……………………………………………………………………..
12. Mr. Miller said, “I know your parents. I’ve met them in the meeti

Do the same: 1. Woman to the porter: “Carry my suitcases.”

……………………………………………………………………..
2. Policeman to a man: “Describe your car.”
…………………………………………………………………….
3. Mother to the boy: “Don’t hurt yourself.”
…………………………………………………………………….
4. The robber to the man: “Give me your money.”
…………………………………………………………………….
5. Teacher to the student: “Give me your book.”
…………………………………………………………………….
6. The man to us: “Don’t park here.”
……………………………………………………………………..
7. Woman to her husband: “Don’t forget to take your key.”
……………………………………………………………………..
8. Mr. Smith to her son: “Don’t put your books on this desk.”
……………………………………………………………………..
9. Young man to the young woman: “Give me one of your photographs.”
……………………………………………………………………..
10. The man to his son: “Hurry up! Don’t miss the bus!”
……………………………………………………………………..
11. The woman to her daughter: “Tidy your room, don’t waste your time.”

C) Wh- questions: Examples: * “What is the time?” he asked. He asked me what the time was.
* “Where do you live?” he asked Mary. How wanted to know where Mary lived. Do the same: 1.
He asked, “How long does it take you to have lunch?”
……………………………………………………………………….
2. He asked me, “What are you doing at the weekend?”
……………………………………………………………………….
3. She asked, “Why are you late, Tom?”
……………………………………………………………………….
4. My mother asked me, “Where is your umbrella?”
……………………………………………………………………….
5. The secretary asked the man, “Who do you want to see, sir?”
……………………………………………………………………….
6. The students asked, “What time does the bell ring?”
……………………………………………………………………….
7. He asked Tom, “What kind of films do you like watching?”
……………………………………………………………………….
8. The teacher asked the girl, “When do you have to be home?”
……………………………………………………………………….
9. They always asked, “Why don’t you let my cat in?”
……………………………………………………………………….
10. The passengers asked, “When did the last train leave?”
……………………………………………………………………….
11. He asked, “What will you do tomorrow, Jane?”
……………………………………………………………………….
D) Yes / No questions:
Examples: * “Are you busy?” he asked me. He asked me IF I was busy. * “Do you like banana?”
he asked his friends. He asked his friends IF they liked banana. Do the same:
1. She asked, “Do you live with your family, Helen?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. He asked, “Can I borrow your pen, Linda?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. He asked me, “Does your uncle live in England?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. Mary asked Lucy, “Will you come to my party tomorrow?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. Mark asked, “Did you phone me last night, John?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. He asked, “Is this yours or mine, David?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. She always asked me, “Must you always ask me what I’m doing?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. The teacher asked, “Are you listening to me?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. Mary asked, “Do you want me to help you, Larry?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
10. The officer asked, “Are you a foreigner? Can you spell your name?”
…………………………………………………………………………..

E) Change into INDIRECT SPEECH:

1. Bob says, “I want to play tennis this afternoon.”
………………………………………………………………………….
2. John says, “I haven’t seen my grandmother for a long time.”
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Cindy says to Alan, “Don’t come in with your dirty shoes.”
…………………………………………………………………………. 4. My father says, “Please, help
me in the garden.” ………………………………………………………………………….
5. “Don’t wipe your dirty fingers on my clean table cloth.” says his mother.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. “When does the bell ring?” asks John.
………………………………………………………………………….
7. Sandy asks Danny, “Why didn’t you tell her the truth?”
………………………………………………………………………….
8. “How long have you waited for me?” What does Charles ask Fiona?
………………………………………………………………………….
9. “Does it rain in winter in Somali?” What does the teacher ask?
………………………………………………………………………….
10. “Did you post the letter?” asks Rachel.
………………………………………………………………………….

F) Change into INDIRECT SPEECH: You can use AND, BUT, BECAUSE, ADD to join the
sentences.
1. Brenda said to Jimmy, “Please, turn off the TV. The film is boring.”
…………………………………………………………………………
2. “Wash your face and say GOOD MORNING to everybody.” says his mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. “Do your homework again. There are a lot of mistakes.” says the teacher to Kate.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. “Don’t waste your time! Finish studying.” says Mrs. Dawson to Barbara.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. “Brush your teeth. They look very dirty.” Her mother says to her.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. “Look out! There is a truck coming.” Kevin said to his daughter.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Janet told David, “This book looks boring. Give me another, please.”
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Mrs. Abbot told Jack, “Your hair is very long. Go and have a hair cut.”
…………………………………………………………………………
9. Mrs. Denman says to her son, “It is very hot. Don’t play in the sun.”
…………………………………………………………………………
10. Mr. Newman said to Nicky, “Don’t make a lot of noise. I want to listen to the news.”
…………………………………………………………………………
11. “Don’t turn it up. I have a headache.” says the mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
12. Sue told Andy, “Don’t shout! I’m not a deaf.”
…………………………………………………………………………
13. Terry said to Ashley, “Don’t speak German. Speak English. They can’t understand you.”
…………………………………………………………………………
14. “Please, be quiet! The baby is sleeping.” says Mrs. Newton to the children.
…………………………………………………………………………
15. “Will you please move aisde? I can’t watch television.” says John.
…………………………………………………………………………
16. Mark said, “I want to buy a new car. Ours is very old and spends a lot of petrol.”
…………………………………………………………………………
17. Tom said to Carol, “Can I borrow your dictionary. Mine is at home.”
…………………………………………………………………………
18. “Your hands are very dirty. Go to the bathroom and wash them.” says her mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
19. Sandy said to Danny, “Does your mother work? I see her on the bus everyday.”
…………………………………………………………………………
20. Tom told Jane, “I’m bored. Can we go to the cinema?”
…………………………………………………………………………
21. Sam said to Kate, “I’m broke. Can you lend me some money?”
…………………………………………………………………………
22. Mother said to her son, “Your friends are playing in the garden. Don’t you want to play with
them?” …………………………………………………………………………
23. Jim says to his son, “When will you go? You are very late for school.”
…………………………………………………………………………
24. “What have you cooked? I feel very hungry.” Tony said to his mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
25. “Why don’t you wash your car? It looks very dirty.” Mrs. Dawson said to John.
…………………………………………………………………………

Rewrite the sentences using UNLESS:

1. If you don’t go to Venice, you will never ride in a gondola.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the cinema.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. If you don’t go to a Chinese restaurant, you’ll never taste a Peking Duck.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. If you don’t go to Bursa, you’ll never climb Uludag.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. If you don’t go to India, you’ll never see Taj Mahal.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. If you don’t answer my question, I won’t go anywhere.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. I won’t let you go if you don’t give me my money back.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
8. I’ll call the police if you don’t go away.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
9. If you don’t complain the manager, you’ll always get bad service.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
10. If you don’t have enough money, you can’t buy this car.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
11. If he doesn’t work hard, he can’t pass his class.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
12. You won’t catch the bus if you don’t leave immediately.
………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Ayşe isn’t here.

I wish …………………………………………………………
2. She lives in İstanbul (and she hates it).
She wishes ……………………………………………………
3. He can’t give up smoking.
He wishes ……………………………………………………
If only ………………………………………………………..

4. I’m not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s a pity).

I wish …………………………………………………………
If only …………………………………………………………
5. They don’t know anything about cars (and their car has just been broken down).
They wish …………………………………………………….

6. He has pneumonia.
He wishes …………………………………………………….
If only …………………………………………………………
7. She has to work tomorrow (but she’d like to stay in bed).
She wishes ……………………………………………………
8. There is going to be an examination tomorrow.
If only …………………………………………………………
9. My brother doesn’t keep his room tidy.
I wish ………………………………………………………….
10. Sue doesn’t help with the housework.
Sue’s mother wishes …………………………………………..
11. Mary often plays the piano in the middle of the night.
Her neighbours wish …………………………………………..
[Link] ate too many cakes.
John: …….. I wish I hadn’t eaten too many cakes.……………………………………
2. Mr. Charles is not good-looking. Mr. Charles:
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Elizabeth broke her leg. Elizabeth:
………………………………………………………………………………
4. Alice’s students don’t work hard in her lesson. Alice:
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. It’s raining hard. Tom is wet and cold. Tom:
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Danny is smoking and Mary doesn’t like it. Mary:
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Tommy was rude to his boss yesterday. Tommy:
……………………………………………………………………………….
8. Mike crashed his dad’s car last night. Mike
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Barbara can’t type fast. She won’t get the job. Barbara:
……………………………………………………………………………….
10. Jack’s mother shouts at him all the time. Jack:
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Smith talks too much and his wife doesn’t like it. Smith’s wife:
………………………………………………………………………….
12. Luis’s car is very old but he can’t buy a new one. Luis:
…………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Mrs. Taylor stayed in the sun too long. Mrs. Taylor:
…………………………………………………………………………..
14. Sally is sad because she is poor. Sally:
…………………………………………………………………………………
15. Jackson drank too much last night. Jackson:
……………………………………………………………………………

RELATIVE CLASES
B) Make one sentence from two. Use WHO / THAT / WHICH :
1. A girl is now in hospital. She was injured in the accident.
A girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital……………………
2. A man told me you were away. He answered the phone.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. A waitress was very impolite and impatient.
She served us. ………………………………………………………………………………….
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. I saw the man. He closed the door.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. The girl is happy. She won the race.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
………………………………………………………………………………….
11. The woman was polite. She answered the phone.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. The man has a good voice. He sang at the concert.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. We enjoyed the actors. They played the leading roles.
………………………………………………………………………………….
14. The girl is hurt. She fell down the stairs.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. The student is in my class. He is walking with Ann.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
16. The police caught the thief. He stole the money.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
17. Is the river very large? It flows through that town.
………………………………………………………………………………….
18. There is a new house in our neighborhood. It has a swimming pool.
…………………………………………………………………………………
19. The man is at the bus stop. He fixed our refrigerator.
…………………………………………………………………………………
20. Who are those students? They are talking to Mrs. Hinton.
…………………………………………………………………………………
21. This is the package. It came in the mail today.
…………………………………………………………………………………
22. I like the songs. They tell about life in the country.
……………………………………………………………………
D) Join the sentences using WHO, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH or WHOSE: 1. She’s
the girl.
She works in the library.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Corfu is an island. It has many beautiful beaches.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Here’s the alarm clock. I bought it yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. I’ve spoken to John. His house was burgled last Monday.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. That’s the lady. Her jewellery was stolen.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. That is the radio. I won it in the competition.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. John is the man. His house was destroyed by the fire.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. There is the hospital. I was born there.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. That was the summer. I met my wife then.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. That is Fiona Webb. She is a famous dancer.
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. France is the country. The best wine is produced there.
…………………………………………………………………………………
12. 1945 was the year. The Second World War ended then.
…………………………………………………………………………………
13. That’s the hotel. I stayed there last summer.
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. August is the month. Most people go on holiday then.
………………………………………………………………………………

I) Combine the sentences using RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

1. Bob bought the car from a man. The man was the owner of the gallery.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The teacher asked me a question. It was taken from a story book.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Have you employed the man? I recommend him to you last week.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The book was very interesting. I borrowed it from the library yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. The girls are my classmates. We saw them at the cinema.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Alex took the gun out of his pocket. He saw the robbers running down the street.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. The students missed the quiz. They came to class late.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The flowers are still fresh. I picked them up this morning.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. There was a garden here. It was full of green trees. Now there are only two trees.
(Relative Clause / Used to)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. They played basketball at home. They broke the vase. It was very valuable. (While /
Relative Clause)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Gerry works for a company. It makes typewriter.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
12. This is Mrs. Green. Her daughter got married to a drummer.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
13. That man is an artist. I forgot his name.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
SUBJECT : Relative Clauses A) Join these sentences using suitable RELATIVE
PRONOUNS:
1. We have a neighbour. His dog barks a lot.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. I don’t know most of the people. You invited them for the party.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. My cousin is a journalist. Her job is interesting.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. That’s the parcel. It came in the mail.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. Do you know the man? I asked him the address.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. The boy is the travel agent. He is checking the tickets.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. The gardener’s wife has just had her third baby. She has been married for six years.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. The horse came in last. You were telling me about it.
………………………………………………………………………………
9. I can’t remember the town. I was born there.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. I apologized to the woman. I spilt her coffee.
………………………………………………………………………………
11. Did you mail the letters? They were on my table.
………………………………………………………………………………
12. The man teaches at the university. You met his daughter last night.
………………………………………………………………………………
13. We’re studying science. It helps us to find out a lot about the world around us.
………………………………………………………………………………
14. The man was very rich. He left a big tip for the waiter.
………………………………………………………………………………
15. The subject interested everyone. You wrote about it last week.
………………………………………………………………………………
16. Mrs. Fox belongs to an organization. It assista hospitals.
………………………………………………………………………………
17. You should go to Dr. Anderson. He’ll give you a common exam.
………………………………………………………………………………
18. We met a girl. Her name was unusual.
……………………………………………………………………………….
19. The story can’t possibly be true. He told it to us.
……………………………………………………………………………….
20. Did you buy the dress? It was very smart and expensive.
……………………………………………………………………………….
21. That’s the dog. It can understand everything.
……………………………………………………………………………….
22. My friend invited a lot of visitors. His house is very large.
……………………………………………………………………………….
23. The bus was very crowded. I took it this morning.
……………………………………………………………………………….
24. My girlfriend is very beautiful. Her eyes are green.
………………………………………………………………………………
25. Bring me the books. I forgot them on my table.
………………………………………………………………………………
1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. He was a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………………
B) Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and a noun:
1. They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. She managed to write, even though her hand was injured. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. All the trains were on time, even though the snow was heavy. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Our coach didn’t arrive late, even though the traffic was terrible. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. A lot of people buy those houses, even though the prices are high. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. He stayed up late, even though he was very tired. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. I didn’t buy the car, even though I had the money. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. He stayed outside in the cold weather, even though he felt ill. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. People continue to smoke, even though they know the dangers. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Gerund or Infinitive A) Use the GERUND to connect the following:
1. Peter’s sometimes late. He can’t help it. …………Peter can’t help being late.
…………………………………………..
2. Gordon has to get up early. He dislikes it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Paul asked Mary to come home. He remembers it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Jill occasionally speaks Spanish. She can’t avoid it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Jim didn’t take his holiday until June. He delayed it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Jim was speaking French when Bob came in. He stopped.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Jim wanted to see the race. He didn’t want to miss it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. You may have an accident if you drive that car. You risk it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. I wouldn’t like to work in an office. I don’t fancy it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. I spent all my money. I regret it, because I’ve got none left now.
………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Henry has his lunch very late. He is used to it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. John saw the girl. He denies it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. I had dinner with a film star. I’ll never forget it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Richard took the books home with him. He admitted it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Mary wanted to have dinner at a restaurant. She suggested it.
………………………………………………………………………………….
16. You should speak English all the time. You should practise it.
………………………………………………………………………………….

B) Complete the sentences using the GERUND (after prepositions):

1. David is studying. He’s bored.
………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Gordon likes to watch football. He’s keen.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Peter wants to learn English. He’s interested.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Sheila keeps her own room tidy. She’s responsible.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Sally will visit her aunt. She’s excited.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Swan will meet Gordon. She is looking forward.
………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Paul doesn’t want to be misunderstood. He’s afraid.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Jane has to do the housework by herself. She’s tired.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9. John has to get up early. He is used.
………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Tom passed all his exams. He succeeded.
………………………………………………………………………………….

A) Rewrite the sentences using the modals of CERTAINTY, IMPOSSIBILITY and POSSIBILTY:
1. Perhaps Jane will lend Tom some money.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Perhaps Jane lent Tom some money.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. It is possible that she won’t invite you to the party.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
 4. It is possible that she didn’t invite him to the party.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Perhaps she is asleep.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Perhaps she was asleep.
……………………………………………………………………………………
. 7. I’m sure he isn’t tired.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8. I’m sure he wasn’t tired.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
9. It is impossible that Mary knows my phone number.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
10. It is impossible that Mary knew his address.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
11. I’m sure she reads adventure books a lot.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
12. I’m sure she wrote to the bank.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Maybe those children are lost.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Maybe those children were lost.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
15. Perhaps Mary is feeling comfortable.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
16. I’m sure she is driving carefully.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
17. It is impossible that Lucy is studying in her room.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
18. I’m sure he isn’t helping his father now.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
19. It is possible that people will be traveling between the planets.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
B) Rewrite using modals to show CERTAINTY, POSSIBILITY, IMPOSSIBILITY:
1. Perhaps Peter lended some money to Linda.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. It is impossible that Ken saw me because he wasn’t wearing his glasses.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Perhaps Martin didn’t receive my letter because he didn’t reply.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. I’m sure he knows about the new project.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. It’s impossible that he forgot the meeting. Because I called him this morning.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
 6. It’s possible that she will move to her new flat next week.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Tom gets excellent grades. I’m sure he is very intelligent.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Perhaps Tony is in the sports center.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. It’s possible that Liz won’t come to the party.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. It’s possible that Rose is studying to be a lawyer.
………………………………………………………………………………..
5. It’s impossible that he is Canadian; I’ve ever seen his identity card.
………………………………………………………………………………..
6. I’m sure he goes to the theatre a lot.
……………………………………………………………………………….
7. I’m sure long skirts aren’t in fashion this year.
………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Perhaps she won’t be here tomorrow.
………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Their baby-boy is ill. It is impossible that they are going to the party.
………………………………………………………………………………..
10. I’m sure he is taking the money to the bank.
………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Perhaps people will be living on the moon in the future.
………………………………………………………………………………..
12. It is possible that it will rain this afternoon.
………………………………………………………………………………

Conditionals 139 Conditional sentences: type I PEG 221 Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct form.

1 I'll look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.

2 If you (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object).

3 I'll wash the glasses in this nice hot water. ~ No, don't. If you (put) them into very hot water
they (crack).

4 If you (see) Tom tell him I have a message for him.

5 If he (win) he (get) Ј1,000; if he (come) in second he (get) Ј500.

6 If you (feel) too hot during the night turn down the central heating.
 7 Tom: Jack is a translator; he translates 1,000 words a day and gets Ј100 a week, which he
says isn't enough to live on. Bill:

Well, if he (want) more money he (have) to do more work. Advise him to translate 2,000 words a
day.

8 If you (finish) with your dictionary I'd like to borrow it.

9 Jack (in canoe): Watch me! I'm going to stand up! Tom (on the bank): He's an idiot! If he
(stand) up in the canoe it (capsize).

10 The lift wasn't working when I was here last. If it still (not work) we (have) to use the stairs.

11 I shan't wake if the alarm clock (not go) off.

12 I shan't wake unless I (hear) the alarm.

13 If you'd like some ice I (get) some from the fridge.

14 He's only sixteen but he wants to leave school at the end of the term. ~ If he (leave) now he
(be) sorry afterwards.

15 I expect it will freeze tonight. ~ If it (freeze) tonight the roads (be) very slippery tomorrow.

16 That book is overdue. If you (not take) it back to the library tomorrow you (have) to pay a
fine.

17 Unless Tom (take) his library book back tomorrow he (have) to pay a fine.

18 You'd better take the day off if you (not feel) well tomorrow.

19 If a driver (brake) suddenly on a wet road he (skid).

20 If you (like) I (get) you a job in this company.

21 If you (like) a job in this company, I'll get you one.

22 My dog never starts a fight. He never growls unless the other dog (growl) first.

23 You can use my phone if yours (not work).

24 If you (not know) the meaning of a word you may use a dictionary.

25 If Jack (refuse) to help we'll have to manage without him.

26 If Jack (not help) we'll have to manage without him.

27 (Tom is putting his coat on.) Ann: If you (go) out would you buy me some cigarettes?

28 Henry can't count. ~ Why you (employ) him as a cashier if he can't count?

29 The police will test the knife for fingerprints. If your fingerprints are on it you (be) charged
with murder.

30 Tom: I hate my job Peter: If you (hate) it why you (not change) it?

31 You can ask for a continental breakfast if you (not want) a full breakfast.

32 If you (hear) from Tom could you please let me know?

33 Caller: Could I speak to Mr Jones, please? Secretary: If you'd wait a moment I (see) if he's
in.

34 I'm not expecting any messages, but if someone (ring) while I am out could you say that I'll
be back by 6.00?

35 (Notice in a box of chocolates): Every care has been taken with preparation and packing, but
if these chocolates (reach) you in a damaged condition please return them to us and we will
send you another box.

36 If you (care) to see some of his drawings I (send) them round to your office. 140 Conditional
sentences: type I PEG 221 Part I Drill: reply to the following sentences as shown in the
example:

If Tom meets us at the station we'll be all right. But what'll we do if he doesn 't meet us?

1 If he pays me tonight, I'll have enough money for the tickets.

2 If I get a work permit, I'll stay for another six months.

3 If I pass this exam, I'll go to the university next October.

4 If he agrees to let me go on working after marriage, I'll marry him (Use refuse.)

5 I'm going to say to the boss, I can't work with Smith. Either I go or he goes. You'll have to
choose between us.

6 If I can find a cheap room I'll stay a fortnight.

7 Your parachute should open after ten seconds.

8 Provided you remember the password you'll be in no danger. (Use forget.)

9 Tell the police the truth. I'm sure they'll believe you.

10 If the baby is a girl we're going to call her Ann.

11 If we get a lift we'll be in time.

12 If London airport is clear of fog we'll land there.

13 If Tom helps us the job will only take half an hour.

14 I haven't got a key but Jack will let us in if he is at home.

15 If the ice is thick enough we'll be able to walk across the river.

16 The sands are quite safe as long as you don't walk on them when the tide is coming in.

17 If it's fine tomorrow we'll go for a walk.

18 Driver (having just changed a wheel): We'll be all right provided we don't have another
puncture.

Part 2 Rewrite the following sentences replacing would like by like and making any
necessary changes.

If you'd like to wait you can wait here. If you like you can wait here or You can wait here if you
like.

1 If you'd like a copy of the book, I can get you one. (If you like, I. . .)

2 If you'd like me to ask if there are any vacancies I will. (If you like, I'll...)

3 If you'd like to see the photographs, I'll bring them round tonight.

4 If you'd like me to give you a hand, I will.

5 If you'd like to watch the procession from my balcony, you can.

6 If you'd like to see London from the air, I'll arrange a helicopter trip for you.

7 You knitted a very nice sweater for Tom. ~ Yes, if you'd like me to knit you one I will.

8 If you'd like to borrow my car, you can.

9 I'll come back and finish it tomorrow if you'd like me to.

10 If you'd like Ann to type it again, I'll ask her to.

11 If you'd like an application form, I'll get you one.

12 If you'd like me to go with you, I will.

13 I'll paint the front door blue, if you'd like that.

14 If you'd like to leave the washing-up till tomorrow, you can.

15 If you'd like to postpone the trip till next week, we'll do that.

16 If you'd like me to ask him to our next party, I will.

17 If you'd like to meet the President, I will arrange it.

18 If you'd like to go sailing tomorrow, we will.

141 Conditional sentences: type 2 PEG 222 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form. 1 Of course I'm not going to give her a diamond ring.

If I (give) her a diamond ring she (sell) it.

2 Tom: I woke up to find the room full of smoke; but I knew exactly what to do. Ann: If I (wake)
up to find the room full of smoke I (have) no idea what to do.

3 Ann: I couldn't live without Tom. If he (go) off with another girl I (pine) away and die. But I have
complete confidence in Tom.

4 Husband: But I'm not going on a diet. Why should I go on a diet? Wife: If you (go) on a diet
you (lose) weight.

5 If someone (say), I'll give you Ј500 to go into court and swear that this statement is true, what
you (do)?

6 If we (work) all night we (finish) in time; but we have no intention of working all night.

7 You must never blow out a gas light. Do you know what (happen) if you (blow) out a gas light?

8 If I (see) a tiger walking across Hyde Park I (climb) a tree. ~ That (not be) any use. The tiger
(climb) after you.

9 If I (come) across two men fighting with knives I (call) the police. ~ But this is a very peaceful
area.
10 Ann: All your clothes are years out of date. Why don't you throw them away? Mary: Don't be
ridiculous! If I (throw) my clothes away I (have) to ask my husband for Ј1,000 to buy new ones.
11 Ann: If you (ask) him for Ј1,000 what he (say)?

12 Mary: He (be) too horrified to speak at first. But when he'd recovered from the shock, he
probably (start) talking about a divorce.

13 If someone (ring) my doorbell at 3 a.m. I (be) very unwilling to open the door.

14 If I (see) a python in Piccadilly I (assume) it had escaped from a circus.

15 Tom: The plane was on fire so we baled out. Ann: I don't think I (have) the nerve to do that
even if the plane (be) on fire.

16 We train the children to file out of the classroom quietly, because if a whole class (rush) at
the door someone (get) hurt.

17 Why don't you buy a season ticket?- Because I lose everything. If I (buy) a season ticket I
(lose) it.

18 Why don't you bring your car to work? If I (have) a car I (bring) it to work.

19 Jack: They get Ј150 a week. Tom: They can't get Ј150 a week. If they (do) they (not be)
striking for Ј120.

20 Ann: George is fourteen. Tom: He must be older than that. He's in a full-time job. If he (be)
only fourteen he still (be) at school.

21 He is staying at the Savoy in London. ~ Is he very rich? ~ I suppose he is. If he (be) a poor
man he (not stay) at the Savoy.

22 If I (have) heaps of money I (drink) champagne with every meal.

23 If you (drink) champagne with every meal you soon (get) tired of it.

24 Prime Minister on golf course: I'm not at all worried about the situation. If I (be) worried I not
(play) golf at this moment.

25 But I don't want to buy an elephant! ~ I know that. But where you (go) if you (do) want to buy
one?

26 Why don't you get a cat? If you (keep) a cat the mice (not run) about everywhere.

27 What time of year do you think it is in this picture? Summer? ~ No, it must be winter. If it (be)
summer the people (not sit) round that big fire.
28 Tom: Oh yes, I heard the phone ringing. Peter: Well, if you (hear) the phone ringing why you
(not answer) it? (Be careful; this is not a true conditional sentence.)

29 Your notes are almost illegible. Why don't you type them? If you (type) them they (be) a lot
easier to read. 30 If only we (have) a light! It's depressing waiting in darkness!

31 A university degree is a useful thing. If I (have) a university degree I now (sit) in a

comfortable office instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers.

32 I (be) very grateful if you kindly (sign) this document and let me have it back as soon as
possible.

33 If the earth suddenly (stop) spinning we all (fly) off it.

34 Why are you so late? ~ We got stuck in a snowdrift! Luckily a lorry-driver saw us and towed
us out. But for him we still (be) there!

35 We didn't exactly break down. We had a puncture. ~ But if it (be) only a puncture why you
(not change) the wheel and come on? (See 28 above.)

36 I have no particular desire to win the Football Pools. If I (win) an enormous sum everybody
(write) to me asking for money.

42 Conditional sentences: type 2 PEG 222 Rewrite these sentences, using an if

construction. He smokes too much; perhaps that's why he can't get rid of his cough. If he didn
't smoke so much he might get rid of his cough or If he smoked less he might (be able to) get rid
of his cough.

1 She is very shy; that's why she doesn't enjoy parties.

2 He doesn't take any exercise; that's why he is so unhealthy.

3 I haven't the right change so we can't get tickets from the machine.

4 They speak French to her, not English, so her English doesn't improve.

5 He doesn't work overtime, so he doesn't earn as much as I do.

6 My number isn't in the directory so people don't ring me up.

7 The police are not armed so we don't have gun battles in the streets.

8 The shops don't deliver now, which makes life difficult.

9 He's very thin; perhaps that's why he feels the cold so much.
10 We haven't any matches so we can't light a fire.

11 It's a pity we haven't a steak to cook over our camp fire.

12 I'm fat; that's why I can't get through the bathroom window.

13 He doesn't help me, possibly because I never ask him for help.

14 I can't drive so we can't take the car.

15 We have no ladder so we can't get over the wall.

16 My friend advised me to sell it. (My friend said. If 1. . . you 1. . . )

17 I haven't much time so I read very little.

18 They don't clean the windows so the rooms look rather dark.

19 He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart.

20 He doesn't pay his staff properly; perhaps that's why they don't work well.

21 We haven't got central heating, so the house is rather cold.

22 I have no dog, so I don't like being alone in the house at night.

23 He spends hours watching television; that's why he never has time to do odd jobs in the
house.

24 I haven't got a vacuum cleaner; that's why I'm so slow.

25 I don't know his address, so I can't write to him.

26 He never shaves; that's the only reason he looks unattractive.

27 You work too fast; that's why you make so many mistakes.

28 I can't park near my office; that's why I don't come by car.

29 I live a long way from the centre; that's why I am always late for work. 30 I haven't a map so I
can't direct you.

31 People drive very fast. That's why there are so many accidents.

32 English people speak very quickly. Perhaps that's why I can't understand them.
33 My house is guarded by two Alsatian dogs. That's the only reason it isn't broken into every
night.

34 The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.

35 You don't wipe your feet, so you make muddy marks all over the floor. 36 I live near my
office, so I don't spend much time travelling to work.

143 Conditional sentences: type 3 PEG 223 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
tenses.

1 If he (not take) his gloves off he (not get) frost bitten.

2 She was sent to prison only because she refused to pay the fine; if she (pay) the fine she (not
be) sent to prison.

3 He didn't tell me that he was a vegetarian till halfway through the meal. If he (tell) me earlier I
(cook) him something more suitable.

4 I had no map; that's why I got lost. If I (had) a map I (be) all right.

5 Why didn't you say that you were short of money? If I (know) I (lend) you some.

6 It's lucky he had his torch with him. If he (not have) it he (fall) down the cellar steps.

7 The job is much worse than I expected. If I (realise) how awful it was going to be I (not accept)
it.

8 It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him. He would still be alive today if He (not take)
that drug.

9 This room's freezing because the fire has only just been lit. ~ If it (be lit) this morning, as I
suggested, the room would be warm enough to sit in now.

10 I overslept; that's why I'm half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) at nine o'clock I might
still be in bed.

11 It was rather a dull game so I left before the end; if I (wait) another five minutes I (see)
Chelsea scoring a really exciting goal.

12 The paraffin heater was perfectly safe. There (not be) a fire if the children (not knock) it over.
13 It's a pity he never patented his invention. If he (patent) it he (make) a lot of money.

14 The fog came down suddenly and I suppose they didn't know which way to turn; if only they
(have) a map and compass with them they (not be) drowned.
15 He asked his parents for a loan but he didn't say what he wanted the money for, so they
refused. I think if he (tell) them that he wanted to open a restaurant they (agree).

16 The accident was mainly Tom's fault. He was driving much too close to the car in front. If he
(be) further away he (be able) to stop in time.

17 The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather (be)
good they (launch) it at 8.30 instead of at 9.00.

18 Why did you throw away those newspapers? I hadn't finished with them. ~ I'm sorry. If I
(know) you were still reading them I (not throw) them away.

19 I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know) I (bring) my dog.
He (enjoy) the walk.

20 Most people (attend) the union meeting if they had had longer notice of it.

21 He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to do with the salary. He (refuse) even if
they (offer) him twice as much.

22 The club secretary is useless. He never tells anybody anything. We (not know) about this
meeting if the chairman (not tell) us.

23 When the director asked her to play the lead she agreed though she didn't know anything
about the play. I think that if she (read) the play first she (refuse) the part.

24 The burglar made quite a lot of noise getting into the house; but fortunately for him the family
were watching a noisy TV play. If they (play) cards they certainly (hear) him.

25 If you had been there what you (do)? 26 It rained, which spoiled our picnic; but if it (not rain)
it (be) a great success.

27 Why are you in such a bad temper? ~ Because I've been waiting for 40 minutes in an icy
wind. If you (wait) 40 minutes in an icy wind you'd be bad-tempered, too.

28 You used wet sticks; that's why the fire took so long to light. If you (use) dry sticks it (light)
long ago.

29 I didn't recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he (not wear) them I
(recognize) him immediately.

30 You knew that horse was going to win! ~ Don't be ridiculous! If I (knew) I (back) him myself.

31 Why didn't you phone from the village?- Because there was no phone in the village. If there
(be) of course we (phone) from there.
32 When the weather got bad the climbing party turned back, all except Tom and his brothers,
who decided to go on. If only they (turn) back with the others they would be alive today.

33 He was not very happy at school because" he was a bookish boy, not at all interested in
games. If he (play) games like the other boys he (have) a much better time.

34 We had to stand almost all the way. It was all Tom's fault. If he (book) seats, as I told him to,
we (have) quite a comfortable journey.

35 We were travelling with false passports. That was the trouble. If our passports (be) all right
we (not be) arrested.

36 They voted by a show of hands and decided in favour of a strike. But it was by a narrow
margin and I think that if they (hold) a secret ballot there (not be) a strike.

Conditional sentences: type 3 PEG 223 Rewrite these sentences using an if

construction. You didn't tell me we had run out of bread, so I didn't buy any. If you had
told me we had run out of bread I'd have bought some.

1 I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop.

2 I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring. 3 She didn't know you were in hospital, so she
didn't visit you.

4 We only came by bus because there were no taxis.

5 She didn't speak to him, possibly because she was so shy.

6 Landlord: She threatened to set fire to her flat; that's the only reason I asked her to leave.

7 We didn't visit the museum because we hadn't time.

8 I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn't working.

9 We didn't listen carefully; perhaps that's why we made this mistake.

10 We got a lift, so we reached the station in time.

11 You washed it in boiling water; that's why it shrank.

12 We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable.

13 His own men deserted him; that's the only reason why he failed.

14 They were driving very quickly. That's why the accident was so terrible.
15 It was raining. That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach.

16 When I bought this house I didn't realize that in summer planes skimmed the roof every five
minutes. {If I (knew) . . . Knot buy) etc.)

17 Tom's father was on the Board. That's the only reason he got the job.

18 He wasn't looking where he was going. That's why he was run over.

19 I don't like country life, perhaps because I wasn't brought up in the country.

20 I didn't know he was so quarrelsome. I'm sorry now that I invited him.

21 It rained all the time. Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit.

22 I didn't work hard at school so I didn't get a good job when I left.

23 They used closed-circuit television. That's how they spotted the shop-lifter.

24 They asked him to leave the dining-room because he wasn't wearing a shirt.

25 It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly marked.

26 We didn't go by air only because we hadn't enough money. 27 The bus didn't stop because
you didn't put your hand up.

28 He turned up at the interview looking so disreputable and unshaven that they didn't give him
the job.

29 I didn't know how thin the ice was, so I was walking on it quite confidently.

30 The champion didn't take the fight seriously at first; perhaps that's why he didn't win it.

31 They got the children back alive only because they paid the ransom at once.

32 The examiner read the passage very quickly, so the candidates didn't understand it.

33 They weren't wearing life-jackets; perhaps that's why they were drowned.

34 He didn't get to the top of his profession, perhaps because his wife didn't encourage him.

35 The exit doors were blocked so people couldn't escape from the burning hall.

36 The astronauts didn't walk very far on the moon because they were hampered by the thick
dust.
145 Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221-8 Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct forms.

1 I've hung out the clothes. It's lovely and sunny; if it (stay) like this they (be) dry in two hours.

2 French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know) French they (not
understand) half the callers.

3 How did you do in the car rally? ~ We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If
we (not got) lost we (come) in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not be) last.

4 I wasn't really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldn't map-read.
~ But if you (know) that why you (take) him as navigator?

5 This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy.

6 A group of spectators, including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When
we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the
spectators. If there (not be) a goal the crowd (not cheer).

7 If the crowd (not cheer) we (not run) back up the stairs to see what had happened.

8 If we (not run) back we (not crash) into the rest of the spectators on their way down, and there
(not be) this frightful accident.

9 If the pain (return) you'd better take another pill.

10 If you aren't going to live in the house why you (not sell) it? If I (have) a house I couldn't use I
(sell) it at once.

11 No, I didn't know any Russian at that time. ~ But if you (not know) Russian why you (offer) to
give him Russian lessons? ~ Because I knew that he (refuse). He always rejected my offers.

12 Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave) it outside someone (steal) it.

13 Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If pedestrians (wear) light coloured
clothes drivers (see) them much more easily.

14 She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she (not
love) him she (not wait) so long.

15 He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he (look) strong he
(be) expected to dig all day like everyone else.
16 The government are talking of pulling the village down to make room for an airport. ~ If they
(start) doing it the village people (resist)?

17 If you are catching an early train tomorrow you (like) to have breakfast at 7.00? 18 We'll
have to break the ice on the pond; otherwise the ducks (not be able) to swim. And if they (not be
able) to swim they (not be able) to get food. (Use can/could forms where possible.)

19 When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didn't like it at all. They (be) much
happier if he (become) a greengrocer like his father.

20 They still say that if he (go) into the greengrocery business when he left school he (be)
comfortably off now instead of being poor.

21 But he says that if he (have) his life again he (make) the same choice.

22 So many parcels and no baskets! If I (know) that we were going to buy so much I (bring) a
basket.

23 No one bathes here. The water is heavily polluted. If you (bathe) in it you (be) ill for a
fortnight.

24 I can hear the speaker all right but I wish I could see him too. ~ If he (stand) on a barrel we
all (see) him and that (be) much better.

25 Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again! If I (be) Tom I (get) a new battery.

26 I expect you'll see Jack at the lecture tonight. If you (do) you please (remind) him about
tomorrow's meeting?

27 The headmaster decided that Peter was the culprit and expelled him from the school. A
more intelligent man (realize) that Peter couldn't have been guilty. (If the headmaster had been
more intelligent he . . . .)

28 But I blame the real culprit even more. If he (admit) his guilt Peter (not be) expelled.

29 The only thing I haven't got is a balcony. If I (have) a balcony I (grow) plants in pots. Then my
flat (be) perfect! 30 Jack rang while you were out. ~ Oh dear! If I (know) he was going to ring I
(stay) at home.

31 My unmarried friends are always telling me how to bring up my children. I sometimes think
that if they (have) children they (make) just as many mistakes as I do.

32 (At a cinema) Ann: Don't worry. They get married in the end. Mary: Then you've seen it
before' If you (tell) me that we (go) to something else!
33 Be careful about the time. If you (spend) too long on the first question you (not have) enough
time to do the others properly.

34 We had a lot of trouble putting the tent up. If it (not be) so windy perhaps it (not be) quite so
difficult.

35 Ann (sitting beside her open fire): I love open fires; if I (have) nothing but a radiator to sit
beside I (get) quite depressed.

36 Lucy, a student at a residential college: Couldn't I leave the hostel and get a flat, mother?
Mother: No, you couldn't. I know very well what (happen) if you (have) a flat. You (play) the
guitar all night and (miss) your classes in the morning; then you (fail) your exams and (have) to
repeat the year. And you (not feed) yourself properly and (get) run down. And then you (catch)
some infection and (die) of it, and we (have) to leave this district as the neighbours (keep)
saying that we had caused you death by letting you have your own way!

146 Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221-8 Finish the following sentences.

1 If you had a carpet on the stairs ....

2 If you should see a snake . . . .

3 If I lived in the country ....

4 If you want to get to the station in time to catch the 8.10 train ....

5 He was sleepwalking. When I saw him going towards the window I stopped him. If I hadn't
stopped him ....

6 She is simply terrified of rats. If she hears the rats running round your attics she . . . .

7 The milk wouldn't have turned sour if . . . .

8 They were completely lost and didn't know which way to turn; but for the dog . . . .

9 If you took a course in computer programming ....

10 Jack (trying to phone Peter): I can hear the phone ringing. Peter must be out. If he were in he

11 If we have another puncture .... .

12 I could have walked more quickly if my suitcase ....

13 My room would be all right if it ....

14 If you aren't going to use the car tomorrow, . . . ?

15 If you don't like films why . . . ?

16 There were plenty of fish in the bay; if we'd had fishing lines ... .

17 The hijackers threatened to kill the pilot unless he ....

18 We'll test your voice and if it is good enough ....

19 If buses and trains were free ....

20 If children were allowed to do exactly as they liked in school ... .

21 I'd have taken a photograph if ....

22 Your job sounds awful.

If I were you ....

23 If you thought he was unreliable why . . . ?

24 If I'd known that there was going to be an electricity strike I . . .

25 If the price of petrol goes up ....

26 You can camp in this field provided .. 27 Unless you isolate people with infectious diseases
....

28 Everyone was going much too fast. The pile-up wouldn't have be nearly so terrible if the
drivers . ...

29 They would have paid you more if . ...

30 If you don't boil the water before you drink it ....

31 He expected absolute punctuality. He was furious if ....

32 If you lived on the 40th floor and there was a power strike ....

33 We could have got seats ....

34 Mother to little boy: If you don't eat up your nice rice pudding ....

35 Tom (looking at his watch): We'll have to go

1. The manager has offered the salespeople a bonus.

A bonus ...............................................................................................................................

2. Greg is showing his friends the new computer game.

The new computer game ...................................................................................................

3. You must give the plants some water.

Some water ..........................................................................................................................

4. Why did the students write that?

Why was ..............................................................................................................................?

5. You should post these letters.

These letters .......................................................................................................................

6. Somebody has stolen all the money from the box office.

All the money ..............................................................................................................

7. People believe that Shakespeare was born on 23rd April.

Shakespeare ...................................................................................

8. London will fascinate you.

You ..............................................................................................................................................
9. They will tell her the news tomorrow morning.

The news ................................................................................................................................

10. People considered the government had spent too much.

The government ....................................................................................................................

11. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.

Eating fruit ..................................................................................................................................

12. Ancient Romans believed that dolphins carried souls to heaven.

Dolphins ....................................................................................................................................

13. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.

The Chinese .................................................................................................................................

14. Nobody could find the lost climber.

The lost climber ....................................................................................................................

15. They are building a new car park in the neighbourhood.

A new car park ....................................................................................................................

16. People believe that the Loch Ness Monster really existed.

The Loch Ness ...............................................................................................................

16. Will Tom design the school building?

Will ......................................................................................................................................

17. Are they going to revise the school rules?

Are .........................................................................................................................................?

18. I took my ring to the jeweller’s.

My ring ...........................................................................................................................................

19. Nobody must open this door.

This door .................................................................................................................................

20. They are going to give them another opportunity.

Another opportunity ...............................................................................................................

PASSIVE AND “HAVE SOMETHING DONE” . SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION.

1. The mechanic changed the oil in my car.

I ..............................................................................................................

2. The hairdresser is going to cut my hair in a different style.

I ..............................................................................................................

3. A decorator has repainted our house.

We ..............................................................................................................

4. An electrician will repair my DVD player next week.

I ..............................................................................................................

5. The dentist is going to take my sister’s tooth out.

My sister ..............................................................................................................

6. The doctor took my dad’s blood pressure.

My dad ..............................................................................................................

7. The vet vaccinated my dog.

I ..............................................................................................................

8. The mechanic is repairing my car.

I ..............................................................................................................

9. A naughty boy broke Jim’s shop window.

Jim ..............................................................................................................
10. Did your brother fix your motorbike?

Did ...........................................................................................................

11. Did the policeman question the robber?

Was ..............................................................................................................

12. People said that he won a prize.

He ..............................................................................................................

13. Are people logging on Facebook at the moment?

Is ..............................................................................................................

14. Can some doctors cure some kinds of cancer?

Can ..............................................................................................................

15. You must do all these exercises by tomorrow.

All these exercises ..............................................................................................................

16. Somebody should have looked at the weather forecast.

The weather forecast ..............................................................................................................

17. Why didn’t anybody remind me of this?

Why ..............................................................................................................

18. My best friend told me the most extraordinary secret.

The most extraordinary secret ........................................................................................................

19. Many people believe that he committed the crime.

He ..............................................................................................................

20. Everybody supposes that the crisis will last too long.

The crisis ..............................................................................................................

21. Some people say that she was an unfaithful wife.

She ..............................................................................................................

22. A neighbour is feeding our dog while we are away.

Our dog ..............................................................................................................

23. Will they send the letters?

Will the ..............................................................................................................

24. Did they take your aunt to hospital in an ambulance?

Was ......................................................................................................................

25. I think John has taken my camera.

I think .............................................................................................

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. Conditional clauses and wishes.

1 Andrew is a boring person because he works all the time.

If Andrew .......................................................................

2 You can’t look the word up because you don’t have a dictionary.

If you .......................................................................

3 Your back is aching so you can’t play tennis.

If your back .......................................................................

4 He is very clumsy so he has got a lot of accidents.

He wouldn’t .......................................................................

5 Claire can’t find the way because he hasn’t got a map.

Claire would .......................................................................

6 She won’t marry Henry because she doesn’t love him.

If she .......................................................................

7 I woke up in the middle of the night, so I’m very tired.

If I .......................................................................
8 He didn’t love me so he dumped me.

He wouldn’t .......................................................................

9 I didn’t go to the concert because I didn’t know about it.

If I .......................................................................

10 You didn’t ring her so she didn’t come to see you.

She would .......................................................................

11 I missed the train.

I wish .......................................................................

12 I looked everywhere for the key.

I wish .......................................................................

13 My neighbours make so much noise.

If only .......................................................................

14 I live in a boring city.

I wish .......................................................................

15 I am so thin.

If only .......................................................................

16 Rita left the party early.

I wish .......................................................................

17 Life is so complicated.

I wish .......................................................................

18 If you don’t hurry you won’t catch the train.

Unless you .......................................................................

19 We’ll be having a picnic unless it rains.

If it .......................................................................
20 If you don’t do any exercise you won’t keep fit.

You won’t keep fit unless .......................................................................

21 I am not very tall so I don’t play basketball

If I ......................................................................................................

22 Susie left the party because she was tired.

If Susie .................................................................

23. She regrets getting married.

She wishes .......................................................................................

Reported speech

EXERCISES STATEMENTS
1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that. a Paul: “Atlanta is a
wonderful city.” ____________________________________________________
b. Ruth: “I go jogging every morning.”
___________________________________________________
c. Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams.”
_____________________________________________
d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.”
_______________________________________________________
e. e.- Jim: “I can’t swim.”
______________________________________________________________

6 2. People made these statements. Report them, using said.

a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said.
____________________________________________________
b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said.
_______________________________________________
c. “I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said.
_________________________________________________
d. “Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said.
_________________________________________________
e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said.
__________________________________________
f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said.
____________________________________________
g. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said.
_________________________________________________
3. Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday.
a. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.”
_____________________________________________
b. Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”
____________________________________________
c. Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”
____________________________________________________________________________
d. Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”
____________________________________________________________________________
e. Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”
___________________________________________
f. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”
____________________________________________________________________________

4. Change the following statements into the reported speech.

a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her.
____________________________________________________________________________
b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Rupert.
____________________________________________________________________________
d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied.
____________________________________________________________________________
e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.
____________________________________________________________________________
f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
g. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the museum
this afternoon”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Write these sentences in indirect speech.
a. “I’m very tired”, she said.
____________________________________________________________
b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said.
_________________________________________________________
c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said.
___________________________________________________
d. “I see the children quite often”, he said.
________________________________________________
e. “I’m having a bath”, she said.
_________________________________________________________
f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said.
_______________________________________________
g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said.
___________________________________________
h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said.
______________________________________________
i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said.
_________________________________________________
j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said.
____________________________________________________
k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said.
___________________________________________
l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said.
___________________________________________________________________________
m. “I can drive”, she said.
______________________________________________________________
n. “I walked home after the party”, he said.
_______________________________________________
o. “I’m going to be sick”, she said.
_______________________________________________________
p. “I must go out to post a letter”, he said.
________________________________________________
q. “I spoke to Jane last week”, she said.
___________________________________________________
r. “I’m trying to listen to the music”, he said.
______________________________________________
s. “I’ll phone the office from the airport”, she said.
_________________________________________
t. “I can’t speak any foreign languages”, he said.
___________________________________________
6. Write these sentences in indirect speech, changing words where necessary.
a. “I’ll see you tomorrow”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
b. “I saw her today”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “I don’t like this film”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
d. She said, “We went swimming today.”
____________________________________________________________________________
e. “I met her about three months ago”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
f. “I’ll see Mary on Sunday”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
g. “Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
h. “Stephen’s bringing some records to the party tomorrow”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
i. “I really like this furniture”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
j. “My parents are arriving tomorrow”, she said.
____________________________________________________________________________
k. “We visited her this morning” they said.
____________________________________________________________________________
l. “We’ll see her next summer” they said.
_________________________________________________________________________
m. “They were here three months ago”, he said.
___________________________________________________________________________
n. “I’m meeting them at four o’clock today”, he said.
____________________________________________________________________________
o. “I can see you tomorrow”, she said.
________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS 7. Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner.
a. What’s your name?
_________________________________________________________________
b. Did you see the robbers?
____________________________________________________________
c. What were they wearing?
___________________________________________________________
d. How do you think they got in?
________________________________________________________
 e. What did they take?
________________________________________________________________
f. Has this ever happened before?
______________________________________________________
8. Write these sentences as reported questions using the words given.
a. “What’s your name?”, he asked. (wanted to know)
____________________________________________________________________________
b. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “How old are you?”, she said. (asked)
____________________________________________________________________________
d. “When does the train leave?”, I asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
e. “Are you enjoying yourself?”, he asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
f. “How are you?”, he said. (asked)
____________________________________________________________________________
g. “Does your father work here?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
h. “Do you live near your father?”, he asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
i. “Who did you see at the meeting?”, my mother asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
j. “Why did you take my wallet?”, he asked.
___________________________________________________________________________
k. “How did you get to school?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
l. “Are you a foreigner?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
m. “Where do you live?”, the boy asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
n. “Have you met Danny before?”, he asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
o. “Are you hungry?”, he asked.
___________________________________________________________________________
p. “Why wasn’t Judy at the party?”, she asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
q. “Why didn’t you telephone?”, my father asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
r. “Did you borrow my dictionary?”, he asked.
_________________________________________________________________________
s. “Why are you so late?”, the teacher asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
t. “Have you finished your exams?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
u. “Did you invite Judy and Mitch?”, he asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
v. “Does your brother live in London?”, she asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
w. “Why didn’t the police report the crime?”, the judge asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
x. “Do you know who broke the window?”, he asked.
____________________________________________________________________________
9 y. “Why you won’t let me in?”, he shouted.
____________________________________________________________________________
COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND ADVICE
9. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech.
a. “Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said.(ask)
___________________________________________________________________________
b. “You must do the homework soon, Jane”, she said.(tell)
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said.(remind)
____________________________________________________________________________
d. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he said.(advise)
___________________________________________________________________________
e. “Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they said.(warn)
___________________________________________________________________
f. “Go home, Paul”, Francis said.(tell)
___________________________________________________________________________
g. “Please stay for supper, Bob”, he said.(try to persuade)
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Report the following sentences.
a. “Don’t try to be funny.”
__________________________________________________________________________
b. “Wait here till I come.”
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “Go to bed and don’t get up till you’re called.”
_____________________________________________________________________
d. “Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes.”
____________________________________________________________________________
e. “Watch the milk and don’t let it boil over.”
____________________________________________________________________________
f. “Don’t take your coat off.”
____________________________________________________________________________
g. “Don’t forget to thank Mrs Jones when you’re saying good bye to her.”
____________________________________________________________________________
h. “Stop that dog.”
____________________________________________________________________________

11. Write the sentences in reported speech using the words given.
a. “Sit down, Mary.” (he told)
____________________________________________________________________________
b. “Would you pass my suitcase?” (he asked)
____________________________________________________________________________
c. “Don’t go near the sea, children.” (the children’s mother warned)
____________________________________________________________________________
d. “Don’t be late, Tim.” (Tim’s father told)
____________________________________________________________________________
e. “Be quiet, children.” (the librarian told) 10
____________________________________________________________________________
f. “Have your tickets ready, please.” (the inspector told us)
____________________________________________________________________________

SAY AND TELL

12. Use the correct form of SAY and TELL in these sentences.
a. She _______________________ me she didn’t agree.
b. He _______________________ , “Have we met before?”
c. I _______________________ them I wasn’t happy with their work.
d. She smiled and _______________________ to me, “I’m very pleased to meet you.”
e. She _______________________ me a story about her parents.
f. He _______________________, “Are you feeling OK?”
g. I didn’t hear. What did he _______________________?
h. Could you _______________________ me the time, please?
i. They _______________________ me they were going to a meeting.
j. I _______________________ the police my address.
k. I _______________________ I wanted to buy a magazine.
l. He _______________________ he wasn’t interested in politics.
m. Could you _______________________ me your name again?
n. Do you think he is _______________________ the truth?
o. Would you _______________________ him to come early tomorrow?
p. If he _______________________ that again there’ll be trouble.
q. I _______________________ them it was dangerous to swim here.
r. Did you _______________________ anything to him about your problem at work?
s. _______________________ me what happened.
t. I think he is _______________________ lies.
u. The policeman _______________________ the man was lying.
v. Philip _______________________ it would probably rain tomorrow.
w. Susan _______________________, “Let’s go out for dinner tonight.”
x. Jim _______________________ me about the party last night.
y. Our teacher _______________________ he was pleased with our work.
z. Stop _______________________ lies!

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS

13. Rewrite the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive and the in reported speech.
a. “I’ll bring my CDs to the party.” He promised to bring his CDs to the party.
b. “Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we? She suggested
_____________________________________________________________________
c.“Yes,I stole the wallet.” He admitted
______________________________________________________________________
d. “Be careful! The water is boiling.” She warned us
_____________________________________________________________________
e. “You must apologise to your teacher.” My father insisted (on)
______________________________________________________________
f. “All right! I’ll share the expenses with you.” My friend agreed
___________________________________________________________________

PASIVE
♦ Rewrite each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.
1 People think that neither side wanted war.
Neither side is ...................................................................................................
2 People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere.
Fewer ................................................................................................................
3 Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.
Eating fruit ........................................................................................................
4 People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming.
One in three bathing beaches ............................................................................

5 At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year.
It is ....................................................................................................................
6 It is estimated that in the past 15 years about 10 million dolphins have been killed.
About 10 million dolphins ...............................................................................
7 In ancient Greece people thought dolphins were men who had abandoned life on land.
In ancient Greece it ..........................................................................................
8 In ancient Rome it was believed that dolphins carried souls to heaven.
In ancient Rome dolphins ................................................................................
9 People say that the company invested fifty million pounds last week.
The company ....................................................................................................
10 People say Mr Clark was difficult to work with when he was younger.
Mr Clark ...........................................................................................................
11 Someone has calculated that the water of the River Rhine contains over 2,000 chemicals.
It .......................................................................................................................
12 Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed in the fire.
The painting ......................................................................................................
13 It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.
The Chinese ......................................................................................................
14 About 1 million papers are thought to have been sold.
People ...............................................................................................................
15 It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cable.
The two .............................................................................................................
16 We hope that the government has prepared a plan.
The government ................................................................................................
17 People say that Mr Bond was having business difficulties when he was charged with fraud.
Mr Bond ............................................................................................................
18 It is thought that this treasure dates from the 19th century.
This treasure ......................................................................................................
19 People believe that a professional thief stole the painting.
It ........................................................................................................................

1)They speak French at this shop.

2)Somebody stole my car.

3)They have sent the books to the wrong address.

4)Somebody will bring the beer.

5)Somebody has bought this fur coat.

6)Somebody has left this umbrella behind.

7)They haven't caught the robbers yet.

8)They don't drink ice-cold beer in England.

9)They eat a lot of fish.

10)They drink tea with milk at least five times a day.

11)They discuss the weather every day.

12)Some men robbed the Glasgow-London mail train in 1961.

13)They stopped the train between two stations.

14)They disconnected the engine and the first two coaches.

15)They drove them to a lonely bridge.

16)People discussed the mail robbery all over the world.

17)The police caught some of the robbers and found part of the money..

18)The court sentenced the men in January 1964.

19)Somebody will look after their children.

20)You have not paid for the car

​
​