EMBRIOLOGIA EN AVES Presentación2pdf
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PAITER GAMEEMBRIOLOGIA EN AVES Presentación2pdf
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PAITER GAMECommon questions
Con tecnología de IAAchieving optimal incubation results depends on multiple interconnected factors such as genetic traits, environmental conditions, and management practices. Genetic factors, including egg size and shell quality, are foundational . Genotype interactions with environmental factors like incubation temperature also play a role . Proper handling, including maintaining temperature, humidity, and turning eggs, is critical, as deviations can lead to high mortality . Maternal nutrition and health further influence egg quality and embryo viability . These elements interact in complex ways, requiring a holistic approach to optimize conditions across all stages and ensure successful incubation outcomes.
Environmental conditions significantly impact embryonic development and survival rates in chicken embryos. Inappropriate temperature and humidity, improper egg storage, and poor handling can lead to high mortality rates . Temperature deviations during incubation, particularly towards the end, can cause overheating, affecting embryo survival . Eggs stored with the pointed end up or improper turning can exacerbate mortality . Moreover, contamination due to inadequate hygiene can reduce hatchability . Thus, maintaining optimal environmental conditions is critical to ensuring successful embryonic development and minimizing mortality.
In the nineteenth and twentieth days, specific physiological changes prepare the embryo for hatching. On the nineteenth day, yolk resorption becomes quicker, and the beak positions against the shell membrane, ready to break through . By the twentieth day, the yolk is fully absorbed, and the chick uses the air cell to breathe as it makes the first pecks through the shell for gas exchange . These processes ensure that the chick has absorbed necessary nutrients from the yolk and can perform pulmonary respiration, crucial for survival post-hatching, readying the chick for emergence.
The primary causes of embryonic mortality differ markedly between the first five days and the last four days of incubation. In the early period, mortality (up to 30%) is often due to poor egg quality, improper storage conditions, or mishandling . Nutritional deficiencies and infections can also be critical factors . In contrast, in the last four days, mortality (up to 50%) typically arises from the critical shift from allantoic to pulmonary respiration . Failure to establish pulmonary breathing can lead to asphyxiation, highlighting the varied and phase-specific challenges faced by embryos in different stages.
The switch from allantoic to pulmonary respiration is a critical transition for embryo survival in the final days of incubation. As the corioallantoic membrane, which initially facilitates gas exchange, ceases to function, the embryo must commence pulmonary respiration . This shift is risky, with a high mortality risk—up to 50% of deaths occur if the transition is unsuccessful, mainly due to asphyxiation . It necessitates the chick's successful penetration of the internal air pocket and subsequent breathing through the lungs. Ensuring optimal conditions during this phase is crucial for reducing mortality and supporting a successful hatch.
Between the eleventh and fourteenth days, chicken embryos undergo significant structural changes that prepare them for hatching. By the eleventh day, the eyelid shape becomes elliptical, and the allantoides reach maximum size, giving the embryo the appearance of a chick . By the subsequent days, feather follicles begin covering new regions like the external ear and eyelids, and further skin structures such as scales on claws and legs appear . The embryo is covered in down feathers and orients within the egg for the optimal hatching position by the fourteenth day . These changes are crucial to ensure that the chick develops the necessary physical characteristics and positioning for successful hatching.
The vitelline membrane plays a crucial role in nourishing the chicken embryo by surrounding and protecting the yolk, which serves as the primary source of nutrients. During the later stages of incubation, particularly by the nineteenth day, the resorption of the yolk accelerates, providing essential nourishment for the developing embryo . The yolk's material serves as food for the chick in the initial days post-hatching . This absorption is vital for the embryo's growth as it transitions towards hatching, illustrating the importance of the yolk membrane in supporting embryonic life until the chick can sustain itself outside the egg.
From the seventh to the tenth day, significant morphological changes occur in chicken embryos. On the seventh day, the neck thins, separating the head and the neck, and the beak starts forming with visible body organs. By the eighth day, the vitelline membrane almost covers the yolk, eye pigmentation is visible, and upper and lower parts of the beak as well as wings and legs are distinguishable . By the ninth day, claws appear, and feather follicles begin to emerge, with increased growth of the allantois and vascularization of the yolk . By the tenth day, nasal pits form, eyelid growth continues, the yolk membrane encases the yolk completely, and feather follicles cover the extremities, coupled with a hardened beak . These stages reflect complex processes of differentiation and organ formation, indicating the intricate morphogenetic tasks occurring during this period.
Extra-embryonic membranes are vital for embryonic development. The yolk sac surrounds the yolk, transforming it into a form suitable for nutrient absorption . The amnion creates a liquid-cushioned environment, allowing the embryo to float and develop safely . The allantois develops into a circulatory system, facilitating the respiration and excretion needs of the embryo until pulmonary functions are established . These membranes collectively support nutrient absorption, waste management, and protect the embryo within the egg, ensuring its proper growth and development.
Maternal factors like nutrition and health significantly impact the quality and viability of chicken eggs. A balanced diet is crucial as it directly affects the size, quality of the egg content, and overall hatchability . Nutritional deficiencies can lead to low-quality eggs and impair embryo development. The health status of breeding hens, particularly the absence of infectious agents, is also critical as infections can result in contaminated eggs and increased embryonic mortality . Stress, inadequate care, and poor handling exacerbate these issues, highlighting the importance of maternal conditions in the reproductive success of poultry .
