AT, IN , ON

AT
Horas: at 2pm
HORARIOS DE COMIDA : AT LUNCHTIME
HOLIDAYS: AT CHRISTMAS
FIN DE SEMANA : AT THE WEEKEND OR ONTHE WEEKEND
PARTES DEL DIA: AT NOON /MIDDAY /NIGHT /MIDNIGHT/DAWN
Lugares comunes: at home, at school, etc.
Lugares específicos: at Natural History museum, at the Cambridge University, etc.
Direcciones y domicilios: at 2393 Colon Square.
Sitios concretos de un establecimiento: at the door, at the window, etc.
Citas y acontecimientos: at the party, at the meeting, etc.
Fin de semana: at the weekend, at weekends... (*) Solo en inglés británico.
Períodos vacacionales: at Christmas, at Easter, etc.
ON
Días especiales: on my birthday, on Christmas Day, etc.
Días de la semana: on Monday, on Sunday, etc.
Sobre superficies: on the table, on the beach, etc.
Direcciones: on the right, on the left, etc.
Partes del cuerpo: on the arm, on the head, etc.
Medios de transporte: on a bus, on a plane, etc.
Esquina exterior como la de un edificio: on the corner.
Fin de semana: on the weekend, on weekends...
Haciendo referencia a una página específica de un libro o revista: on the page 347.
IN
Espacios cerrados: in my room, in the living room, etc.
Dentro de objetos: in the box, in the book, etc.
Lugares con límites definidos: in the park, in the football pitch, etc.
Ciudades y países: in London, in Germany, etc.
Largos períodos de tiempo (siglos, décadas, años, estaciones y meses): in 2012, in
December, in Spring.
Partes del día: in the morning/afternoon/evening.
Esquina dentro de una habitación: in the corner.
 QUANTIFIERS

Los cuantificadores indican la cantidad de un nombre. Son repuestas a la

pregunta “¿Cuántos?”. Al igual que los artículos, los cuantificadores definen a
un nombre y siempre están situados delante del nombre. Algunos se
pueden usar sólo con nombres contables, otros, sólo con nombres incontables y
otros, con ambos.

Many
Significado: Mucho

Uso: Expresa la idea de gran cantidad. Es utilizado sobre todo en frases negativas e
interrogativas con el nombre contable en plural. Se puede usar “many” en frases afirmativas,
aunque no es muy común. Normalmente, usamos otros cuantificadores como “a lot.”

Ejemplos:

Frase negativa:

There are not many tourists.(No hay muchos turistas.)

Frase interrogativa:

How many cats do you have?(¿Cuántos gatos tienes?)

Frase afirmativa:

We have many friends.(Tenemos muchos amigos.)

También se combina con “too” (demasiados) o “so” (tantos) para expresar la idea de una
cantidad excesiva.

Ejemplos:

There are too many changes for me.(Hay demasiados cambios para mí.)

There are so many things I want to do!(¡Hay tantas cosas que deseo hacer!)

Much
Significado: Mucho

Uso: Como “many”, expresa la idea de gran cantidad y es utilizado sobre todo en frases
negativas e interrogativas. La diferencia con “many” es que usamos “much” sólo con nombres
incontables en singular. Se puede usar “much” en frases afirmativas, aunque sería más formal
y no es tan común.

Ejemplos:

Frase negativa:

There is not much time .(No hay mucho tiempo.)

Frase interrogativa:

How much money does he have?(¿Cuánto dinero tiene?)

Frase afirmativa:

We have much to do!(¡Tenemos mucho que hacer!)

Como “many” también se puede combinar con “too” o “so” para expresar la idea de cantidad
excesiva.

Ejemplos:

There is too much work .(Hay demasiado trabajo.)

We have so much work to do!(¡Tenemos tanto trabajo que hacer!)

Some
Significado: Algunos, unos

Uso: Se utiliza tanto para los nombres o sustantivos incontables como para los nombres o
sustantivos contables en plural. Se usa en frases afirmativas e interrogativas (para afirmar
algo); se sustituye “any” en frases negativas o interrogativas. Significa una cantidad indefinida,
pero limitada.

Ejemplos:
Frase afirmativa/nombre contable:

She has some apples.(Tiene algunas manzanas.)

Frase afirmativa/nombre incontable:

There is some milk in the kitchen.(Hay algo de leche en la cocina.)

Frase interrogativa/nombre contable:

Can I have some cookies?(¿Puedo tomar unas galletas?)

Frase interrogativa/nombre incontable:

Would you like some coffee?(¿Quieres café?)

Any
Significado: Algunos, ninguno

Uso: Se utiliza en los mismos contextos que “some,” pero en frases negativas o interrogativas.

Ejemplos:

Frase negativa/nombre contable:

I do not have any cats.(No tengo ningún gato.)

Frase negativa/nombre incontable:

He does not have any money.(No tiene dinero.)

Frase interrogativa/nombre contable:

Are there any changes?(¿Hay algunos cambios?)

Frase interrogativa/nombre incontable:

Is there any milk?(¿Hay leche?)

No, None
Significado: No, ninguno

Uso: A diferencia de la partícula “no,” “none” se puede utilizar sin ir acompañado de un

nombre, contable o incontable. Por tanto acostumbra a ir al final de la frase y como única
respuesta a una pregunta que haga referencia a cantidades.

Ejemplos:

Nombre contable:

How many pencils are there? None.(¿Cuántos lápices hay? Ninguno.)

Nombre contable:

There are no pencils.(No hay lápices.)

Nombre incontable:

How much money do you have? None.(¿Cuánto dinero tienes? Nada.)

Nombre incontable:

I have no money.(No tengo dinero.)

A lot of/Lots of
Significado: Mucho

Uso: Expresan idea de gran cantidad. Se puede usar con nombres o sustantivos contables e
incontables. A diferencia de “many” y “much”, no las usamos en frases interrogativas. En
general, “lots of” es más informal.

Ejemplos:

Nombre contable:

He has a lot of books.(Tiene muchos libros.)

Nombre contable:

He does not have a lot of books.(No tiene muchos libros.)

Nombre incontable:

I have lots of money.(Tengo mucho dinero.)

Nombre incontable:

I do not have a lot of money.(No tengo mucho dinero.)

Little/A little
Significado: Poco/s

Uso: Expresan una cantidad pequeña y se usan sólo con nombres incontables. La opción de
usar “little” o “a little” refleja una opinión sobre la cantidad. Si usas “a little", significa una
opinión positiva sobre la cantidad y si usas “little” implica una opinión negativa.

Ejemplos:

Frase interrogativa:

Do you have a little money?(¿Tienes un poco de dinero?)

Frase afirmativa:

We have little time.(Tenemos poco tiempo.)

Few/A few
Significado: Poco/s
Uso: Expresan un número pequeño. Se usan sólo con nombres contables. Como hemos visto
arriba, la opción de usar “few” o “a few” refleja la opinión sobre la cantidad expresada. “Few”
describe la cantidad de forma negativa y “a few" la describe de forma positiva.

Ejemplos:

Frase interrogativa:

Do you have a few dollars?(¿Tienes unos dólares?)

Frase afirmativa:

There are few tourists here today.(Hay pocos turistas aquí hoy.)

OTHER / ANOTHER

ANOTHER(CAMBIAR) del mismo tipo o semejante

: OTRO/A -OTRO/OTRAS(COUNTABLE)
Use another + singular noun.

 I need another cup of coffee.

I have 1 TV but I want to buy ANOTHER TV( OR one) because it already was
mentioned previusly in this case tehe Word (TV)
ANOTHER Adjetivo que expresa cantidad ”OTRO MAS” Semejante o similar”
Cnan I have another glass of eater , please? (entendemos que había otro peviamente)
*Cantidad antes del sustantivo EJM:
Im bored her and I have to wait for ANOTHER 30 minutes.
- Se usa para referirse a una cosa o a una persona que es del mismo tipo o semejante a
la mencionada con anterioridad.
I want another pencil.
(Por ejemplo el lapicero que tenemos es tan eficaz para nuestra tarea que queremos otro
lapicero igual o similar al que ya tenemos, probablemente como repuesto)
I'd like another cup of tea, please.
· Would you like another glass of wine?

OTHER : diferente o distinta

Use other + plural noun.

 I want to talk to other doctors.

OTRO(A)(NO CONTABLE) OTRO(AS)(CONTABLES)

They were playing with other teams .
She prefers other colors
Cuando nos referimos al adjetivo “DIFERENTE”
I dont want this book.Give me other one
Se usa para referirse a una cosa o a una persona que es diferente o distinta de la
mencionada con anterioridad.
I want the other pencil.
(Por ejemplo el lapicero que tenemos no nos sirve para la tarea que vamos a realizar y
queremos otro lapicero, diferente al que ya tenemos)
· Not that jacket, the other one.
· All the other magazines have been sold.
THE OTHER: EL/LA OTRO(A) LAS/LOS OTROS.- INDICA RESTANTE DE
UN GRUPO
THE OTHER children are playing with their parents
THE OTHER (sustantivo especifico)
Ihave 2 houses. ONe of them is in the city .THE OTHER is in the countryside

OTHERS THE OTHERS .- NO VAN CON SUSTANTIVOS mencionados

previamente
These rooms are clean . THE OTHERS are dirty
Others (sustituye a un nombre)
Some people were sitting.Other people were standing
Some people were sitting.Others were standing
PLURALES IRREGULARES EN INGLÉS
En el artículo de hoy vamos a hablar de cómo se construyen los plurales en inglés y en
concreto los plurales irregulares. Los plurales regulares se forman de manera similar al español
añadiendo por ejemplo una “s” coche/s, casa/s y etc.

Cuando hablamos de plurales irregulares en inglés, hablamos de palabras que cambian

completamente. Veamos unos cuantos ejemplos:

SINGULAR PLURAL
calf (becerro) calves (becerros)
child (niño) children (niños)
crisis (crisis) crises (crisis)
die (dado [para juegos de mesa]) dice (dados)
dwarf (enano) dwarves ou dwarfs (enanos)
elf (duende) elves (duendes)
fish (pescado) fish (plural de la carne de pescado) o fishes
(plural del animal)
foot (pie) feet (pies)
gentleman (caballero) gentlemen (caballeros)
goose (ganso) geese (gansos)
half (mitad) halves (mitades)
hypothesis (hipótesi) hypotheses (hipótesis)
knife (cuchillo) knives (cuchillos)
leaf (hoja) leaves (hojas)
life (vida) lives (vidas)
loaf (hogaza [de pan]) loaves (hogazas)
man (hombre) men (hombres)
means (medio) means (medios)
mouse (ratón) mice (ratones)
ox (buey) oxen (bueyes)
parenthesis (paréntesis) parentheses (paréntesis)
person (persona) people (personas)
quiz (concurso) quizzes (concursos)
scarf (bufanda) scarves (bufandas)
sheep (oveja) sheep (ovejas)
shelf (estantería) shelves (estanterías)
synopsis (sinopsi) synopses (sinopsis)
thief (ladrón) thieves (ladrones)
tooth (diente) teeth (dientes)
wife (esposa) wives (esposas)
wolf (lobo) wolves (lobos)
woman (mujer) women (mujeres
TIME AUX FORM OF VERB SENTENCE FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT BASE FORM
Para expresar hábitos y + I think , He thinks
rutinas, hechos PLURAL –S I do not think , He does not think
generales, acciones I smoke (hábito); I work in SIGULAR+S ¿? Do I think? Does he think?
repetidas o situaciones, London (permanencia); London is a WH? What do you think? What does he
emociones y deseos large city (hecho general) think?
permanentes

PRESENT IS VERB+ING(PARTICIPIO + You are going

CONTINUOUS Are )
*Acciones que tienen It is raining. You aren't going.
lugar en el momento en Runnig ¿? Are you going?
el que se habla Eating WH? Where Are they going?
*Acción o evento Are they coming next summer? becoming
futuro que ya ha sido
programado always (siempre), often (a menudo), all
the time (todo el tiempo),
*Acciones que se constantly (constantemente)
repiten continuamente,
generalmente
acompañadas de
adverbios como
PRESENT PERFECT HAS, HAVE VERB PART + You have gone to stadium for ten times
*Una acción que this year
comenzó en el pasado I have read over 25 books this year. Drunk He has not visited his grandama for two
y todavía está en curso I have lived in London since 1991. years
o que tuvo Slept ¿? Have you walked around my hometown
¿
*Una acción o hecho Eaten WH? when Have you walked around my
que ocurrió en el I am not ready for my exams. My health hometown
pasado pero cuyos has not been good this year. Bought
efectos todavía se
evidencian

PRESENT PERFECT HAS HAVE + BEEN ING + She has been working all day
CONTINUOUS (presente participio) - You haven't been living
Acciones iniciadas en ¿? Have you been living here?
el pasado que She has been working all day. Working WH? Where have you been living ¿
continúan en el
presente
It has been raining all day. raining

PAST SIMPLE VERB IN PAST( ED- IRREGULAR) ( ED- IRREGULAR) + I studied the last week
Acción que ocurrió en Christopher Columbus discovered bred Became He did not go to the match
el pasado y terminó America in 1492. Began ¿? Did you do your homework?
definitiva y Bled, played WH? Where Did you be , yesterdady ¿
permanentemente

PAST CONTINUOUS WAS,WERE + ING ING + He was cooking with my cousin

Descripción de un (presente participio) You were not eating when I went to the
contexto en el que The sea was shining and the seagulls shop
ocurre un evento del were flying when Julio decided to take Shining ¿? Were you Reading?
pasado the boat out. WH? Where were you Reading?

Acción interrumpida
por un evento u otra
acción I was taking a shower when the taking
phone rang.
PAST PERFECT HAD+PST PART PAST PART +she had already bought your breakfast
when you arrived.
Se usa para indicar un The movie had already started when we Brought She had not given
evento que ocurrió arrived. Burnt ¿? Had they arrived?
antes de otro evento en bought come Hadn't you finished?
el pasado. WH?Why Had they arrived?

PAST PERFECT WAS,WERE + BEEN (presente participio) + It had been raining hard for several hours
CONTINUOUS and the streets were very wet.
Evento o acción que Had you been waiting for long before waiting She hadn't been sleeping
comenzó antes que otra the train arrived? ¿? Had you been eating?
acción en el pasado WH? Where Had you been eating?

Futuro simple (will) WIILL OR SHALL BASE FORM + I will see you
- You won't see you
Decisión espontánea I will call you back later. ¿? Will he see you?
Previsión de un evento Call WH? Where Will he see you?
futuro It will snow tomorrow.
snow
FUTURE SIMPLE BE+GOING TO BASE FORM +Im going to buy a new car in the morning
(GOING TO) I am not going to buy today , perhaps
Se usa para indicar I am going to have dinner with my tomorrow
planes o decisiones, en cousin tonight. have ¿? Are you going to buy a new car today?
particular eventos WH? Why are you going to buy a new car ?
futuros fuertemente
asociados con el
presente.

FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE(WILL OR SHALL) participio presente OR + By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro.
CONTINUOUS +BE ING - Just think, next Monday you wont be
working in your new job.
Indica una acción At this time next year, I will be going on ¿? Won't we be staying?
futura que se ve en su holiday. WH? Where Will you be staying?
desarrollo. going

FUTURE PERFECT (will have) PAST PARTICI + I will have been here for six months on
June 23rd.
Indica una acción que By December, I will have written my written - You wont have finished your report by
se completará en el thesis. this time next week.
tiempo futuro del cual ¿? Will you have eaten when I pick you up?
se habla. WH?

FUTURE PERFECT WILL HAVE BEEN+ING participio presente OR + I will have been waiting here for three
CONTINUOUS ING hours by six o'clock.
I’ll have been studying English for three - We won't have been living here for two
Indica una acción que months this summer. years
continúa en el futuro y HE WILLL HAVE BEEN PLAYING. studying ¿? When I come at 6:00, will you have been
que se completará en el PLAYING. practicing long?
futuro o será WH?
interrumpida por otro
evento.
 PRESENT PAST FUTURE

SIMPLE VERB BASS PLURAL VERB PAST SIMPLE WILL VERB BASS

SINGULAR + S OR ES ED OR IRREGULAR

CONTINOUS (PRESENT (PRESENT (PRESENT

PARTICIPLE OR PARTICIPLE OR PARTICIPLE OR
GERUND) GERUND) GERUND)

IS + ING WAS + ING WILL + BE + ING

ARE + ING WERE + ING

PRESENT HAS + PST PRTC HAD + PST PRTC WILL + HAVE

PREFECT
HAVE + PST PRTC HAD + PST PRTC (HABREMOS HABRÈ)

PRESENT HAS + BEEN + ING HAD + BEEN+ ING WILL+HAVE + BEEN

PERFECT
CONTINOUS
HAVE + BEEN +ING HAD + BEEN+ ING (HABRA , HABRE,
HABRAS ESTADO +
(PROGRESIVE) ANDO)

Present Perfect or Past Simple?

We generally use 'past simple' when we describe something that happened at a finished time
such as 'yesterday', 'last week' or 'this morning' (if the morning has finished). We use 'present
perfect' to describe something that may have happened in the past but is connected to the
present. Firstly this might be because we are talking about an unfinished time such as 'today',
'this week' 'this year'. Or the past event might be connected to the present because it is of
importance now, such as 'I've lost my keys' (I can't get in) or 'I've passed my exam' (I've just
heard the news).

Generalmente usamos 'pasado simple' cuando describimos algo que sucedió en un momento
final como 'ayer', 'la semana pasada' o 'esta mañana' (si la mañana ha terminado). Usamos
'presente perfecto' para describir algo que puede haber sucedido en el pasado pero que está
conectado con el presente. En primer lugar, esto podría deberse a que estamos hablando de
un tiempo inacabado como 'hoy', 'esta semana' 'este año'. O el evento pasado podría estar
conectado con el presente porque ahora es importante, como 'Perdí mis llaves' (no puedo
entrar) o 'Aprobé mi examen' (acabo de escuchar las noticias).

Grammar: Will or going to?

Well done. When talking about the future we generally use 'will' when we decide to do
something at the time of speaking. We use 'going to' to describe something that we have
already decided.

To practise 'will' and 'going to' for future reference think what you might be doing over the
coming week. For things that are planned, use 'going to'. For anything you decide to do during
the exercise use 'I'll'. For example:

I'm going to meet my friends on Saturday.

We're going to go shopping in the city centre.

I think I'll go to bed early tonight.

I think I'll have a break from studying for a while.

Cuando hablamos sobre el futuro, generalmente usamos 'will' cuando decidimos hacer algo al
momento de hablar. Usamos 'going to' para describir algo que ya hemos decidido.

Para practicar 'voluntad' e 'ir a' para referencia futura, piense en lo que podría estar haciendo
durante la próxima semana. Para las cosas que están planificadas, use 'going to'. Para cualquier
cosa que decida hacer durante el ejercicio, use 'I'll'. Por ejemplo:

Me reuniré con mis amigos el sábado.

Vamos a ir de compras al centro de la ciudad.

Creo que me acostaré temprano esta noche.

Creo que tendré un descanso de estudiar por un tiempo.

Grammar: Reported Speech (Statements)

When you report what somebody says, (turning direct into indirect speech), some
changes are often made. Look at the following pairs of sentence. Can you see what
needs to change when reporting statements?

Cuando informa lo que alguien dice (convirtiendo el discurso directo en indirecto), a

menudo se realizan algunos cambios. Mira los siguientes pares de oraciones. ¿Puedes
ver lo que hay que cambiar al informar las declaraciones?

When reporting what someone has said we often change the tense. Present tense changes to
past tense, past tense changes to past perfect tense, will changes to would. Also, words like
'this', 'today', and 'now', change to 'that', 'that day' and 'then'. Note that it isn't always necessary
to make these changes. For example, if the person speaking is standing next to you and you're
telling a third person what was said, there is no need to make any changes.

Cuando informamos lo que alguien ha dicho, a menudo cambiamos el tiempo. El tiempo

presente cambia al tiempo pasado, el tiempo pasado cambia al tiempo pasado perfecto y los
cambios a would. Además, palabras como 'esto', 'hoy' y 'ahora', cambian a 'eso', 'ese día' y
'entonces'. Tenga en cuenta que no siempre es necesario realizar estos cambios. Por ejemplo,
si la persona que habla está parada junto a usted y le está diciendo a una tercera persona lo
que dijo, no hay necesidad de hacer ningún cambio.

Direct speech Reported speech

Ann said that
Ann said: "I want ice-cream."
she wanted ice-cream.
Simple Past Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Simple Past Present Perfect
Had+verb
Past Perfect
Simple Past will would
Reported speech 'to be'
Simple Past am/is/are was/were
was/were
Simple Past have/has been had been
had been
Reported speech - Indirect
Direct speech
speech
⇒
⇒
I he/she

⇒
We they

⇒
my his/her

⇒
Change of pronouns your my

⇒
our their

⇒
me him/her
us them
⇒
⇒
here there

⇒
today that day

⇒
this morning that morning
Change of place and
⇒
yesterday the day before
time words
⇒
tomorrow the next day

⇒
next week the following week
next month the following month
Adverbs of Frequency
English Grammar Rules
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.

These are called adverbs of frequency and include:

Frequenc
Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence
y

100% always I always go to bed before 11 p.m.

90% usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% seldom I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% never I never swim in the sea.

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb

I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb
is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
 They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.

Adverbs of Definite Frequency

We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the
frequency:

 every day
 once a month
 twice a year
 four times a day
 every other week
 daily
 monthly

These are also known as Adverbs of DEFINITE frequency as the exact frequency is
specified.

Forming Simple Past Passive

Affirmative Form Object + was / were + verb3 (past participle)

Question Form Was / Were + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?

Something was done by someone at sometime in the past.

Active : The teacher corrected the mistakes.

Passive: The mistakes were corrected by the teacher.

Active : Did the little boy sell all the candy bars?
Passive: Were all the candy bars sold by the little boy?

Active : Lauren didn't eat any apples.

Passive: No apples were eaten by Lauran.

Active : He didn't give the wallet.

Passive: The wallet wasn't given by him.
 Present Simple and
Present Continuous
Introducción

Present Simple y Present Continuous se usan para acciones que ocurren en el

presente. Present Simple se usa para describir acontecimientos diarios, hechos, o para
narrar eventos contemporáneos. Present continuous se usa para acciones temporales y
para describir lo que ocurre en el momento del habla.

Este apartado de gramática te propone una explicación comparada y ejercicios

interactivos donde poner a prueba tus conocimientos.

Simple Present Present Progressive

infinitive form of 'be' and verb + ing

(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')

I speak I am speaking
you speak you are speaking
he / she / it speaks he / she / it is speaking
we speak we are speaking
they speak they are speaking

In general or right now?

Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is

happening right now?

Simple Present Present Progressive

in general (regularly, often, never) right now

Colin plays football every Tuesday. Look! Colin is playing football now.

present actions happening one after another also for several actions happening at the same time

First Colin plays football, then he watches TV. Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.

Signal words
 always  at the moment
 every ...  at this moment
 often  today
 normally  now
 usually  right now
 sometimes  Listen!
 seldom  Look!
 never
 first
 then

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want