Español Study
Español Study
Tips to master
your written
and oral
expression
OPINIONS USING DIFFERENT VERB TENSES
Me encanta(n) aburrido/a (boring) difícil (difficult) malo/a (bad) These three verbs are always followed by PRESENT (I do)
Me gusta(n) (mucho) porque es/son agotador (tiring) divertido (fun) moderno/a (modern) infinitive. If you know how to conjugate (I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
No me gusta(n) (nada) (because itis) alto/a (tall) divertido/a (fun) nuevo/a (new) them in different tenses you’ll be able to -AR -O -AS -A -AMOS -AIS -AN
Prefiero... amable (kind) educado/a (polite) ruidoso/a (noisy) make many combinations: -ER -O -ES -E -EMOS -EIS -EN
anticuado/a (old-fashioned) fácil (easy) sincero (sincere) TENER QUE (to have to)
-IR -O -ES -E -IMOS -IS -EN
bajo/a (short—height) feo/a (ugly) sucio/a (dirty) PODER (to be able to) + infinitive
Creo que… (I think that…)
bonito/a (nice-looking) frío (cold) tímido/a (shy)
Me parece que… (I think that….) PRETERITE (I did)
bueno/a (good) gracioso/a (funny) trabajador(a) (hard-working) QUERER (to want)
En mi opinión,…. (In my opinion…) (I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
caliente (hot) hablador(a) (talkative) tranquilo/a (quiet)
Tengo la impresión de que… -AR -É -ASTE -Ó -AMOS -ASTÉIS -ARON
contaminado/a (polluted) importante (important) triste (sad) TENER QUE PODER QUERER
(I get the impression that…) -ER/IR -+ -Í -ISTE -IÓ -IMOS -ISTÉIS -IERON
contento (happy) interesante (interesting) vago/a (lazy) Pres tengo que puedo quiero
No aguanto… (I can’t stand…)
corto/a (short) largo/a (long) valiente (brave) Pret tuve que pude quise
No soporto…. (I can’t stand…) IMPERFECT (I was doing)
desagradable (unpleasant) limpio/a (clean) viejo/a (old) Perf he tenido que he podido he querido
(I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
Imp tenía que podía quería
Fut II tendré que podré querré -AR -+ -ABA -ABAS -A -ÁBAMOS -ÁBAIS -ABAN
Lo bueno es que… (the good thing is that…) MAKING COMPARISONS
más + (adjective) + que (more + adj + than) -ER/IR -+ -ÍA -ÍAS -ÍA -ÍAMOS -ÍAIS -ÍAN
Lo malo es que… (the bad thing is that…)
Lo que más me gusta es que… (what I like most is that…) menos + (adjective) + que (less + adj + than)
tan + (adjective) + que (as + adj + as) PERFECT (I have done)
Lo que menos me gusta… (what I like least is that…) (I) he
Lo mejor es que… (the best thing is that…) (you) has
Lo peor es que… (the worst thing is that…) QUANTIFY YOUR ADJECTIVES
(he/she) ha -AR -+ -ADO
muy (very) casi (nearly) IMPROVE YOUR (we) hemos -ER/IR -+ -IDO
demasiado (too) prácticamente (virtually)
so (tan) bastante (quite) WRITING (you/pl) habéis
(they) han
TIME PHRASES FUTURE I (I am going to do)
Normally used with... LINKING WORDS verb TO GO + infinitive
(I) voy a
PRESENT PAST (PRETERITE) FUTURE
(you) vas a
ahora (now) ayer (yesterday) mañana (tomorrow) y (and) (he/she) va a + infinitive
ahora mismo (right now) anteayer (the day before yesterday) pasado mañana (the day after tomorrow) o (or) (we) vamos a (verb ending in AR / ER / IR)
hoy (today) ayer por la mañana (yesterday morning) mañana por la mañana (tomorrow morning) pero (but) (you/pl) vais a
hoy en día (nowadays) ayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon) mañana por la tarde (tomorrow afternoon)
(they) van a
por la mañana (in the morning) ayer por la noche (yesterday evening) mañana por la noche (tomorrow evening) primero que todo (first of all)
por la tarde (in the afternoon) la semana pasada (last week) la semana que viene (next week) después (afterwards) FUTURE II (I will go)
por la noche (in the evening) el mes pasado (last month) el mes que viene (next month) luego (then) AR / ER / IR +
todos los días (every day) el año pasado (last year) el año que viene (next year)
(I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
todas las semanas (every week) el lunes pasado (last Monday) el próximo lunes (next Monday) para + inf (in order to) -É -ÁS -Á -EMOS -ÉIS -AN
una vez a la semana (once a week) hace una semana (a week ago) dentro de una semana (in a week’s time)
cinco veces al mes (five times a month) hace un mes (a month ago) dentro de un mes (in a month’s time) antes de + inf (before) VERY IMPORTANT VERBS: SER AND ESTAR (TO BE)
todos los meses (every month) hace un año (a year ago) dentro de un año (in a year’s time) despues de + inf (after)
cuanto antes (as soon as possible) antes (before) en el futuro (in the future) (I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
mientras (while) Pres soy eres es somos sois son
los lunes / los martes / los miércoles / en 1999 (in 1999) después (afterwards) Pret fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
los jueves / los viernes / los sábados / porque (because) Imp era eras era éramos erais eran
los domingos (on Mondays / on Tues- IMPERFECT ANY ya que (since, as) Fut II seré serás será seremos seréis serán
days / on Wednesdays / on Thursdays / de pequeño (when I was a child) el lunes / el martes / el miércoles / el puesto que (since)
on Fridays / on Saturdays / on Sundays) cuando (when) jueves / el viernes / el sábado / el domingo a causa de + noun (because of) (I) (you) (he/she) (we) (you/pl) (they)
siempre (always) (on Monday / on Tuesday / on Wednesday / debido a + noun (because of) Pres estoy estás está estamos estáis están
normalmente (usually) PERFECT on Thursday / on Friday / on Saturday / on Pret estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
a menudo (often) esta mañana (this morning) Sunday) aunque (although) Imp estaba estabas estaba estábamos estabais estaban
muchas veces (many times) Fut II estaré estarás estará estaremos estaréis estarán
esta tarde (this afternoon) en invierno (in the winter) a pesar de + noun (despite)
de vez en cuando (from time to time) esta noche (tonight) en verano (in the summer) sin embargo (however)
a veces (sometimes) esta semana (this week) en otoño (in the autumn) no obstante (nevertheless) por ejemplo (for example) SER is used to describe
casi nunca (hardly ever) este año (this year) en primavera (in the spring) no solo… sino que también… (not characteristics or
nunca (never) todavía (yet – in negative sentences) desde el … hasta el… (from… to…) only… but also…) además (de) (in addition [to]) permament ideas.
pronto (soon) ya (already) de… a… (from…to…) también (also)
temprano (early) al principio de (at the beginning of) así que (so) ESTAR is used for temporary
tarde (late) al final de (at the end of) por lo tanto (therefore) por un lado (on the one hand) ideas and the place where
SOME OF THESE TIME PHRASES CAN BE USED por consiguiente (consequently) por el otro lado (on the other hand) things are
WITH MORE THAN ONE TENSE
ESSAY WRITING TIPS
1. The introduction
a) Put the question in context. E.g. why are people talking about this issue?
Why is it important? Has a recent event made it topical? How about starting
with an interesting fact or statistic?
b) Then say what you are going to do in your essay – stick to the essay title!
Depending on the essay question, you may need to divide this section into an “arguments
pro” part and “arguments cons” part. Remember, 2 or 3 arguments for each part is generally
enough.
For each argument, remember, one idea per paragraph and for each paragraph:
1. What is my point?
2. Where is my evidence?
3. How does this answer the question?
4. How can I link this to the next point?
Keep your reader with you. You are taking them for a walk - don’t let them go!
3. The conclusion
Sum up the main points you have made throughout the essay – DON’T introduce new ideas.
Give your opinion if possible. Finish, if you can, with something which could be important to
your topic in the future.
Finally
2. Does your language read above GCSE level? Can you bring more interest and
complexity to your language?
▪ Avoid phrases like mucha gente piensa que. If you want to express a commonly
held view, say:como se sabe, teniendo en cuenta(consideración) que, como es
bien conocido por todos, considerando que
▪ Do not overuse the word problema. Try el tema (en cuestión) (issue) or el
tópico (topic) or la polémica (debate) or el asunto (matter)
▪ Use good sentence starters: se puede notar que, no se puede negar que…, es
obvio que…, lo primero que hace falta decir es que, no cabe duda de que….
▪ Use linking phrases to start new paragraphs: siendo eso así …, dicho eso…, no se
debe olvidar que …, lo que demuestra que…
ESSAY TERMINOLOGY
« INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
« PERSONAL COMMENTS
En mi opinión In my opinion
En lo que a mí me concierne As far as I am concerned
Por mi parte For my part
En mi caso As for me
Desde mi punto de vista From my point of view
Pienso que I think that
Creo que I believe that
Encuentro que I find (that)
Me parece que It seems to me that
Estoy segura que I am sure that
Estoy convencido/a que I am convinced that
Yo diría que I would say that
Me inclino a creer que I am inclined to believe that
« IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
Es necesario precisar que It is necessary to specify that…
Es importante tener en cuenta que It is important to take into account
Es evidente que It is obvious that…
Es incuestionable que It is unquestionable that…
Es posible distinguir It is possible to distinguish
Se debe resaltar que One must point out that…
Sería más correcto decir que It would be more accurate to say that…
Nos hace pensar que There is ground for thinking that…
Parece claro/evidente que It seems clear that…
Basta decir que Suffice (it) to say that…
Hoy en día hay una tendencia a decir que Today there is a tendency to say that…
«CONTRADICTING
Pero But
Sin embargo However
Por el contrario On the contrary
En realidad Actually
Por un lado …./ por una parte On one hand…
Por otro lado / por otra parte On the other hand
Más que Rather
Aunque Although
Incluso si Even if/ even though
A pesar del hecho de que / a pesar de Despite the fact that
En realidad To tell the truth
De hecho In fact
«CLOSING THE ARGUMENT/ SUMMARISING
En conclusión In conclusion
Para resumir / para concluir To sum up
Finalmente / para terminar / Finally
En pocas palabras / en una palabra In a few words / In a word
Brevemente In short
Habiendo considerado todos los aspectos All things considered
En conjunto All in all
Como hemos explicado As was explained
Como hemos dicho As was stated
Como hemos resaltado / subrayado antes As was pointed out earlier
Esto muestra que This shows that
Esto demuestra que This demonstrates that
Podemos concluir que We can conclude that
Hemos llegado a la conclusión de que We have reached the following conclusion
that
Writing and Speaking> expressing opinion & debating language
Estoy en contra de esta idea/opinión I am for/against this idea/opinion..
No olvidemos que Let’s not forget that..
No me parece que es/sea la manera adecuada de It doesn’t seem to be the proper way
abordar el problema To tackle the problem..
Estoy de acuerdo hasta cierto punto, pero en I agree up to a point, however..
contrapartida
Sería una locura It would be silly ..
No creo que sea la mejor manera de ocuparse del I don’t think that this is the best way to tackle
problema the problem
No es siempre así This is not always like this/thus
Lo que usted propone corre el riesgo de What you propose runs the risk of..
Otro aspecto del problema Another aspect of the problem..
Lejos de resolver el problema, eso podría Far from solving the problema, this could..
La táctica que usted propone The tactic that you offer
No estoy para nada de acuerdo contigo I don’t gree at all with you on this
Se debe recordar que One must remember that..
No comparto tu opinión I do not share your opinion
A mi modo de ver, este argumento no tiene In my opinión, this argument doesn’t have
fundamento
weight
Otro argumento notable que me gustaría destacar es Another important argument
Estoy de acuerdo hasta cierto punto, sin embargo I agree up to a point however..
Me opongo a la propuesta I oopose the proposal
Se debe reconocer que One must recognise/admit that
En mi opinión, esa medida está condenada a fracasar In my opinión this measure is condemned to
failure
Tengo una opinión muy distinta I have a very different opinion
Debido a, dado que Due to, given that
Estoy de acuerdo en cierto modo, no obstante I somewhat agree however
Cool Spanish expressions
Nouns
Un adoquín A jerk, fool, moron Un merengue A beautiful woman
(Es un verdadero (She’s a real babe)
merengue)
Un aguafiestas A party-pooper Un bobo An idiot, fool
Un besugo An idiot Un buitre A cheapskate
Un burro A jerk, fool, moron Una lata A pain in the neck
Un chisme A juicy piece of Un empollón A geek, nerd
gossip
Un cuatrojos A four-eyes Un amiguete A buddy / friend
Un latón An annoying person Un tío A guy
Un reventón A party Una tía A girl, chick
Una cita sorpresa A blind date Un galón A hunk
Una pachanga A party Un cachas A hunk
Una trupe A group of friends, Un caramelo A beautiful woman/ fox
gang
Verbs
Ir de pachanga To go out and have enrollarse To get involved
a good time romantically with
someone
Chismear To gossip Estar bebido/a To be drunk / wasted
Estar amuermado/a To be out of it arreglarse To make oneself look
attractive
vacilar To joke around charlar To chat
Comerse el coco To be worked up menearse To move / dance
about something
chulear To act cool, show Echar un piropo To pay a compliment
off
Exclamations
¡ Caramba ! Holy Cow ! ¡ Qué rollo ! What a drag !
Adjectives
chocante Annoying, unpleasant guay Neat, cool
chungo uncool narizón Big-nosed
Chulo Neat, cool morrocotudo Neat, cool
caradura arrogant Un montón de A lot of
Typical Spanish idioms
Modismos típicos españoles
http://www.luigimasiello.it/modismos/test/test6%20-%20output/quizmaker.html
To be a party pooper
Mi novio es un aguafiestas, siempre estropea mis planes para el fin de semana.
Speak plainly
Pedro por favor háblame en cristiano que no te entiendo.
To take to heart
Te aconsejaría que no te lo tomaras tan a pecho ya que es solo una broma.
To do someone proud
A pesar de haber perdido la liga mi equipo dejó el pabellón bien alto ganando los tres últimos
partidos.
Haphazardly
A tontas y a locas consiguió el objetivo.
In no time at all
Carlos es un niño muy intuitivo, acaba los deberes en un santiamén.
• The plane had just landed when there was a great explosion
= El avión acababa de aterrizar cuando se produjo una gran explosión
• We had just entered the building when the girl started to cry
= Acabábamos de entrar al edificio cuando la chica empezó a/ se puso a llorar
ponerse a – to start
2. desde hace
• not only did the food arrive late, but the waiter was also very rude
= No sólo la comida llegó tarde, sino que también el camarero fue/se comportó de manera
muy mal educada / grosera
• not only did he take my passport, but he used my credit card as well
= No sólo me quitó el pasaporte, sino que también utilizó mi tarjeta de crédito
4. Lo + adjective (the…thing)
6. que or lo que
que – that, which, who
lo que – what, the thing that, which
• The more we use renewable energy, the more we reduce global warming
= Cuanto más usamos energía renovable más reducimos el cambio climático
8. al + infinitive
11. tanto………..como…
• nobody is perfect. Both the English and the Spanish have their faults
= nadie es perfecto. Tanto los ingleses como los españoles tienen defectos
• I don’t think that Gordon Brown will win the next election
= No creo que GB gane las siguienteselecciones.
• It’s vital that the government implement measures against violence in schools
= es vital / esencial que el gobierno implante medidas en contra de la violencia en las
escuelas.
A quick reminder….
Wishes, desires, orders
querer, decir, preferir, desear, gusta, esperar
Emotions
Estar enfadado que, Me alegro mucho de que..
Impersonal expressions
Es importante que, es terrible que, es una vergüenza que…
Recommendations and suggestions
Recomiendo que, sugiero que, aconsejo
que Doubt and verbs of belief used
negatively
Dudo que, no creo que, no estoy cierto, no es verdad
Ojalá
Ojalá que ganen
Check the list of phrases that go with the subjunctive as well to remind you.
2. If….Clauses
El ‘a’ personal
In Spanish, when people are the direct objects of verbs we need to put an ‘a’ in front
of them. (Direct objects are nouns that are affected directly by verbs, in other words,
they receive the action of the verb. Direct objects can be things or people, but we only
use the ‘a’ with people.)
eg. Veo a Juan los lunes
Visitamos a nuestros abuelos
We do not use the personal ‘a’ with things, places or actions or when you are referring
to an indefinite person (you don't know if such a person exists) or an unspecific person.
eg. Ana quiere un novio inteligente. Ana hasn't met this intelligent boyfriend yet;
but that is the type of boyfriend she wants.
The use of the Indefinite Article un is a clue not to use the Personal a.
If Ana knows the intelligent boyfriend of Susana, we would say, Ana conoce al novio inteligente
de Susana
People
6. Spanish Pronouns
Yo me me mi me mí -
Tú te te tu te ti -
Él lo le su se él -
Ella la le su se ella -
Usted lo, la le su se usted -
Nosotros nos nos nuestro nos nosotros nos
Ellos los les su se ellos se
Ellas las les su se ellas se
Ustedes los, las les su se ustedes se
Remember that with Double Object pronouns, the Indirect Object pronouns
le and les change to se when combined with the Direct Object pronouns lo, la, los,
and las.
Remember that the Possessive pronouns need to agree in number with the
possessed object; and in the case of the Nosotros form, the pronouns must agree in
gender as well.
7. Conjunctions
a) Y meaning ‘and’ changes to E before I and HI (but not HIE)
b) O meaning ‘or’ changes to U before O or HO.
c) SINO meaning ‘but’: after a negative, sino introduces a contradiction.*
*sino que = verb eg. no habla sino que grita = he doesn’t talk, but shouts.
8. Passive Voice
A passive voice is where an action described by the verb is being done to the
subject BY someone else (the agent).
The passive has two parts in Spanish SER + PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle has to agree with the subject, not the agent in gender and
number, just like adjectives.
The passive can be in all tenses and moods by conjugating SER into that tense or
mood.
Alternatives to the Passive Voice
Use the reflexive SE eg. se sabe la verdad
Use ‘todo el mundo’, ‘nadie’ or ‘la gente’ eg. La gente sabe la verdad.
If the subject is singular use GUSTA, if it is plural use GUSTAN. The indirect
pronoun is NOT the subject of the sentence.
Similar verbs include: aburrir, bastar, caer bien, dar asco, doler, encantar, quedar,
volver loco, importer etc.
In order to clarify further the indirect object the sentence can begin with a
prepositional phrase.
There are several adjectives that shorten when they go before certain nouns. The
most common:
In front of masculine nouns
alguno/algún
bueno/buen
malo/mal
ninguno/ningún
primero/primer
uno/un
Santo/San (only for masculine Saints)
You should select a short audio or video clip from the Internet. Play the clip at least three times and write a
brief summary in Spanish (it needn’t be any longer than 50 words) with a vocabulary list of at least 10
words. These could be key words or they could be words that are new to you and had to be looked up.
It is easier to start with short news bulletins. Video clips are ideal as they are easier to understand. Start
with shorter clips and then when you feel ready, you could choose a radio programme from the Radio
station websites listed below.
Spanish News
www.euronews.net
Select language ‘español’ and then choose from a wide variety of News videos.
www.20minutos.es/
es.news.yahoo.com/
Choose from the menu for the topic area you are interested in and then browse for video clips:
www.antena3videos.com/
www.informativos.telecinco.es/
www.canalsur.es
Click on the link to TV “en directo” (live) and you will be able to watch the channel on streaming video.
www.informativos.telecinco.es/reproductor_video.htm
www.topradio.es/
Easy listening music radio station for Spanish and English / American pop music.
www.lyngsat.com/freeradio/Spain.html
Select an article which interests you, read it carefully and select at least 10 new pieces of vocabulary to
look up. The choice of topic area is limitless. The temptation may be to pick an article on fashion, but you
should avoid doing this every week as they are not so easy to understand. It is a good idea to vary the
topic area and to choose articles related to the syllabus topics so that you encounter a variety of
vocabulary.
www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/news
The best place to start is the BBC’s languages web-pages. Choose the “reportajes” link to find articles
from the former “SemanarioInternet” with a variety of reading exercises. The articles are archived into
topic areas that relate to the AS and A level syllabus.
Some of them include audio clips so you can base your listening task on the same topic.
www.elmundo.es
Spanish daily newspaper. The website gives you access to all of the day’s news articles.
www.elpais.es
Spanish daily newspaper. The website gives you access to the day’s news articles although you may
require a subscription to view the majority of the articles in full.
es.news.yahoo.com
/ www.abc.es/
On-line Spanish daily news.
www.terra.es
On-line Spanish daily news.
www.donbalon.es/front/
Spanish football website with related articles.
www.hola.com
Spanish celebrity gossip magazine. Subscription required to view some of the article
www.terra.es ( archive news)
www.marca.es (sport)
www.estrelladigital.es