VOCABULARIO 4

El alfabetos 4
Los saludos 4
Los Numeros 5
Los días de la Semana 6
Las estaciones 6
Los Adjectivos 7
Adjectivos física 7
Los Colores 8
La Ropa 9
Las emociones/ Los sentimientos 13
How to introduce yourself and others 17
Países y Nacionalidades 18
Las partes del cuerpo 19
Los miembros de la familia 20
El Clima 21
La Comida 23
Desayuno comida 24
Bebidas 25
Words to Connect Thoughts 34
Quantifiers 35

V E R B S 37
Ser vs Estár – “ To be ” 37
Dejar – “ to leave something ” 40
Seguir – “ to continue ” 41
Gustar – “ to be pleasing to ” 42

G R A M M A R 49
Los articulos 49
Los articulos indefinidos 51
Subject Personal Pronouns 53
Adjectivos Posesivos 54
Las Preposicións 56
Palabras los indefenidos – Indefinite Words 60
Acabar de & Acabar por 62
A 3rd type – ‘ Acabar con ’ means “to have ended,” “to have ruined” or “to have destroyed”
someone or something. 63
Tener que vs Hay que 63
Tenses 64
Grammar Rules to keep in Mind 65
Speaking Rules to keep in Mind 67
 V O C A B U L A R I O

El alfabetos

Letters Name Letters Name

A a N ene
B be Ñ eñe
C ce O o
CH che P pe
D de Q cu
E e R ere
F efe RR erre
G ge S ese
H hache T te
I i U u
J jota V ve corta
K ka W doble ve/doble u
L ele X equis
LL elle Y i griega/ye
M eme Z zeta

Los saludos
Hola Hello
Buenos dias Good morning
Buenos tardes Good afternoon
Buenas noches Good Night
Mucho gusto Nice to meet you
Tanto tiempo sin verte So much time without seeing you.
Cómo estás / Qué tal? How are you? (informal)
Cómo está usted? How are you? (formal)
Adios Goodbye
Que te vaya bien I wish you well
 Los Numeros

0 cero
1 uno 11 once 21 veintiuno
2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidos
3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitres
4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro
5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco
6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiseis
7 siete 17 diecisiéte 27 veintisiete
8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho
9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve
10 diez 20 veinte 30 treinta
31 treinta y uno
40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta 60 sesenta
70 setenta 80 ochenta 90 noventa
100 cien 101 ciento uno 102 ciento dos 110 ciento diez
200 doscientos 300 trescientos 400 cuatrocientos
500 quinientos 600 seiscientos 700 setecientos
800 ochocientos 900 novecientos 1000 mil

Cuál es tu numero telefono?

Mi numero telefono es cero – cuatro – siete – siete – dos …. 04772

Cuál es tu dirección? 90, Sylvan Road

Mi dirección es / Vivo en noventa, Sylvian Road.

Cuánto Cuesta es la camisa?

La camisa cuesta / es de veinticinco dólares y noventa y cinco centavos. $25.95

Cuántos años tienes? Tengo veintidos años. (22 yrs)

Cuándo naciste? / en qué año naciste? Nací en mil diecinueve noventa y seis. (1996)
 Los días de la Semana

Anteayer Ayer Hoy Mañana Pasado Mañana

Day before Yesterday Today Tomorrow Day After Tomorrow
yesterday

El lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado domingo

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

 Days are never in capital letters.

 When used with the days of the week, the definite article (el) has the special meaning “on.”
 When singular – el lunes Hay una fiesta el viernes There is a party on friday
plural – los lunes Trabajo los lunes y los jueves I work on Mondays and Thursdays

¿Qué día es hoy? Partes del dia

What day is today?

Hoy es lunes. la mañana the morning

Today is Monday.
la tarde the afternoon
Mañana es martes. la noche the evening/ the night
Tomorrow is Tuesday.

Jugamos juntas al tenis tres veces por semana: los lunes, miércoles y viernes.
We play tennis together three times a week, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.

Las estaciones

Verano Otoño Invierno Primavera

summer autumn winter spring

How to tell the Time

 Qué hora es? or Tiene hora?
- Son las ocho or Es la una
It is eight o’clock It is one o’clock.

Why is it feminine?
Because the time is describing the hour, and the hour is feminine in Spanish.
‘ la hora ’

Son las nueve y media.

It is 9:30

Son las tres y cuarto

It is 3:15

Son las diez menos diez.

It is 10 minutes to 10 / 9:50.

Son las tres veintinueve

It is 3:29

To tell which time of the day:-

“Son las dos de la tarde” It is two in the afternoon.

Since we know which exact afternoon is being talked about, making it the definite
it is important to use de la tarde instead of en la tarde.
mediodía – midday madrugada – the middle of the night
noche – at night mañana – in the morning
medianoche – midnight tarde – in the afternoon
amanecer – dawn anochecer – dusk

To indicate that an event occurs at a specific time, use the formula a + la(s) + time:

A Qué hora es tu clase de español?

La clase de español empieza a las nueve The Spanish class begins at 9

las el lunes que viene – next Monday

el lunes pasado – last Monday
la semana que viene – next week
durante el día – during the day
semana por medio - every other week
en punto – exactly or sharp
voy a supermercada a la uno en punto. I go to the supermarket at one oc’clock sharp.

tarde – late temprano – early

casi – almost/nearly
casi las dos – almost two o’clock

To summarise the grammar rule –

When talking about the day of the action - … el / los (el dia)
When talking about the time of the action - … a la/las (la hora)
To just say what time it is - … ser la / las (la hora)
When talking about which time of the day - … de la ( la parte del dia)

Comemos juntas a las once de la mañana los lunes y los miercoles.

We eat together at 11 in the morning on Mondays and Wednesdays
 Los Adjectivos

 In Spanish, the adjective agrees in gender and number of the noun that it defines.
 The adjective is placed after the noun.

El libro negro (The black book) La casa negra (The black house)

El niño travieso (The naughty boy) La niña traviesa (The naughty girl)

Los hombres guapos (The beautiful men) Las mujeres guapas (The beautiful
women)
El baño verde (The green bathroom) Los baños verdes (the green bathrooms)

Adjectivos física

♂ -o Brad Pitt es guapo

♀  -a Angelina Jolie es guapa

alto tall bajo short

guapo beautiful/handsome feo ugly
joven young viejo old
largo long bajo short (height)
corto short (object)
delgado thin gordo fat
fuerte strong
activo active
Hair
(pelo)
Rubio Blond Castaño Brown
Moreno Dark Pelirrojo Ginger
Canoso Grey
Largo Long Corto Short
Rizado Curly Lacio Straight

Soy un poco gordo y bastante alto. Tengo pelo negro medio largo.
I am little fat and tall enough. I have medium long black hair.

Mi madre es baja pero muy guapa. Ella es Morena y tiene ojos negros grande y nariz pequeña.
My mother is short but very beautiful. She is brunette and has big black eyes and a small nose.

NOT ROJA – because here the adjective is describing ‘ los ojos ’

which is a masculine noun, even though it is describing a female
 Los colores

Claro = light oscuro = dark

Negro Naranja / Anaranjada

Blanco Purpura / Morado

Rojo Crema

Azul Rosa / Rosado

Azul Marino Violeta

Azul Cielo Marrón

Amarillo Castaño

Verde Color Café

Plateado (silver)
Dorado (Gold)
Gris (Gray)
 La Ropa

El / Los La / Las
Los Pantalones Camisa
(largo/corto) Shirt
Pants (long/short)

El Traje Camiseta
Suit T-shirt

El Abrigo La Chaqueta
Jacket
Coat

El Saco
Blazer
La Ropa La Falda
El Vestido
Principal Dress
Skirt
Main apparrels
El Sudadero La blusa
Sweatshirt Blouse

El Impermeable
Raincoat

El Esmoquin
Tuxedo

El Suéter
Sweater

Los Zapatos Las

El Shoes Sandalias
Sandles
calzado Los Tacones Las botas
The footwear Heels Boots

crown La Corbata
Los Tie
 calcetín Pajarita
Socks
Bowtie
cinturón
Belt
sombrero
Hat

guantes
Gloves

botón
button

accesorio Gorro
Cap
s
El Reloj Las medias
Watch
Stockings
Brazalete Las gafas de sol
Bracelet Sunglasses

Anillo La Bufanda
Scarf
Ring

Pendientes La cremallera
Earrings Zipper

Gemélos La manga
Cuff links Sleeve

pañuelo Joyas
Handkerchief Jewellery

camisón
Nightdress

pijama bragas
Pajama panties

La ropa interior calzoncillos

Underwear Underpants

Sujetador , Brasier
Bra

El bikini
bikini
 El banador / El traje de
bano
Bathing suit
chaleco
Vest

Material terciopelo La seda

velvet Silk
cuero La franela
Leather Flannel
agodón La lena
Cotton Wool

Associated Vocabulary

 changing room - probador

 get dressed - vestirse  shoe size - numero de zapatos
 it fits you - le sienta bien  take off - quitar
(tamaño)  too tight - demasiado pequeño
 it suits you - le sienta bien  try on - probar
 match - hacer juego con  undress - desnudarse
 naked - desnudo  waist - cintura
 put on - poner  wear - llevar puesto
 size - talla

De qué color es la camiseta? What colour is the shirt?

– La camiseta es amarilla. The shirt is yellow.
De qué color son los pantalones? What colour are the pants.
– Los pantalones son azules. The pants are blue.

Qué ropa lleva Xiomara? What is Xiomara wearing?

–Xiomara lleva una camisea Xiomara is wearing a pink t-shirt
rosada y una falda largo negra. And a long black skirt.

Verbs Related to Clothing

1.) Llevar is the verb most often used to refer to wearing clothing.

Paulina llevó la blusa rota a la tienda

Pauline wore the torn dress to the store.

Mathieu llevaba una camisa roja, unas vaqueros y zapatos amarillos.

Mathieu wore a red shirt, jeans and yellow shoes

2) Ponerse to refer to putting on of clothing:

Se puso la camisa sin abotonar.
He put on the shirt without buttoning it.

4.) Cambiarse is the verb of choice for changing possessions including clothing.

Cuando te vas a cambiar de ropa, ¿sigues alguna rutina?

When do you change clothes, do you follow some routine?

3.) Sacar and Quitar are usually used when referring to the removal of clothes.
Los adolescentes entraban en una iglesia y no se quitaban el sombrero.
The adolescents would enter a church and not take off their hats.

No hay problema si sacas los zapatos.

There's no problem if you take off your shoes.
 Las emociones/ Los sentimientos

feliz , contento triste

Happy sad
de buen humor de mal humor
in a good mood in a bad mood

enamorado aburrido
in love bored

agradecido enojado
grateful angry

orgulloso enfadado
proud annoyed

optimista deprimido
hopeful depressed

soñoliento cansado
sleepy tired

interesado agotado
interested exhausted

agobiado de luto
overwhelmed (gender neutral) in mourning
alegre amargado
cheerful bitter, grumpy
soprendido ocupado
surprised busy

tranquilo preocupado
calm worried

listo nervioso
ready nervous

seguro confundido
sure confused

sano enfermo
healthy sick

dichoso loco
lucky crazy
 relejado asustado
relaxed scared

celoso
jealous

avergonzado
embarassaed

atrapado
trapped
mortificado
terrified, tormented

con tendencias
suicidas
suicidal
ofendido
offended

solitario
lonely

irritado
irritated
inseguro
insecure

culpable
guilty

frustrado
frustrated

disgustado
disgusted

desperado
desperate

delirante
delusional

Since emotions and moods are a temporary state, subject to change at any time
we always use “ ESTÁR ” forms to talk about the emotional state.
Or you use the verb of “se sentir” – to feel.
me siento , tu sientes, ella siente
Estoy feliz Sarah está nerviosa
♀ Por qué están tan entusiasmados?
I am happy! Sara is nervous Why are they so excited?
Me siento feliz porque tú estás conmigo
I feel happy because you are with me.

Me sentí tan triste cuando mi gato murió

I felt so sad when my cat died.

Me sentiré orgulloso cuando mi hijo se gradúe.

I will feel so proud when my son graduates.

In some situations, primarily of feelings… In English we say that we are hungry,

but in Spanish you say that you have hunger.
There are a few feelings like this: These use the verb tener (to have) together
with a noun, rather than an adjective like we used above.
And because we're dealing with nouns here, you don't need to change the end
to agree with the gender of the person you're talking about.

Isabel tiene sed Isabel is thirsty (Literally: Isabel has thirst)

Omar tiene hambre Omar is hungry (Literally: Omar has hunger)

Liliana tiene sueño Liliana is sleepy (Literally: Liliana has sleepiness)

Luis tiene calor Luis is hot (Literally: Luis has hot)

Marisa tiene frío Marisa is cold (Literally: Marisa has cold)

Ciro tiene prisa Ciro is in a hurry (Literally: Ciro has hurry)

Fabio tiene miedo Fabio is afraid (Literally: Fabio has fear)

The verb ‘dar’ – to give, can also be used for some feelings.

Me da nervios
It is making me nervous (Literally : It gives me nerves)

Perez le da rabia la gente que no llega a tiempo

Perez is angry that the people have not come on time.

Me da miedo viajar en avión.

I am scared of travelling on planes.

A muchos niños les da miedo la oscuridad

Many kids are scared of the dark.
 How to introduce yourself and others
Hola, Comó te llamas? Hello, What’s your name? ( Literally : How are you called?)
– Hola, me llamo Debroop.
Cuál es tu nombre? ( More literal way of saying what is your name?)
– Mi nombre es Debroop y mi apellido es Dhar.
Mucho gusto. Nice to meet you.
– El gusto es mio. The pleasure is mine
De dónde eres?
// From where are you //
– Soy de India
Where are you from? – Soy indio

El es John Esté es John

Mama, te presento a Elena Ella es Elena Está es Elena Tú
/ Mom, to you I present Elena / She is Elena This is Elena (informal)
Mom, I present you, Elena

– Encantado / Un placer de conocerte

Delighted / A pleasure to meet you

Le presento a la Señor Rodriguez. I present to you, Mr Rodriguez Le

Le is used whenever to address someone of (formal)
higher ranking or respect coming under the ‘ usted ’ conjugation. Usted
‘’Señor’’
Also note the use of + a la … not just ‘ a ’
– Un placer de conocerlo

Hola Amigos! Les presento a mi novia, Ruby. Les

PLURAL
– Un placer de conocerlos Both In/FORMAL
Ustedes

Cómo se llama la mujer? Cómo se llama tu mama?

– Ella se llama Bianca. – Mi mama se llama Munni

Cómo se llaman ustedes? Cómo se escribe tu nombre?

– Se llaman Rosa y Ramon. –Escribo asì de-be-ere-o-o-pe.
 Países y Nacionalidades
Países se habla hispana
México mexicano/a Paraguay paraguayo/a
Perú peruano Uruguay uruguayo
Cuba cubano Argentina argentino
Venezuela venezolano
Colombia colombiano El Salvador salvadoreño/a
Dominican Republic dominicano Honduras hondureño
Bolivia boliviano Panama panameño
Chile chileno Puerto Rico puertorriqueño
Ecuador ecuatoriano
Guatemala guatemalteco/a
Nicaragua nicaragüense
Costa Rica costarricense España Españyol/la

Otros Países Importantes

Estados Unidos USA estadounidense India indio/a
Canadá canadiense
Fipinas filipino
Alemania (Germany) alemán/ana Australia australiano/a
Italia italiano

Reino Unido U.K. britanico/a Brasil brasileño

China chino
Escocia (Scotland) escocés/esa Irak iraki
Denmark danés
Francia francés Rusia Ruso/a
Gales Wales galés
Inglaterra (ENG) inglés Suecia Sweden sueco/a
Irlanda irlandés
Japón japonés

De dónde eres (tú) ? / De dónde es (usted) ? Where are you from?

De qué pais eres? What country are you from?
Cuál es tu nacionalidad? What is your nationality?

– Soy de Los Estados Unidos / Soy estadounidense.

– Sarah es Filipina
– Ellos son estudiantes franceses.

Las partes del cuerpo

el piel skin la cara face
el cerebro brain la espada back
el músculo muscle la mente mind
el tendón tendon la garganta throat
el hueso bone la columna spine
el esqueleto skeleton la pezón tits (fem)
el cráneo skull la cintura waist
el corazón heart la barriga belly
 el cuerpo
humano

la cabeza

el cuello
el pecho

el brazo
el
estómago
el
la mano ombligo
el seno breast
el pene penis
el ano anus
la uña fingernail

los dedos la útero uterus

la rodilla la vagina vagina
la ingle groin
la pierna las nalgas buttocks

el tobillo

el pie
los
dedos
de pie
 Los miembros de la familia

Los
abuelos

el abuelo la abuela

Los padres
Los tíos

la madre el padre el tío la

tía

Y Los primos

el la o el primo la
hermano hermana prima
la sobrina el hijo

el sobrino el
nieto
la hija la
o for ♂ , a for ♀ o for ♂ , a for ♀
nieta
esposo/a husband soltero/a single
novio/a fiancé, boyfriend comprometido engaged
/a
padrino/a godfather casado/a married
ahijado/a godson viudo/a widowed
suegro/a father-in-law separado/a separated
cuñado/a brother-in-law divorciado/a divorced
bisabuelo/a greatgrandfather
tatarabuelo/a greatgreatgrandfather
bisnieto/a greatgrandchild

padrastro stepfather madrastra stepmother

hermanastro stepbrother hermanastra stepsister
hijastro stepson hijastra stepdaughter
El Clima
Unlike the English word “climate”, in Spanish el clima can be synonymous for
el tiempo (weather) in small talk and as well as the English meaning of ‘climate’
When talking about the weather, we frequently use hace, está, hay.
• está (it is) works same as the English form
• hay (there is), again a substitute for ‘ it is’ Hay frio = It is cold // There is cold //
• hace (to do), in spanish the weather does…

¿Qué tiempo hace? Literal translation: What weather it makes ?

Figurative translation: What’s the weather like?
¿Cómo está el tiempo? ¿Qué clima hace? ¿Cómo está el clima?
How’s the weather? What’s the weather like? How’s the weather?

Está lluvioso/ Llueve

It is raining. or It rains Está nevando / Nieva
It is snowing
Está chispeando / lloviznando
It’s drizzling Hace frio / fresco
It is cold / cool
Está lloviendo muy fuerte
/Hay lluvias torrenciales Está granizando /Hay granizo
It’s pouring It’s hailing
 Está tronando / Truena Hace viento Hace calor
It’s thundering Está ventoso It’s hot
It’s windy
la tormenta storm Hace sol
una racha It’s sunny
Está nublado/Hay nubes a gust of wind
It’s cloudy Hace un día soleado
It’s a sunny day

Hace un calor tremendo

It’s scorching hot

Hace…
buen / mal tiempo – The weather is good/bad
un día muy despejado – It’s a clear day.
un día tormentoso – It’s a stormy day

Hay…

tormenta - It’s stormy relámpagos - It’s lightning

un huracán - There’s a hurricane un tornado - There’s a tornado
un terremoto - There’s an earthquake una inundación - There’s a flood
sol - The sun is shining luna - The moon is out
aire - It’s breezy niebla - It’s foggy
neblina - It’s misty

¿Tienes frío/calor? Estoy (muy) sudado Me muero de calor/frío

Are you cold/hot? I’m (very) sweaty I’m dying of heat/cold

Estoy cocido Estoy congelado/ helado ¡Qué frío/calor tengo!

I’m boiling I’m freezing cold/I’m frozen I’m freezing cold/I’m frozen

Me estoy asando ¡Estoy sudando como un pollo!

I’m roasting I’m sweating like a chicken! (Think: I’m sweating like a pig!)
Soy muy friolero— I’m a wimp when it comes to the cold
(the word friolero(a) doesn’t exist in English).

Está lloviendo a cántaros — It’s raining cats and dogs

(“un cántaro” is a jug or pitcher so you can kind of see where they’re coming from with this saying)

La primavera, la sangre altera — Think: “Spring is in the air.”

(Literally: “The spring, the blood alters.”)

When discussing how the weather feels, use tener, which usually is translated as "to have"
but in this context is used to indicate how a person feels. Tengo frío. (I'm cold.) Tengo calor.
(It feels hot.) Something to avoid is saying something like estoy caliente or estoy frío for "I'm
hot" or "I'm cold." These sentences can have sexual overtones, just as can the English
sentences "I'm hot" or "I'm frigid.

La Comida

In Spanish there are specific verbs for

to have breakfast – desayunar  el desayuno
to have lunch – almuerzar  el almuerzo
to have dinner – cenar  la cena
to have snacks – merendar  la merienda

A qué hora desayunas? / A qué hora tomas el desayuno ?

Desayuno a las ocho y media / Tomo el desayuno a la ocho.

Qué te gusta comer para el desayuno?

Me gusta comer pan y huevos.

Verb chart from lecture

Qué prefieres comer? Qué plato le encanta a Rodrigo? Cuál es el plato favorito de F_?
What do you like to eat? What is Rodrigo’s favourite dish? What is Franklin’s favourite dish?

Make sure you use the correct pronouns for the correct foods :-
Los huevos fritos? Los comemos para el desayuno.
La sopa? La comemos para el almuerzo o la cena.
 Desayuno comida

los Huevos Fritos Revueltos Duro (hard) ;

Tibio (soft )
la

el Pan Mantequilla la Mermelada la mantequilla

de cacahuaete

Queso Frijoles Jamón

Tocino
el Cruasán / Medialuna

el Yogur
la Salchicha el Gofre
la Avena los panqueques

la Miel el Cereal

Bebidas
 jugo ( de naranja) la Leche el Té El Café
/ zumo

el

el Vino Tinto Vino Blanco

la Cerveza el Champán
la

la Horchata (a type of el Batido Sidra el Refresco

rice drink )

¿Qué me recomiendas para beber? What drink do you recommend?

Yo quisiera un refresco, por favor. I want a soft drink , please .

Yo gustaria un chupito de tequila. I would like a shot of tequila..

Comida Balaceada – Balanced / Healthy Food

Comida Rapida – Fast Food
 Tipos de Carne

el Pollo el Pato el Pavo

la Res el Cordero el Cerdo

chuletas (chops) , pechas (breasts) , piernas (legs)

Los Mariscos
( Seafood)

El pescado el atún la trucha el salmón

el Cangrejo la Langosta el langostino el camarón

la Almeja el Mejillón la ostra

clams mussels oyester
 Frutas

Verduras
 Tipos de preparación de cocinar

Frito a la Plancha
Fried Grilled

Cocido Crudo
Stewed Raw

al Horno al vapor
Roasted / Baked Steamed

How to prepare (Verbs)

cortar cut hervir boil

picar chop hornear bake
batir beat (eggs) freir fry
amasar knead asar grill
Cocinar a baño cooking in
rallar grate
María water bath
pelar peel mezclar mix
servir serve abrir open
adornar garnish
 Cómo se cortan?
rodajas – slices rebanadas – slices (bread,ham)
trozos – small pieces
Types of packaging – Los Empaques

una Lata un Paquete un Tarro / un frasco una Caja

por kilo, gramo , litro ,

docena ( dozen) , bolsa ( bag ) , botella (bottle )

las Tazas de Medir – Measuring Cups

una cucharada
tercio de taza media taza 1 Table-spoon
“ 1/3 cup “ “ 1/2 cup “
media cucharada
1/2 Table-spoon

una cucharadita
1 Tea-spoon

media cu…
cuarto de cu…
cuarto una taza
de taza “ 1 cup “ octavo de cu…
“ 1/4 cup “

Utensils

Nutrition
 proteína – protein
carbohidratos – carbohydrates
grasa – fat
vitamina – vitamins
fibra – fibre
azúcar – sugar
calcio – calcium
cafeína – caffeine

Restaurant
propina – tip

¿Cómo pagas la cuenta?

– a la inglesa / cada uno paga lo suyo / pagar a escote– to go dutch
mitad y mitad – half and half

pagar al contado , enfictivo = to pay cash

pagar con tarjeta de crédito = to pay with credit card
pagar con cheque = to pay with cheque

Hacer un brindis – to make a toast - > Salud!! Cheers!!

Cuando ustedes hacen un brindis, ¿por qué brindan?
(la amistad, el amor, los amigos, la familia, etcétera.)
Sebastián, Nayeli y Eloy están brindando por su amistad.
sobremesa – the time when people sit and talk after they have finished eating

Boot verb in Present Sandle Verb in Preterit

“ Se …. corta / cocina / come “

Cuando como algo que me gusta, siempre quedo satisfecho/a.
Estoy lleno/a.
quedar satisfecho/a
estar satisfecho/a
quedar lleno/a
estar lleno/a

 When talking about the food – try to use pronouns after the food in context
has been mentioned. For example –
El huevo / Los huevos? – El / Los comemos para el desayuno

 When talking about liking food, make sure you match the gustar with the
food quantity i.e plural and singular.
Me gusta el helado Me gustan las papas fritas.

Porque gusta o porque no le gusta ?

La sopa ? – La como nunca porque es muy aburrido (boring)

Las verduras ? – Las como siempre porque es muy saludable (healthy)
Te gusta comer los tacos? – No, no lo como porque me cae mal (it doesn’t go well with me)
el yogur – porque no me gusta ( I do not like it )
las papas fritas – porque me encantan mucho ( I love it a lot)
– porque soy alérgico/a ( allergic )
 – porque me hacen daño ( makes me sick )
– porque mucha grasa ( very greasy )
– porque ingredients son baratos ( the ingredients are cheap )
– porque sabroso / delicioso ( tasty )
Vegetables
Meat types
Ways of cooking
Fruits
where you buy food –
how food was packaged – measures of quantities
measures of quantities / variety in spoons
how to prepare individual food item
Utensils
restaurant – how to pay
common Verbs associated with cooking

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

Direct object pronouns precede the CONJUGATED VERB form :-

Fernando LAVA el carro una vez por semana
Fernando lo lava con agua fría

Direct object pronouns follow the INFINITIVE VERB form :-

Esta semana no tengo que lavarlo manana porque llueve mucho.
 Words to Connect Thoughts

Actualmente Actualmente hay un oso panda en el zoo.

( Currently ) Currently there is a panda bear in the zoo.

Consecutivamente Cogió las llaves y consecutivamente se fue.

He picked up the keys and consecutively he left.
(Consecutively )

De hecho Me gusta tu idea, de hecho, haremos eso.

( Infact ) I like your idea, in fact, we’ll do that.

En efecto En efecto, la solución es esa.

( Indeed ) The solution is that, indeed.

Finalmente Finalmente se dio por vencido.

( Finally ) Finally he gave up.

No obstante No obstante, comrpó el otro abrigo.

( However ) However, he bought the other coat.

Por lo tanto No tengo dinero, por lo tanto, no puedo comprarlo.

( Therefore ) I do not have money, therefore, I cannot buy it.

Por otra parte, él también tiene razón.

On the other hand, he is also right.
 Por otra parte
( On the other hand )

Sin embargo Jugaron muy bien, sin embargo, perdieron.

( Nevertheless ) They played very well, nevertheless, they lost.

Tambien Ellos Tambien quiren venir.

( Also ) They also want to go.

Quantifiers

Uncountable – “Much”

Countable – “Many”

NOTE : – The difference between demasiado and demasiada is not a female vs

male issue. It comes from a difference between
many( countable ) vs much ( uncountable ) .
The ‘s’ is however added whenever it is a plural subject.

Tenemos demasiado dinero. Hay demasiada fruta en la nevera

We have too much money. There is too many fruit in the fridge.

Poco de vs poco –
Used with uncountable nouns, poco and un poco de express small quantity,
but with poco we are focusing on the negative – what there isn’t ;
and with un poco de we are focusing on the positive – what there is ;
 V E R B S

Ser vs Estár – “ To be ”

When to use Ser : -

i. Description (State of Permanence) – Physical Traits, Personal Characteristics, Definitions

Pedro y Michael son alto Pedro and Michael are tall

Yo no soy romantic I am not romantic
Juan es más gracioso que Mathieu Juan is siller than Mathieu

ii. Occupation – él es abugado He is a lawyer

yo soy doctor I am a doctor

iii. Nationality – Yo soy indio I am Indian

or Place of Origin Yo soy de India I am from India

Notice how the nationality is written in small, while only when using
the name of the country, we use capital letter.

iv. Time / Date - Qué hora es? What is the time? /hour/

Son las cuatro de la tarde It’s 4 o’clock in the afternoon

Hoy es lunes Today is Monday

Mi cumpleanos es el catorce de diciembre My birthday is the 14th of December

v. Relationships and Possessions –

Somos amigos de Hector We are Hector’s friends
Son mis juguetes They are my toys
Su libro favorito es “cien anos de soledad” His favourite book is “100 Years of Solitude”

vi. Events – Since events are not defined by or essentially tied to their location,
the verb ser is used to talk about parties, ceremonies, and events in general:
 La fiesta fue en la casa de Juan. La boda será en la catedral.
The party was at Juan’s house. The wedding will be in the cathedral.

When to use Estár :-

i. Position & Location –

La casa está en la avenida Fuentes The house is on Fuentes Avenue

Los muchachos están en la escuela The boys are in school

Los platos están dentro del lavaplatos The plates are inside of the dishwasher

ii. Action(currently taking place) : – ‘ing’ / ‘iendo/ando’

Qué estás haciendo? What are you doing?

Sergio y Diego están jugando videojuegos Sergio & Diego are playing videogames

iii. Temporary Condition –

Mi café está muy caliente My coffee is very hot

Las naranjas están muy verdes The oranges are very green(unripe)

iv. Weather Condition – Está nublado It is cloudy

v. Emotion – Estoy aburrido I am bored

 Juan está muy content porque es Viernes Juan is very happy because
it
is Friday
Estamos triste We are sad

Examples of Ser and Estár being used together :-

Pedro es un tipo simpático pero hoy está enojado. Personality x Emotion

Pedro is a nice guy but today he is angry.

Son la dos y María todavía está dormida. Time x Action

It is two o‘clock and María is still asleep.

La casa que está en esa colina es amarilla. Location x Characteristic

The house that is on that hill is yellow.

[Link] Spanish, death is considered a state:

Las plantas de mi casa están muertas.
My house plants are dead.

2. The verb ser can be used in combination with past participles to form the
passive voice:
Las leyes son firmadas por el Presidente.
Laws are signed by the President.

La víctima fue socorrida por los paramédicos.

The victim was helped by the paramedics.
 Dejar – “ to leave something ”

1.)To Leave - While the verb salir is used for "to leave"
in the sense of to leave a place… Dejar is more for leaving something/somone.
Déjalo aquí. ¿Dónde dejé el coche aparcado?
Leave it here. Where did I park the car?

Dejaré el libro en la mesa. ¡Déjame! Tengo que

estudiar.
I will leave the book on the table. Leave me alone! I have to study.

Dejó a su esposa por la mujer que deseaba. Dejé a Pablo en Chicago

He abandoned his wife for the woman he wanted. I dropped Pablo off in
Chicago.

2.) to Lend
Me dejó su casa de vacaciones ¿Me dejas tu teléfono?
He lent me his vacation home. Could I borrow your phone?

3.) to Pass on
Cuano murió me dejó su panadería en su testamento.
When he died he left me his bakery in his will.
Siempre mi papa le dejaba la tarea mas dificil a mi mama.
My father always left the most difficult tasks to my mother.

4.) to Allow/Let
No me dejaban comprar nada que no fuse reciclable.
They did not let me buy anything that was not recyclable

Mi mamá le dejó comprar un auto nueve a mi hermana.

My mom let my sister buy a new car.

5.) Dejar de – “to stop” Dejar que – “ to wait until ”

 Puedes deja de llevar mis ropas? Dejo que las cosas se sucedan
naturalmente
Can you stop wearing my clothes? I’m waiting until things happen naturally.

Seguir – “ to continue ”
 Gustar – “ to be pleasing to ”

1.) Unlike other usual verbs that use personal pronouns – yo, tu , nos etc…
Gustar uses indirect pronouns such as

Indrect Pronouns used when you really want to

Personal Pronouns
with GUSTAR emphasise who

Yo Me a mí
Tu Te a tí
Ella, El, Usted Le a él , ella , usted
Nosotros Nos a nosotros
Vos Os a vosotros
Ellas, Ellos, Ustedes, Les a ellas , ellos , ustedes

2.) When talking about a noun, it is the noun that controls the conjugation of
‘gustar’. For eg: -

Les gusto a los mosquitos - I am pleasing to mosquitos

(Mosquitos like me)

me gustas - I like you

me gusta el vino - I like the wine
a Steve le gustan los gatos - Steve likes the cats.
A mí me gustáis las dos - I like both of you guys but only as friends
pero solo como amigas

3.) When talking about liking a verb, always “ gusta ” + verb infinitive is used.

Me gusta ir a caminar I like to go to walk

Te gusta trabajar You like to work
Roger gusta bailar Roger likes to dance
 Liked by whom ? Gustar conjugation depends The item
on the item

Me + Gusta + el perro
Me + Gustan + Los perros
Use a + personal pronoun to stress ‘who it is pleasing to’

Le gusta el café

A ella le gusta el café

Te gusta peliculas de terror? Do you like horror

movies?
– No No, (a mí) me gusta pelicas de acción. No No, I like action
movies
– No, no me gusta peliculas de terror. No, I don’t like horror
movies

Que te gusta más, hablar por teléfono o ver la television?

– Me gusta más hablar p… / ver … I like talking … / watching…
more.
– No me gusta ni hablar … ni ver … Neither do I like talking.. nor
watching

Steve le gusta estudiar? Does Steve like

studying?
– Si, Le gusta mucho estudiar Yes, He likes studying
A mí me gusta también! I like it too!

: - ) Agrees :-( Disagrees

A mí me gusta el chocolate A mí tambien A mí , no.

A mí no me gustan los A mí, sí A mí tampoco

tomates
 Different Tenses

Past :- No me gustó la película, fue muy aburrida.

I didn’t like the movie, it was very boring.

Past :- A ella le gustaban las fresas cuando estaba embarazada.

Plural She liked strawberries when she was pregnant.

Future :- Yo sé que a ellos les va a gustar mi idea.

I know that they are going to like my idea.
Conditional :- ¿Les gustarían las clases a los estudiantes?
Would the students like the classes?

With decreasing degree of preference

Adorar
Encantar
Amar
Preferir
Odiar
Destestar
 Many other verbs also follow the same rule :-
With verbs such as these , the subject is something that produces an effect
(sensation, feeling, emotion or reaction) in someone and the indirect object
(me,te,le…) refers to the receiver, the person who feels this effect.

1. Encantar (to love something) Amar is more suited for

the love of people rather
A Daniel le encantó el partido. than an object.
Daniel loved the game.

2. Costar (to cost) 2 meanings: -

Monetary Difficulty
Esas zapatillas le costaron a Sara 65$ Me cuesta hablar Espanol
Those shoes cost Sara 65$ It is difficult for me to speak Spanish

3. Molestar ( to bother / irritate) Not = molest

La musica de nuestro companero de cuarto nos molesta muchisimo.
Our roommate’s music bothers us so much

4. Quedar (to remain)

Solo me quedan tres asignaturas más y ya me gradúo.
Only for me remain three classes more and I graduate.

No te queda otra opción. No me quedo harina.

You aren’t left with any other option I don’t have any flour

5. Faltar (to be lacking something)

Me faltan dos jugadores en el equipo. quieres jugar en vez de ellos?
I lack two players in the team. Do you want to play instead of them?
6. Dejar (to leave)
Esta historia me deja con algunas preguntas.
This story leaves me with some questions
Esta dieto no me deja satisfecho.
This diet does not leave me satisfied.

7. Llevar, Tomar (to take)

Me llevó/tomó mucho tiempo entenderlo. Tomé un taxi al aeropuerto.
It took me a long time to understand it. I took a taxi to the airport.

8. Importar (to be important to)

No me importa. Los resultados de exámenes no le importa a ella.
It is not important to me. The exam results are not important to her.

Antes la famila le importaba mucho pero ahora solo le importan los amigos.
Before his family was very important to him but now only his friends are important(to him.)

Note how for la familia , the verb is still singular – importaba…

but for los amigos, the verb becomes plural as well – importan

9. Aburrir (to bore) 10. Preocupar (to worry)

El beisbol me aburre mucho. Me preocupas mucho.
Baseball bores me a lot. You worry me a lot.

11. Llamar (to call)

Qué te llama la atención de este libro? Esa canción me llamó la atención.
What calls your attention in this book? That song caught my attention
9. Altaer (to attract)
One way attraction Two way attraction
Hugo no le atrae mucho a Marina Maria y Pedro se atraen.
Maria is not attracted to Hugo. Maraia and Pedro are attracted to
eachother.
//Hugo doesn’t attract a lot to Marina//

10. Interesar (to interest)

No me interesa ir a la playa hoy. Este viaje nos interesa mucho.
It doesn’t interest me to go to the beach today This trip does not interest us much.

10. Parecer (to appear to be)

Me parece muy buena gente. ¿Qué te parece?
The people appear very good to me. What do you think?

11. Doler (to be painful)

Después de andar tanto por la calle me dolian los pies.
After walking so much on the street my feet were hurting.

12. Picar (to itch/to bite)

Siempre me pican mucho los mosquitos.
Mosquitos bite me always.

13. Permitir (to permit / allow)

Estas gafas me permiten ver mejor. Mi trabajo no me permite relajarme.
These glasses allow me to see better. My job doesn’t allow me to relax.
Reflexive verbs are formed when the subject and object of a sentence are the same thing.
They could apply whether the subject is a person, place or thing. What you need to know
to form reflexive verbs is a different form of Spanish pronoun.
The Spanish pronouns for reflexive verbs are called object pronouns and are as follows:
 Me – Me
 Te –You
 Se – Him / Her
 Nos – Us
 Os – You-all
 Se – Them
“ Voy a … ” – I’m going to
 G R A M M A R

Los articulos

Definite Articles :- el, los ( masculine )

& la , las (feminine)

1. To Talk about Things in General

When talking about something in general, such as a type of food, music, book, etc. or
a group of some sort, you'll use the definite article in Spanish.

La comida de México es deliciosa. Mexican food is delicious.

Los gatos son inteligentes. Cats are intelligent.

2. Days of the Week

Tengo que trabajar el lunes. I have to work on Monday.
Voy al gimnasio los lunes. I go to the gym on Mondays.

When a day of the week follows a form of the verb ser, no article is used.
Hoy es lunes. Today is Monday.

3. Names of Languages

Definite articles are used with names of languages in Spanish when

the language is the subject of a sentence.

El japonés y el alemán son lenguas difíciles. Japanese and German are difficult languages.
El español me gusta mucho. I really like Spanish.

When a language is the object of a verb, the definite article is not used.
Quiero aprender español.
Yo hablo español. Me enseñaban español.
I speak Spanish. They taught me Spanish.
4. Body Parts and Clothing

Definite articles are often used with body parts and articles of clothing in Spanish.
Me duele el estómago. Si no traes la camisa fajada, no puedes entrar
My stomach hurts. If your shirt isn't tucked in, you can't come in.

5. Telling Time
Definite articles are used before numbers when telling time.
Es la una. Vamos a las tres
It's one o'clock. We leave at three.
(The definite article used for telling time is always feminine since it references la hora)

6. Long-Form Possession

Definite articles are used when talking about things possessed or created by
someone.
Las películas de Almodóvar son interesantes. Almodóvar's movies are interesting.
Las flores de tu mamá crecieron un buen. Your mom's flowers grew a lot.

7. Titles Used When Talking about Someone

Definite articles are also used when giving someone's title (sir, dr.)

El doctor Hernández es inteligente. La señora Cuevas tiene una casa bonita.

Dr. Hernandez is intelligent. Mrs. Cuevas has a beautiful house.

Articles aren't used before titles when you are talking to someone or with titles like
San, Santo/a, Don, and Doña.
Señora Ocón, ¿cómo está? Los restos de San Nicolás están en Bari.
Mrs. Ocon, how are you? Saint Nicholas's remains are in Bari.
Don Juan es un hombre muy romántico.
Don Juan is a very romantic man.
 Los articulos indefinidos

Apart from the use of denoting one particular object for eg. una maleta – a suitcase

We can use unos/unas to refer to “some/ a few”

Unos chicos jugaron futbol en la parque.

Some boys are playing football at the park.

Unas maestras son estrictos

Some teachers are strict.

The indefinite articles un,una,unos,unas must not be used in the following situations :-

a) Professions, Religion, Nationality

Soy profesora de español. El es católico
I am a Spanish professor He is a catholic

b) Using tener to talk about possessions

Tienes coche? Ahora temenos tele.

However, if you add an adjective to the possession, you must use it.
Tengo un coche rojo Ahora tenenos un teléfono inalámbrico.
I have a red card Now we have a wireless telephone.

c) When a noun is preceded by Cierto/a , Medio/a, Tal(es), Otro/a, or Mil

Cierta persona tiene un secreto. A certain person has a secret.

Iremos al cine en media hora. We'll go to the theater in a half hour.

No me cuentes tal cosa. Don't tell me such a thing.

Dame otra camisa. Give me another shirt.

 Él ganó mil dólares. He won a thousand dollars.

The neutral article ‘ lo ’ can be used to substitute 3 entities

to Mean - Things
– la cosa / las cosas (thing, things)
No me gusta lo amargo = No me gustan las cosas amargas
I do not like bitter things.

No entiendo lo que haces. I don’t understand the things that you do.

Lo importante es que venga. The important thing is that she comes.

Me da lo mismo ir a la playa que a la piscina.

It’s all the same thing me if we go to the beach or to the pool.

Lo que dice es imposible. The things he says are impossible.

to Mean - Part
In each of the following sentences, lo can mean la parte(the part or portion).
In this sense, it's used to express an entity, place, or abstract idea that can be
considered a part of something that relates to a whole.

Lo importante de la vida es el fin = La parte importante de la vida es el fin.

The important part of life is the end.

Lo difícil del español es el vocabulario. The hard part about Spanish is the vocabulary.

No puedo separar lo suyo de lo mío. I can’t separate his part from my part.
 to Mean How
In each of the following sentences, lo can mean cómo or la manera en que(how). In
this sense, it is used to express the extreme degree or nature of a given entity,
concept, or idea.

Quedó sorprendido por lo absurdo de su manera de ser.

Quedó sorprendido por el extremo absurdo de su manera de ser.
She was surprised by how absurd his way of life was.

Quiero que los estudiantes se den cuenta de lo bello que son aquellos pasajes.
I want the students to realize how beautiful those passages are.

No tengo palabras para definir lo feliz que soy.

I don’t have the words to define how happy I am.

No tengo palabras para definir lo importante que es nuestra unión.

I don’t have words to define how important our coming together is.
 Subject Personal Pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person yo nosotros, nosotras

tú vosotros, vosotras
2nd person
usted ( formal ) ustedes ( formal )
3rd person él , ella ellos , ellas

 If a personal pronoun is used after a preposition,

yo changes to mí & tú changes to tí

a yo a mí para tú para tí

Estoy segura de que mi novio piensa mucho en mí

I am sure that my boyfriend thinks a lot about me.

Ha hablando muy bien de tí.

I have talked much good of you.

Puedo hacer algo por usted?

Can I make something for you?

 But with only entre ( between ) ,

hasta ( when it means “even” )
and según, ( according to )
yo and tú are used instead of mí and tí :-

Entre tú y yo, hay nada Eso, hasta yo lo entiendo.

Between you and me there is nothing. That, even I understand it.
 Adjectivos Posesivos

Personal Possessive Possessive Adjectives

Pronouns Adjectives Stressed
singular plural singular plural

yo mi mis mío/mía míos/mías

tú tu tus tuyo/tuya tuyos/tuyas
él/ella/usted su sus suyo/suya suyos/suyas
nuestro nuestros
nosotros nos nos
nuestra nuestras
vuestro vuestros
vosotros vos vos
vuestra vuestras
ellos/ellas/ustedes su sus suyo/suya suyos/suyas

How to choose the correct possessive adjective?

Step 1 : Who’s possession is it? yo él (Pedro)

Step 2 : What is the possessions quantity un boligrafo dos gatas

(singular or plural) ?

Step 3 : What is the possessions gender? boligraf o  ♂ gatas  ♀

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES : es mi boligrafo son sus gatas

es boligrafo mío son gatas suyas
For example, lets take multiple scenarios using two items of different genders:-

el cepillo la casa
♂ ♀

el cepillo mío el cepillo tuyo el cepillo nuestro

los cepillos míos los cepillos tuyos los cepillos nuestros

la casa mía la casa tuya la casa nuestra

las casas mías las casas tuyas las casas nuestras

In case of talking about ones body parts, clothes and other things we have on us.
Possessive adjectives are never used. Only definite articles – el and la are used only.
Me duele la Cabeza Te has lavado las camisas
Me duele mi Cabeza Te has lavado tus camisas

Another way to designate possession :- ‘ ___ de ____ ’

De quién es perro? De quiénes pantalones son estos?

– Es perro de Peter! – Estos pantalones de Maria.
 Demonstrative Pronouns

"Demonstratives" are words that help us "demonstrate" where something is. They are quite often
accompanied by pointing and gestures.

 Spanish demonstrative pronouns agree with the noun they are replacing.

 este/esta/estos and estas (meaning this/these) to indicate things and people

that are very close.

ese/esa/esos and esas (meaning that/those) to indicate things and people

that are near the person you are talking to or that aren’t too far away.

aquel/aquella/aquellos/aquellas (meaning that/those) are used to indicate

things and people that are further away.

Quiero esta flor. No quiero esa.

I want this flower. I don't want that one

¿Cuánto cuesta esta revista? Quiero comprar tres de esas bufandas.

How much does this magazine cost? I'd like to buy three of those scarves.

Aquellos estudiantes no comprenden. Me gusta aquella casa.

Those students (over there) don’t understand. I like that house (on the other side of the street).
 Mi bicicleta es mejor que esta. Tu colegio es más cerca que ese.
My bicycle is better than this one. Your college is closer than that one.

 The neuter forms (esto, eso, aquello) are used to talk about an object you don’t
recognize or about an idea or statement.

¿Qué es eso que llevas en la mano? What’s that you’ve got in your
hand?

¿Qué es esto? What is this?

Eso es imposible. That is impossible.

Por eso, no puedo hacerlo. Therefore (because of that), I can’t do it.

Aquello no es necesario. That’s not necessary.

aqui – here , ahi – there , alli – over there ( far )

Question Words
 ¿Quién es tu papá? Who is your father?
Quién Who?
A quién Whom? ¿A quién estás buscando? Whom are you looking for?

De quién Whose? ¿De quién es esta comida? Whose food is this?

¿Quiénes? Who? (plural) ¿Quiénes son tu papá? Who are your parents?

¿Qué haces esta noche?

¿Qué? What?
¿Qué quieres comer?

¿Cuál/es? What? / Which? ¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono?

Dónde Where? ¿Dónde está el restaurante? Where is the restaurant?

Adónde To where? ¿Adónde fuiste? Where did you go to?

De dónde From where?

¿De dónde eres? Where are you from?

Cuándo When? ¿Cuándo quieres salir al cine conmigo?

¿Cómo te llamas?
Por qué Why?
¿Cómo está tu madre?

Para qué For what? ¿Para qué necesitas $300? For what do you need 300$?

¿Cómo te llamas?
Cómo How?
¿Cómo está tu madre?

How many /
Cuánto/a ¿Cuántos dólares cuesta la chaqueta?
How much?
Cuántos/as ¿Cuánto dinero cuesta la chaqueta?
 Rules to keep in mind :-

1. Spanish uses two question marks. An upside-down question mark signifies the
beginning of a question in Spanish.

2. You can ask a question without using any question words. All you need to do is
say it with a rising intonation at the end.
(Consider the difference between saying,
"He finished it." and saying "He finished it?")

Tú sabes como llegar ahí. ¿Tú sabes cómo llegar ahí?

You know how to get there. Do you know how to get there?

3. When a preposition is needed, it is always added before the pronoun.

¿En qué oficina trabajas? In what office do you work?

¿Con quién vas al teatro? With whom do you go to the theater?

¿De dónde eres? From where are you?

4. The difference between qué and cómo has only one factual answer possible. You use
cuál to ask about a personal opinion or a choice between options. Cuál is a bit closer to
“which” in some cases.

5. You can’t use cuándo when you’re asking for a specific time (in hours and/or minutes).
For that, the question is a qué hora as in

¿A qué hora es la película? What time is the movie?

6. Sometimes the word ‘Cuándo’ does not go at the beginning of the sentence, but it is still
used as a connector in the question. In such cases, it is written without the accent mark.

¿Me puedes llamar cuando llegues? Can you call me when you arrive?
 Quantifiers

1. algún, alguna, algunos, algunas – Some / Any

Alguna vez, voy al centro ¿Tienes algunos zapatos?
Sometimes, I go to downtown Do you have any shoes?

2. ambos, ambas – Both

Ambas compañías crearán una empresa internacional.
Both companies will create an international enterprise

3. bastante/es or suficiente – Enough

En mi ciudad hay bastantes iglesias.
In my city there are enough churches.

Tenemos equipos suficientes para las inspecciones.

We have enough teams for the inspections.

4. mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas – Many

Ella tiene muchos gatos. No sé mucho de fotografía
She has many cats I don’t know much about photography

In most cases, when it is singular it is ‘much’ and in plural form it is ‘many’

5. ningún, ninguna – no/none

Ninguna persona será atacada or ridiculizada.
No person will be attacked or ridiculed.
 6. poco, poca, pocos, pocas – little
Hay poco pan. Hay pocas uvas
There is little bread. There are a few grapes.

7. tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas – so much / so many

Estás cometiendo tantos errores gramaticales
You are making so many mistakes in your grammar

8. todo, toda, todos, todas – all / every

Todos los perros van al cielo.
All dogs go to heaven.

9. unos, unas – some

Unos gatos son mejores cazadores que otros. Quiero comprar unas faldas hoy.
Some cats are better hunters than others. I want to buy some skirts today.

10. varios, varias – several

Javier tenía varios coches.

Javier had several cars.
 Las Preposicións
a to , at para for , in order to

en in , on , at por for , by

before , in the
de of , from ante
presence of

desde from , since tras after

detrás behind contra against

con with entre between , among

sin without hasta until , toward

hacia until , toward bajo under

según according to sobre about, on, upon,

above, over,
around

alrededor
around
de

 They can be joined with interrogative words to further our ability to ask questions.

 Unlike English, Spanish prepositions must never be placed at the end of a sentence.

En qué tienda hay muchos libros? In what store are there many books?

En cuál parquet hay animals exóticos? In which park are there exotic animals?

De dónde es el hombre? Where is the man from?

NOTE : de (from,of) must never be placed at
the end unlike the English translation

De qué color es la mesa? Of what colour is the table?

Con quién estás? Whom are you with?

There are a few Spanish prepositions, however, that warrant a little extra attention. Below you'll find
more in-depth information on a few of the most common Spanish prepositions.

Preposition Profile : ‘ a ’
( ~= to, at, by, or for )
1.) It can be used to indicate motion (translation: to)
Fuimos a España. We went to Spain.

Iremos al museo el martes. We will go to the museum on Tuesday.

2.) Connect a verb to another verb in the infinitive (no direct English translation)
Vamos a bailar. We are going to dance.

Empecé a leer. I began to read.

3.) Indicate manner, or how something is done (translations: on, by, with)
Vamos a pie. We went on foot.

Lo hice a mano. I did it by hand.

Escribe a lápiz. He writes with a pencil.

4.) Introduce a person as a direct object (no direct English translation)

¿Conoces a Isabela? Do you know Isabela?

Veo a mi madre. I see my mother.

5.) Introduce an indirect object (translations: to, for)

Le di el regalo a Celia. I gave the gift to Celia.

Compré los tomates a Anita. I bought the tomatoes for Anita.

6.) Express time (translation: at, although sometimes it has no direct translation)
Cenamos a las seis. We eat dinner at six o'clock.

Estamos a martes. It is Tuesday.

Preposition Profile : ‘ de ’
( ~= of , from , with )

1.) Indicate possession (translations: of or possessive 's or s')

Atlanta es la capital de Georgia. Atlanta is the capital of Georgia.

Allí está el café de Manuel. There's Manuel's cafe.

2.) Indicate cause (translations: from, of, with)

Estoy cansada de correr. I am tired from running.

Estamos contentos de nuestro hijo. We are happy with our son.

3.) Indicate origin (translations: from, of)

Ella es de Uruguay. She is from Uruguay.

La gente de esta región es muy alta. The people of this region are very tall.

4.) Talk about the beginning of a process (translation: from)

De ahora en adelante solo voy a tomar café en la mañana.
From now on I'm only going to drink coffee in the morning.

5.) Compare or talk about a member of a group (translations: in, of or than)

Sonia es la más inteligente de la familia.
Sonia is the most intelligent person in the family.

Juan es el más grande de todos los estudiantes del quinto grado.

Juan is the biggest of all the 5th-grade students.

Hay más de 10 personas en la clase de historia.

There are more than 10 people in the history class.

6.) Describe a noun using another noun (translation: of, although often no direct translation)
¿Puedes comprar papel de baño? Can you buy toilet paper?

Me encanta el jugo de naranja. I love orange juice.

Preposition Profile : ‘ en ’
( ~= in , on , at , about , by )

1.) Indicate location (translations: in, on, at)

Está en mi mochila. It is in my backpack.

Pon el cuadro en la pared. Put the painting on the wall.

Ellos están en la iglesia. They are at church.

2.) To indicate time (translation: in)

Fui a Perú en el verano. I went to Peru in the summer.

Vienen en una hora. They are arriving in one hour.

3.) To indicate manner, or how something is done (translation: by)

Vamos a Italia en tren. We go to Italy by train.

Me voy al doctor en coche. I go to the doctor by car.

4.) There are also many common phrases that begin with en:
en broma as a joke

en serio seriously

en vivo live
 Palabras los indefenidos – Indefinite
Words
Positive Negative
algo something nada nothing

alguien someone nadie nobody

algún/algunos some ♂ ningún / ningunos none ♂

alguna / algunas some ♀ ninguna / ningunas none ♀

alguno some ninguno none

( stand-alone (stand-alone
alguna pronoun) ninguna pronoun)

también “me too, also” tampoco “ me neither “

siempre always nunca , jamás never

o ___ o ____ either ___ or ni ____ ni _____ neither__ nor

1. Always be sure to be matching correct gender of the word when using

algun/ningún variation. For example : -

AlGUNA CHICA ALGUNAS CHICAS

ALGÚN HOMBRE ALGUNOS HOMBRES

Tienes alguna cerveza ? Algunos gatos bebiando leche

Do you have some beer? Some cats are drinking milk.

2. alguien → nadie
The indefinite pronouns alguien and nadie refer only to people; thus, when used
as direct objects of a verb, they require the personal ‘ a ’ .

¿Llamaste a alguien para confirmar el horario de la reservación?

– No, no llamé a nadie.
3. Using Stand-alone Pronoun
Once the object of the conversation Hay algunos platos en la mesa?

has been mentioned,

– No, no hay ningún plato en la mesa.
in the second reply, you can either
directly mention it
–No, no hay ninguno.
or use stand-alone pronoun
without talking about the object again

¿Conoces a alguna chica en esta fiesta?

– No, no conozco a ninguna.
¿Tienes algunos libros interesantes?
- Sí, tengo algunos OR No, no tengo ninguno.

4. Indefinite Words come After verbs and come before Nouns

Pepe, dime algo! Algun dia, viaje el mundo
Pepe, say something! Someday, I will travel the world

5. Negative Sentences
When expressing a negative sentence, you always have to
add a ‘no’ to the verb even if you are using a negative indefinite word.

No vemos a nadie en la calle. We see nobody in the street

No veo nada interesante en la tienda. We see nothing interesting in the shop
No trabajo nunca los domingos. I never work on Sundays

6. Expressing either or / neither nor

¿Vas a comprar o zapatos o sandalias? Are you going to buy shoes or sandles?

– No, no voy a comprar ni zapatos ni sandalias. No, I am going to buy neither shoes nor
sandles.
 Acabar de & Acabar por

While these two phrases cannot be translated from word to word (idiom) but by
pure Spanish meaning they can be employed for the following cases.

To signify something that was done moments ago

Acabar de + verb infitive The present, past (imperfect) and
(to have just done something … )
future tense can be used.

Yo acabo de hablar con Maria

I just spoke with Maria.

Present: Él acaba de comprar un carro.

He just bought a car.
Past: Tú acababas de comer cuando él llegó a la casa.
You had just eaten when he came home.
Future: Cuando tú termines la universidad, acabarás de haber
cumplido veinticinco años.
When you finish college, you will just have turned 25 years old.

Acabar por + verb infinitive

(used to express finally doing something Because it refers to something that
or ending up doing something that happened in the past
perhaps wasn’t initially expected.) Only the past tense (preterit) is used.

yo acabé por nos acabamos por

Yo acabé por llegar a mi casa.
I finally arrived at home. tú acabaste por vos acabasteis por
el/ella/ud.
Usted acabó por bailar conmigo. ellos/uds. acabaron por
acabó por
You finally danced with me

Nosotros acabamos por ir en tren.

We ended up taking the train.
Ellos acabaron por comer pollo en lugar de carne.
They ended up eating chicken instead of beef.
 A 3rd type – ‘ Acabar con ’ means “to have ended,” “to have ruined” or “to
have destroyed” someone or something.
Again, only the preterit can be used.
Ese tiro acabó con el juego. Tú acabaste con nuestro matrimonio.
That shot ended the game. You destroyed our marriage.
La lluvia acabó con nuestro picnic.
The rain ruined our picnic.

Tener que vs Hay que

Tener que + infinitive

used to express obligation or necessity.
more specific, suited for only the person in context.
the ‘tener’ form requires the necessary conjugation with respect to user and tense.

Tengo que comer las verduras. Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.
I have to eat the vegetables. Angel has to read the newspaper.

Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.

They have to buy a magazine.

Hay que + infinitive

used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do
something.”
It is a more general expression and since there is no subject,
only the verb form hay is always used.

Hay que tomar un taxi. Hay que estudiar mucho.

It is necessary to take a taxi. One must study a lot.

These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:

María tiene un examen el lunes. Ella tiene que estudiar.

María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español. Hay que practicar mucho.
It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to practice a lot.
To signify something happening in the near future…
Estar a punto de + verb infinitive Ella está a punto de llegar a la casa.
(to be about to…) She is about to arrive at home.
(as in any moment)

Present: Yo estoy a punto de acostarme

I am about to go lie down

Future: Yo estoy a punto de terminar la universidad.

I am about to finish university.

Future in the past: Los chicos estuvieron a punto de tener un accidente.

The boys were about to have an accident.

Future in the past: La compañía estaba a punto de cerrar un negocio, pero

el dueño cambió de paracer.
The company was about to close a deal, but the owner changed his mind.

As you can see, the idea of the occurrence of “just about to happen” falls within the context of “just
about right now” in the first example.
Or, “just about to happen after the courses are done” in the second example (I will be done
immediately after the courses are done in the very near future).

Dejar de + verb infitive the verb ‘ dejar ’ by itself means (to leave)
(to stop doing something)

Present: Ella deja de hablar cuando me ve.

She stops talking when she sees me.
Past: Mi prima dejó de fumar el 1 de junio.
My cousin stopped smoking on 1 June.
Future: Nunca dejaré de viajar.
I will never stop travelling
 Tenses
Present Simple–
Present Continuous –
Present Perfect –
Present Continuous Perfect –
 Past Tense
In Spanish the past tense is denoted in 3 forms –
pretérito perfecto, preterito indefinido & preterito imperfecto

P. Indefinido / Past Simple – To denote actions that took place in the past and are no longer
taking place.

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Grammar Rules to keep in Mind

1) Unlike English, in Spanish adjectives comes after the noun.

Tengo un carro azul
I have a car blue

2) When two persons are involved in a sentence, you must keep caution of where
you place the person being talked about.
I will see her tomorrow
× veo ella manana ×
La veo manana ella is ‘she’, la is ‘her’ & her comes before

3) In Spanish, many useful expressions are formed by combining two verbs. When
this occurs, the first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the
infinitive form.
Yo voy a viajar a España. Tú acabas de comer.
I am going to travel to Spain. You have just eaten.

Juan puede nadar cada día. María vuelve a leer el libro

Juan can swim every day María reads the book again.

2) Most English words ending with - ity end with ‘dad’

city – ciudad university – universidad
& these words are all feminine - la diversidad, la nacionalidad

3) Most English words ending with - ant or ent end with ‘e’
important – importante constant – constante

4) Most Adverbs/English words ending with - lly end with ‘mente’

legally – legalmente normally – normalmente
5) Most English words ending with - tion end with ‘ción’.
preparation – preparación generation – generación
& these words are all feminine, la preparacion

6) Most English words ending with ence or ance end with encia
difference - differencia influence - influencia
existence - existencia

7) Words ending with ‘ ary ’ change to ‘ ario ’

vocabulary – vocabulario necessary – necessario

8) When a verb has an ‘e’ apart from the terminal -er,

it almost always witnesses e  ‘ie’ when conjugated
tener  tiene querer  quiero benir  bienes / bienen
But, when the conjugation ends with a ‘go’ ( with I eg. Tengo) the e does not change
to ie.

e  ie rule is not concrete.

Comprender  ✓ Comprendo , Comprendes, Comprende ✓
(to understand) not ×Compriende, Compriendes, Compriende×

Entender (also to understand)  ✓ Entiendo, Entienes, Entiende

8) A similar effect is seen with a verb having pre terminal ‘o’  ‘ue’
Poder puedo Dormir  duermes Mostrar Muestro

9) This rule is almost always cancelled out when conjugated with WE

Mostrar  Muestro, Muestras, Muestra, M o stramos
Pensar  Pienso , Piensas, Piensa, P e nsamos
10) Verbs in English that end with ‘pose’ get prefixed with Poner in such a way:-
suppose – suponer impose – imponer dispose – disponer
compose – componer
 Speaking Rules to keep in Mind

1) In English, the ‘G’ is sometimes pronounced as ‘g’ as in gun

but sometimes with a ‘J’ sound as in general
Such ‘J’ sounding Gs in Spanish are pronounced as ‘khe’
Argentina – Ar-khen-tina
generally – generalmente – khe-ne-ral-mente

2) When trying to derive a similar sounding verb from English to Spanish, do not
directly change it from verb to verb. Create – Crear.
Instead go the long way …
Create Participate
Crea – tion Participa - tion
Crea - cion Participa - cion
Crea - r Participa - r

3) When a word starts with ‘H’, it is completely silent

Horrible – ho - rr - e - b - ul In English
Horrible – o - rr - e - b - le In Spanish

Hospital – os-pi-taal
Habitualmente – a-bi-tu-al-mente

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