INSTITUTO POLITECNICO
NACIONAL
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA
MECANICA Y ELECTRICA
(ESIME)
(Unidad Azcapotzalco)
“ECUACIONES
DIFERENCIALES”
“Tarea 04- Homogéneas”
PRESENTA:
-Jorge Javier Gómez
Hernández
Grupo: 3MV4
𝒙+𝒚
1- 𝒚′ = solución 𝒚 = 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙
𝒙
Respuesta
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚
= → 𝑰𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒙𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒂? ?
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝟏 ↑ 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝟏 ↑ 𝒔𝒊
𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙
𝒅𝒚 = 𝒗𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒗 → 𝒔𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒔
(𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙(𝒗𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒗) = 𝟎
𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒗𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎
−𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒗
𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒗
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒗
𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒅𝒗 → 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔
𝒙
𝒅𝒙
∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝒗
𝒙
𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝒗 + 𝒄 → 𝒔𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒔
𝒚
𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 =
𝒙
𝒙(𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄) = 𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙
Comprobación
𝒚 = 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙 → 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
= 𝒙𝑰𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙+𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 𝒙 ( ) + (𝒊𝒏𝒙 ∗ 𝟏) + 𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 = (𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄)𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒚𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒚, 𝒅𝒚 𝒆𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙
𝒅𝒚 = (𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄)
(𝒙 + 𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙(𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝒄𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎=𝟎
2.- (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Respuesta:
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
(𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + (𝑣𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑣 2 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 𝑣 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑣
(𝑣 2 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2𝑣 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦(𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 2 (𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑣
𝑦 (𝑣 − 1)
− 2
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 (𝑣 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 (𝑣 − 1)
− = 2 𝑑𝑣 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑦 (𝑣 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 (𝑣 − 1)
−∫ =∫ 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 (𝑣 + 1)
𝑣 1
−𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑣
𝑣2 + 1 𝑣2 + 1
𝑣 1
−𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑣2 +1 𝑣 +1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: ∫ 𝑢
= 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = arctan 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑣2 + 1 𝑎=1 𝑢=𝑣
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 = 1 𝑢2 = 𝑣 2
𝑙𝑛(𝑣 2 +1)
−𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑐 = − arctan 𝑣 + 𝑐
2
𝑙𝑛(𝑣 2 + 1)
𝑐= + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − arctan 𝑣 + 𝑐
2
𝑙𝑛(𝑣 2 + 1) + 2𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑐= − arctan 𝑣
2
𝑙𝑛(𝑣 2 + 1) + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2
− arctan 𝑣 = 𝑐
2
𝑙𝑛(𝑣 2 + 1)𝑦 2 𝑥
− arctan 𝑣 = 𝑐 → 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣 =
2 𝑦
𝑥
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 arctan + 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑦
𝑥 2
𝑙𝑛 ((𝑦) + 1) 𝑦 2 𝑥
− arctan =𝑐
2 𝑦
𝑥2
𝑙𝑛 ( 2 + 1) 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑦
− arctan = 𝑐
2 𝑦
𝑥2 2
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑦 + 𝑦2) 𝑥
𝑦2
− arctan = 𝑐
2 𝑦
𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥
− arctan = 𝑐 → 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 2
2 𝑦
𝑥
𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2 arctan = 2𝑐
𝑦
𝑥
𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2 arctan = 𝑐 → 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑦
1 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2) − 2 (𝑑𝑥 )= 𝑐
𝑥2 2
+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 + (𝑦 )
𝑑
1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦−𝑥 𝑦
(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ) − ( 𝑑𝑥 ) = 0
2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦2
1 + (𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − =0
2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2
(1 + 2 ) (𝑦 2 )
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − =0
2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 −𝑦+𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
=0
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )0
𝑥+𝑦 −𝑦+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Respuesta
2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ¿ ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎?
𝑔=4↑ 𝑔=4↑ 𝑠𝑖
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
2𝑦(𝑣𝑦)3 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + [(𝑣𝑦)4 + 𝑦 4 ]𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑣 3 𝑦 4 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + (𝑣 4 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑣 4 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑣 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 4 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑣 4 𝑦 4 + 𝑣 4 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑣 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑣 = 0
(3𝑣 4 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑣 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦 4 (3𝑣 4 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑣 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑣
𝑦4 2𝑣 3
𝑑𝑦 = − 4 𝑑𝑣
𝑦5 3𝑣 + 1
𝑑𝑦 2𝑣 3
= 4 𝑑𝑣 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑦 3𝑣 + 1
𝑑𝑦 (6)2𝑣 3
= −∫ 4 𝑑𝑣 → 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠
∫ 𝑦 3𝑣 + 1
𝑢 = 3𝑣 4 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑣 3
𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑐 = − ln(3𝑣 4 + 1) + 𝑐
𝑦 6
1
6𝑙𝑛𝑦 = − ln(3𝑣 4 + 1) + 𝑐
6
6𝑙𝑛𝑦 = + ln(3𝑣 4 + 1) = 𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑦 6 (3𝑣 4 + 1) = 𝑐
𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑦 6 (3𝑣 4 + 1) = 𝑒 𝑒
𝑥
𝑦 6 (3𝑣 4 + 1) = 𝑐 → 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣 =
𝑦
6
𝑥4
𝑦 (3 4 + 1 = 𝑐
𝑦
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 6 = 𝑐 → 𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙. 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎
Comprobación
3𝑥 4 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 6 = 𝑐 → 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑑 2 𝑑 4 𝑑 6 𝑑
3 [(𝑥 4 ∗ 𝑦 ) + (𝑦 2 ∗ 𝑥 )] + 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3 [(𝑥 4 ∗ 2𝑦 ) + (𝑦 2 ∗ 4𝑥 3 )] + 6𝑦 5 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
6𝑥 4 𝑦 + 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(6𝑥 4 𝑦 + 6𝑦 5 ) + 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑦(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 ) =0
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ecuación
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦² = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Respuesta
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣(𝑥) · 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥² (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) + (𝑣𝑥)² = 𝑥(𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 2 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑣 2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2𝑣 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑣² 𝑥²
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥(𝑣𝑥) (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑣 𝑥 2 (𝑣 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑣 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥3 + 𝑣 2𝑥 2 = 𝑣 2𝑥 2 + 𝑣 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑥3 = 𝑣 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
(1 − 𝑣) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦² / (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥²)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
=
𝑦 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 =
(𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑒^(𝑦/𝑥)
Comprobación
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
= 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑦 𝑥( )−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑥( )−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟓. −𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎:
𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 → 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) − (𝑣𝑥)(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 0
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) − (2𝑥 2 𝑣 + 3𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 + 3𝑥𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 0 → 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑠:
−𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 3
𝑣 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
= 2 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑣 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑣 𝑥+3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑢
ln 𝑣 + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
ln 𝑣 = ln(𝑥 + 3) + ln 𝑐
𝑒 ln 𝑣 = 𝑒 ln(𝑥+3) + 𝑒 ln 𝑐
𝑣 = 𝑒 ln 𝑐(𝑥+3)
𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 3) → 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜: 𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑐(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥(𝑥 + 3) → 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑦: 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒. 𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑑𝑥
[𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥] − [𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥] = 0
0=0
