6.28.

2023
Present Subjunctive: Regular Verbs
- AR verbs: Change vowel “a” to “e”
- Example:
Hablar Comer Escribir

yo hable yo coma yo escriba

tu hables tu comas tu escribas

el/ella/ud. hable el/ella/ud. coma el/ella/ud. escriba

nosotros hablemos nosotros comamos nosotros escribamos

vosotros hableis vosotros comais vosotros escribais

ellos/ellas/uds. hablen ellos/ellas/uds. coman ellos/ellas/uds. escriban

- ER/IR verbs: Change vowels “e” and “i” to “a”

- Example:
Hablar Comer Escribir

yo hable yo coma yo escriba

tu hables tu comas tu escribas

el/ella/ud. hable el/ella/ud. coma el/ella/ud. escriba

nosotros hablemos nosotros comamos nosotros escribamos

vosotros hableis vosotros comais vosotros escribais

ellos/ellas/uds. hablen ellos/ellas/uds. coman ellos/ellas/uds. escriban

QUIZ
1. Yo camine
2. Ella beba
3. Ellos suban
4. Nosotros recibamos
5. Tu manajes
6.29.2023
Irregular Verbs
- If the verb is irregular, that means that there are some irregularities that occur in -er and
-ir verbs. These include:
- Conocer
Yo Conozca

Tu Conozcas

El/Ella/Ud. Conozca

Nosotros Conozcamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Conozcan
- Caber
Yo Quepa

Tu Quepas

El/Ella/Ud. Quepa

Nosotros Quepamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Quepan
- Construyir
Yo Construya

Tu Construyas

El/Ella/Ud. Construya

Nosotros Construyamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Construyan
- Ver
Yo Vea

Tu Veas

El/Ella/Ud. Vea

Nosotros Veamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Vean
- Verbs that have “g” changes in the irregular verb stem:
- Decir
Yo Diga

Tu Digas

El/Ella/Ud. Diga

Nosotros Digamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Digan
- Hacer
Yo Haga

Tu Hagas

El/Ella/Ud. Haga

Nosotros Hagamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hagan
- Conocer
Yo Oiga

Tu Oigas

El/Ella/Ud. Oiga

Nosotros Oigamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Oigan
- Poner
Yo Ponga

Tu Pongas

El/Ella/Ud. Ponga

Nosotros Pongamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Pongan
- Decir
Yo Diga

Tu Digas

El/Ella/Ud. Diga
 Nosotros Digamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Digan
- Hacer
Yo Haga

Tu Hagas

El/Ella/Ud. Haga

Nosotros Hagamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hagan
- Oir
Yo Oiga

Tu Oigas

El/Ella/Ud. Oiga

Nosotros Oigamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Oigan
- Poner
Yo Ponga

Tu Pongas

El/Ella/Ud. Ponga

Nosotros Pongamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Pongan
- Salir
Yo Salga

Tu Salgas

El/Ella/Ud. Salga

Nosotros Salgamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Salgan
 - Tener
Yo Tenga

Tu Tengas

El/Ella/Ud. Tenga

Nosotros Tengamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Tengan
- Traer
Yo Traiga

Tu Traigas

El/Ella/Ud. Traiga

Nosotros Traigamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Traigan
- Venir
Yo Venga

Tu Vengas

El/Ella/Ud. Venga

Nosotros Vengamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Vengan

- As we saw above, the endings are regular, yet the stems of the verbs are irregular in the
present subjunctive. Therefore, they must be taught separately.
- Haber
Yo Haya

Tu Hayas

El/Ella/Ud. Haya

Nosotros Hayamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hayan
- Ir
Yo Vaya

Tu Vayas
 El/Ella/Ud. Vaya

Nosotros Vayamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Vayan
- Saber
Yo Sepa

Tu Sepas

El/Ella/Ud. Sepa

Nosotros Sepamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Sepan
- Ser
Yo Sea

Tu Seas

El/Ella/Ud. Sea

Nosotros Seamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Sean

6.28.2023 STARTED / 6.29.2023

- The verbs “Dar” and “Estar” are considered to be irregular in the subjunctive due to the
accent marks. In other words, the First & Third Person singular of “Dar” have accents to
differentiate them from the preposition “de”.
(NOTE: Since I am working on my Mac, I can’t put accents. Therefore, the letter that is
supposed to be accented will be in bold.
- Dar
Yo De

Tu Des

El/Ella/Ud. De

Nosotros Demos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Den
- Estar
Yo Este

Tu Estes
 El/Ella/Ud. Este

Nosotros Estemos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Esten

Verbs with spelling changes

In the Present Subjunctive, -AR verbs have three basic spelling changes in the verb
stem:
- G a GU
Example: Pegar (To Hit, To Stick) Esperamos que Nami se pegue a sus enemigos.
- C a QU
Example: Pescar (To Fish) Me alegro que no se pesquen a los delfines.
- ZaC
Example: Empezar (To begin) Quiero que empecemos Y12 México a las cinco.

Other verbs that undergo spelling changes are:

- Agregar
- Entregar
- Pagar
- Pecar
- Masticar
- Sacar
- Comenzar
- Lanzar
- Rezar

In the present subjunctive, -ER and -IR verbs also have three basic spelling changes in the
present subjunctive:
- GaJ
Example: Recoger (To pick up) Es importante que recojamos los juguetes antes que llega
Marisol
- GU a G
Example: Seguir (To Follow) Es necesario que siga las direcciones
- CaZ
Example: Vencer (To conquear, to defeat) Quizas venzan sus problemas

Other verbs that undergo spelling changes are:

- Encoger
- Proteger
- Escoger
- Perseguir
- Distinguir
- Conseguir
 - Torcer
- Convencer
- Ejercer

Spelling changes, including C a Z, do not affect irregular verbs in the present subjunctive.
Examples:
- Hacer , Hago , Hagas.

-AR Verbs with stem ending in J do not change to G before the letter E.
Examples:
- Empujar , Empuje , Empujes.

7.3.2023
“The Present Subjunctive”
Even more examples include:
- Dudo que hablen inglés.
- Esperamos que coma ensalada.

Whenever the -ar, -er, or -ir verb is stem changing in the present indicative, the present
subjunctive will usually show the same changes. Examples include:
- Cerrar: Espero que cierren las puertas.
- Volver: Nos encanta que vuelvas hoy.
Although the words “morir” and “dormir” have the o-ue stem change, there is a u in the first-
person and second-person plural forms: (note: I will only use “dormir”)

YO TU EL/ELLA/UD. NOSOTROS ELLOS/

ELLAS/UDS.

duerma duermas duerma durmamos duerman

Most verbs that have an -iar or an -uar in the end have to have an accent mark in the “i” or “u”
in ALL forms but the 1st-person plural when using the present subjunctive. Examples include:
VACIAR
YO TU EL/ELLA/UD. NOSOTROS ELLOS/
ELLAS/UDS.

vacie vacies vacie vaciemos vacien

GRADUAR
YO TU EL/ELLA/UD. NOSOTROS ELLOS/
ELLAS/UDS.

gradue gradues gradue graduemos graduen

NOTE: As shown above, the first-person and third-person singular forms are the same for all
regular verbs in the present subjunctive. Also, the regular -er and -ir verbs have the exact same
endings.

7.4.2023 “Using the Present Subjunctive” Series

Chapter 1: Using the Subjunctive: Desire & Command
Unlike the indicative, which is used to express facts and certainty, the subjunctive is used to
express non-facts and uncertainty. 🙂 All joking aside, though, the subjunctive is used to
express
- Suppositions
- Wishes
- Conditions
- Emotions
- Doubt
- Insistence
- Advice
This mood (yep, the subjunctive is a MOOD) is usually used with dependent clauses introduced
by the conjunction “que”. Examples include (and note the highlights - orange is the main clause,
light blue is the dependent clause. The verb will be in bold.):
- Yo dudo que puedan jugar bien.
Note, however, that the infinitive is used instead of the subjunctive when the subject of the 2
verbs are one and the same. Examples include:
- Queremos ir. (We want to go.)
- Queremos que tu vayas. (We want you to go.)

The present subjunctive is used after verbs of desire/command, such as:

- Exigir
- Desear
- Pedir
- Insistir
- Rogar
- Avisar
- Esperar
- Aconsejar
- Recomendar
- Permitir
- Decir
- Proponer
- Convencer
- Impedir
- Advertir
- Suplicar
- Dejar
. Examples include:
- Preferimos que el maneje despacio.
- Quiero que me escribas.
- Manda que se vayan ahora.

Chapter 2: Using the Subjunctive: Emotion & Attitude (continued on 7.6.2023)

The Present subjunctive also follows expressions that express an emotion/attitude. Examples
include:
- Me sorprende que el no tenga carro.
- Tenemos miedo de que el llegue tarde.
- Le gusta que compremos dulces.
The verbs that are used for the “Emotions & Attitude” version of the present subjunctive include:
- Alegrarse
- Tener miedo
- Lamentarse
- Extrañarse
- Sentir
- Avergonzarse
- Molestarse

- Enojarse
The Present Subjunctive also follows verbs related to doubt, denial, and refusal; it also follows
verbs that’re used negatively/interrogatively expressing belief or understanding. Examples
include:
- Dudamos que compren algo de Miraculous.
- Ella niega que lo tenga un telefono.
- Te prohibe que manejes el coche.

The verbs that the Present Subjunctive immediately follows are:

- No pensar
- No creer
- No imaginarse
- No estar seguro

Using the Present Subjunctive III - indirect objects

The Subjunctive, unlike other moods, never makes a direct statement or asks a direct question.
Examples include (yellow = main noun clause; light red = dependent noun clause):
- Yo prefiero que ella haga la tarea.
- Nosotros exigimos que tu no manejes el coche.

The following verbs often include an indirect object pronoun when we use the subjunctive (with
examples):
PEDIR: Nos pide que lleguemos temprano al aeropuerto.
PERMITIR: “Te permito que me llames”, dice Elena.

SUGERIR: Le sugirieron que se vaya de la clase y nunca regrese.

The list of indirect objects include:

- Sorprender
- Mandar
- Extranar
- Gustar
- Decir
- Convencer
- Advertir
- Aconsejar/
- Exigir
- Prohibir
- Rogar

The verb “decir” may be followed a dependent clause in either the Subjunctive or the Indicative.
However, that is used only when it simply reports what someone says. For example:
- Subjunctive version: Nos dice que comamos mucho.
- Indicative version: Nos dice que come mucho.

Using the Present Subjunctive IV -

Several verbs in spanish can be followed by either the subjunctive or by an infinitive and still kee
the same meaning. For example:
- Prefiero que compres los Skittles.
- Te permito comprar los Skittles.
Both have the same meaning: “I give you permission to buy Skittles”.
Verbs include:
- Sugerir
- Molestar
- Impedir
- Prohibir
- Recomendar

There are only a few verbs that often take a direct object pronoun before the subjunctive clause.
For example:
- Lo obligan a que trabaje.
- Las dejamos que salgan.

The verbs in the Main Clause of a sentence in the Present subjunctive may be in the following
moods:
- Present
 - Present perfect
- Future
- Imperative
Examples include:
- Queremos que le digan.
- Han dudado que puedas cocinar.
- Insistire que no maneje.
- Digale que ponga la silla aqui.

Subjunctive Collocations
The subjunctive is used in dependent noun clauses introduced by “QUE”. Examples include (the
subjunctive is in bold):
1. Dudo que puedan bailar bien.
2. Esperamos que hable español.
3. Es importante que maneje camion.
4. Quiero que conozcas mi hija.
5. Le aconsejo que haga ejercicio.
6. Espero que nunca vuelva.
7. Me encanta que llueva granizo.
8. Ojalá que nos paguen.
9. No creo que venga mañana.
10. Necesito que me llame.
11. Es necesario que estudien.

The Present Perfect Subjunctive

To use the present perfect subjunctive, you have to use the verb “haber” + the Past Participle.
For example:

Yo Haya hablado Haya comido Haya escrito

Tu Hayas hablado Haya comido Hayas escrito

El/Ella/Ud. Haya hablado Haya comido Haya escrito

Nosotros Hayamos hablado Hayamos comido Hayamos escrito

Vosotros Hayais hablado Hayais comido Hayais escrito

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hayan hablado Hayan comido Hayan escrito

The Present Perfect Subjunctive: When Do I Use It?

The present perfect subjunctive is used EXACTLY in the same way that the Present Subjunctive
is used. It has a dependent clause when the main clause expresses:
- Doubt
- Emotion
 - Desire
There is one difference to the Present Perfect Subjunctive - it indicates that the action in the
dependent clause happens BEFORE the action of the main clause. For example (“haber” is in
yellow, the PPS (Present Perfect Subjunctive) is in orange):
- Dudo que ellos hayan llegado.
- Esperamos que hayas dormido.
- No creen que haya terminado.

Impersonal Expressions & the Present Subjunctive

Impersonal expressions have no specific object, like:
- Es posible…
- Es util…
- Es fantastico…
- Mas vale que…
- Ojala que…
- Tal vez…
AND MUCH MORE!
For example (verbs in subjunctive are in bold):
- Es posible que vengan mis amigos.
- Es importante que lavemos el coche.
- Es dudoso que regrese el lunes.
- Es malo que no tengan seguro.
- Es mejor que vivamos aquí.
- Es una lastima que no mires One Piece.
The subjunctive in NEGATIVE means that the action is uncertain or not true. For example:
- No es cierto que viajen.
- No es obvio que viajen.
- No es obvio que viajen.

Impersonal expressions are followed by the infinitive when the subject is not clearly identified:
1. Es imposible montar a caballo.
2. Es imposible que yo monte a caballo.
The Past Subjunctive
The past subjunctive can be only called one thing: the 3rd person plural of the preterite.
This is the preterite:
Hablar Comer Escribir

Yo Hable Comi Escribi

Tu Hablaste Comiste Escribiste

El/Ella/Ud. Hablo Comio Escribio

Nosotros Hablamos Comimos Escribimos

Vosotros Hablasteis Comisteis Escribisteis

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hablaron Comieron Escribieron

But no way the -aron suffix is included in the past subjunctive. That’s why the first form was
created:

TRABAJAR

yo -ra trabajara

tu -ras trabajaras

el/el/usted -ra trabajara

nosotros -ramos trabajaramos

vosotros -rais trabajarais

ellos/ellas/ustedes -ran trabajaran

And the second form:

TRABAJAR

yo -se trabajase

tu -ses trabajases

el/el/usted -se trabajase

nosotros -semos trabajasemos

vosotros -semos trabajaseis

ellos/ellas/ustedes -sen trabajasen

And in NO WAY is the -aron suffix there.

The Past Subjunctive II

We use the past subjunctive in the same way as the present subjunctive - that is, in dependent
noun clauses following a main clause that expresses anything other than a statement of fact.
However, the verb in the main clause isn’t in the present. Instead, it can be either be in:
- The imperfect
Pedían que lo hiciera. (They were asking him to do it.)

- The preterite
Pidieron que lo hiciera. (They asked him to do it.)

- The past perfect

Habían pedido que lo hiciera. (They had asked him to do it.)

- The conditional
Pedirian que lo hiciera. (They would ask him to do it.)

Some examples include:

1. Queríamos que él viajara.
2. Había insistido que yo trabajara.
3. Tuve miedo que no llegaran.

The subjects in the main & dependent clauses must be different in order for the past subjunctive
to work. If not, the infinitive follows the main clause:
Past Subjunctive
Ella quería que (tu) trabajaras. (She wanted you to work.)

Infinitive
Ella quería trabajar. (She (herself) wanted to work.)

When used with the Past Subjunctive, the expression “ojala” means “I wish”, not “I hope.”
Past Subjunctive
Ojala vinieran. (I wish they’d come.)

Present Subjunctive
Ojala vengan. (I hope they come.)
The Past Perfect Subjunctive
The PPS (Past Perfect Subjunctive) is created by using the word “haber” with the past participle.
Hablar Comer Escribir

Yo Hubiera hablado Hubiera comido Hubiera escrito

Tu Hubieras hablado Hubieras comido Hubieras escrito

El/Ella/Ud. Hubiera hablado Hubiera comido Hubiera escrito

Nosotros Hubiéramos hablado Hubiéramos comido Hubiéramos escrito

Vosotros Hubierais hablado Hubierais comido Hubierais escrito

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Hubieran hablado Hubieran comido Hubieran escrito

The Past Perfect Subjunctive II

Like the Past Perfect Indicative tense, the Past Perfect Subjunctive is used to indicate an event
that took place prior to something in the past. The main verb is usually expressed by:
- The imperfect
- The preterite
- The past subjunctive

Examples:
1. Se alegró que hubieras llamado.
2. Dudaba que hubiéramos comido.

This type of subjunctive is also used to express a contrary-to-fact wish in the past. It is used
after “ojala que”. For example:
Ojalá que hubieran comprado el Reproductor de MP3 de PBS KIDS.

The Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses

Like an adverb, an adverbial clause modifies a verb, modifies a verb in the areas of:
- Time
- Manner
- Place
- Place
- Direction
It’s almost always introduced by an adverbial conjunction. For example:
- Comimos cuando llegaron.
- Baila como una licuadora.
 However, that’s almost not true when it comes to the subjunctive. That is used after certain
adverbial conjunctions when they express uncertainty in the speaker’s mind/indefinite future
time.
The following are used for subjunctive in adverbial clauses:
1. Para que
Llegaré temprano para que podamos ver “La Sirenita 2”.
2. Antes (de) que
Juana leia antes de que tomaran el examen.
3. En caso de
Voy a comprar una sombrilla en caso de que llueva.
Others include:
4. A fin de que
[inserta una oracion aqui]
5. Sin
[inserta una oracion aqui]
6. A menos que
[inserta una oracion aqui]
7. Con tal que
[inserta una oracion aqui]

When the verb in the adverbial clause expresses vagueness/uncertainty, some conjunctions in
Spanish are followed by the subjunctive. However, when the action in the clause expresses
certainty or fact, then the conjunctions are followed by the indicative.