Ejercicios de Control Estadístico de Procesos
Cargado por
Adri CepedaTemas abordados
- causas especiales,
- control de defectos,
- control de defectuosos,
- gráficas p,
- técnicas de control,
- límites de control,
- herramientas de calidad,
- histogramas,
- mejora continua,
- análisis de capacidad
Ejercicios de Control Estadístico de Procesos
Cargado por
Adri CepedaTemas abordados
- causas especiales,
- control de defectos,
- control de defectuosos,
- gráficas p,
- técnicas de control,
- límites de control,
- herramientas de calidad,
- histogramas,
- mejora continua,
- análisis de capacidad
Common questions
Con tecnología de IAStatistical process control (SPC) is a methodology for monitoring a process to identify causes of variation and indicate the need for corrective actions at appropriate times. Its advantages include identifying whether variations in a process are due to common causes (indicating the process is under control) or special causes (suggesting the process is out of control). It helps to maintain consistent process performance by ensuring that averages and variances remain constant over time .
Process control refers to using control charts to monitor process performance and decide when to make adjustments. Process capability, on the other hand, measures the process's ability to meet specification limits. A process can be controlled but not capable, or capable but not controlled, or neither. Ideally, a process should be both capable and under control. When a process is not capable and not controlled, it must first be stabilized by eliminating special causes of variation, and then common causes can be addressed to improve capability .
Employees play a crucial role in using control charts for process monitoring as they are responsible for quality within their work area. They can quickly react to special causes of variation, allowing real-time adjustments without waiting for inspectors or quality control personnel. The simplicity of control charts using ranges instead of deviation standard facilitates direct use by employees .
The inspection of attributes is considered less efficient than the inspection of variables because attribute inspection provides less statistical information about quality, requiring larger samples to obtain equivalent information. This becomes significant when inspection is costly and time-consuming, as attribute inspection may involve all-or-nothing results compared to the more informative variable data that measure degrees of conformity .
The primary applications of control charts in quality management are: 1) establishing a state of statistical control by selecting variables to be measured and determining the sampling method; 2) monitoring the process and indicating when it is out of control through data recording and statistical calculations; 3) determining process capability by plotting the central line and calculating upper and lower control limits .
A defect refers to a single non-conforming quality characteristic of an item, whereas a defective item has one or more defects. This distinction matters in quality control because different charts are used for monitoring defects (specific characteristics) versus defectives (overall item quality), and it affects decisions on process adjustments and quality improvement strategies .
Control charts for variable data, which are measured on a continuous scale, typically use x̄ charts for monitoring process centering and R charts for monitoring process variation. For attribute data, which are binary in nature (e.g., good or bad), p-charts are commonly used. Additionally, it's important to distinguish between defects (individual non-conforming characteristics) and defectives (items with one or more defects), as different attribute charts are used for each .
Relying solely on histograms to assess process capability is disadvantageous because histograms do not consider the time dimension, making it difficult to distinguish between common and special causes of variation. The data must represent typical process conditions, and the sample size must be large enough, with a minimum of 50 observations. Furthermore, any conclusions drawn from histograms need to be confirmed with further studies and analyses .
Modified control limits should be used when the process capability is adequate yet ordinary investigations of isolated points falling outside normal control limits may be unnecessary as they are still within specifications. These limits allow more variability but maintain a high degree of confidence in meeting specifications. They are calculated with reference points NSRx (upper rejection level), NIRx (lower rejection level), and the product's upper and lower specifications .
Potential indicators that a process is out of control include unusual patterns in the R chart (indicating special causes of variation affecting the process variation) that can cause abnormal patterns on the x̄ chart. Other indicators include points outside control limits or non-random patterns within them. The process is first analyzed using the R chart because the x̄ chart limits depend on the average range .
