Inclinación Incisal y Estética Sonrisa
Inclinación Incisal y Estética Sonrisa
TRABAJO
ORIGINAL
* División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación (DEPeI). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).
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encuestados de cada grupo, con el fin de conocer si
hay preferencias por una inclinación específica. Todas
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estas pruebas se corrieron en un software de análisis
estadístico llamado Minitab.
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mayor puntaje tanto a la retroinclinación como a la ción estética de acuerdo al grado de inclinación del
proinclinación severa (15 y 10 grados) en compara- incisivo central. No obstante, en la prueba de Fisher
ción con los rehabilitadores. Sin embargo, para incli- y Tuckey se puede ver que en este caso las compa-
naciones menores (entre -5 y 5 grados) las evalúan raciones múltiples demuestran que no existe una dife-
por debajo de los rehabilitadores. Por otro lado, los rencia mayor en la percepción estética de la sonrisa
ortodoncistas evalúan con menor puntaje a todas las en un rango más alto de -10 a 10 grados; pero el pun-
inclinaciones en relación a los No Odontólogos con taje más alto se lo lleva la puntuación de cero.
excepción en la proinclinación de 5 grados. En ese
caso la evalúan por encima de los No Odontólogos Rehabilitadores orales (Tabla 4):
(Figuras 1 y 2).
Tabla 4: ANOVA rehabilitadores orales.
ANOVA de un factor: ANOVA unidireccional: -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15.
ANOVA, specialists in oral rehabilitation.
Ortodoncistas (Tabla 2): Fuente GL SC MC F p
Fuente GL SC MC F p
Como en los otros dos grupos, en el grupo reha-
Factor 6 34,939 5,823 15.66 0.000 bilitadores también se encontró una diferencia esta-
Error 203 75,501 372 dísticamente significativa en la percepción estética de
Total 209 110,440 acuerdo al grado de inclinación del incisivo central.
Las comparaciones múltiples mostraron que para
los rehabilitadores la inclinación entre -5 y 5 grados
Dentro de los Ortodoncistas sí existe una diferencia es percibida como más estética en comparación con
estadísticamente significativa en la percepción estética las inclinaciones de -15, -10, 10 y 15. Al igual que los
de acuerdo al grado de inclinación del incisivo central. ortodoncistas y los no odontólogos no hay evidencia
Según las comparaciones múltiples de Fisher y que haya una preferencia dentro del rango de -5 y 5
Tuckey se muestra que, para los ortodoncistas, la in- grados; sin embargo, el mayor puntaje fue para cero.
clinación entre -5 y 5 grados es percibida como más
estética en comparación a las inclinaciones -15, -10, DISCUSIÓN
10, y 15; sin embargo, no hay evidencia científica que
asegure una preferencia significativa por una inclina-
Se consideró importante utilizar un método ya men-
ción específica dentro del rango de -5 a 5.
cionado antes en la literatura como válido y exitoso por
A pesar de esto, la puntuación con mayor puntaje
autores como Wagner y colaboradores,6 en el que se
fue la de 5 grados, lo que sugiere cierta preferencia de
utiliza una imagen sujeta a alteraciones para la realiza-
los ortodoncistas hacia la proinclinación leve.
ción de varias evaluaciones. Asimismo, concordamos
con Sarver y Ackerman7 en que la armonía de una son-
No Odontólogos (Tabla 3):
risa debe ser valorada desde varias perspectivas. En
este estudio se escogió la vista de perfil, ya que son
Tabla 3: ANOVA No Odontólogos.
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ANOVA unidireccional: -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15.
ANOVA, non-Odontologists.
menos las investigaciones desde esta perspectiva.
Como se pudo observar a lo largo de este trabajo,
aunque la estética de una sonrisa es subjetiva exis-
Fuente GL SC MC F p ten ciertos parámetros que nos ayudan a evaluarla
de una manera más objetiva. Entre estos está la
Factor 6 10,624 1,771 5.44 0.000 inclinación de los incisivos superiores. En cuanto a
Error 203 66,021 325
este tema concordamos con el estudio de Nathalie
Total 209 76,645
Ghaleb y su grupo,3 quienes sostienen que se debe
tomar en cuenta la opinión del paciente y donde se
Se observa que en este grupo también existe una puede observar que la gente común presenta pre-
diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la percep- ferencia por ángulos más reducidos. Sin embargo,
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2019; 7 (3): 146-151
149
It is believed that the esthetic criteria of a professional incisor inclination. All tests were carried out using
may not agree with those of the laypersons. According Minitab statistical analysis software.
to authors such as Kokich et al. and Thomas et al.,4,5 This study had an analytical, comparative, and
most of the time the patient presents to the dental descriptive design. It comprised a population of
office looking more for esthetics than for function. specialists in orthodontics, oral rehabilitation, and
laypersons. The sample was made up on the one
MATERIAL AND METHODS hand of a model chosen for convenience and on the
other of a group of non-randomly chosen respondents.
We selected a 30-year-old female student of the The study had two independent variables, namely
third year of Orthodontics at the National Autonomous respondent’s profession and incisor inclination, and a
University of Mexico (UNAM). She had a straight dependent variable given by the esthetic perception
profile, aligned midlines, and Class I canine and score.
molar relationship. Next, we took radiographs to
verify whether she met the necessary skeletal RESULTS
characteristics.
The radiograph examination showed that the Two- factor ANOVA (Table 1):
student presented a class I skeletal pattern and
normal upper incisor inclination according to The analysis showed that the inclination of the
Ricketts and Jarabak cephalometric analysis. She central incisor had a statistically significant effect on
was offered to participate in the study and signed an the score or esthetic perception of the smile (p = 0.00).
informed consent. Likewise, the effect of the profession on the score or
Subsequently, several smiling profile photographs esthetic perception of the smile was significant (p =
were taken with a Nikon camera at a distance of one 0.00).
meter, and the clearest and with the best angle was The analysis also revealed that the interaction of the
selected. Then, with the help of an editing program two factors was significant for a 5% significance level
(Adobe Photoshop) seven alterations were made to (p-value = 0.047). The interaction profile showed that
the photograph in the angulation of the upper incisors the inclination of the central incisor can be perceived
(0o, 5o, 10o, 15o, -5o, -10o, -15o) and seven separated differently according to the respondent’s profession.
images were created, respectively, and printed. For example, non-odontologists (Non-ODs) evaluated
Once the photographs were ready, 90 binders for both retroclination and severe proclination (15
the survey were assembled, including an instructions and 10 degrees) higher than oral rehabilitators.
sheet, a second sheet where the respondent provided However, they evaluated minor inclinations (-5 to 5
personal data (name, age, and profession), the survey degrees) lower than the rehabilitators. On the other
with seven rules representing a 100-mm VAS scale hand, orthodontists evaluated with lower scores all
(Visual Analog Scale), with 5 numerical points to score inclinations compared with non-odontologists, with the
each photograph, and lastly, the photographs. The exception of a 5-degree proinclination. In that case,
images were randomly ordered for each respondent they evaluated it higher than the non-odontologists
so that biases were avoided. (Figures 1 y 2).
The surveys were conducted in Mexico City for
two months. The data obtained were entered into an One-factor ANOVA (Table 2):
Excel sheet that allowed us to sort the scores for each
photograph and perform the statistical tests. Orthodontists:
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A one-factor ANOVA statistical test was performed
to determine statistically significant differences in
In the orthodontists’ group there was a statistically
the mean of esthetic perception scores within each significant difference in esthetic perception according
surveyed group (intra-group). A two-factor ANOVA to the degree of inclination of the central incisor.
was performed for the analysis of the interaction According to Fisher ’s and Tukey’s multiple
between the «profession» and «incisor inclination» comparisons, for orthodontists the inclination between
variables between groups. Lastly, Fisher ’s and -5 and 5 degrees was perceived as more esthetic
Tukey’s multiple comparison analyses were done compared with inclinations of -15, -10, 10, and 15;
to determine the statistically significant differences nevertheless, there was no scientific evidence to
between respondents’ scores in each group in order ensure a significant preference for a specific inclination
to know whether there were preferences for a specific within the range of -5 to 5 degrees.
Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2019; 7 (3): 146-151
151
Despite this, the highest score was for 5 Finally, like Kokich et al.,9 we deem it necessary to take
degrees, suggesting some preference on the part of into account the differences in the perception of experts
orthodontists for mild proclination. and laypersons. Even though the experts look more at
details, their opinion is far from that of ordinary people.
Non-Odontologists (Table 3):
CONCLUSIONS
In this group there was also a statistically significant
difference in esthetic perception according to the • The profession of the respondent does determine
degree of inclination of the central incisor. the assessment of a smile.
However, according to Fisher’s and Tukey’s multiple • The inclination of the upper incisors influences the
comparisons there was no greater difference in the esthetic perception of a profile smile.
esthetic perception of the smile in a range higher than • There is a significant interaction between profes-
-10 to 10 degrees, but the highest score was for 0. sion and incisor inclination.
• The highest score for specialists in oral rehabilita-
Specialists in oral rehabilitation (Table 4): tion and laypersons was for 0 degrees.
• The highest score for orthodontists was for 5 de-
As in the case of the other two groups, in the grees.
group of specialists in rehabilitation a statistically • Orthodontists should pay more attention to the pa-
significant difference was also found in the esthetic tients’ preferences.
perception according to the degree of inclination of • In future studies, the sample should be increased to
the central incisor. find more significant results and/or take into accou-
Fisher’s and Tukey’s Multiple comparisons showed nt other factors.
that for oral rehabilitators the inclination between -5 and
5 degrees was perceived as more esthetic compared REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
with inclinations of -15, -10, 10 and 15 degrees. Like
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We agree with Sarver and Ackerman 7 in that the Marinello C et al. An international comparative multicenter study
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8. Schabel BJ, McNamara JA, Franchi L, Baccetti T. Q-sort
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a more objective way. Among these is the inclination
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of the upper incisors. On this subject we agree with the
esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135: 61-71.
9. Kokich VO, Kokich VG, Kiyak HA. Perceptions of dental
study by Nathalie Ghaleb et al.,3 who argue that the profesionals and laypersons to altered dental esthetics:
asymmetric and symmetricsituations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
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can be observed that ordinary people have preference
for smaller incisor angles. On the other hand, we
Dirección para correspondencia /
disagree with Schabel et al.,8 who have contended Mailing address:
over the years that a slight proclination is better for Fabiola Hernández Girón
dental and facial esthetics. E-mail: [email protected]