Aportaciones de Antonio Vilar a la arquitectura moderna
Aportaciones de Antonio Vilar a la arquitectura moderna
Antonio U. Vilar
Estrategia y tácticas de la modernidad1
Resumen
Abstract
Antonio U. Vilar was one of the most important contributors to the introduction of
modern ideas in the Argentinean architecture. His work constitutes a remarkable
legacy. It expresses his strategy to provide the society with functional and
technologically efficient buildings.
1
Texto basado en la conferencia dada por la autora en el ciclo “ROUNDTRIP: From the Seine to the Rio de La Plata
and vice-versa. Le Corbusier and the members of the Argentinean Modern Movement”, el 27 de noviembre de 2020.
Disponible online en: [Link]
2
Arquitecta especializada en conservación del patrimonio (UBA). Profesora Titular de Preservación y Rehabilitación e
Historia de la Arquitectura I en la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Belgrano. Profesora
Adjunta de postgrado en la especialidad en la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo de la Universidad de
Buenos Aires. Investigadora y autora de estudios sobre el patrimonio moderno de Buenos Aires presentados y
publicados en encuentros científicos y académicos nacionales e internacionales. Premio Investigación Universidad de
Belgrano 2007, 2015 y 2021 (este último compartido con las arquitectas Mónica Fernández y Liliana Bonvecchi).
el Hindu Club fue incluido en Moderne Bauformen en 1932. También dos autores
escribieron sendos libros dedicados exclusivamente a su obra: Mabel Scarone3 en
1970 y Norberto Feal4 en 2014. Ellos produjeron las publicaciones más integrales
sobre su legado. En ellas es posible constatar que la contribución de Vilar a la
arquitectura argentina trasciende sus edificios y ambas rescatan la dimensión
profesional y humana del mismo.
El aporte a la eficiencia
El aporte de Vilar al paisaje urbano de Buenos Aires como dador de tipos fue muy
importante al desarrollar el edificio de renta tipo5 que contribuyó a consolidar la imagen
moderna de Buenos Aires y se convirtió en un referente para otras propuestas. El
modo en que la obra se inserta en el tejido urbano, en un lote altamente condicionado
por las dimensiones pero ofreciendo condiciones de vida saludables es una de las
características que definen su arquitectura. Los espacios abiertos propuestos son
generosos en relación terreno y en relación a los pequeños espacios de aire y luz de
las obras preexistentes. La distribución de los ambientes, por otra parte, no se basó en
el presupuesto de ubicar los espacios sociales hacia la calle y los privados en el
interior del lote sino buscando, como lo hacía también Wladimiro Acosta en sus obras,
el mejor asoleamiento y condiciones de salubridad para cada uno. Esto será una
constante en toda la obra de Vilar. (fig 1)
3
Scarone, Mabel M., Antonio U. Vilar, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas, 1970.
Colección Precursores de la arquitectura moderna en la Argentina, Vol 3.
4
Feal, Norberto, Antonio Vilar, Buenos Aires, Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentina, 2014. Colección Maestros de la
Arquitectura Argentina, Vol 1.
5
Proyectó y construyó tres edificios de renta tipo entre 1934 y 1938 sobre Av. Libertador
Fig 1. Edificio de renta (1934, imágenes reproducidas de Nuestra Arquitectura, Julio 1934)
Fig 2. Hospital Bartolomé Churruca (1938-41, imagen de la izquierda reproducida de Nuestra Arquitectura, Diciembre
1941 e imagen de la derecha foto de la autora)
6
Antonio Vilar junto con Carlos Vilar, Martín Noel, Manuel Escasany, Pedro Fernández Saralegui (1938-1942)
Fig. 3. Casa Columba (1940, imágenes de la izquierda reproducidas de Nuestra Arquitectura 1943, imágenes centrales
y de la derecha fotos de la autora)
El hecho de que la obra de Vilar fuera tan extensa se vio reflejado en la cantidad de
publicaciones ya mencionadas en tu tiempo. Fue sin duda uno de los pioneros de la
arquitectura moderna argentina pero además mantuvo su vigencia a lo largo de los
años, en el país y en el exterior. Testimonio de ese interés es por ejemplo la
publicación en 1987 de un itinerario sobre sus edificios en Buenos Aires incluido en la
revista Domus.
Las obras son definitivamente más conocidas que el arquitecto. La gente común, sin
conocimientos formales de arquitectura (y algunos que sí los tienen) identifican
7
Antonio Vilar, Zabala 1901 (1939-1943)
Sin embargo, la mayor contribución que Vilar hizo a la arquitectura moderna argentina
es su concepto holístico de la arquitectura, como una disciplina que responde e
incumbe a todas las áreas de la cultura y la sociedad. La primera publicación que hace
un énfasis en esta particularidad de su legado, ejemplificándolo con la obra para el
Automóvil Club Argentino (ACA) es el libro de dos profesores de la Universidad de La
Plata, Graciela Pronsato y Roberto Cappelli, Las 7+1 lámparas de la arquitectura
argentina8 (título inspirado en Las siete lámparas de la arquitectura, de John Ruskin).
La primera lámpara que mencionan los autores es la de la eficiencia, y la eficiencia
está representada por la obra de Vilar para el ACA.
Cuando es elegido para realizar la obra para el ACA, Vilar va más allá de proyectar
una serie de edificios y crea un sistema arquitectónico, un concepto que incluye desde
el plan general al menor de los detalles. La sede central en Buenos Aires es el único
edificio en el que convoca a colegas para hacerlo9, el resto lo resuelve individualmente
y genera una estrategia proyectual que incluye todas las estaciones de servicio
agrupadas por tipologías dependiendo de su ubicación, la tipografía y la señalética, el
logo, los frescos y pinturas y hasta la selección del mobiliario que se incorporaron a los
edificios. Esta obra representa la primera experiencia de proyecto integral en la
arquitectura moderna argentina, y va más allá de la arquitectura. Cuando Vilar escribe
sobre su trabajo, menciona su relación con otra de las grandes contribuciones de la
modernidad, el automóvil, expresando que rutas seguras con buen equipamiento
permitirían viajar largas distancias y conocer el país. De ese modo los viajes en auto
generarían según Vilar una idea de identidad nacional y arraigo a través del
conocimiento del territorio.
8
Pronsato, G. & Cappelli, R, Las 7+1 lámparas de la arquitectura argentina, La Plata, Capro, 1993
9
La sede central del ACA fue proyectado por Antonio Vilar junto a Jorge Bunge, Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos,
Luis M. De la Torre, Héctor Morixe, Arnoldo Jacobs, Rafael Gimenez y Abelardo Falomir (1941-1943)
10
El Automóvil Club Argentino al servicio del país, en Nuestra Arquitectura Enero 1943
Para hacer posible esta inmensa tarea, Vilar diseñó una serie de tipos de estaciones
de servicio de acuerdo a su implantación: en el centro de las ciudades, en los
suburbios, sobre la ruta, en puntos turísticos, etc. Cada tipo fue sistematizado, repetido
y adaptado a cada locación, basada en un plan general, también de su autoría y
definido para asistir a las rutas que se estaban trazando para llegar a todos los
rincones del país. La distancia entre estaciones dependió de cuánto podía recorrer un
automóvil en ese momento hasta necesitar reabastecerse.
Fig. 4. Red de estaciones de servicio del Automóvil Club Argentino (ACA, imágenes reproducidas de Nuestra
Arquitectura, 1943)
La red del ACA no sólo se materializó en pocos años sino que sigue en pleno uso y su
arquitectura y señalética, que evolucionaron pero mantienen el espíritu original
propuesto por Vilar son parte de nuestro imaginario cultural. Para varias generaciones,
viajar en auto y llegar a una estación del ACA significaba llegar a un punto de
reabastecimiento y una parada de descanso confortable, eficiente y seguro. Todavía
hoy los edificios son funcionales no solo para el sistema vial sino para la comunidad.
Fig. 5. Sede Central del ACA (imagen de la izquierda reproducida de Nuestra Arquitectura, 1943 e imagen central e
izquierda de la autora)
Vilar es conocido por sus edificios más que por estas valiosas acciones o por sus
fotos. Es difícil encontrar una imagen suya aparte de la del carnet del Consejo
Profesional, se mostró a través de sus obras. Una de sus hijas y un nieto participaron
de la presentación que hiciera del legado de su padre ante la Legislatura porteña y
ellos confirmaron lo que sus edificios y acciones expresan: si había que resolver algo,
un desafío arquitectónico, Vilar se volcaba a hacerlo de la mejor manera y con la
mayor simplicidad posible. Volvemos a la idea de Scarone: Vilar es un dador de tipos,
no un dador de formas.
velero. Antonio Vilar era el timonel y marcaba el curso del barco familiar, en el mismo
modo podríamos decir, que marcó el curso que la arquitectura moderna argentina.
Vilar no escribió mucho, y cuando lo hizo fue para describir su trabajo y no para hablar
de sí mismo, pero una frase atribuída a Gandhi podría perfectamente haber sido dicha
por Vilar:
Bibliografía
Scarone, Mabel M., Antonio U. Vilar, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Arte Americano e
Investigaciones Estéticas, 1970. Colección Precursores de la arquitectura moderna en la
Argentina, Vol 3
Feal, Norberto, Antonio Vilar, Buenos Aires, Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentina, 2014. Colección
Maestros de la Arquitectura Argentina, Vol 1
Pronsato, G. & Cappelli, R, Las 7+1 lámparas de la arquitectura argentina, La Plata, Capro,
1993
Casal, S. M. et al., Conservation and transformation of the Automóvil Club Argentino network en
DOCOMOMO Journal Nro. 38 . Paris, Docomomo International, 2008
Casal, S. M., El legado Vilar, en El patrimonio arquitectónico del siglo 20 en Buenos Aires: el
legado Vilar. Buenos Aires, Documentos de Trabajo Universidad e Belgrano 310, 2015
Casal, S. M., El legado Vilar releído por expertos, en El patrimonio arquitectónico del siglo 20
en Buenos Aires: el legado Vilar releído por expertos. Buenos Aires, Documentos de Trabajo
Universidad e Belgrano 317, 2017
Colección revista Nuestra Arquitectura
11
(H, 17-11-1933, p6) My life is my message. Respuesta a la pregunta de un periodista sobre cuál era su mensaje al
mundo. Mahatma: Life of Gandhi 1869-1948 (1968) Reel 13
(texto en inglés)
Antonio U. Vilar
Strategy and tactics of modernity12
His work was widely published, mostly in Nuestra Arquitectura and Revista de
Arquitectura, the two most important architectural publications of the time in Argentina.
Vilar is also one of the first local architects whose work was published abroad: his
building for the Hindu Club was included in a 1932 issue of Moderne Bauformen. Two
authors have written books exclusively about his work: Mabel Scarone13 in 1970 and
Norberto Feal in 201414. They produced the two most comprehensive publications of
his legacy. In them, it is possible to see why his contribution transcended his buildings
and enhanced a personal dimension of the architect.
Vilar's contribution to modern architecture, in the words of Mabel Scarone was that of a
type giver. Scarone divides the contributions of modern architects into two categories:
the form givers and the type givers. Among the first we could clearly mention Amancio
Williams, with his creative use of technology to produce innovative expressions. Among
the type givers, Scarone puts Vilar in the first place. Why? because Vilar was a
professional who dedicated himself to innovatively solving the pre-existing
architectures from a formal, technological and functional point of view, giving them the
imprint of modernity and efficiency.
As a type giver, Vilar’s contribution to the townscape of Buenos Aires was very
important. He developed the typological rental building15, which would contributed to
12
Text based on the conference given by the author at the cicle “ROUNDTRIP: From the Seine to the Rio de La Plata
and vice-versa. Le Corbusier and the members of the Argentinean Modern Movement”, on November 27th, 2020.
Available online at: [Link]
13
Scarone, Mabel M., Antonio U. Vilar, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas, 1970.
Colección Precursores de la arquitectura moderna en la Argentina, Vol 3
14
Feal, Norberto, Antonio Vilar, Buenos Aires, Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentina, 2014. Colección Maestros de la
Arquitectura Argentina, Vol 14
15
He built three typological rental buildings in between 1934-1938 along del Av. Libertador
consolidate the modern image of Buenos Aires and became a referent to other
proposals. The way in which it is inserted into the urban pattern, in a lot highly
conditioned by the dimensions and yet offering sustainable living conditions is one of
the characteristics of his architecture. His generous open space proposals for the
traditional Buenos Aires lot, with extremely limited measures, offered much more
sustainable ways of living and managing than the typical and small air-light patios that
high buildings used to have. The distribution of the premises was not based on a social
preconception of social rooms towards the public space and the private ones in the
inner side of the lot. He looked for achieving, as well as Wladimiro Acosta did in his
buildings, the best sunlight and the best health conditions for each space. It will be one
of the characteristics of all the work of Vilar. (fig. 1)
His concern for the functional efficiency is clearly expressed all along his work, but it is
particularly evident in the Bartolomé Churruca Hospital16, the police’s hospital in the
city of Buenos Aires. The clarity with which he managed to solve a health program in
the 1940s is still valid. Said by doctors and patients, it is one of the best functional
hospitals even nowadays, by the way in which doctor’s and patient’s areas are defined.
(fig. 2)
Another remarkable issue in Vilar's work is the technological solidity with which he
solved all the details that had to do with the building process. The joint efforts with the
construction companies to optimize not only results but also the process are reflected
in all his buildings, which are still in very good shape with minor maintenance. The
Columba House17, for instance, had a long life as a home and workplace for the
original client, artist and designer Ramón Columba. Then it became the office for a
well-known architecture firm, Aslan y Ezcurra arquitectos, for many years, maintaining
the quality of construction and functionality that Vilar had generated in its first layout
though introducing some reversible interventions. Unfortunately it had an undeserved
fate lately, a rather aggressive intervention that is being carried out in recent times, not
because of its condition but because of other real estate demands. (fig. 3)
The fact that Vilar’s work has been so extensive has not only meant that it has been
published at his time as a pioneer in modern Argentinean architecture, but it has also
16
Antonio Vilar together with Carlos Vilar, Martín Noel, Manuel Escasany, Pedro Fernández Saralegui (1938-1942)
17
Antonio Vilar, at Zabala 1901 (1939-1943)
kept validity over time in the country and abroad. Testimony of this interest is, for
example, the itinerary that “Domus” magazine published in 1987.
The work is far better known than the architect. Ordinary people, people who have no
architectural training (and some who do) have no problems to identify his buildings.
They do not know who the author is, but sound presence and influence of Vilar
proposals in the urban culture of the city is evident.
But definitely the greatest contribution that Vilar has made to Argentinean architecture
is his holistic concept of architecture, as a discipline that responds and concerns all
areas of culture and society. The first publication that considers this part of his legacy
in particular, by analysing his work for the Argentinean Automobile Club (ACA), is a
book by professors of the University of La Plata, Graciela Pronsato and Roberto
Cappelli. In their book, inspired by John Ruskin's The Seven Lamps of Architecture and
called The 7 + 1 Lamps of Argentinean Architecture18, the first of the lamps they
mentioned is that of efficiency, and efficiency is represented by the work by Antonio
Vilar for the ACA.
When Vilar received the commission to do the work for the ACA, he went beyond
projecting and constructing several buildings, he created an architectural system, a
concept that encompass from the general to the minimal details. The main building, the
ACA headquarters in Buenos Aires was the only one designed with partners19, the rest
he did individually. Vilar planned a whole design strategy that included all the service
stations, organised by typologies depending of their location, the typography of the
signage, the signs, the frescoes and the paintings that were included in the buildings. It
is the first comprehensive design experience that we have in our modern architecture.
But it goes beyond architecture. When Vilar presented his work, he introduced it in
relation to another of the great contributions of modernity, the automobile. He claimed
that safe routes with facilities would allow travelling long distances and visit the country.
Thus the car rides would generate an idea of identity and rooting through the
knowledge of the territory.
In his article introducing that work on Nuestra Arquitectura magazine20 Vilar mentioned
a number of extremely valuable concepts of which it is worth underling: The tourist, if
18
Pronsato, G. & Cappelli, R, Las 7+1 lámparas de la arquitectura argentina, La Plata, Capro, 1993
19
The headquarters building was designed by Antonio Vilar together with Jorge Bunge, Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto
Lagos, Luis M. De la Torre, Héctor Morixe, Arnoldo Jacobs, Rafael Gimenez and Abelardo Falomir (1941-1943)
20
El Automóvil Club Argentino al servicio del país, in Nuestra Arquitectura January 1943
he travels properly, acquires the true secret of love for the homeland, when travelling
and getting to know it with the favourable mental and spiritual disposition that the car
trip allows. This idea, in the middle of the 20th century in Argentina is a declaration of
principles of identity in a country that was being shaped by mass migration, mainly from
Europe, but from many countries in the world as well. Knowing the territory was a way
of generating roots and he used the resource that allowed him to design the structure
of the ACA service stations as his contribution to this idea. I always say that Vilar was
talking about heritage and the preservation of cultural heritage long before the rest of
the architects were aware that our architecture could ever have that dimension.
In order to make this immense task feasible, he designed a series of service stations
types to be repeated depending on where they were settled: in the centre of a city,
suburban area, route stations, stations in tourist points and so on. Each one was
systematized, repeated and adapted to a particular location. The master plan was also
projected by Vilar in accordance to the routes that were being traced to reach every
edge of the country, the distance between one station and another depending on how
long a car could travel, at that moment, before having the need to refuel, calculating the
amount of km that it was possible to travel to supply itself from one point to another.
The typologies included the city stations, such as this one in Rosario, the stations by
routes, the stations in tourist places, such as this one Lago Mascardi. In this case and
other stations in the southern areas the roof system is changed because of the snow.
The materials are adapted to the resources and the previous architecture of the place,
without the works losing identity with respect to the function and with respect to the
system to which they belong. Another typology, far away, to the north edge of the
country, the Humahuaca station, a station that was in a tourist place by a route, today
is more incorporated into the city, but it is still the image of this organization and the
image of a vocation, the vocation of knowing the country through travelling. (fig. 4)
The ACA network was not only made in a few years, but it is still in full use and its
architecture together with the signage, which evolved but kept the spirit of the original
by Vilar is part of our cultural imaginary. Across several generations, when travelling by
car it was known that arriving at the ACA service stations meant arriving at a
comfortable, efficient and safe place to make a stop. Even nowadays these buildings
fulfil a function not only for the road system, for the organization that owns it, but for the
whole of society.
Also the rest of the stations of the different typologies are still in good condition and in
use. They have gone through some quite intense modifications when new safety
standards or different types of fuels were incorporated. In the whole they have resisted
all modifications as long as the architects have been sensitive in understanding the
buildings on which they were working, which unfortunately did not occurred in all the
cases.
Vilar made many other important buildings. He built many m2, even in parallel with the
work of the ACA which was immense. His office was reduced to him and only two
assistants, so work was hard and yet he never put aside his most humane concerns.
For example, he generated a prototype of the decent minimum house for low-income
people. He made the prototypes himself and tried to come up with a solution that would
allow less privileged people to live in a dignified way. I would also like to mention in this
text, and precisely because we are living this “pandemic crisis” a less known action, at
this moment when it seems that the assistance systems collapse. In 1931 Argentina
was still suffering the consequences of the international crisis of 1929 that left many
people worldwide in a desperate situation, and in a situation of total poverty in Buenos
Aires. While doing all his jobs, Vilar had time to organize, with his closest people, a
system that allowed him, as Mabel Scarone mentions in her book, to provide 324,000
breakfasts and 135,000 beds for unemployed workers. Vilar was not a politician and he
did not work in politics. As the text underlines, it was a private action. I think that his
idea of architecture is as clearly proclaimed by those actions as it is by the works that
we can think of and study. His house of minimal decent had no major transcendence,
as it happened with many other similar experiences in Argentinean architecture. The
search for a social housing solution is still an open path to continue investigating and a
pending debt.
Vilar is known for his buildings more than for those valuable actions, let alone for his
photos. It is very difficult to find a picture of him other than the one from the
Professional Council card. He showed himself through his buildings. I briefly met one of
his daughters and one of his grandchildren when I introduced the importance of his
legacy at the Legislature of the city of Buenos Aires and they confirmed what his work
expresses, the idea that you have to solve something, you have to solve an
architectural problem so let's look for the best way with the greatest possible simplicity.
I come back to Scarone´s concept, Vilar is a type giver, not a form giver.
This text is based on the presentation I did when Federica Ciarciá invited me to speak
about Antonio Vilar in the framework of a discussion about Le Corbusier's contribution
or relationship with modern architecture in Argentina. I thought about what the binding
topic could be. In my opinion, there are two linking issues between them: the idea that
architecture is there to solve people's problems. Each one looked for it in a different
way but both were concerned about architecture improving the quality of life of the
people and contributing to the culture of the people. Vilar’s nephew Carlos Vilar
Castex, also an architect, told me that Vilar was in charge of bringing Le Corbusier to
Mar del Plata. In the chilly waters of Mar del Plata, Le Corbusier took the sea baths he
liked so much. Their love for water was also a link. Le Corbusier was a great swimmer
and Vilar sailed, influenced by his father. When he was a child living in La Plata, his
father took him and his brothers out to sail in a sailboat. Antonio Vilar was the
helmsman, the one who set the course for where that family boat was going, in the
same way that he set the course, in some sense, of where modern Argentinean
architecture went.
Antonio Vilar did not write much, and when he did it was to describe his work and not
about himself, but a phrase attributed to Gandhi could have been said by Vilar:
That is what Antonio Vilar took care of doing with architecture throughout his life.
21
(H, 17-11-1933, p6) My life is my message. Response to a journalist's question about what his message to the world
was. Mahatma: Life of Gandhi 1869-1948 (1968) Reel 13