Introducción al Socialismo
Introducción al Socialismo
ideología política
La bandera roja fue el símbolo clásico del socialismo y el comunismo desde su comienzo.
La estrella roja simboliza el socialismo.
Henri de Saint-Simon, considerado padre de la idea de socialismo como proyecto social y fundador del llamado
«socialismo utópico».
Ferdinand Lassalle, fundador de la centroizquierda política y de la corriente socialista denominada socialdemocracia.
Concepto
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Sus pensamientos sobre el socialismo libertario (mutualismo) inspiraron profundamente a Karl
Marx.[56]
"Solo la transformación
de la propiedad privada
capitalista de los medios
de producción (tierra y
suelo, pozos y minas,
materias primas,
herramientas,
máquinas, medios de
transporte) en
propiedad social y la
transformación de la
producción de bienes en
producción socialista
llevada a cabo por y
para la sociedad puede
hacer que la gran
empresa y la
productividad en
constante crecimiento
del trabajo social
cambien para las clases
hasta ahora explotadas
de una fuente de miseria
y opresión a una fuente
de la mayor asistencia
social y universal."
Friedrich Engels, filósofo socialista alemán, compañero de Karl Marx.
Historia
La influencia de la Ilustración y el
socialismo utópico
Socialismo
marxista
Comunismo Socialismo no
Socialismo
marxista
marxista Socialismo de
Socialismo derecha
científico Socialismo
Marxismo nacional
Marxismo- Socialismo
Leninismo corporativo
Marxismo- Socialismo militar
Leninismo-
Maoísmo Socialismo de
Marxismo- guerra
Leninismo- Ecosocialismo
Maoísmo- Nacionalsocialismo
Pensamiento
Strasserismo
Gonzalo
Socialismo
Marxismo-
premarxista
Leninismo-
Maoísmo- Socialismo utópico
Camino Socialismo
Prachanda ricardiano
Lucha de clases Sansimonismo
Dictadura del Owenismo
proletariado
Falansterio
Manifiesto Comuna de París
Comunista Utopía
Estalinismo La ciudad del sol
Trotskismo Comunismo
Guevarismo primitivo
Maoísmo Licurgo de Esparta
Juche Despotismo
Socialismo con oriental
características Anarquismo
chinas socialista
Teología de la
Anarquismo
liberación
socialista
Eurocomunismo
Socialismo
Revisionismo
libertario
Antirrevisionismo Anarcocomunismo
Socialismo Anarcosindicalismo
autogestionario Anarquismo
Socialismo con colectivista
rostro humano Mutualismo
Comunismo de
izquierda
Comunismo
consejista
Escuela de
Fráncfort
Browderismo
Socialismo por lugares
Véase también: Categoría:Socialismo por país
Socialismo árabe
Socialismo africano
Socialismo islámico
Comunismo soviético
Socialismo en Argentina
Socialismo en el Imperio del Japón
Partidos y organizaciones
políticas
Categoría:Partidos socialistas
Categoría:Partidos socialistas o
socialdemócratas
Categoría:Organizaciones socialistas
Véase también
Socialismo o barbarie
Socialismo y derechos LGBT
Economía de mercado socialista
Conceptos relacionados
Estado socialista
Izquierda política
Justicia social
Comunismo
Bien común
Altruismo
Holismo
Cálculo económico
Colectivismo
Comunitarismo
Economía planificada
Economía mixta
Estatización
Socialización de los medios de producción
Estatismo
Dirigismo
Igualitarismo
Intervencionismo
Revolución social
Revolución socialista
Distribución de la renta
Keynesianismo
Estado del bienestar
Derecho laboral
Derechos sociales
Movimiento obrero
Sindicalismo
Consejo obrero
Control obrero
Asamblea popular
Anticapitalismo
Antiimperialismo
Referencias
1. "Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine:
for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means
If Possible (https://books.google.es/b
ooks?redir_esc=y&hl=es&id=i0w9AQA
AMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q
=ocialism,+you+see,+is+a+bird+with+t
wo+wings.+The+definition+is+'social+
ownership+and+democratic+control+o
f+the+instruments+and+means+of+pr
oduction.) (en inglés). 1918.
Consultado el 19 de febrero de 2020.
«Socialism, you see, is a bird with two
wings. The definition is 'social
ownership and democratic control of
the instruments and means of
production. ».
2. Zimbalist, Andrew S. (1989).
Comparing economic systems : a
political-economic approach (http://ar
chive.org/details/comparingeconomi0
000zimb_q8i6) . San Diego : Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich. p. 7. Consultado el
19 de febrero de 2020.
3. «Socialismo en el Diccionario
filosófico abreviado (1959: 467-469)»
(http://filosofia.org/enc/ros/soc.htm) .
filosofia.org. Consultado el 12 de
octubre de 2020.
4. O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of
Political Economy, Volume 2 (https://b
ooks.google.com.ar/books?id=yphsBg
AAQBAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=in+
order+of+increasing+decentralisation+
(at+least)+three+forms+of+socialised
+ownership+can+be+distinguished:+st
ate-owned+firms,+employee-owned+
(or+socially)+owned+firms,+and+citize
n+ownership+of+equity&source=bl&ot
s=bRBpzNA18u&sig=ACfU3U2HE_XC
m2mHnHDil9XuW66IWnU9TQ&hl=es&
sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjby_DnxK_1AhXpr
ZUCHZBpDUkQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=one
page&q=in%20order%20of%20increasi
ng%20decentralisation%20(at%20leas
t)%20three%20forms%20of%20sociali
sed%20ownership%20can%20be%20di
stinguished%3A%20state-owned%20fir
ms%2C%20employee-owned%20(or%2
0socially)%20owned%20firms%2C%20
and%20citizen%20ownership%20of%2
0equity&f=false) (en inglés).
Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-
24187-8. «In order of increasing
decentralisation (at least) three forms
of socialised ownership can be
distinguished: state-owned firms,
employee-owned (or socially) owned
firms, and citizen ownership of
equity. ».
5. O'Hara, Phillip (4 de febrero de 1999).
Encyclopedia of Political Economy : 2-
volume set (https://www.taylorfrancis.
com/books/9780429231933) (en
inglés). Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-
429-23193-3. Consultado el 19 de
febrero de 2020.
6. Real Academia Española. «socialismo
: 3. m. Teoría económica y política del
filósofo alemán K. Marx, que
desarrolla los principios de igualdad
política, social y económica de todos
los seres humanos.» (https://dle.rae.e
s/socialismo) . Diccionario de la
lengua española (23.ª edición).
Consultado el 30 de diciembre de
2018.
7. Oskar Lange, "Planificación de la
economía social: realización de la
racionalidad político-económica" en
"Racionalidad económica en el
capitalismo y el socialismo", La
economía en las sociedades
modernas, Editorial Grijalbo, 1966
(1964), parte 1: 'Socialismo', cap. 4, §
3, pp. 78-80
8. «Socialism» (https://iep.utm.edu/socia
lis/) . Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (en inglés
estadounidense). Consultado el 14 de
febrero de 2021.
9. Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair;
Pyper, Hugh S. (2000). The Oxford
companion to Christian thought (htt
p://archive.org/details/oxfordcompani
ont00hast) . Oxford ; New York :
Oxford University Press. p. 677.
Consultado el 19 de febrero de 2020.
10. Kotz, David M. «Socialism and
Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively
Different Socioeconomic Systems?» (h
ttp://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Soc_a
nd_Cap_Diff_Syst_06_12.pdf) .
University of Massachusetts.
Consultado el 19 de febrero de 2011.
"This understanding of socialism was
held not just by revolutionary Marxist
socialists but also by evolutionary
socialists, Christian socialists, and
even anarchists. At that time, there
was also wide agreement about the
basic institutions of the future
socialist system: public ownership
instead of private ownership of the
means of production, economic
planning instead of market forces,
production for use instead of for
profit."
11. Prychito, David L. (2002). Markets,
Planning, and Democracy: Essays
After the Collapse of Communism.
Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 12.
ISBN 978-1-84064-519-4. «Socialism is
a system based upon de facto public
or social ownership of the means of
production, the abolition of a
hierarchical division of labor in the
enterprise, a consciously organized
social division of labor. Under
socialism, money, competitive pricing,
and profit-loss accounting would be
destroyed. »
12. Ernesto Guevara, "En la Conferencia
Afroasiática en Argelia" (https://www.
marxists.org/espanol/guevara/escrito
s/op/libros/presente/23.htm) (24 de
febrero de 1965), Una antología
mínima
13. Duan Zhong Qiao, "Crítica a la teoría
de la superioridad y la neutralidad del
mercado" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20140329184412/http://prensa.po.o
rg.ar/edm/critica-a-la-teoria-de-la-supe
rioridad-y-la-neutralidad-del-mercad
o/) , Conferencia Internacional sobre
el Manifiesto Comunista, Atenas, 1998
14. Amir Helman, "The Israeli Kibbutz as a
Socialist Model" (http://www.jstor.org/
discover/10.2307/40751491?uid=373
7512&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103115716
543) , Journal of Institutional and
Theoretical Economics (JITE), Vol.
148, No. 1
15. Nathan Smith, "The Economics of
Monasticism" (http://www.thearda.co
m/workingpapers/download/The%20E
conomics%20of%20Monasticism.pd
f) , The ASREC/ARDA Working Paper
Series, 2009
16. Engels, Friederich (1880). Del
socialismo utópico al socialismo
cientifico. Alemania: Fundación
Federico Engels. p. p.73.
17. Kolb, Robert (19 de octubre de 2007).
Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and
Society, First Edition. SAGE
Publications, Inc. p. 1345. ISBN 978-
1412916523. «There are many forms
of socialism, all of which eliminate
private ownership of capital and
replace it with collective ownership.
These many forms, all focused on
advancing distributive justice for long-
term social welfare, can be divided
into two broad types of socialism:
nonmarket and market. »
18. Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in
the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing
origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford
University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-
8047-7566-3. «socialism would
function without capitalist economic
categories—such as money, prices,
interest, profits and rent—and thus
would function according to laws
other than those described by current
economic science. While some
socialists recognised the need for
money and prices at least during the
transition from capitalism to
socialism, socialists more commonly
believed that the socialist economy
would soon administratively mobilise
the economy in physical units without
the use of prices or money. »
19. Steele, David Ramsay (1999). From
Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society
and the Challenge of Economic
Calculation. Open Court. pp. 175-177.
ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5. «Especially
before the 1930s, many socialists and
anti-socialists implicitly accepted
some form of the following for the
incompatibility of state-owned
industry and factor markets. A market
transaction is an exchange of property
titles between two independent
transactors. Thus internal market
exchanges cease when all of industry
is brought into the ownership of a
single entity, whether the state or
some other organization...the
discussion applies equally to any form
of social or community ownership,
where the owning entity is conceived
as a single organization or
administration. »
20. Market Socialism: The Debate Among
Socialists, by Schweickart, David;
Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman,
Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference
Between Marxism and Market
Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More
fundamentally, a socialist society must
be one in which the economy is run on
the principle of the direct satisfaction
of human needs...Exchange-value,
prices and so money are goals in
themselves in a capitalist society or in
any market. There is no necessary
connection between the accumulation
of capital or sums of money and
human welfare. Under conditions of
backwardness, the spur of money and
the accumulation of wealth has led to
a massive growth in industry and
technology ... It seems an odd
argument to say that a capitalist will
only be efficient in producing use-value
of a good quality when trying to make
more money than the next capitalist. It
would seem easier to rely on the
planning of use-values in a rational
way, which because there is no
duplication, would be produced more
cheaply and be of a higher quality."
21. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E.,
ed. (1987). The New Palgrave
Dictionary of Economics Online.
Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2
February 2013.
doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570.
22. O'Hara, Phillip (2000). Encyclopedia of
Political Economy, Volume 2.
Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-
24187-8. «Market socialism is the
general designation for a number of
models of economic systems. On the
one hand, the market mechanism is
utilized to distribute economic output,
to organize production and to allocate
factor inputs. On the other hand, the
economic surplus accrues to society
at large rather than to a class of
private (capitalist) owners, through
some form of collective, public or
social ownership of capital. »
23. Pierson, Christopher (1995). Socialism
After Communism: The New Market
Socialism (https://archive.org/details/
socialismafterco0000pier) .
Pennsylvania State Univ Press. p. 96 (h
ttps://archive.org/details/socialismaft
erco0000pier/page/96) . ISBN 978-0-
271-01478-4. «At the heart of the
market socialist model is the abolition
of the large-scale private ownership of
capital and its replacement by some
form of 'social ownership'. Even the
most conservative accounts of market
socialism insist that this abolition of
large-scale holdings of private capital
is essential. This requirement is fully
consistent with the market socialists'
general claim that the vices of market
capitalism lie not with the institutions
of the market but with (the
consequences of) the private
ownership of capital... »
24. Jorge Schafik Handal (entrevista por
Marta Harnecker), "El socialismo: ¿una
alternativa para América Latina?" (http
s://www.marxists.org/espanol/handa
l/1991/001.htm) , Biblioteca Popular,
1991
25. Isaac Deutscher, "Las raíces de la
burocracia" (https://www.marxists.or
g/espanol/deutscher/1960/la_burocra
cia.htm) , ciclo de conferencias
abreviadas y editadas por Tamara
Deutscher, London School of
Economics, 1960
26. Newman, Michael (2005). Socialism: A
Very Short Introduction. Oxford
University Press. p. 2. "In fact,
socialism has been both centralist and
local; organized from above and built
from below; visionary and pragmatic;
revolutionary and reformist; anti-state
and statist; internationalist and
nationalist; harnessed to political
parties and shunning them; an
outgrowth of trade unionism and
independent of it; a feature of rich
industrialized countries and poor
peasant-based communities".
27. Louis Baudin, El imperio socialista de
los incas, Zig-Zag, 1945, passim. Ver
también: José Carlos Mariátegui, 7
ensayos de interpretación de la
realidad peruana, Biblioteca Amauta,
1928
28. Docherty, James C.; UK, Peter Lamb,
Associate Professor of Politics and
International Relations, Staffordshire
University (2 de octubre de 2006).
Historical Dictionary of Socialism (http
s://books.google.es/books?id=JRYjU-L
4F7wC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=
onepage&q&f=false) (en inglés).
Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-
6477-1. Consultado el 26 de abril de
2020.
29. Jacobo, Muñoz (2014). «Estudio
introductorio - Glosario» (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/1044501045) .
Marx. Textos de filosofía, política y
economía; Manuscritos de París;
Manifiesto del partido comunista;
Crítica del programa de Gotha.
Biblioteca de Grandes Pensadores,
Gredos. p. LXXXIV. ISBN 978-84-473-
7760-2. OCLC 1044501045 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/oclc/1044501045) .
30. «M. Bakunin: Socialismo sin Estado:
Anarquismo.» (https://www.marxists.o
rg/espanol/bakunin/socsinestado.ht
m) . www.marxists.org. Consultado el
26 de abril de 2020.
31. Proudhon, Pierre Joseph. Sistema de
las contradicciones económicas o
Filosofía de la miseria (https://www.m
undolibertario.org/archivos/document
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teadelamiseria.pdf) .
32. Ely, Richard T. (1883). French and
German Socialism in Modern Times.
New York: Harper and Brothers. pp.
204—205. "Social democrats forms
the extreme wing of the socialists [...]
inclined to lay so much stress on
equality of enjoyment, regardless of
the value of one's labor, that they
might, perhaps, more properly be
called communists. [...] They have two
distinguishing characteristics. The
vast majority of them are laborers,
and, as a rule, they expect the violent
overthrow of existing institutions by
revolution to precede the introduction
of the socialistic state. I would not, by
any means, say that they are all
revolutionists, but the most of them
undoubtedly are. [...] The most general
demands of the social democrats are
the following: The state should exist
exclusively for the laborers; land and
capital must become collective
property, and production be carried on
unitedly. Private competition, in the
ordinary sense of the term, is to
cease."
33. Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander;
Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph
(2008). Social Democracy in Power:
The Capacity to Reform. Routledge
Research in Comparative Politics.
London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-
43820-9.
34. Roemer, John E. (1994). A Future for
Socialism. "The long term and the
short term". Harvard University Press.
pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-0-6743-3946-0.
35. Lamb, Peter (2015). Historical
Dictionary of Socialism (3rd ed.).
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 415.
ISBN 978-1-4422-5826-6.
36. Bailey, David J. (2009). The Political
Economy of European Social
Democracy: A Critical Realist
Approach. Routledge. p. 77. "[...]
Giorgio Napolitano launched a
medium-term programme, 'which
tended to justify the governmental
deflationary policies, and asked for the
understanding of the workers, since
any economic recovery would be
linked with the long-term goal of an
advance towards democratic
socialism'". ISBN 978-0-4156-0425-3.
37. Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk;
Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (2011). "Social
Democracy". International
Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8.
SAGE Publications. p. 2423. "Social
democracy refers to a political
tendency resting on three fundamental
features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal
rights to vote and form parties), (2) an
economy partly regulated by the state
(e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a
welfare state offering social support to
those in need (e.g., equal rights to
education, health service, employment
and pensions). ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-
6.
38. Steele, David Ramsay (15 de diciembre
de 2013). «2. THE ABOLITION OF
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39. V. I. Lenin (1917). «El Estado y la
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ECONOMICAS DE LA EXTINCION DEL
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40. Newman, Michael (28 de julio de
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Consultado el 26 de abril de 2020.
41. George Thomas Kurian (ed). The
Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ
Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554
42. Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet
Union Versus Socialism" (https://chom
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44. Wolff, Richard D. (27 June 2015).
"Socialism Means Abolishing the
Distinction Between Bosses and
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45. Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). «The
Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not
a Planned, Economy». Soviet Studies
37 (1): 118-130.
doi:10.1080/09668138508411571 (htt
ps://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138
508411571) .
46. Ellman, Michael (2007). «The Rise and
Fall of Socialist Planning» (https://arch
ive.org/details/transitionbeyond00lib
g) . En Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz
W.; Uvalić, Milica, eds. Transition and
Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario
Nuti. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
p. 22 (https://archive.org/details/transi
tionbeyond00libg/page/n42) .
ISBN 978-0-230-54697-4. «In the USSR
in the late 1980s the system was
normally referred to as the
'administrative-command' economy.
What was fundamental to this system
was not the plan but the role of
administrative hierarchies at all levels
of decision making; the absence of
control over decision making by the
population [...]. »
47. Heinz Dieterich: Der Sozialismus des
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1105-1. Consultado el 21 de agosto de
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50. Leroux: socialism is "the doctrine
which would not give up any of the
principles of Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity" of the French Revolution of
1789. "Individualism and socialism"
(1834)
51. Russell, Bertrand. Historia de la
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52. Lichtheim, 1970, p. 217.
53. Lichtheim, 1970, p. 10.
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55. Thomas, Jean-Paul (2001) [1991].
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56. Rocker, Rudolf. «Marx y anarquismo»
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14 de noviembre de 2020. «El
socialismo francés ha ejercido la
mayor influencia sobre el desarrollo
intelectual de Marx, pero de todos los
escritores socialistas de Francia es P.
J. Proudhon quien más
poderosamente influyó en su espíritu.
Hasta es evidente que el libro de
Proudhon ¿Qué es la propiedad?
indujo a Marx a abrazar el socialismo.
[...] Marx no solamente había sido
influenciado por las ideas económicas
de Proudhon, sino que también se
sintió influido por las teorías
anárquicas del gran socialista francés
y en uno de sus trabajos de aquel
período combate al Estado en la
misma forma que lo hiciera
Proudhon ».
57. Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony;
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(September 2018–June 2019). The
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59. Bruhat, 1984, p. 530.
60. Bravo, 1976, p. 58.
61. Bruhat, 1984, p. 530-531.
62. «Engels (1847): Principios del
comunismo. XXIV. ¿Cuál es la
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64. Williams, Raymond (1976). Keywords:
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plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/) .
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66. "Mill, in contrast, advances a form of
liberal democratic socialism for the
enlargement of freedom as well as to
realise social and distributive justice.
He offers a powerful account of
economic injustice and justice that is
centered on his understanding of
freedom and its conditions." Bruce
Baum, "[J. S. Mill and Liberal
Socialism]", Nadia Urbanati and Alex
Zacharas, eds., J.S. Mill's Political
Thought: A Bicentennial
Reassessment (Cambridge:
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67. Principles of Political Economy with
Some of Their Applications to Social
Philosophy, IV.7.21. John Stuart Mill:
Political Economy, IV.7.21. "The form
of association, however, which if
mankind continue to improve, must be
expected in the end to predominate, is
not that which can exist between a
capitalist as chief, and work-people
without a voice in the management,
but the association of the labourers
themselves on terms of equality,
collectively owning the capital with
which they carry on their operations,
and working under managers elected
and removable by themselves."
68. Williams, Raymond (1983).
«Socialism» (https://archive.org/detail
s/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/2
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culture and society, revised edition.
Oxford University Press. p. 288 (http
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ula00willrich/page/288) . ISBN 978-0-
19-520469-8. «Modern usage began to
settle from the 1860s, and in spite of
the earlier variations and distinctions it
was socialist and socialism which
came through as the predominant
words ... Communist, in spite of the
distinction that had been made in the
1840s, was very much less used, and
parties in the Marxist tradition took
some variant of social and socialist as
titles. »
69. Steele, David (1992). From Marx to
Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the
Challenge of Economic Calculation.
Open Court Publishing Company.
p. 43. ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5. «One
widespread distinction was that
socialism socialised production only
while communism socialised
production and consumption. »
70. Marx y Engels, 2013, pp. 30-
31. Prefacio a la edición inglesa de
1888
71. Bravo, 1976, p. 58-59.
72. Bravo, 1976, p. 59.
73. Émile Durkheim, El socialismo, Akal,
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50
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75. Engels., Friederich (1880). Del
socialismo utópico al socialismo
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78. Jacobo, Muñoz (2014). «Estudio
introductorio - Glosario» (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/1044501045) .
Marx. Textos de filosofía, política y
economía; Manuscritos de París;
Manifiesto del partido comunista;
Crítica del programa de Gotha.
Biblioteca de Grandes Pensadores,
Gredos. p. XC-XCI. ISBN 978-84-473-
7760-2. OCLC 1044501045 (https://w
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79. Jacobo, Muñoz (2014). «Estudio
introductorio - Glosario» (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/1044501045) .
Marx. Textos de filosofía, política y
economía; Manuscritos de París;
Manifiesto del partido comunista;
Crítica del programa de Gotha.
Biblioteca de Grandes Pensadores,
Gredos. pp. LXXXIV - LXXXV.
ISBN 978-84-473-7760-2.
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chive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/c
h04.htm) , La sagrada familia,
Claridad, 2008, capítulo IV, parte IV, §
3, pp. 50-51
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Gotha. Texto de: Marx y Engels, Obras
Completas (en alemán), volumen XIX,
pág. 28, citado en: Gérard Bekerman,
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178-179.
84. A Critique of the Draft Social-
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217. "If one thing is certain it is that
our party and the working class can
only come to power under the form of
a democratic republic. This is even the
specific form for the dictatorship of
the proletariat"
85. «Engels (1891): Contribución a la
crítica del proyecto de programa
socialdemocrata de 1891.» (https://w
ww.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1890s/
1891criti.htm) . www.marxists.org.
Consultado el 3 de septiembre de
2022. «Está absolutamente fuera de
duda que nuestro partido y la clase
obera sólo pueden llegar a la
dominación bajo la forma de la
república democrática. Esta última es
incluso la forma específica de la
dictadura del proletariado, como lo ha
mostrado ya la Gran Revolución
francesa. »
86. Steele, David (1992). From Marx to
Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the
Challenge of Economic Calculation.
Open Court Publishing Company.
pp. 44-45. ISBN 978-0-87548-449-5.
«By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in
general use among Marxists, who had
dropped 'communism', now
considered an old fashioned term
meaning the same as 'socialism'. [...]
At the turn of the century, Marxists
called themselves socialists. [...] The
definition of socialism and
communism as successive stages
was introduced into Marxist theory by
Lenin in 1917. [...] the new distinction
was helpful to Lenin in defending his
party against the traditional Marxist
criticism that Russia was too
backward for a socialist revolution. »
87. Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic
Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger.
p. 9. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. «In a
modern sense of the word,
communism refers to the ideology of
Marxism-Leninism. »
88. Williams, Raymond (1983).
«Socialism» (https://archive.org/detail
s/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/2
89) . Keywords: A Vocabulary of
Culture and Society (revised edición).
Oxford University Press. p. 289 (http
s://archive.org/details/keywordsvocab
ula00willrich/page/289) . ISBN 978-0-
19-520469-8. «The decisive distinction
between socialist and communist, as
in one sense these terms are now
ordinarily used, came with the
renaming, in 1918, of the Russian
Social-Democratic Labour Party
(Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From
that time on, a distinction of socialist
from communist, often with
supporting definitions such as social
democrat or democratic socialist,
became widely current, although it is
significant that all communist parties,
in line with earlier usage, continued to
describe themselves as socialist and
dedicated to socialism. »
89. Friedrich Engels, "The Development of
Utopian Socialism" (https://www.marxi
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90. Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret
Jacob, James R. Jacob. Western
Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society
– From 1600, Volume 2. Ninth Edition.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Publishing Company, 2009. p. 540.
91. Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013).
The Global Economy and its Economic
Systems. South-Western College
Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-285-
05535-0. «Socialist writers of the
nineteenth century proposed socialist
arrangements for sharing as a
response to the inequality and poverty
of the industrial revolution. English
socialist Robert Owen proposed that
ownership and production take place
in cooperatives, where all members
shared equally. French socialist Henri
Saint-Simon proposed to the contrary:
socialism meant solving economic
problems by means of state
administration and planning, and
taking advantage of new advances in
science. »
92. Federalismo, socialismo y
antiteologismo. Mijail Bakunin.
Editorial NoBooks Editorial, 2011.
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rxists.org/espanol/einstein/por_que.ht
m#:~:text=Puesto%20que%20el%20ve
rdadero%20prop%C3%B3sito,hacia%2
0un%20fin%20%C3%A9tico%2Dsocia
l.) por Albert Einstein, Marxists
Internet Archive, Mayo de 1949
94. Entrevista a Heinz Dieterich (http://ww
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cia=28818)
95. Burbach, Roger; Fox, Michael; Fuentes,
Federico (2013). Latin America's
Turbulent Transitions (https://archive.o
rg/details/latinamericastur0000burb) .
London: Zed Books.
ISBN 9781848135697.
Bibliografía
Albert Einstein (1949) ¿Por qué el
socialismo?
Bravo, Gian Mario (1976) [1971]. Historia
del socialismo 1789-1848. El
pensamiento socialista antes de Marx
[Storia del socialismo, 1789-1848. Il
pensiero socialista prima di Marx].
Barcelona: Ariel. ISBN 84-344-6508-6.
Lichtheim, George (1970). Los orígenes
del socialismo. Barcelona: Anagrama.
ISBN 9788433901040.
Ludwig von Mises (1922) Socialismo
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (2013)
[Primera publicación en 1848].
Manifiesto del Partido Comunista
(Wenceslao Roces, trad.) (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20180127065756/http://
www.pce.es/descarga/manifiestocomu
nista.pdf) (PDF). Fundación de
Investigaciones Marxistas. ISBN 978-84-
87098-56-7. Archivado desde el original
(http://www.pce.es/descarga/manifiest
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Enlaces externos
Portal:Socialismo. Contenido
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Socialism (https://iep.utm.edu/sociali
s/) en la Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (inglés).
Socialism (https://www.marxists.org/en
cyclopedia/terms/s/o.htm#socialism)
en la Marxists Internet Archive
Encyclopedia (inglés).
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