CAPÍTULO

4
Funciones Escalares de
Variable Vectorial
1 Introducción
→

→ → =

1.1 Dominio

 +

▪ = − = 



▪ = =  − 

1.2 Álgebra de funciones

• + = +
• − = −
• =
 
•   = 
 

1.3 Curvas de Nivel

1.3.1 Funciones de dos variables

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -37-

1.3.2 Funciones de tres variables

+ + =

1.4 Límites de funciones

1.4.1 Disco abierto



− + − 

1.4.2 Notación de límite

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 -38- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

=
( ) →( )
1.4.3 Definición de un límite
  =

−   − + − 

[Link] Propiedades de los límites

= =
( ) →( ) ( ) →( )
• = 
( ) →( )
• ( + )= + = +
( )→( ) ( )→( ) ( )→( )
  
• ( ) =  =
( ) →( ) (
 ) →( ) (
 ) →( ) 


( ) →( )
• = = 
( ) →( ) ( ) →( )
1.4.4 Cálculo de límites

[Link] Limites iterados

   
 =  =
→  → 
 →  →




1.4.5 Continuidad de una función en un punto

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -39-

( ) →( )
=
( ) →( )
[Link] Teoremas sobre funciones continuas

▪ +
▪ −
▪

▪ 

1.5 Derivadas parciales

 + −
=
 →

 + −
=
 →

1.5.1 Interpretación geométrica

[Link] Interpretación geométrica de la derivada parcial respecto de x

= =

= =

+ −
=
 → 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 -40- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

[Link] Interpretación geométrica de la derivada parcial respecto de y

= =

= =

+ −
=
 → 

 
 

1.5.2 Derivadas parciales mediante formulas

[Link] Derivadas parciales de orden superior

   
 = =
   

   
=  =
    
 

   
=  =
     
 

1.5.3 Incremento de una función

 

 = + + −

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -41-

1.6 Diferencial total

 
= +
 

1.6.1 Relación entre la diferencial total e incremento de la función

 
 
+ + −  +
 
 
+ +  + +
 

 =  =
 
+ +   +  +
 

1.6.2 Regla de la cadena con una variable independiente

= = =

 
= +
 

 

 
 =  +  +  + 
 
  → (  )→
 
      
= + + +
      
       
=  + + + 
 →   →       

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 -42- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

   
= + + + → = +
   

1.6.3 Regla de la cadena con dos variables independientes

= = =
   
   
    
= +
    
    
= +
    

1.6.4 Cambio de variables en derivadas parciales

[Link] Teorema de Euler

 =
 =

( ) → = → ( )= ( )
 =



     
 + + + +  = ( − )( − )  − ( − )
     
( )
+ = + + = ( − )
( )
+ + = + + + + + = ( − )
1.6.5 Derivadas implícitas de una variable independiente
=
=

=    =  
 
+ =
 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -43-


=− =− =−



1.6.6 Derivada implícita caso de dos variables independientes

= =
 
 

 
=

( )=
     
+ + =
     

   
+ =  =−
    


 
=

(
 ) =

     
+ + =
     

    
+ =  =−
    


1.7 Jacobiano




  
=  =
  

1.7.1 Derivada para un sistema de funciones implícitas

= =

= =

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-44- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

 
=  =
 
       
+ + + =
       
         
+ + = + =−
         

 
= → =
 
                 
+ + + = + + = + =−
                 

   
− −
   
         
−   −  
   
=   = =−   =   = =−  
           
         
   
   
   

   
− −
   
         
−   −  
           
= = =− = = =−
           
         
   
   
   

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -45-

2 Problemas Resueltos

1. = − + − −

=   −   − −  
=     +  
y y

x
3
x

x
3

 =     +  
2.
→
( + − )= =
→

+ − −    − + − 

− + −    − + − 
− + −  − + − = +  = 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-46- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial


= = = =

3.  + − +  =

→  
→

+ − + −    − + − 

+ − − = − + − + − + − = − + − + −

+ − −  − + − + − =  ++ 

 
 +  = +  = 

=  =

=
−  − 
−  −   −  −  
−   + −   +
−   + −   +
− − + −  + − − − −  −  + −
−  −  
− +   −  +

− +  −   − + −   ++

 −  − + −  + 

−
4. = =
→ → → +  
→ → →

−
→ →
− → →
= =
→ +     
→   
+  → 
→ →
→  →   → 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -47-

−
= = =
+

 =

+
5.
→ +

+  +   
= =  =  = ( )=
→ + →  → +  →   →
   
+  +   
= =  =  = ( )=
→ + →  → +  →   →
   

+
=  → →

+ + +
= = =
→ + → + → +
 + −   + − 
   
=   =   =
→  + −  → −
  +
 
 + − 
 
=   =
→ −
+
 = = = 

 
6.  
→  + 
→  

   
= 
→  →
=


→ 
 =
→
( )=
 +  
   
= 
→  →
=


→ 
=
 →
( )=
 +   

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-48- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

+
=  → →
 
     +   − 
=  =  =  =  
→  +  →  +  →   + − 
 →  + − 
→      



 

=
+
 =  

7.

 
= +

 =

=
→ +

 
= =  =
→ + →  → + 
 
 
= =  =
→ + →  → + 
 

+
=  → →
+ −
= = = = 
→ → → → −
+ +   + +

 

=
+

 =  

8.

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -49-

 +
 
= +

 =

=
 + 
 
→  + 
→  

 +     
=  =  =  =
→  → +  →   →  
     
 +   
= 
→  →
=


→ 
=
 →
( )=
 +   

+
=  → →
    + − 
      
 + =  + =  
=  
→   →   →   − 
→ 
+    +    +  
    
   
  − 
  + 
=  =
 −

→  + 

 
 = = = 

9. = +

 + −  + +  − +
= =
 → →
+ + + − +
=
→
+  −  + +
=
→
+  −  +
= +
→ →
 − 
= + + +
→ →

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-50- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial


 = +


 
10. =  
 

   
 −  
 + −  +   
= =
 → →
   
  −  − 
 + −   +   + 
=   =    
→      →   →     
 +       +   
  +     +    +   
 
     
−  −   − 
 +   +   
=     =  =−
→   →       +
   +    + 
    +    
 +   

 =−
 +

 
11. =   +
 

 
 
      
=  +    −  =  −
   +       +
   
   
 
 
  
=    =
 +     +
   
   

     
+ =   − +  
   +   + 
   
   
+ =  − + =  
  + +  
 + =

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -51-

 
12. =   + +
 

 
 
        − 
=  +   −   =  +  
   +       + 
   
   
 
 
        
=  +    =  +  
   +       + 
   
   
 
=−  
 

     
+ + =  − +  + −  
   +     +   
   
   
 
+ + ==  =
 
 + + =

13. = +
− + =

   
    
   =   
=   
  
 
   
   
   
     
       
   −  =   
=  + +  +  + + −
   
       
     
     

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-52- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

− + =
     
      
      =  
−    +  + + −  + 
   
     
     
     

(− + )= → (− + )= → =

 =

14. =
+ +

  
+ + =
  

−
=  + + 

 
− −
=− + + =
+ +

+ + − + +
+ +
=− =− + + −
+ + + +
+ −
=
+ +

+ − + −
=− =−
+ + + +

   + − + − + −
+ + =− − − =
   + + + + + +
 + + =

 − + 
15. = 
 + − 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -53-

+ +

− +
=
+ −
  −
− + − − − + −
=  =
 + −  + −
 
  −
− + − − − − + −
=  =
 + −  + −
 
 −
− + − − − + − 
=  =
 + −  + −
 

−
− − +
+ + = =
+ −
 + + =

 
16. =   + =
 

= =− =

 −  −   − −
= +  = +  −  = −
  
 
    −
= =  =   =
   

+ =  −
−
− + −
= + = =
 
 
 + =

17. = + +
−

− − −
= = =
− − −
− − −
= = =
− − −

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-54- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

− − + − − − + − −
= = =
− − −

+ + = − + =
− − −

 + + =

18. =  = =

+ + + =


 =
 →
  = 
→ =   → 
 →
  =  =


= = =− + = (− + )
= =  =− + = (− + )
 
+ + + = (− + )+ ( − + ) +




+




 



+ + + =− + − + + + = + =

 + =

19. = − + − =

=

− + − = 

( )→ + − = → =
−

 
− −  
 −  −   −  − −
= = =  =
 − − −

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -55-

− −
 =
−

20. = =  = 

+ 
= +

 
 →
→
 
 →
 

 =
   =
 
 
  =−
    =
 

     
= + = + 
     
     

= + =− + 
     

( ) + ( ) = ( +  ) + (− +  )
= +  + +  −  +  

 

= +  + +  = +

 + 
= +

 
21.
 
=  + + + = =
 
 

 
 →
 
→
 → 
 

 =  =
 
 
 =−  =
 

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-56- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

   
= +
   
   
= +  + +  
    
   

 + +   + + 

= =
   
= +   +
 +   

     
   
= + + + = + + +

 = +

   
= +
   
   
= + − + +  
    
   

 + +   + + 

= =
   
= +   − +
 +   

     
   
=− − + +
 =

22. + − + =
 −  = −

= + − → = = =− = + → = = → =
 
 
 
 → 
 
→ 
 →

  
 
 →
 

= 

( )

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

 § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial -57-

−
+ + = → − + = → = = −


= 

( )
−
+ + = → − + = → = = −

 −  =  − −  − = − − + = −

  −  = −

 
23. =  + + =
 
+

 
= + = +  + + =
 
=
   
 
+
   −

( )+   − − +
   =−
=− =−    =− =
          
+  + + +
         

   
 
+
 

−

+
 
() − + −
      
=− =− =− =− =−
          
+ + + +
        




   
− +   − 
+ =  +  
   
 +   + 
   
 
− + + −
− + + −
+ = =
+
+

+ =
( + )− ( + )= −
+
 + = −

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin

-58- § Funciones Escalares de Variable Vectorial

 = + − + =

24. 
 = + + =
 =


 =


−
 
   +
= =−   =− =− =−
   −
 
 

+
 =−

  + +
= = − =−
 
+
 =−

 =  

25.  =  

 = 

    −    
 
 =  
=       = 
  
 − 
 

 
  = 
  

Canaza Trujillo Walter Edwin