Dolor Torácico Agudo en Adultos: Evaluación Ambulatoria: Aproximadamente El 1%
Dolor Torácico Agudo en Adultos: Evaluación Ambulatoria: Aproximadamente El 1%
adultos: Evaluación
ambulatoria
John R. McConaghy, MD; Malvika Sharma, MD; y Hiten Patel, MD
Centro Médico Wexner de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio, Columbus, Ohio
Aproximadamente 1% de las visitas al consultorio de atención primaria son para el dolor de pecho, y 2 a 4% de
estos pacientes tendrán angina inestable o infarto de miocardio. La evaluación inicial se basa en determinar si el
paciente necesita ser referido a un nivel más alto de atención para descartar el síndrome coronario agudo
(SCA). Una combinación de edad, sexo,
y el tipo de dolor torácico puede predecir la probabilidad de enfermedad arterial
coronaria como la causa del dolor torácico. El Marburg Heart Score y la regla de
decisión clínica INTERCHEST también pueden ayudar a estimar el riesgo de SCA. Se
recomienda la electrocardiografía de doce derivaciones para buscar cambios en el
segmento ST, bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de nueva aparición, presencia de
ondas Q e inversiones de onda T nuevas. Los pacientes con sospecha de SCA o
definitivo en hasta el 15% de los pacientes.2La diferenciación isquémica por causas myo-El infarto de miocardio es una lesión miocárdica que
no isquémicas es a menudo desafiante porque los pacientes con dolor torácico isquémico pueden parecer
bien. Como tal, el enfoque diagnóstico inicial siempre debe considerar una etiología cardíaca para el dolor
resulta en biomarcadores cardíacos elevados en el entorno de
de pecho a menos que otras causas sean aparentes.7 isquemia aguda causada por infarto de miocardio con
elevación del segmento ST o infarto de miocardio sin
CMEEste contenido clínico se ajusta a los criterios de la AAFP para CME. elevación del segmento ST.10 La impresión de dolor torácico a
Véase el cuestionario CME en la página 719.
menudo está determinada por una combinación de los
Revelación del autor: No hay afiliaciones financieras relevantes. síntomas clínicos en el momento de la presentación, examen
físico, electrocardiografía inicial (ECG), y los factores de riesgo para ACS.11 Los pacientes a menudo no usan el término dolor para describir sus
síntomas, pero con frecuencia usan otros términos
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DOLOR TORÁCICO AGUDO
ORDENAR: RECOMENDACIONES CLAVE PARA LA PRÁCTICA
Prueba
Recomendación clínica calificación Comentarios
Cuando los pacientes se presentan al consultorio de atención primaria con dolor en el
pecho, los médicos deben B Cohorte prospectiva grande
considerar la edad, el sexo y el tipo de dolor torácico para predecir la probabilidad de que
sea agudo estudio
síndrome de Onary causado por enfermedad arterial coronaria.15
Ensayos clínicos más
Los médicos deben considerar el uso de una regla de decisión clínica validada como el B pequeños de
Regla INTERCHEST o Marburg Heart Score para estratificar el riesgo en pacientes con normas de decisión
tórax validadas
dolor.17-20
Se debe realizar electrocardiografía de 12 derivaciones en todos los pacientes en los que C Revisiones clínicas y con-
se sospecha isquemia cardíaca. La presencia de cambios en el segmento ST, nuevo opinión de expertos de
inicio sensus
bloque de rama izquierda, presencia de ondas Q, y nuevos aumentos de inversión de
onda T
la probabilidad de síndrome coronario agudo e infarto agudo de miocardio; estos
los pacientes deben ser remitidos inmediatamente al servicio de urgencias.21,22
Pacientes que tienen dolor torácico con una probabilidad baja a intermedia de coronaria B Aleatorio
enfermedad arterial no requiere referencia inmediata al departamento de emergencia
debe ensayos controlados y clini-
se evaluará para la enfermedad arterial coronaria con la prueba de esfuerzo del ejercicio, cal reviews
angiografía por tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética cardíaca.23-27
Pacientes con dolor musculoesquelético localizado que es reproducible por palpación o
dolor C Revisiones clínicas y con-
reproducible por palpación de las articulaciones costocondrales parasternales opinión de expertos de
probablemente tienen pecho sensus
dolor en la pared o costocondritis.29,30
Revisión clínica y
La enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico se debe considerar en pacientes con ret-ardor C observación
dolor bucal, regurgitación ácida y sabor amargo o amargo en la boca.31,32 estudios vationales
El trastorno de pánico y los estados de ansiedad a menudo causan dolor en el pecho y
dificultad para respirar; B Validación de un pre
los médicos deben considerar el uso de una sola pregunta validada de detección para
confirmar regla de dicción
el diagnóstico.35
A = evidencia consistente y de buena calidad orientada al paciente; B = evidencia inconsistente o de calidad limitada orientada al paciente; C = consenso,
evidencia orientada a la enfermedad, práctica habitual, opinión de expertos o series de casos. Para obtener información sobre el sistema de clasificación de
pruebas SORT, vaya a [Link] org/afpsort.
diciembre 15, 2020 Volumen 102, Número 12 [Link]/afp American Family Physician 723
DOLOR TORÁCICO AGUDO
revascularización.27Cost es una barrera al uso de CCTA e para apoyarlo o descartarlo. Un ensayo de una semana de una dosis alta pro-
724 American Family Physician [Link]/afp Volume 102, Number 12 December 15, 2020
ACUTE CHEST PAIN
shortness of breath.34 Yet, concomitant panic disorder and diagnosed with PE, no single clinical feature effectively
chest pain are often not recognized, leading to more testing, supports or rules out its diagnosis.44 Risk of PE can be
follow-up, and higher costs of care. 34 A moderately estimated by using a validated clinical decision rule, such as
accurate assessment for detecting panic disorder is had by the Wells criteria (Table 5).45 Patients at moderate or higher
asking the following validated screening question:“In the risk should undergo additional testing with a d-dimer assay,
past four weeks, have you had an anxiety attack (suddenly ventilation-perfusion scan, or helical computed tomography
feeling fear or panic)?” This question is good at supporting of the pulmonary arteries.45 The Pulmonary Embolism
a diagnosis of panic disorder when patients answer yes Rule-out Criteria were developed to specifically rule out PE
(LR+ = 4.2) and is good at ruling it out when the answer is in the primary care setting.46 Patients meeting all eight
no (LR– = 0.09).35 criteria (50 years or younger, heart rate less than 100 beats
per minute, oxygen saturation greater than 94%, no
Less Common, but Important, Diagnostic unilateral leg swelling, no hemoptysis, no surgery or trauma
Considerations within four weeks, no previous deep venous thrombosis or
PERICARDITIS PE, no oral hormone use) have a less than 1% likelihood of
Pericarditis manifests as a clinical triad of pleuritic chest PE and thus do not need d-dimer testing or imaging.46,47
pain, a pericardial friction rub, and diffuse ECG ST–T-
wave changes often preceded by a viral illness. 36 Acute ACUTE THORACIC AORTIC DISSECTION
pericar-ditis should be considered in patients presenting Patients with acute thoracic aortic dissection may present
with new-onset chest pain that increases with inspiration or with chest or back pain.48 History and physical examination
when reclining and is lessened by leaning forward. 36 ECG
usually demonstrates diffuse ST segment elevation and PR
interval depression. TABLE 5
December 15, 2020 Volume 102, Number 12 [Link]/afp American Family Physician 725
ACUTE CHEST PAIN
are only modestly useful for supporting or ruling out the setting [published correction appears in Can Fam Physician. 1996;42:
1672]. Can Fam Physician. 1996;42:1122-1128.
diagnosis;acute chest or back pain and a pulse differential
6. Ebell MH. Evaluation of chest pain in primary care patients. Am Fam
in the upper extremities modestly increases the likelihood Physician. 2011;83(5):603-605. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://
of an acute thoracic aortic dissection (LR+ = 5.3). 49 Clinical [Link]/afp/2011/0301/[Link]
suspicion for thoracic dissection warrants immediate 7. Kontos MC, Diercks DB, Kirk JD. Emergency department and office-
based evaluation of patients with chest pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;
referral to the emergency department. 85(3):284-299.
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McConaghy and Oza50 and Cayley.51 update of the guidelines for the management of patients with unstable
angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline):
Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key
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rule, differential diagnosis, acute coronary syndrome, and angina. in Circulation. 2011;124(12):e337-e340 and Circulation. 2011;123(22):e625-
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controlled trials, point-of-care guides, and clinical trials. We also 9. Braunwald E. Unstable angina. A classification. Circulación. 1989;80(2):
searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the 410-414.
National Guideline Clearinghouse, Essential Evidence Plus,
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Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Agency for Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of
Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence Reports. Search date: Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart
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The Authors Chest Pain of Recent Onset:Assessment and Diagnosis. NICE clinical
guideline no. 95. Royal College of Physicians; 2010.
JOHN R. MCCONAGHY, MD, is a professor of family and
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of acute myocardial infarction in patients with initially normal or non-specific
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State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus. Cardiol. 1989;64(18):1087-1092.
13. Swap CJ, Nagurney JT. Value and limitations of chest pain history in the
MALVIKA SHARMA, MD, is a resident in the Family Medicine
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Medicine Residency Program at The Ohio State University 2010;60(575):e246-e257.
Wexner Medical Center. At the time the article was written, Dr.
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Cardiology—recommended coronary artery disease consortium pretest
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Address correspondence to John R. McConaghy, MD, The cardiovascular events than the Diamond and Forrester score:the Partners
Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2231 N High Registry [published correction appears in Circulation. 2018;138(5):e80].
St., Columbus, OH 43201 (email:[Link]@osumc. Circulación. 2016;134(3):201-211.
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