MÓDULO II
LENGUA EXTRANJERA III
CONSTRUYENDO
INFORMACIÓN
ÍNDICE
MÓDULO
INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................................................................................................3
Palabras Claves.........................................................................................................................................................3
Interpretación y comunicación de gráficos, cifras y valores ya sea en números o porcentajes....
.........................................................................................................................................................................................4
Comprensión de textos informativos................................................................................................................ 7
Realización de textos cortos para dar información.....................................................................................8
Redacción de correos electrónicos con la finalidad de proporcionar información....................... 10
Redacción de reportes para dar información............................................................................................... 14
Formulación de preguntas para requerir información............................................................................. 17
Formulación de preguntas para indagar acerca de opiniones personales...................................... 21
Expresión de opiniones personales................................................................................................................ 22
Discriminación entre información y opinión en un texto dado............................................................. 23
............................................................................................................................................................................................
CIERRE....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
BIBLIOGRAFÍA......................................................................................................................................................... 25
2
INTRODUCCIÓN
La escritura del idioma inglés no es muy diferente a la del español, salvo, por supuesto, el código
en el que se escribe. Sin embargo, los formatos, orden y redacción de los contenidos siguen siendo
prácticamente los mismos, por ejemplo, en textos como reportes, e-mails, mensajes cortos, memos,
etc.
Uno de los grandes desafíos para los hispanohablantes que nos encontramos aprendiendo el idioma
inglés es que cuando escribimos cartas, reportes, memos y otros documentos administrativos,
tendemos a traducir casi todo desde el español. El resultado de esto, es que utilizamos reglas
gramaticales que no corresponden al inglés, si no, que a nuestra lengua materna, lo que trae consigo
problemas de coherencia y cohesión al presentar nuestros textos. Escribir bien es fundamental para
el éxito del profesional de la administración.
Es por eso que en este módulo aprenderás sobre la escritura de textos en inglés que te permitan
expresar datos, información y opiniones utilizando contenidos léxico gramaticales respecto a la toma
de decisiones relacionadas a tu quehacer laboral, desarrollando la capacidad de aunar voluntades
con fin de conseguir un beneficio u objetivo común.
PALABRAS CLAVES
Reports, e-mails, opinión and information.
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Interpretación y comunicación de gráficos, cifras y
valores ya sea en números o porcentajes.
How to interpret and describe a graph in English
Graphs are a fundamental part of business communication. To describe them, we have to know how to
identify the most important and relevant information as well as the trends found in a graph, chart, table or
diagram, in order to give a very detailed description using an appropriate vocabulary.
Types of Graphs and Charts
Bar Chart/Graph. Area Chart.
Pie Chart. Dot Graph or Plot.
Line Graph or Chart. Scatter Plot.
Histogram Chart. Bubble Chart.
When explaining a chart, you should keep in mind the following actions:
– Organize, present and compare the information provided.
– Describe the different stages of a process or procedure.
– Describe an object or an event, or a sequence of events.
– Explain what the function or work of something is.
Vocabulary
Another key factor for a successful graphs description is the vocabulary. The words and expressions must
be appropriate and consistent with the graphic to be described. Among the words or phrases that are
appropriate for this task we have:
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Nouns:
– A rise: Un aumento. – A variation: Una variación.
– An increase: Un incremento. – A fluctuation: Una fluctuación.
– A peak: Punto máximo. – A decline: Un descenso o declive.
Verbs:
– To vary: Variar. – To fluctuate: Fluctuar o variar.
– To decrease: Reducir o disminuir. – To skyrocket: Dispararse (un drástico
– To dip: Hundirse o bajar. incremento)
– To grow: Crecer.
Adverbs:
– Sharply: Considerablemente. – Slightly: Ligeramente o levemente.
– Suddenly: Bruscamente o súbitamente. – Rapidly: Rápidamente.
– Steadily: Constantemente o establemente. – Gradually: Gradualmente.
Adjectives:
– Abrupt: Repentino o abrupto. – Sharp: Fuerte o agudo.
– Dramatic: Drástico o impresionante. – Gentle: Sutil o ligero.
– Considerable: Sustancial o considerable. – Slight: Leve o escaso.
Phrases:
– To show an upward trend: Mostrar una – To remain stable: Mantenerse estable.
tendencia ascendente. – To level off: Estabilizarse o nivelarse.
– To fluctuate wildly: Variar de manera – To show a downward trend: Mostrar una
incontrolable. tendencia decreciente
– To hit the lowest point: Llegar al punto más bajo.
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Example of graph description
The two pie charts illustrate the proportions of five types of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.
2005.. Types of business texts – https://grammar.yourdictionary.com
Overview / Introduction
Overall, in both years, the most significant sources of energy were gas and coal, which together accounted
for over half the production of energy, while nuclear and other kinds of energy sources, generated the least
amount of energy in France. In all types of energy, production there was only minimal change over the 10-
year period.
Data Paragraph 1
Energy produced by coal comprised of 29.80% in the first year and this showed only a very slight increase
of about a mere 1% to 30.9% in 2005. Likewise, in 1995, gas generated 29.63%, which rose marginally to
30.1% 10 years later.
Data Paragraph 2
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With regards to the remaining methods of producing energy, there was an approximate 5% growth in
production from both nuclear power and other sources to 10.10% and 9.10% respectively. Petrol, on the
other hand, was the only source of energy, which decreased in production from 29.27% in 1995 to around
a fifth (19.55%) in 2005.
Comprensión de textos informativos.
In order to understand Informational texts, it is important to know the actions that favor
comprehensive reading.
Reading comprehension tips:
Underline the most important ideas
When you face a text, you will notice that there are some parts that are more relevant than
others. Underlining the key ideas of the text will help you when you review and go back over
the content of the text.
Look up the words you do not understand in the dictionary
Language can be tricky. Even if you understand the whole text from the context, you can
always find words whose meaning is unknown to you. Write them down in a list and after
the first reading look them up in the dictionary.
Make footnotes
You can write notes at the margins and at the foot of the page to take notes of the concepts
of a text. In these notes, you must synthesize the main idea of the text and the reasoning
used by the author to develop their ideas.
The importance of the outline
Many students gain a better understanding of texts by outlining the author's main ideas.
Outlines facilitate the review and study of the readings.
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The review and study will help you to strengthen the content
You will know that you have done a comprehensive reading when you return to the text to
verify that you understand all its ideas and you can present them in your own words.
Realización de textos cortos para dar información.
Short Informative texts are the support of business communication. In this section, we will
cover short informative messages using a variety of techniques.
What is an Informative Message?
Most business communications are in fact “informative” messages. An informative message
in the workplace is simply the sharing of meaningful information between people in a
professional manner. Informative messages can be formal or casual in tone, internal or
external in focus, and direct or indirect in structure, depending on the situation. Like all forms
of communication, the purpose of informative messages is to promote understanding,
encourage action, stimulate thinking, or promote ideas.
Informative messages can take on almost any form of electronic communication: IMs, chats,
emails, presentations, memos, blogs, podcasts, press releases, and reports. Despite the
variety of informative messages and how they can be sent, there are some guidelines that
pertain to all effective business communication.
- Get to the main idea as quickly as possible.
- Use a greeting to identify the audience.
- Be clear and concise with the presentation of information.
- Check your message for grammatical errors.
- Include a call to action.
Short Informative Messages
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Short informative messages can take a variety of forms. For example, a quick
communication to a workmate can use IM technology and provide a vehicle for a quick
response. These messages tend to be more conversational in structure and resemble a chat
more than an email or other document.
A chat conversation between two coworkers discussing attendance of a future summit is an
example of short informative messages.
Types of business texts – https://grammar.yourdictionary.com
If the situation requires a more formal approach for your message, sending an email is
usually more appropriate. See the example below:
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Note: In this example, the communication is being sent to a company executive from a
subordinate. Types of business texts – https://grammar.yourdictionary.com
Redacción de correos electrónicos con la finalidad
de proporcionar información.
Writing to a Business Contact
In the sample below, someone is thanking a potential employer or business associate for their time. You
might also use a formal email to follow up on a job interview. Notice that they do not use any contractions
and grammar is quite proper. They establish gentle reminders of how to get in touch.
Subject line: Portfolio Submission - K. Olivares
Dear Mr. Wilford:
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Thank you for taking the time to review my portfolio. I would be delighted to speak with you further about the
future of your graphic design department. It sounds like you have some very exciting changes coming down
the pipeline.
Please feel free to call me on my cell phone anytime at (212) 871-3498. Of course, you can also reach me
via email as well. I look forward to getting to know you better.
With gratitude,
Katherine Olivares
Writing an Inquiry Response Email
Business collaboration is very important. The way you respond to your partner’s request plays a big role in
making a successful deal.
What is an inquiry response email? - Who is receiving it?
Definition: Inquiry emails are used to ask for information. People often use a business email to ask a
company to give more details about their product or service.
An inquiry response is simply the email you write to respond to an inquiry you received earlier. Your main
goal while writing them is to meet the sender’s request. They may need you, for example, to provide
information, send a sample product or set up a call.
These emails are important because you can consider them as the first step to a potential partner in the
future. This is your first impression and touchpoint.
When a company sends you an email with an inquiry, it means that you are given a promising and valuable
business opportunity. You never know what the future may bring. This one single inquiry email can be the
way for your company to a new level of success.
Inquiry response email format and examples
Opening
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Start your inquiry response with appreciation. Show the potential partner your gratitude and thank them for
their interest in your service or product. Then, mention their inquiry in the former email so that they know the
matter you discuss here.
Some phrases you can use in the opening are:
• Thank you for your inquiry regarding our product or service.
• Thank you for your interest in our product or service.
• We would like to thank you for your letter inquiring about our product.
Body
Create a useful body for your inquiry response. This is the most important part or your email because here
is where you must provide the information needed.
- Don’t be complicated.
- Don’t make your customer wait.
- Go straight to the main points.
IMPORTANT: Never send extra items for nothing.
Effective sentences to use in the body part are:
• According to your inquiry, we have enclosed ___.
• In response to your inquiry, please find attached in this email ___.
• To answer your question, here are ___.
• To address your request, here are ___.
• We are pleased to satisfy your demand with the attached information.
Closing
End your inquiry response in an open manner.
After providing the requested information, you should save some spaces for future contact. Use a warm tone
in this closing part. It helps make the customer feel your hospitality.
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TIPS:
- Kindly suggest a call or a meeting if needed.
- Let them know you welcome any request.
- Show them you are always ready to help in case they have any problem.
- Don’t forget to mention your contact details.
IMPORTANT: Express your honest hope for further discussion as well as a partnership between the two
companies. This effectively completes your inquiry response.
Here are some polite closures you can use for a response to an inquiry:
Suggest a call/video call/meeting:
• I hope you are satisfied with the information above.
• Hopefully, the information attached is sufficient for you.
• We hope that the details mentioned were useful to you.
Show willingness to assist:
• Should there be any further inquiries, please do not hesitate to contact us.
• If you require further information, feel free to contact me.
• If you have any questions or need more details, we are always ready to help.
Business inquiry response email sample
Subject: Re: DOLI Company | Product inquiry: Frozen mango puree
Dear Ms. Vargas,
First of all, we would like to express our thanks for your interest in our frozen mango puree product.
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Regarding your inquiry, we are happy to provide you our Frozen mango puree product brochure and our
Wholesale price list. Please note that the brochure included all the information you asked for. Both items are
attached at the end of this email.
In addition to the items above, we have also enclosed a Frozen mango puree catalog (presenting different
types of mango available) and our Logistics guidelines for this product. We believe that this will be of help to
you.
We hope our response has satisfied your request. Should there be any questions, please feel free to contact
us. We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Mercedes Morales.
Sales Department | A Company.
Redacción de reportes para dar información.
Reports are some of the most formal documents in written business communication. Your
organization may have a set structure for every specific report. It is important to be clear and
rigorous.
IMPORTANT: If your employer doesn't provide a specific format for your report, find one on
the internet and adapt it to what you need.
Report writing tips
Clear Purpose
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The first rule is to "get to the point." Sharing information in an efficient and professional
manner is always appreciated.
TIP: Start by identifying a clear and concrete message that you want to communicate.
Formal Style
Formality is a critical aspect. Any piece of official writing must be considered a legal
document. Please, choose your tone accordingly.
Personal Tone
It's important to be friendly and polite; this isn't just good manners, it's a good strategy.
Remember that a business is made up of people.
TIP: Emphasize praise and avoiding negativity.
Report Elements – Format
The main sections of a standard report are title, summary, introduction, body, discussion,
recommendations and appendices.
Title
If the report is short, the front cover can include any information that you feel is necessary,
such as the author(s) and the date prepared. In a longer report, you may want to include a
table of contents and a definition of terms.
Summary
The summary consists of the major points, conclusions, and recommendations. It needs to
be short, as it is a general overview of the report. Some people will read the summary and
only skim the report, so make sure you include all of the relevant information. It would be
best to write this when the report is finished so you will include everything, even points that
might be added at the last minute.
Introduction
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The first page of the report needs to have an introduction. Here you will explain the problem
and inform the reader why the report is being made. You need to give a definition of terms
if you did not include these in the title section, and explain how the details of the report are
arranged.
Body
This is the main section of the report. The previous sections needed to be written in plain
English, but this section can include technical terms or jargon from your industry. There
should be several sections, each clearly labeled, making it easy for readers to find the
information they seek. Information in a report is usually arranged in order of importance with
the most important information coming first. Alternatively, you might choose to order your
points by complexity or time.
Discussion
If you wish, this optional section can be included at the end of the main body to go over your
findings and their significance.
Conclusion
This is where everything comes together. Keep this section free of specialized terms, as
many people will just read the summary and conclusion.
Recommendations
This is where you discuss any actions that need to be taken. In plain English, explain your
recommendations, putting them in order of priority.
Appendices
This includes information that the experts in the field will read. It has all the technical details
that support your conclusions.
Tips for your report Writing Style
Keep It Simple.
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Don't try to impress; instead, try to communicate. Keep sentences short and to the point. Do
not go into a lot of details unless it is needed. Make sure every word contributes to the
purpose of the report.
Use the Active Voice.
Active voice uses fewer words than the passive voice and gives impact to the writing by
emphasizing the person or thing responsible for an action. For example, "Bad marketing
negatively affect businesses" is more direct and concise than “businesses are negatively
affected by bad marketing."
Mind Your Grammar.
Read the report aloud and ask someone proofread it for you. Remember that a computer
cannot detect all the mistakes, especially with words like "red/read" or "there/their."
TIP: Wait a day after you write it to come back and look at it with fresh eyes.
Formulación de preguntas para requerir
información.
Information questions (wh-questions)
They are called information questions because it is not possible to answer them with a
simple “yes” or “no” – they require more information. Actually, the number of possible
answers is unlimited. In English they are called Wh-questions because all interrogative
words begin with the letters WH (with the exception of the word HOW).
Here are the interrogative words with their translations in Spanish.
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IMPORTANT: These translations are approximate because in reality they sometimes
change depending on the context.
who, whom quién/a quién
what qué, cómo
when cuándo
where dónde
why porqué
how cómo
which cuál
whose a quién
Who and whom se usan para obtener información sobre una o más personas.
Who is at the door? ¿Quién está a la puerta?
Tom is at the door. Tom está a la puerta.
Who wants an apple? ¿Quién quiere una manzana?
I want an apple. Yo quiero una manzana.
Whom* is he dating? (Who is he dating?) ¿Con quién está saliendo?
He is dating Anna. Está saliendo con Anna.
*La diferencia entre who y whom casi no existe ya. De todos modos, gramaticalmente who
se usa para el sujeto mientras whom se usa para el complemento del objeto directo o
indirecto. La mayoría de los anglófonos americanos ya no usan whom.
What se usa para obtener información sobre una persona o una cosa.
What is this? ¿Qué es eso?
This is a bird. Es un pájaro.
What did she say? ¿Qué dijo ella?
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She said to be quiet. Dijo silencio.
What have they done? ¿Qué hicieron?
They’ve broken the window. Han roto la ventana.
When pregunta cuándo.
When does Anna arrive? ¿Cuándo llega Anna?
She arrives at 10:30. Llega a las 10:30 h.
When can I see you again? ¿Cuándo puedo verte otra vez?
I don’t know. No sé.
When was the race? ¿Cuándo era la carrera?
It was yesterday. Era ayer.
Where pregunta dónde
Where does Natasha live? ¿Dónde vive Natasha?
She lives in Miami. Vive en Miami.
Where were the keys? ¿Dónde estaban las llaves?
They were in the car. Estaban en el coche.
Where have you been? ¿Dónde estuvieron?
We have been at the bank. Estuvimos en el banco.
Why pregunta por qué.
Why is the street closed? ¿Por qué esta cerrada la calle?
They are repairing it. Están reparándola.
Why did Alex leave? ¿Por qué salió Alex?
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He had a meeting. Tenía una reunión.
Why haven’t you called? ¿Por qué no has llamado?
I lost my cell phone. Perdí mi celular.
En el inglés americano informal, frecuentemente se usa “How come” en lugar de Why.
Why is she late?
¿Porqué tarda ella? = How come she’s late?
Why did he stay?
¿Porqué se quedó? = How come he stayed?
Why can’t you go?
¿Porqué no puedes ir? = How come you can’t go?
How pregunta cómo algo ha pasado, pasa o pasará.
How does this work? ¿Cómo funciona eso?
Push the red button. Empuje el botón rojo.
How was your mother? ¿Cómo estaba tu madre?
She was much better. Estaba mucho mejor.
How has the weather been? ¿Cómo ha estado el tiempo?
It’s been very rainy. Ha estado muy llovioso.
How will he win the race? ¿Cómo ganará la carrera?
He will train every day. Entrenará todos los días.
Which pregunta cuál.
Which of these pens is the best? ¿Cuál de estos bolígrafos es mejor?
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The black one is the best. El negro es el mejor.
Which author do you enjoy? ¿Cuál escritor te gusta?
I enjoy reading Borges. Me gusta leer a Borges.
Which river is longer, the Nile or the Amazon? ¿Cuál rio es más largo, el Nilo o el Amazona?
The Nile is longer. El Nilo es más largo.
Which street leads downtown? ¿Cuál calle va al centro?
The street on the left. La calle a la izquierda.
Whose busca información sobre la posesión de una cosa o persona.
Whose book is on the table? ¿A quién pertenece el libro que está en la mesa?
That’s Tom’s book. Este libro es de Tom.
Whose idea was that? ¿De quién fue esa idea?
It was her idea. Era su idea (de ella).
Whose child has a cough? ¿De quién es el niño que tose?
He is my child. Es mi hijo.
IMPORTANT: No confundir entre whose y la contracción who’s (who is). En el inglés
hablado, estas dos palabras suenan igual.
Formulación de preguntas para indagar acerca de
opiniones personales
Questions to know someone's opinion in English
Questions How to use them
What do you think of…?
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What do you think about…? These are general phrases to ask for an opinion.
We can use them both formally and informally
How do you feel (about)…?
What do you reckon (about)…? These phrases are more informal. We use noun
What is your opinion of…? or gerund verb (-ing) after “about”
What do you think about that…? Used after another sentence
What are your views on…? More formal. They are used in business meetings,
Where do you stand (on…)? and you can hear them in interviews on the news
What would you say to… /if we…? Ask for the other person's opinion on an idea or a
proposal
Are you aware of….? Indirect way of asking for an opinion. We ask the
person if they know about the situation and if they
have their own opinion
Expresión de opiniones personales.
How to express your opinion in English?
Normally we use “I think”, “I believe”, “In my opinion”. However, we can use many other
expressions. Let’s see this compilation of phrases that you can use to express your opinion
(state your opinion) in English.
Express your opinion
- Personally I think that… Personalmente pienso que…
- In my view… En mi opinión…
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- From my point of view… Desde mi punto de vista…
- The way I see it… El modo en que yo lo veo…
- As far as I am concerned… Por lo que a mí respecta…
- I think it is useless to maintain that… Creo que es inútil sostener que…
- I would like to point out that… Me gustaría señalar que…
- Don’t you think that? ¿No crees que…?
Express agreement
- I think so too… Yo también lo pienso.
- I agree with you... Estoy de acuerdo contigo.
- I agree… Estoy de acuerdo
- I’m in favour of… Estoy a favor de…
- I’m interested in… Me interesa / estoy interesado en…
Express disagreement
- I don’t think so… Yo creo / no pienso eso.
- I don’t agree with you… No estoy de acuerdo contigo.
- I disagree... No estoy de acuerdo.
- I’m against / opposed to… estoy en contra de…
Discriminación entre información y opinión en un
texto dado.
Information and opinion
In general, we can differentiate three types of text genres: informative genre, opinion genre
and interpretive genre. The latter emerges as a hybrid genre between information and
opinion.
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Do not worry if at first it is difficult for you to differentiate some genres from others. But if you
want to be a good reader you must know how to clearly distinguish the information and the
opinion that appear on the pages of the newspapers, magazines, blogs, and other mass
media.
Newspapers and magazines, generally differentiate information from opinion clearly, they
dedicate specific pages to group all the content that we could classify as opinion. If you are
reading one of those pages, you know that you are offered certain points of view on various
news items, always with an implicit purpose on the part of the columnist to convince the
reader of the correctness of their position. However, it is assumed that the rest of the
newspaper or magazine space is devoted to information and, in any case, to interpretation.
If you pay a little attention, when you read a newspaper you can realize that the journalist
has an essentially informative attitude, of an explanatory nature, when writing a news story.
However, what the editorialist or opinion columnist does is advocate business principles or
approaches, so they will try to convince us of their own ideas.
The information, interpretation and opinion that we find in the press enrich our vision of
current affairs. They are attitudes and genres that complement each other because each
one performs its own functions. The problem arises if the reader confuses a personal opinion
of a newspaper collaborator with information that is supposed to be objective and truthful.
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CIERRE
Junto con desearte mucho éxito en tu proceso de estudios, espero que este material haya sido de
ayuda para que pudieras comprender la importancia de la escritura del inglés en diferentes tareas
dentro de una empresa en el contexto de la administración y negocios.
La escritura de correspondencia, reportes y presentaciones, serán parte de tu quehacer diario en el
futuro y te aseguro que si logras aprender habilidades de redacción tanto en inglés como en español,
podrás sentirte más seguro y confiado en las tareas que se avecinan.
Los distintos contenidos en este libro han sido elaborados de manera tal que el estudiante y el
profesor los use como guía en el proceso, sin embargo, para lograr los resultados esperados es
importante complementar con otros materiales, tanto escritos como audiovisuales.
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Business communication skills for managers – informative texts.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com
English teaching materials -
https://www.ringteacher.com/
How to express opinions in English -
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LENGUA EXTRANJERA III
CONSTRUYENDO
INFORMACIÓN
