Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 1

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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Colección Modelos : volumen VII : penal / 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : La Ley, 2021.
Libro digital, PDF

Archivo Digital: descarga y online

ISBN 978-987-03-4292-2

1. Derecho. I. Título.
CDD 345.05

Todos los derechos reservados

© La Ley S.A. Editora e Impresora

Dirección, administración y redacción

Tucumán 1471 (C1050AAC)

[email protected]

Ventas
CASA CENTRAL

Tucumán 1471 (C1050AAC)

Tel.: 4378-4700 / 0810-266-4444

LOCAL I FACULTAD DE DERECHO - UBA

Figueroa Alcorta 2263 (C1425CKB)Tel. / Fax: 4806-

5106

Atención al cliente: 0810-266-4444

Buenos Aires - Argentina

Hecho el depósito que establece la ley 11.723.

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 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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ÍNDICE

ACTAS ....................................................................................................................................10

ACTA DE DETENCIÓN Y NOTIFICACIÓN DE DERECHOS .................................11

ACTA DE SECUESTRO .....................................................................................................13

ACTA INDAGATORIA ......................................................................................................14

CAREO ................................................................................................................................15

DENUNCIA EN SEDE POLICIAL ....................................................................................17

INDAGATORIA ..................................................................................................................18

CITACIONES, OFICIOS Y COMUNICACIONES ..........................................................19

CITACIÓN A DECLARACIÓN INDAGATORIA ............................................................20

EDICTO ...............................................................................................................................21

OFICIO DE LIBERTAD .....................................................................................................22

OFICIO SOLICITANDO COPIA ........................................................................................23

ORDEN DE ALLANAMIENTO .........................................................................................24

ORDEN DE CAPTURA ......................................................................................................26

DENUNCIAS ..........................................................................................................................27

DENUNCIA .........................................................................................................................28

DENUNCIA ESTAFA .........................................................................................................30

DENUNCIA FALSIFICACIÓN DE DOCUMENTOS .......................................................32

DENUNCIA IMPEDIMENTO DE CONTACTO CON HIJO MENOR DE EDAD.

SOLICITA SE RESTABLEZCA ACUERDO DE COMUNICACIÓN .............................34

HABEAS CORPUS................................................................................................................37

DEDUCE HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO ..................................................................38

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HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO I .................................................................................40

HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO II ...............................................................................42

SOLICITA HABEAS CORPUS ..........................................................................................44

MODELOS DE RESOLUCIONES ......................................................................................46

AUTO DE CLAUSURA Y ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO.........................................................47

AUTO DE PROCESAMIENTO ..........................................................................................49

AUTO DE SOBRESEIMIENTO .........................................................................................52

DECLARACIÓN DE REBELDÍA ......................................................................................53

RESOLUCIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL REQUERIDO HACIENDO LUGAR A LA

INHIBITORIA .....................................................................................................................54

PRESENTACIONES DE LA DEFENSA ............................................................................55

ACREDITA DEPÓSITO CUOTA REPARACIÓN ............................................................56

AMPLÍA FUNDAMENTOS ...............................................................................................57

APELA DENEGATORIA EXCARCELACIÓN ................................................................61

APORTA DATOS DE CONTACTO DE LOS TESTIGOS ................................................69

CONSTITUYE NUEVO DOMICILIO ...............................................................................71

CONTESTA QUERELLA ...................................................................................................72

CONTESTA TRASLADO. SOLICITA ABSOLUCIÓN ....................................................73

DEFENSA ACCIÓN PRIVADA INJURIAS. PLANTEO DE FALTA DE ACCIÓN .......74

DEFENSA COMPARECE A JUICIO OFRECE PRUEBA ................................................83

DEFENSA INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO A RAÍZ DE CONCLUSIÓN. PERICIA

FALSIFICACIÓN DOCUMENTO .....................................................................................86

DEFENSA SE OPONE A ELEVACIÓN DE JUICIO. INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO .......88

DEFENSA SE OPONE ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO. PLANTEA EXCEPCIÓN DE

PRESCRIPCIÓN. INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO ................................................................91

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DEFENSA SOLICITA ARRESTO DOMICILIARIO ........................................................94

DEFENSA SOLICITA SUSPENSIÓN. INCIDENTE CAUCIÓN POR APELACIÓN ....95

DEFENSA. ABOGADO SUSTITUTO. ART. 111 CPPN ..................................................96

DEFENSA. DESIGNA ABOGADO DEFENSOR. PRESENTACIÓN ESPONTÁNEA.

ART. 279 CPPN ...................................................................................................................97

DEFENSA. EXENCIÓN DE PRISIÓN...............................................................................98

DEFENSA. NULIDAD POR FALTA DE REQUERIMIENTO FISCAL ........................101

DEFENSA. REHABILITACIÓN. INHABILITACIÓN JUICIO ABREVIADO POR

INCUMPLIMIENTO PARCIAL .......................................................................................103

DEFENSA. SOLICITA EXCARCELACIÓN ...................................................................105

DEFENSA. SUSTITUCIÓN EMBARGO.........................................................................110

DESISTIMIENTO TÁCITO DE LA QUERELLA ...........................................................111

EXPRESO AGRAVIOS ....................................................................................................112

FORMULA DECLARACIÓN. SOLICITA SOBRESEIMIENTO ...................................114

INTERPONE EXCEPCIÓN DE FALTA DE ACCIÓN ...................................................120

INTERPONE QUEJA ........................................................................................................121

INTERPONE RECURSO DE CASACIÓN. SE SUSPENDA JUICIO ORAL

CONVOCADO ..................................................................................................................122

MANTIENE RECURSO....................................................................................................145

PLANTEA EXENCIÓN DE PRISIÓN .............................................................................146

PRESENTACIÓN ESPONTÁNEA...................................................................................149

PROMUEVE INCOMPETENCIA (FISCAL) ...................................................................153

PROPONE ABOGADO DEFENSOR ...............................................................................155

PROPONE DEFENSOR ....................................................................................................156

PROPONE PERITO...........................................................................................................157

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QUERELLA DESISTIMIENTO .......................................................................................158

QUERELLA OFRECE PRUEBA. ESTAFA. ART. 354 CPPN .......................................159

QUERELLA PROPONE PERITO DE PARTE.................................................................162

QUERELLANTE PRORROGA ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO. ART. 346 CPPN ..................163

RECURSO DE APELACIÓN ...........................................................................................164

RECUSACIÓN CON CAUSA ..........................................................................................167

RENUNCIA. SOLICITA AMPLIAR INDAGATORIA ...................................................169

SOLICITA ACLARATORIA ............................................................................................170

SOLICITA AMPLIAR DECLARACIÓN .........................................................................171

SOLICITA CERTIFICADO ..............................................................................................172

SOLICITA CLAUSURA DEL SUMARIO .......................................................................173

SOLICITA DEVOLUCIÓN ..............................................................................................175

SOLICITA EXCARCELACIÓN .......................................................................................176

SOLICITA INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DE LA MATERIA ...................................177

SOLICITA INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DE LA MATERIA. PENAL AMBIENTAL

............................................................................................................................................179

SOLICITA LIBERTAD ASISTIDA..................................................................................180

SOLICITA LIBERTAD CONDICIONAL ........................................................................181

SOLICITA PRONUNCIAMIENTO ..................................................................................183

SOLICITA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LOS HECHOS ....................................................184

SOLICITA SALIDAS TRANSITORIAS ..........................................................................185

SOLICITA SE INTIME A LA QUERELLA A IMPULSAR EL PROCEDIMIENTO ....186

SOLICITA SUSPENSIÓN DE JUICIO A PRUEBA ........................................................187

SOLICITA TURNO PARA TOMAR VISTA ...................................................................188

PRESENTACIONES DE LA FISCALÍA..........................................................................189
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DEFENSA APELA EMBARGO POR NO HACER LUGAR A SUSTITUCION DEL

MISMO ..............................................................................................................................190

FISCALÍA FORMULA REQUERIMIENTO ...................................................................192

PLANTEA RECURSO DE CASACIÓN ..........................................................................194

PLANTEA RECURSO DE REPOSICIÓN Y APELACIÓN EN SUBSIDIO ..................201

QUERELLA. PEDIDO DE PROCESAMIENTO .............................................................205

SOLICITA ALLANAMIENTO.........................................................................................207

SOLICITA INDAGATORIA (FISCAL) I .........................................................................209

SOLICITA INDAGATORIA (FISCAL) II........................................................................212

PRESENTACIONES DE LA QUERELLA ......................................................................216

CONTESTA TRASLADO DE RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO ..................................217

CONTESTA TRASLADO SOLICITA REPARACIÓN INTEGRAL DE LAS VÍCTIMAS

............................................................................................................................................222

CONTESTA VISTA ..........................................................................................................230

DEFENSA. CONSTITUYE NUEVO DOMICILIO .........................................................232

DEFENSA. QUEJA POR CASACIÓN DENEGADA. LESIONES CULPOSAS ...........233

FORMULA OPOSICIÓN A LA SUSPENSIÓN DEL JUICIO A PRUEBA ...................241

FORMULA OPOSICIÓN AL OFRECIMIENTO DE REPARACIÓN ............................245

INTERPONE RECURSO DE CASACIÓN (QUERELLA) I ...........................................248

INTERPONE RECURSO DE CASACIÓN (QUERELLA) II ..........................................258

INTERPONE RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO .............................................................261

MEMORIAL (CPPN) ........................................................................................................271

PRESENTA BREVES NOTAS .........................................................................................273

PRESENTA QUERELLA I ...............................................................................................278

PRESENTA QUERELLA II ..............................................................................................279

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PRESENTA QUERELLA III.............................................................................................281

PROMUEVE QUERELLA CRIMINAL ...........................................................................283

QUERELLA CONTESTA VISTA RECHAZO INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DEL

TERRITORIO ....................................................................................................................287

QUERELLA CONTESTA VISTA. NULIDAD. SOLICITA RECHAZO ........................289

QUERELLA POR INCUMPLIMIENTO DE DEBERES DE ASISTENCIA FAMILIAR

............................................................................................................................................292

QUERELLA. APELACIÓN. SOBRESEIMIENTO..........................................................295

QUERELLA. ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO. ARTS. 346-347 CPPN ......................................297

QUERELLANTE CONTESTA VISTA. FALTA DE ACCIÓN INTERPUESTA EN

ETAPA DE ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO POR LA DEFENSA .............................................300

RECURSO DE CASACIÓN. RESERVA DEL CASO FEDERAL ..................................303

RECURSO DE REPOSICION POR DECRETO. NUEVA PERICIA ..............................309

RECURSO DE REPOSICIÓN Y APELACIÓN EN SUBSIDIO .....................................311

SE CONSTITUYE COMO PARTE QUERELLANTE.....................................................315

SE PRESENTA. QUERELLA I ........................................................................................318

SOLICITA ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO ................................................................................322

SOLICITA INDAGATORIA .............................................................................................333

SOLICITA NUEVA FECHA DE JUICIO ORAL .............................................................335

SOLICITA RECHAZO DE EXCEPCIÓN ........................................................................336

PRESENTACIONES DEL ACTOR CIVIL......................................................................337

SE PRESENTA COMO ACTOR CIVIL I ........................................................................338

SE PRESENTA COMO ACTOR CIVIL II .......................................................................340

PRESENTACIONES DEL PARTICULAR DAMNIFICADO .......................................341

SE PRESENTA COMO PARTICULAR DAMNIFICADO .............................................342

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ACTAS

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ACTA DE DETENCIÓN Y NOTIFICACIÓN DE DERECHOS

En ..........................................................................., el día de hoy,

..........................................................................., siendo las
........................................................................... horas, el funcionario que suscribe:
..........................................................................., N°
........................................................................... de la Policía Federal Argentina, secundado por
..........................................................................., hace constar que: SE PROCEDE A LA
DETENCIÓN DE UNA (1) PERSONA DEL SEXO
..........................................................................., cuyas características son las siguientes:
..........................................................................., a quien en presencia de los testigos solicitados
al efecto ..........................................................................., y en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto
por el artículo 184 inc. 10 del CPPN, se procede a notificarlo/s de los derechos y garantías
contenidos en los siguientes artículos del CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL DE LA NACIÓN:
............................................................................

Art. 73: ..........................................................................., Art. 104:

..........................................................................., Art. 107:
..........................................................................., Art. 184 inc. 10, último párrafo:
..........................................................................., Art. 197:
..........................................................................., Art. 199:
..........................................................................., Art. 200:
..........................................................................., Art. 279:
..........................................................................., Art. 294:
..........................................................................., Art. 295:
..........................................................................., Art. 296:
..........................................................................., Art. 298:
..........................................................................., Art. 258:
..........................................................................., Art. 259:
............................................................................

Acto seguido se le pregunta sobre su identidad, manifestando llamarse:

..........................................................................., de nacionalidad

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..........................................................................., con DNI N°

..........................................................................., de
........................................................................... años de edad
..........................................................................., estado civil
..........................................................................., nacido en fecha
..........................................................................., hijo de
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
..........................................................................., y teléfono N°
............................................................................ Con respecto a la ebriedad y otras
intoxicaciones, ........................................................................... se encuentra en aparente estado
normal. Seguidamente se lo entera que será conducido a
........................................................................... sita en
..........................................................................., imputado por
"...........................................................................", con intervención del Juzgado
........................................................................... a cargo del
............................................................................

Con relación a rubricar la presente, el mismo refiere que

........................................................................... DESEA FIRMAR.

Es todo. Terminado el acto y leída la presente, se ratifican todas las partes firmando por
ante mí, para constancia que CERTIFICO.

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ACTA DE SECUESTRO

En ..........................................................................., a los
..........................................................................., siendo las
..........................................................................., el funcionario que suscribe,
..........................................................................., N°
........................................................................... de la Policía Federal Argentina, secundado por
..........................................................................., a los efectos legales hace constar, que
constituido en ........................................................................... y en presencia de dos testigos
solicitados al efecto, el Sr. ..........................................................................., de nacionalidad
..........................................................................., DNI N°
..........................................................................., domiciliado en
..........................................................................., con teléfono
..........................................................................., y el Sr.
..........................................................................., de nacionalidad
..........................................................................., DNI N°
..........................................................................., domiciliado en
..........................................................................., con teléfono
..........................................................................., se procede al secuestro de
..........................................................................., no secuestrándose otros elementos de valor,
dinero ni alhajas.

Terminado el acto se leyó, ratificó y firmó. CERTIFICO.

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ACTA INDAGATORIA

En la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, a los ..........................................................................., siendo

las ........................................................................... horas, comparece ante S.S. y secretario
autorizante una persona previamente citada a la que se le hace saber que se le tomará
declaración indagatoria según el art. 294 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación. Se le informa
el Juez que entiende en la causa, que pueden asistir a la audiencia su defensor y el agente Fiscal,
y que tiene el derecho de negarse a declarar sin que esta actitud implique formar presunción de
culpabilidad. Preguntado concretamente por S.S. sobre sus datos personales, dijo ser y
llamarse: "...........................................................................". Preguntado sobre su ocupación,
estado civil y domicilio, dijo: "...........................................................................". Preguntado
sobre si tiene antecedentes penales dijo: "No". Seguidamente, S.S. le informa en forma
detallada el hecho que se le imputa mediante lectura en alta voz del actuario: "Se le imputa el
haber ...........................................................................". Seguidamente, le hace saber las
pruebas que existen en su contra a viva voz: ............................................................................
Acto seguido y, de acuerdo con el art. 197 del CPPN, el imputado mantiene la audiencia previa
con su defensor en un lugar reservado a tal efecto, luego de lo que manifestó su deseo de que
el letrado esté presente durante la audiencia. Seguidamente, S.S. procede a informarle que
puede manifestar todo lo que considere pertinente en su descargo y a ofrecer las pruebas que
considere útiles, ante lo cual expresó: "Me niego a declarar en uso de mis derechos y por
consejo profesional de mí letrado defensor". Acto seguido, S.S. le informa respecto a las
disposiciones referentes a la libertad provisional contenidas en el art. 300 del CPPN, asimismo
se le hace saber que el delito que se le atribuye es el de
........................................................................... reprimido en el art.
........................................................................... del Código Penal de la Nación. No siendo para
más, se da por terminado el acto previa lectura que en alta voz dio el actuario, ratificando sus
dichos y firmando el compareciente de conformidad, junto a su letrado defensor, después de
S.S. y por ante mí de lo que doy fe.

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CAREO

En ..........................................................................., a los
..........................................................................., siendo las
..........................................................................., comparecen ante S.S. y secretario autorizante
los procesados ........................................................................... y
..........................................................................., asistidos por sus respectivos defensores, Dres.
........................................................................... y
..........................................................................., cuyos datos personales constan en autos, con
el objeto de ser careados sobre las circunstancias en que se contradicen sus respectivas
declaraciones indagatorias de fs. ............................................................................ En este acto,
S.S. les recuerda que ambos gozan de las mismas garantías que rodean a la declaración
indagatoria, y, prestando ambos su conformidad, procede el Secretario a leerles sus respectivas
declaraciones. Acto seguido, S.S. les hace saber cuales son las contradicciones que motivan el
presente careo y los invita a reconvenirse para aclarar la verdad de sus declaraciones guardando
el debido estilo y respeto. Luego de estas explicaciones, S.S. concede la palabra a
........................................................................... que manifiesta que su declaración se ajusta
totalmente a la verdad y que la ratifica, salvo en lo referente a lo de
........................................................................... como dice su careado y no como declaró
inicialmente. Que su confusión quizás la produjo
........................................................................... y que estaba muy nervioso el día de la
declaración indagatoria. También aclara que no está de acuerdo con
........................................................................... que su careado dice que
............................................................................ Asegura que
........................................................................... como figura en la declaración. Que nada más
puede decir. Con lo que se concede la palabra al procesado
..........................................................................., quien ratifica su versión de los hechos
declarados a fs. ..........................................................................., sin modificación alguna, salvo
en lo referente a ..........................................................................., ya que puede ser cierto lo que
afirma su co-careado, es decir que ............................................................................ Que nada
más puede decir. Seguidamente, S.S. da por terminado el acto. Firman los procesados y los
defensores presentes, previa lectura y ratificación después de S.S. y por ante mí, que DOY FE.
DECLARACIÓN
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En la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, a los ...........................................................................,

comparece ante la instrucción una persona que, impuesta de las penas por falso testimonio y
previo juramento -que prestó en forma legal de acuerdo con sus creencias-, prometió decir
verdad en cuanto supiere y le fuera preguntado bajo la formula afirmativa LO JURO
expresando llamarse ..........................................................................., de nacionalidad
..........................................................................., de
........................................................................... años de residencia en el país, de estado civil
..........................................................................., de ocupación
..........................................................................., domiciliado en
............................................................................ En este acto se le entera del contenido de los
artículos 79, 80 y 81 (derechos de la víctima y de los testigos) de la ley 23.984. Preguntado si
conoce a las partes que figuran en las presentes actuaciones y si con respecto a las mismas
posee vinculo de parentesco o de interés con ellas o cualquier otra circunstancia que afecte su
veracidad (artículos 242, 243 y 244 del citado cuerpo legal), dice que NO existe causa que lo
afecte. Invitado para que exponga los hechos que se investigan, DECLARA:
............................................................................

Es todo. Terminado el acto, leyó, se ratificó y firmó. CERTIFICO.

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DENUNCIA EN SEDE POLICIAL

En ..........................................................................., el día
..........................................................................., siendo las
..........................................................................., comparece ante la prevención una persona
que, instruida de las penas por falso testimonio, prestó promesa en legal forma, de acuerdo con
sus creencias, de decir la verdad de todo cuanto supiere y le fuere preguntado, respondiendo
bajo la fórmula "lo juro", expresó llamarse ..........................................................................., ser
hijo de ..........................................................................., de nacionalidad
..........................................................................., de
........................................................................... años de edad, de estado civil
..........................................................................., domiciliado en
..........................................................................., y teléfono
............................................................................ En este acto se le entera del contenido de los
artículos 79, 80 Y 81 (derechos de la víctima y del testigo) del CPPN. Preguntado si conoce a
las partes que figuran en las presentes actuaciones y si posee vínculos de parentesco o interés
con las mismas o cualquier otra circunstancia que pueda afectar su veracidad (arts. 242, 243 y
244 del citado cuerpo legal), dice que ........................................................................... existe
causa que lo afecta. Invitado para que exponga cuanto conozca sobre el hecho que se investiga,
DECLARA: ............................................................................ Que no tiene nada más que
declarar. Terminado el acto, leyó, se ratificó y firmó para constancia que Certifico.

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INDAGATORIA

En ..........................................................................., a los
..........................................................................., siendo las
..........................................................................., comparece ante S.S. y secretario autorizante
una persona previamente citada a la que se le hace saber que se le recibirá declaración
indagatoria. Acto seguido, S.S. lo invita a designar abogado defensor a lo que manifestó:
"Quiero que mi abogado defensor sea el Dr. ...........................................................................,
quien encontrándose en los estrados del tribunal es invitado por S.S. a presenciar el acto,
manifestando estar inscripto en el Colegio Público de Abogados con Tomo
..........................................................................., Folio
..........................................................................., con domicilio a los efectos de la presente en
..........................................................................., aceptando el cargo que se le confiere y jurando
desempeñarlo fielmente. De acuerdo con lo normado en el art. 197 del CPPN, S.S. lo invita a
mantener audiencia previa. No siendo para más se da por finalizado el acto. Leída que fue de
viva voz por el actuario, el compareciente ratifica su contenido firmando, después de S.S. por
ante mi Doy Fe.

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CITACIONES, OFICIOS Y COMUNICACIONES

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CITACIÓN A DECLARACIÓN INDAGATORIA

Atento lo solicitado precedentemente por el Sr. Fiscal y en virtud de las constancias

colectadas en la causa, existiendo el estado de sospecha requerido por el art. 294 del CPPN,
recíbasele declaración indagatoria a ...........................................................................
haciéndole saber que debe designar defensor entre los letrados de la matrícula, que puede
defenderse personalmente siempre que ello no perjudique la eficacia de la defensa ni obste a
la normal sustanciación del proceso y que, en caso de no hacer uso de ninguna de dichas
facultades, el Tribunal le designará al Defensor Oficial que por turno corresponde, que es el
Dr. ..........................................................................., titular de la Defensoría Oficial N°
........................................................................... sita en
..........................................................................., con el que puede conversar antes de iniciar el
acto y requerir su presencia para la declaración.

Hágase saber al nombrado, que deberá constituir domicilio dentro del radio de la
jurisdicción del Tribunal.

Cítese al Sr. ........................................................................... para la audiencia señalada para

el día ........................................................................... a las
........................................................................... hs. a fin de prestar declaración indagatoria en
estos actuados. Notifíquese por cédula de urgente diligenciamiento.

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EDICTO

EL JUZGADO NACIONAL ........................................................................... CITA POR

........................................................................... DÍAS AL SR.
..........................................................................., DE PROFESIÓN
..........................................................................., DNI
..........................................................................., FECHA DE NACIMIENTO
..........................................................................., A FIN DE RECIBIRLE DECLARACIÓN
INDAGATORIA BAJO APERCIBIMIENTO DE DECLARARLO EN REBELDÍA.—
FIRMADO: SECRETARIO.

FIRMA

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OFICIO DE LIBERTAD

Buenos Aires, ............................................................................

SEÑOR JEFE DE LA POLICÍA FEDERAL ARGENTINA

S/D

Tengo el agrado de dirigirme al Señor Jefe en la causa n°

..........................................................................., caratulada:
"...........................................................................", en trámite por ante este Juzgado Nacional en
lo n° ........................................................................... a mi cargo, Secretaría n°
........................................................................... a cargo del Dr.
..........................................................................., sito en
..........................................................................., a fin de hacerle saber que en la causa que me
dirijo se ha dispuesto la inmediata libertad del Sr
..........................................................................., por habérsele concedido la excarcelación en
estos actuados.

La libertad deberá ser efectivizada en el día de la fecha siempre que el referido no registre
ningún otro impedimento desde la Superintendencia de Investigaciones Criminales, previa
identificación y extracción de 4 juegos de fichas dactiloscópicas del referido.

Saludo al Señor Jefe muy atentamente.

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OFICIO SOLICITANDO COPIA

A ...........................................................................

S/D

Tengo el agrado de dirigirme a Ud. en la causa N°

........................................................................... caratulada:
"...........................................................................", en trámite por ante este Juzgado Nacional en
lo Correccional N° ........................................................................... a mi cargo, sito en
..........................................................................., a fin de solicitarle que informe a este Tribunal,
si ..........................................................................., y en su caso remita copia íntegra de
............................................................................

Saludo a usted muy atentamente.

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ORDEN DE ALLANAMIENTO

Buenos Aires, ............................................................................

SEÑOR JEFE DE LA DIVISIÓN ...........................................................................

POLICÍA FEDERAL ARGENTINA

S/D

Tengo el agrado de dirigirme a Ud. en la causa

..........................................................................., en trámite por ante este Juzgado Nacional
........................................................................... a mi cargo, con sede en
..........................................................................., a fin de solicitarle a Ud y a las personas que
Ud. autorice, que proceda el día de la fecha ...........................................................................,
con habilitación de días y horas inhábiles en caso de que se prolongue la diligencia, a efectuar
un allanamiento en el domicilio sito en ..........................................................................., con el
objeto de procurar el secuestro de ........................................................................... y de todo
otro material o instrumentos en clara infracción al artículo
........................................................................... del Código Penal.

Se le hace saber que queda facultado, en cumplimiento de la presente orden para hacer uso
de la fuerza pública en caso de que sea estrictamente necesario y proceder a la apertura de
cajas, puertas, armarios, escritorios y/u otro mueble o lugar de la finca que se encuentren
cerrados y en los que se presuma la existencia de elementos relacionados con el delito
investigado y a proceder de conformidad con las disposiciones del Libro II, Título III, Capítulo
II y III, los arts. 224 y 225, segundo párrafo del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación; debiendo
labrar el acta respectiva con arreglo a los artículos 138, 139, 140 y 141 y escrita observancia
de las formalidades que imponen los arts. 226, 228 y 230 del mismo ordenamiento legal.

Deberá informar de inmediato a este Tribunal el resultado de las diligencias efectuadas.

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Saludo a Ud muy atentamente.

Firma Juez

Firma Secretario

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ORDEN DE CAPTURA

Señor Jefe de la Policía Federal

Comisario General

Sr. ...........................................................................

S/D

Tengo el agrado de dirigirme a Ud. en la causa N°

..........................................................................., caratulada
"..........................................................................." en tramite por ante el Juzgado Nacional en lo
Criminal de Instrucción Nº ........................................................................... a mi cargo, sito en
..........................................................................., con el objeto de requerirle ordene los recaudos
necesarios para obtener la detención del Sr. ........................................................................... a
los efectos quede a disposición de este Juzgado en la causa citada.

........................................................................... es hijo de
..........................................................................., de profesión
..........................................................................., domiciliado en
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., nacido el
..........................................................................., de estado civil
............................................................................

Lo saludo muy atentamente.

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DENUNCIAS

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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DENUNCIA

Señor Fiscal:

(Encabezado) ante Ud. respetuosamente me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por medio del presente a impetrar formal denuncia contra
..........................................................................., quie´nes habrían incurrido en el delito de
............................................................................

II. HECHOS
El día ............................................................................

III. PRUEBA
a. Se requiera informe a ............................................................................

b. Se cite a ..........................................................................., quien podrá aseverar que

............................................................................

c. Se acompaña la siguiente documental: ............................................................................

d. Se realicen las siguiente pericias: ..........................................................................., a fin

de ............................................................................

IV. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, le solicito:

a. Se tenga por interpuesta formal denuncia.

b. Se tenga presente la prueba ofrecida y por acompañada la documental.

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c. Se arbitren los medios necesarios para la sustanciacio´n de la presente, y se de´ inicio a

la pertinente Investigacio´n Penal Preparatoria.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 29

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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DENUNCIA ESTAFA

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que conforme lo establece el art. ..........................................................................., vengo a
denunciar a ..........................................................................., con domicilio en
..........................................................................., por el delito de
........................................................................... o el que resultare de la investigación,
solicitando la instrucción del correspondiente sumario y su oportuna condena.

II. HECHOS
El día ........................................................................... se presentó
........................................................................... y
............................................................................

III. DERECHO
La conducta imputada encuadra en la acción criminal del artículo
..........................................................................., ya que
............................................................................

IV. PRUEBA
Sugiero la realización de las siguientes medidas de prueba:

a) Se reciba declaración testimonial a ............................................................................

b) Se reciba declaración indagatoria al imputado, Sr.

............................................................................

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c) Se determine mediante pericia ........................................................................... si

............................................................................

d) Se libre oficio a ............................................................................

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, a V.S. solicito:

1. Se me tenga por presentado y con domicilio constituido.

2. Se instruya el correspondiente sumario, previa ratificación de la presente.

3. Se practiquen las medidas de prueba sugeridas.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 31

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DENUNCIA FALSIFICACIÓN DE DOCUMENTOS

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que en legal tiempo y forma, vengo a presentar querella contra el Sr.
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
..........................................................................., por el delito de falsificación de documentos.

En el Juzgado ........................................................................... tramita la sucesión del Sr.

..........................................................................., cuyo heredero es
..........................................................................., de acuerdo a la declaratoria de herederos que
se acompaña. Y con fecha ..........................................................................., el aquí querellado
presentó en aquellos autos un documento cuyo texto es:
"...........................................................................".

El problema es que ese documento exhibe una supuesta firma del causante, y como aquí se
probará ello es imposible. La firma es apócrifa porque
............................................................................

De hecho, quien aquí suscribe conoce perfectamente la firma del Sr.

..........................................................................., y la que exhibe aquel papel no se parece en
nada. Ergo, no caben dudas que el aquí querellado está incurso en el delito que preceptúa el
art. 292 y cctes. del Código Penal.

II. PRUEBA
A. Se solicita "ad efectum videndi et probandi" la causa
............................................................................

B. Se designe perito calígrafo único a los efectos de

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 32

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............................................................................

III. PETITORIO
A. Me tenga por presentado, en el carácter invocado.

B. Se tengan por ofrecidas las pruebas.

C. Se cita al querellado para su indagatoria.

D. Oportunamente, se condene con el máximo de la pena, a sus efectos.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DENUNCIA IMPEDIMENTO DE CONTACTO CON HIJO MENOR DE EDAD.

SOLICITA SE RESTABLEZCA ACUERDO DE COMUNICACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. respetuosamente me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo a promover denuncia por impedimento de contacto con mi hijo menor de edad,
..........................................................................., contra la madre de él, la Sra.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
............................................................................ con domicilio real en
..........................................................................., conforme lo dispuesto por Ley Nº 24.270.

II. HECHOS
En el marco del matrimonio (celebrado el ...........................................................................),
nació ........................................................................... en fecha
..........................................................................., que hoy tiene
........................................................................... años.

Al divorciarnos (en fecha ...........................................................................), convinimos un

régimen de tenencia y comunicación con mi hijo. Y si bien en un primer momento, la Sra.
........................................................................... lo cumplió luego comenzó a obstaculizar su
efectivización, para finalmente negarme -desde el
...........................................................................- toda comunicación con mi hijo,
............................................................................

Primero fueron maniobras evasivas como "está durmiendo" o "nos estamos yendo", pero en
la actualidad ella ni siquiera permite el contacto telefónico. Ya no solo evita que remite a mi
hijo en las horas y días pactados, sino que me corta toda posibilidad de vínculo con él.

III. DERECHO
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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 34

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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Fundo mi petición en lo preceptuado en los arts. 1º y 3º de la Ley 24.270.

IV. PRUEBA
A. Documental. Se acompaña la siguiente:

- Copia de la partida de nacimiento de ..........................................................................., en

donde consta el vínculo.

- Copia de los autos "...........................................................................", que tramitaron ante

el Juzgado ..........................................................................., en donde se arribó al régimen de
visitas y comunicación antes mencionado.

B. Instrumental. Se libre oficio a:

- Juzgado ........................................................................... a los efectos de informar la

presente denuncia penal y para remitan copia de las actuaciones
"...........................................................................", en donde se acordó un régimen específico
de visitas y comunicación con mi hijo.

V. SE RESTABLEZCA EL RÉGIMEN DE COMUNICACIÓN

Por todo lo expuesto, resulta pertinente además que V.S., en forma urgente y de acuerdo
con lo que manda el Art. 3º Inc. 2º de la citada ley 24.270, haga cumplir el régimen acordado
con la denunciada, para que así pueda restablecer el vínculo con mi hijo.

VI. PETITORIO
En consecuencia, a V.S. solicito que:

1. Tenga por deducida formalmente la denuncia contra la Sra.

..........................................................................., por la comisión del delito previsto en el art. 1º
de la Ley Nº 24.270.

2. Tenga presente la documental acompañada y por ofrecida la restante.

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3. Restablezca el régimen de comunicación pactado en los autos

"...........................................................................".

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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HABEAS CORPUS

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DEDUCE HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por la presente a interponer ACCIÓN DE HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO,
a favor de Sr. ..........................................................................., por las consideraciones que aquí
detallo y a los efectos de evitar futuras turbaciones o privaciones ilegítimas de la libertad de
esta persona, como así también se garanticen sus derechos, vulnerados ya ilegítimamente.

II. HECHOS
El Sr. ............................................................................

III. PRUEBA
a. Se cite al Sr. ..........................................................................., para que brinde su
declaración.

b. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que aporte

pedidos de captura y/o investigaciones penales en curso que tengan como posible involucrado
al Sr. ............................................................................

c. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que

identifique a las personas que habrían participado en las acciones de turbación de la libertad
del nombrado.

IV. DERECHO
La presente tiene fundamento en lo dispuesto por los arts. 14, 18, 43, y 75 inc. 22 de la Carta
Magna, el art. 7 incs. 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
(Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), el art. 13 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 38

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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Humanos, y el art. 9 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, entre otros.

A su vez, el informe del "Grupo de Trabajo sobre detenciones arbitrarias" de la ONU (2004)
invita al Gobierno Federal y a los gobiernos provinciales a "supervisar estrictamente la
actuación de los oficiales y agentes de policía, particularmente en lo relativo a sus facultades
de ordenar arrestos y detenciones. Particular atención debe prestarse a la práctica delictiva de
fraguar procedimientos con el objeto de mejorar la imagen de la policía ante la sociedad a costa
de enviar a prisión a civiles inocentes"

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto ante V.S., solicito:

a. Se haga lugar a esta acción de Habeas Corpus preventivo a favor del Sr.
............................................................................

b. Se provea la prueba ofrecida.

c. Se disponga la declaración testimonial del Sr.

........................................................................... ante V.S.

d. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para identificar a los funcionarios públicos policiales y
a los particulares que habrían participado en la turbación de la libertad, y se los impute por los
ilícitos correspondientes.

e. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para evitar posibles turbaciones a la libertad del Sr.
........................................................................... por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado
Provincial.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 39

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO I

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por la presente a interponer ACCIÓN DE HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO,
a favor de Sr. ..........................................................................., por las consideraciones que aquí
detallo y a los efectos de evitar futuras turbaciones o privaciones ilegítimas de la libertad de
esta persona, como así también se garanticen sus derechos, vulnerados ya ilegítimamente.

II. HECHOS
El Sr. ............................................................................

III. PRUEBA
a. Se cite al Sr. ..........................................................................., para que brinde su
declaración.

b. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que aporte

pedidos de captura y/o investigaciones penales en curso que tengan como posible involucrado
al Sr. ............................................................................

c. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que

identifique a las personas que habrían participado en las acciones de turbación de la libertad
del nombrado.

IV. DERECHO
La presente tiene fundamento en lo dispuesto por los arts. 14, 18, 43, y 75 inc. 22 de la Carta
Magna, el art. 7 incs. 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
(Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), el art. 13 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos
Humanos, y el art. 9 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, entre otros.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 40

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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A su vez, el informe del "Grupo de Trabajo sobre detenciones arbitrarias" de la ONU (2004)
invita al Gobierno Federal y a los gobiernos provinciales a "supervisar estrictamente la
actuación de los oficiales y agentes de policía, particularmente en lo relativo a sus facultades
de ordenar arrestos y detenciones. Particular atención debe prestarse a la práctica delictiva de
fraguar procedimientos con el objeto de mejorar la imagen de la policía ante la sociedad a costa
de enviar a prisión a civiles inocentes".

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto ante V.S., solicito:

a. Se haga lugar a esta acción de Habeas Corpus preventivo a favor del Sr.
............................................................................

b. Se provea la prueba ofrecida.

c. Se disponga la declaración testimonial del Sr.

........................................................................... ante V.S.

d. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para identificar a los funcionarios públicos policiales y
a los particulares que habrían participado en la turbación de la libertad, y se los impute por los
ilícitos correspondientes.

e. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para evitar posibles turbaciones a la libertad del Sr.
........................................................................... por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado
Provincial.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 41

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO II

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por la presente a interponer ACCIÓN DE HABEAS CORPUS PREVENTIVO,
a favor de Sr. ..........................................................................., por las consideraciones que aquí
detallo y a los efectos de evitar futuras turbaciones o privaciones ilegítimas de la libertad de
esta persona, como así también se garanticen sus derechos, vulnerados ya ilegítimamente.

II. HECHOS
El Sr. ............................................................................

III. PRUEBA
a. Se cite al Sr. ..........................................................................., para que brinde su
declaración.

b. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que aporte

pedidos de captura y/o investigaciones penales en curso que tengan como posible involucrado
al Sr. ............................................................................

c. Se requiera informe a ..........................................................................., para que

identifique a las personas que habrían participado en las acciones de turbación de la libertad
del nombrado.

IV. DERECHO
La presente tiene fundamento en lo dispuesto por los arts. 14, 18, 43, y 75 inc. 22 de la Carta
Magna, el art. 7 incs. 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
(Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), el art. 13 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 42

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal
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Humanos, y el art. 9 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, entre otros.

A su vez, el informe del "Grupo de Trabajo sobre detenciones arbitrarias" de la ONU (2004)
invita al Gobierno Federal y a los gobiernos provinciales a "supervisar estrictamente la
actuación de los oficiales y agentes de policía, particularmente en lo relativo a sus facultades
de ordenar arrestos y detenciones. Particular atención debe prestarse a la práctica delictiva de
fraguar procedimientos con el objeto de mejorar la imagen de la policía ante la sociedad a costa
de enviar a prisión a civiles inocentes".

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto ante V.S., solicito:

a. Se haga lugar a esta acción de Habeas Corpus preventivo a favor del Sr.
............................................................................

b. Se provea la prueba ofrecida.

c. Se disponga la declaración testimonial del Sr.

........................................................................... ante V.S.

d. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para identificar a los funcionarios públicos policiales y
a los particulares que habrían participado en la turbación de la libertad, y se los impute por los
ilícitos correspondientes.

e. Se tomen las medidas necesarias para evitar posibles turbaciones a la libertad del Sr.
........................................................................... por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado
Provincial.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA HABEAS CORPUS

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por la presente a interponer denuncia de HABEAS CORPUS contra la medida
de coerción personal ilegítima que ha dispuesto ...........................................................................
en contra del Sr. ........................................................................... el día
............................................................................

II. HECHOS
El Sr. ............................................................................

III. SOLICITA PRESTAR DECLARACIÓN

Que en virtud de la gravedad de los hechos descriptos, resulta menester el inmediato
comparendo del Sr. ........................................................................... ante V.S. para su
declaracio´n.

IV. SOLICITA SE GARANTICE SU INTEGRIDAD FÍSICA

Que atento al calamitoso estado de detención en que se encuentra, resulta necesario que
V.S. garantice la integridad física del Sr. ........................................................................... con
orden expresa a las autoridades.

V. DERECHO
La presente tiene fundamento en lo dispuesto por los arts. 14, 18, 43, y 75 inc. 22 de la Carta
Magna, el art. 7 incs. 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
(Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), el art. 13 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos
Humanos, y el art. 9 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, entre otros.

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A su vez, el informe del "Grupo de Trabajo sobre detenciones arbitrarias" de la ONU (2004)
invita al Gobierno Federal y a los gobiernos provinciales a "supervisar estrictamente la
actuación de los oficiales y agentes de policía, particularmente en lo relativo a sus facultades
de ordenar arrestos y detenciones. Particular atención debe prestarse a la práctica delictiva de
fraguar procedimientos con el objeto de mejorar la imagen de la policía ante la sociedad a costa
de enviar a prisión a civiles inocentes".

VI. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto, a V.S. solicito:

a. Se haga lugar a esta acción de habeas corpus a favor del Sr.

............................................................................

b. Se disponga su comparendo a fin de tomarle declaración y se garantice su integridad

física con expresa orden a las autoridades.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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MODELOS DE RESOLUCIONES

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AUTO DE CLAUSURA Y ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO

CONSIDERANDO:

Que se le imputa a ..........................................................................., el hecho ocurrido el día

..........................................................................., siendo aproximadamente las
........................................................................... horas, en
..........................................................................., cuando
............................................................................

Que con fecha ........................................................................... se dictó el procesamiento del

imputado en relación al delito de ............................................................................

Que a fs. ..........................................................................., el defensor se opone a la

elevación a juicio requerida por el Fiscal, instando consecuentemente el sobreseimiento de su
pupilo, por entender que no ha sido desvirtuada con el grado de certeza necesaria la versión de
los hechos sustentada por el imputado, quien niega terminantemente el hecho que se le endilga.
Frente a lo cual estimo que la prueba reunida hasta aquí habilita, más allá de los argumentos
desplegados, a elevar la presente a un estado procesal superior cual es el del juicio, por cuanto
será ahí donde las partes y el propio Tribunal tendrán oportunidad de interrogar nuevamente a
los testigos a efectos de despejar en lo posible cualquier falla de apreciación, evaluar la
verosimilitud y ponderar cual de las explicaciones sobre el hecho resulta más probable o
posible.

Que asimismo, y por todo lo expuesto en razón de la distinta valoración que de la misma
prueba efectúan las partes, resulta aconsejable que se arribe a la audiencia de juicio oral para
agotar todas las instancias judiciales que permitan llegar a la verdad material, atento la índole
del delito investigado.

Por lo expuesto precedentemente y habiéndose expedido las partes, el Tribunal;

RESUELVE:

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I. No hacer lugar al sobreseimiento instado por la defensa;

II. Declarar clausurada la instrucción y elevar la causa a juicio, seguido contra

..........................................................................., por el delito de
............................................................................

III. Notifíquese.

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AUTO DE PROCESAMIENTO

CONSIDERANDO:

Que se le imputa a ..........................................................................., el hecho ocurrido el día

..........................................................................., siendo aproximadamente las
........................................................................... en
..........................................................................., cuando
............................................................................

Que ............................................................................

Que ............................................................................

Que en oportunidad de prestar declaración, a tenor de lo previsto por el artículo 294 del
CPPN, el imputado expresó que ............................................................................

Que a fin de comprobar el hecho investigado y la autoría por parte de

..........................................................................., obran en estos autos los siguientes elementos
de convicción: ............................................................................

Que llegado el momento de resolver la situación procesal del imputado

..........................................................................., estimo que, con la provisionalidad propia de
esta etapa procesal, se encuentran reunidos "prima facie" elementos suficientes como para
decretar el procesamiento del mismo en orden al delito de lesiones culposas, por el que fuera
indagado. Ello de conformidad a las conclusiones que seguidamente expondré:

Entiendo con relación al hecho que ............................................................................ Los

indicios que surgen de los elementos colectados no sólo no desvanecen la sospecha inicial, sino
que la sostiene con tal fortaleza que permite arribar al presente auto cautelar.

En efecto la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal ha

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dicho sobre la naturaleza y procedencia del auto autorizado por el art. 306 del código del rito
que "para el dictado del auto de procesamiento no se requiere certeza apodíctica acerca de la
comisión de un hecho ilícito ni de la participación de los procesados en su producción. Por el
contrario, y tal como lo sostiene la doctrina, a dicha medida le basta con un juicio de
probabilidad sobre la existencia del hecho delictuoso y de la responsabilidad que como
partícipe le corresponde al imputado. De lo que se trata, pues, es de habilitar la base del proceso
hacia el juicio, que es la etapa en la cual se desenvolverán los debates y la confrontación con
amplitud. Lo contrario equivaldría a la asunción por parte de los instructores de una tarea que
le es impropia, instaurándose el período contradictorio por anticipado, en el momento de la
instrucción, privándose así al órgano que eventualmente debe resolver en forma definitiva de
la inmediación con la prueba producida, fundamental para la decisión (...) Para el auto de
mérito de que se trata, basta entonces con la mera convalidación de la sospecha, máxime
cuando la elevación a juicio presupone una nueva reflexión del juez acerca del mérito de la
instrucción" (C.N. Crim y Corr Fed sala I causa 31.886, rég 799 Rta. 11/09/2000 D.J. año XVII
número 3 p. 127).

Deberá tenerse en cuenta que la decisión que en esta oportunidad se postula puede ser
revocada o reformada en consonancia con las pruebas incorporadas durante el transcurso de la
investigación toda vez que "se trata de la valoración de elementos probatorios suficientes para
producir probabilidad, aun no definitivos ni confrontados, pero que sirven para orientar el
proceso hacia la acusación, vale decir hacia la base del juicio" (Cfme. Clariá Olmedo "Derecho
Procesal Penal" Ed. Marcos Lerner, año 1984 T.II p. 612)

En atención a como he de resolver y conforme lo dispuesto por el art. 518 del CPPN,
teniendo en cuenta la eventual indemnización pecuniaria que pudiera corresponder, así como
que para el caso de resultar una sentencia condenatoria el imputado deberá hacerse cargo de
las costas procesales, he de disponer embargo sobre sus bienes en cantidad suficiente (art. 29
inc. 2 y 3 C.Penal; art 531 CPPN y ley 21.839 y su modificatoria ley 24.432).

Rigen la prueba los arts. 231, 239, 240, 241, 263, 306, 307 y 308 del Código Procesal Penal
de la Nación.

Por lo expuesto, de conformidad con las normas legales invocadas:

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RESUELVO:

I. Decretar el procesamiento en la presente causa respecto del imputado

..........................................................................., de sus demás condiciones personales obrantes
en autos, por considerarlo en principio autor penalmente responsable del delito de
...........................................................................;

II. Mandar trabar embargo sobre los bienes de

........................................................................... hasta cubrir la suma de
...........................................................................;

III. Mantener la libertad que venía gozando;

IV. Notifíquese, tómese razón y oportunamente comuníquese.

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AUTO DE SOBRESEIMIENTO

Y CONSIDERANDO:

Que se le imputa a ..........................................................................., el hecho ocurrido el día

..........................................................................., siendo aproximadamente las
........................................................................... horas, en
..........................................................................., cuando
............................................................................

Que en oportunidad de prestar declaración a tenor de lo previsto por el artículo 294 del
CPPN, el imputado expresó que ............................................................................

Que a fin de comprobar el hecho investigado y la autoría del mismo por parte de
..........................................................................., obran en autos lo siguientes elementos de
convicción: ...........................................................................

Rigen la prueba los arts. 231, 239, 240, 241, 263, 331 y 336 inc 3° del Código Procesal
Penal de la Nación.

Por lo expuesto, de conformidad con las normas legales invocadas:

RESUELVO:

I. Sobreseer respecto del imputado ..........................................................................., de sus

demás condiciones personales obrantes en autos, en orden al delito de
........................................................................... por el que fuera indagado, declarando que la
formación de la presente causa no afecta el buen nombre y honor de que hubiese gozado el
nombrado.

II. Notifíquese, tómese razón y oportunamente comuníquese.

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DECLARACIÓN DE REBELDÍA

CONSIDERANDO:

Que a fs. ..........................................................................., se ha librado orden de detención

respecto del nombrado, de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 283 del Código Procesal
Penal de la Nación, a fin de tomarle declaración indagatoria.

Que a fs. ..........................................................................., la autoridad policial informa que

no fue posible el cumplimiento de la detención ya que el requerido no fue hallado en el lugar
indicado.

Que a fs. ..........................................................................., consta la publicación de los

edictos correspondientes en el Boletín Oficial durante el término de cinco días.

Que ante el resultado negativo de todas las medidas que se han dispuesto para que el citado
compareciera ante este tribunal, y de acuerdo a lo normado por el artículo 289 del Código
Procesal Penal de la Nación,

RESUELVO:

Declarar a ........................................................................... rebelde, en los términos del art.

289, ordenando asimismo su inmediata captura.

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RESOLUCIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL REQUERIDO HACIENDO LUGAR A LA

INHIBITORIA

CONSIDERANDO:

Que el presente sumario se inició con la denuncia que efectuara ........................., por ante
la Excma. Cámara del Fuero, el .............................................

Que el día ........................................................................... fue recibido por este Tribunal un

oficio proveniente del Juzgado ........................................................................... solicitando mi
inhibitoria en la causa.

Que si bien el hecho parecía encuadrar en el delito de

..........................................................................., las pruebas colectadas con posterioridad
permitieron establecer que la conducta de ..........................................................................., se
ajustaba al tipo previsto en el art. ............................................................................

Por ello, al haber sido demostrada en el caso una estricta motivación particular,

RESUELVO:

INHIBIRME de seguir entendiendo en la presente causa por resultar incompetente en razón

de la materia.

Notifíquese, firme que sea, remítase el presente expediente, juntamente con los efectos
secuestrados en autos, al Juzgado ............................................................................

Póngase a exclusiva disposición del nombrado Tribunal al detenido

..........................................................................., haciéndole saber tal circunstancia a las
autoridades de la Unidad Penitenciaria donde se encuentra alojado.

Sirva lo proveído de atenta nota de envío.

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PRESENTACIONES DE LA DEFENSA

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ACREDITA DEPÓSITO CUOTA REPARACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

Que atento al estado de autos, vengo a acreditar el depósito de la segunda cuota de la

reparación aceptada en fecha ..........................................................................., y SOLICITO se
tenga presente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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AMPLÍA FUNDAMENTOS

Excma. Cámara:

(Encabezado), a V.E. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que atento la resolución de fecha ..........................................................................., en donde
V.E. le hizo saber a esta parte que los autos se encontrarían en Secretaría por el término previsto
en el art. 465 CPPN, vengo a ampliar los fundamentos que hacen al recurso impetrado de
acuerdo a lo dispuesto por el art. 466 del mismo cuerpo normativo.

II. HECHOS. FUNDAMENTOS

Al interponer el recurso de casación, que primigeniamente fuera denegado por el a-quo y
motivara su posterior concesión por V.E. en virtud de la queja articulada por esta defensa, dejé
en claro algunas de las cuestiones que hacen a la pertinencia del remedio casatorio en
situaciones como la que nos convoca.

Esta defensa afirmó que ..........................................................................., siguiendo así la

línea argumental expuesta por el imputado ante el instructor. Empero, el juez entendió que
............................................................................

Pero el Código Procesal, en su artículo 122, establece las diferentes formas en que se
pronunciará el Tribunal: "por sentencia, auto o decreto", tras lo cual indica en qué caso debe
optarse por cada una de ellas. Y luego, el artículo 123 establece que "Las sentencias y los autos
deben ser motivados, bajo pena de nulidad".

Ergo, el tribunal está obligado a considerar todas las cuestiones esenciales que determinan
el fallo, dentro de las cuales se encuentran los argumentos sustanciales presentados por la
acusación o la defensa, es decir, los hechos principales de la causa y el derecho a ellos aplicable.
De hecho, con esta lógica, la Sala III de la Excma. Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal resolvió
casar un pronunciamiento, en la inteligencia de que se habían violado las reglas de inferencia
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lógica y el principio de razón suficiente. Sostuvo el Tribunal que "la decisión no puede reposar
en una pura subjetividad, sino que debe derivarse de la racionalidad y objetiva evaluación de
las constancias del proceso (Fallos 311:2547, 312:2507, entre muchos otros)" -CNCas. Penal,
Sala IIIa., Causa n 829, Cabral, Jorge Carlos, rta. 18/12/96-.

También la doctrina entiende que "La motivación de las sentencias es, verdaderamente, una
garantía grande de justicia, cuando mediante ella se consigue reproducir exactamente, como
en un croquis tipográfico, el itinerario lógico que el juez ha recorrido para llegar a su
conclusión; en tal caso, si la conclusión es equivocada, se puede fácilmente determinar, a través
de la motivación, en que etapa de su camino perdió el juez la orientación. Es conveniente que
el juez tenga también, aún en pequeño grado, algo de la habilidad del abogado; porque, al
redactar la motivación, debe ser el defensor de la tesis fijada por su conciencia" (Calamandrei,
Piero "Elogio de los jueces", pág. 175 y ss., Buenos Aires 1969; Carnelutti, Francesco
"Lecciones sobre el proceso penal" T. III pág. 110, Buenos Aires 1950; Alcalá Zamora y
Castillo, Niceto-Levene, Ricardo (h) "Derecho Procesal Penal'', T. II p g. 190, Buenos Aires
1945)".

Entonces motivar es poner en conocimiento de los justiciables el razonamiento llevado

adelante por el juzgador para arribar a las conclusiones y no simplemente mencionar el
resultado sin que se conozcan las razones que tuvo en consideración el Tribunal para llegar a
ello, pues de tal manera se violenta la garantía constitucional de la defensa en juicio,
transformando el decisorio en una aparente motivación y no en la real correlación que debe
existir entre lo sustentado, en este caso por la defensa del imputado y el resultado al que arribara
el "a-quo", tornando insanablemente nulo el decisorio, pues tal sanción está expresamente
establecida por la ley procesal.

Por lo cual, el presente recurso se encamina a cuestionar la aplicación discrecional que el

"a-quo" realizara de la ley adjetiva, impidiendo el ejercicio pleno del derecho de defensa del
imputado y violando por tanto las garantías constitucionales del mismo y los acuerdos
internacionales suscriptos por la Argentina reconocidos como Ley Suprema de la Nación y
consecuentemente la arbitrariedad del pronunciamiento que rechaza la petición basándose en
la opinión subjetiva de los dos magistrados actuantes careciendo el rechazo de todo sustento
jurídico que lo apoye. En consecuencia, debe revocarse el decisorio del Tribunal de juicio por
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vulnerarse un derecho de raigambre constitucional, por lo que se pretende la revisión por parte
de esa Excma. Cámara de Casación Penal, de la interpretación arbitraria que el "a-quo" realiza
de la ley adjetiva.

Es que la ley adjetiva no le otorga al "a-quo" el poder omnímodo de rechazar medios

probatorios que justifiquen la inexistencia del hecho que se le imputa a un justiciable, puesto
que si así fuera, el ciudadano se encontraría totalmente desamparado, sin derecho alguno a
defenderse teniendo solo que esperar que el Tribunal de juicio que por sorteo se designe para
intervenir en la tramitación de su proceso, reduzca el uso de su discrecionalidad y le permita
producir alguna prueba, pues de lo contrario deber aceptar que todo aquello que pudiera
haberse omitido a pesar de sus reiterados pedidos, no guarda relevancia con la causa y no poder
utilizar elementos de defensa alguna, obvio resulta que tal actitud no puede ser la inteligencia
de la norma del artículo 356.

El legislador no quiso otorgarle discrecionalidad al Tribunal de juicio, sino que requirió, la

prudencia y mesura necesaria no demostrada por el "a-quo", para que en un marco de amplitud
probatoria solo se rechace aquella prueba que resulte sobreabundante o evidentemente
impertinente, situación que no se aclaró motivadamente en esto actuados, para su rechazo.

Resulta indudable que la interpretación discrecional efectuada por el Tribunal de juicio

vulnera la sistemática del código adjetivo y torna virtualmente inaplicable cualquier forma de
ofrecimiento probatorio desde que se irroga la facultad de rechazar prueba sin justificación de
ningún tipo cuando el legislador ordenó que tal rechazo deba ser efectuado por auto es decir
fundadamente, lo cual jamás se hizo en estos actuados.

Con tal modo interpretativo el Tribunal de juicio, valorar el marco probatorio que quiera y
arribar a una conclusión apresurada sin conocer elementos probatorios esenciales en la
búsqueda de la verdad real, objetivo del procedimiento penal.

El interprete no puede desentenderse de la sistemática del código a la hora de realizar su

función, pues de esa manera se crearían desigualdades írritas a la Ley Fundamental.

En consecuencia, y habida cuenta de todo cuanto y en consonancia con lo dispuesto por el

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artículo 471 del CPPN, solicité que esa Excma. Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal anule lo
actuado por el Tribunal ..........................................................................., apartando al mismo de
la tramitación del juicio y disponiendo que los presentes actuados sean nuevamente sorteados
a fin de que se desinsacule un nuevo Tribunal, en el que expresamente se deber cumplir con la
realización de la instrucción suplementaria solicitada y oportunamente convocarse al debate a
los testigos propuestos por la defensa.

Tal petición deviene del convencimiento que esta defensa ha cumplimentado acabadamente
la normativa ritual de justificar la razonabilidad de las medidas probatorias propuestas y ante
la carencia de fundamentación de su rechazo por el "a-quo"

III. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto ante V.E., solicito:

a. Se tenga por presentada esta ampliación de fundamentos;

b. Se tenga por cumplido el requisito previsto por el artículo 466 con la copia que se adjunta.

c. Se proceda a casar el decisorio anulando lo actuado el Tribunal

............................................................................

d. Se proceda a apartar al mencionado Tribunal de la tramitación de esta causa sorteando el

Tribunal Oral en lo Criminal que continuara el trámite de este proceso.

e. Se tenga presente que a todo evento mantengo el planteo de la Cuestión Federal

oportunamente articulada.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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APELA DENEGATORIA EXCARCELACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que en legal tiempo y forma vengo a interponer recurso de apelación contra el auto que
rechazó el beneficio solicitado, en los términos del artículo 332 CPPN, solicitando a V.S. que
concedido el recurso impetrado eleve los presentes al Superior.

Es que los fundamentos utilizados por V.S. para denegar el beneficio solicitado carecen de
todo sustento jurídico. Según se demostrará, V.S. no realizó una valoración objetiva de los
elementos colectados en la causa que permita afirmar encuadre en la regla de la sana critica
racional.

Las descripciones efectuadas, imprecisas por cierto, demuestran la carencia de elementos

idóneos a los fines incriminatorios que se pretenden, vulnerando abiertamente el derecho
consagrado en nuestra Carta Magna. El decisorio que sirve de sustento al encarcelamiento
preventivo es una suma de inexactitudes y afirmaciones de V.S. carentes de concordancia con
los elementos que, supuestamente, se integraron a la causa.

A lo dicho deben sumarse que ............................................................................

En el suceso investigado, no se encuentra acreditada ni la participación de

..........................................................................., ni, por cierto, su responsabilidad penal, por lo
cual no puede ser considerada como elemento dirimente a los fines del rechazo excarcelatorio.

La Excma Cámara del Fuero ha dicho: "plantear seriamente el problema de cuáles son los
límites de la restricción de la libertad durante el trámite del proceso, teniendo en cuenta no sólo
la ley procesal, sino la Constitución Nacional y los Pactos de Derechos Humanos, lo que ha
llevado a decir a Cafferata Nores que la representación del orden jurídico no sería ya una
pirámide con un punto en su extremo, sino con una base en donde se encuentra la Constitución
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y los tratados antes citados, entre los cuales quiero rescatar dos de ellos: la Convención de
Derechos Civiles y el Pacto Americano de Derechos Humanos... También quiero aclarar que
no se trata de dejar desprotegida a la sociedad, como normalmente se viene diciendo, y más
aún después del 11 de septiembre de 2001, en donde, a nivel mundial el tema de las garantías
ha entrado en crisis, a punto de existir personas sin derecho, y lo que es peor, sin que se reclame
por ellos, como es el caso de las personas detenidas en la base de Guantánamo. Cuesta creer
que una civilización basada en las ideas de la ilustración termine aceptando este tipo de estado
de cosas.... II. De modo que no se debe dejar de lado el análisis de los derechos fundamentales,
exigido por lo que he llamado el populismo antigarantista. Vista la cuestión desde lo jurídico,
hay que afirmar que las limitaciones al ejercicio de los derechos personales y patrimoniales,
tanto del imputado, como de terceras personas que se imponen durante el transcurso de un
proceso penal sólo tienen como fin garantizar el logro de sus fines: el descubrimiento y la
prueba de la verdad de la imputación y la actuación de la ley sustantiva en el caso concreto.
Debe quedar claro que una de las características principales de la coerción es que, en sí, no es
un fin en si misma, sino que es sólo un medio para asegurar otros fines, que en este caso son
los del proceso. Por eso no tienen estas medidas carácter de sanción, ya que no son penas, sino
medidas instrumentales, que se conciben como formas de restricción imprescindibles para
neutralizar los peligros que puede tener la libertad de la persona que lleven a que se impida el
descubrimiento de la verdad, por una parte, y la actuación de la ley sustantiva, por la otra.
Todas las Constituciones de los países occidentales, junto con los Tratados de Derechos
Humanos, tienen la visión de que la coerción personal del imputado es la excepción y que su
restricción o limitación solo es posible para asegurar cautelarmente que el proceso pueda
desenvolverse para sus fines: falseamiento de las pruebas, y posibilidad de cumplimiento de la
pena. Esto es en palabras de Cafferata Nores, cuándo ella sea imprescindible. Es lo que se ha
llamado principio de necesidad o de intervención mínima, de la alternativa menos gravosa o
simplemente de subsidiariedad, que, como bien dice González — Cuellar Serrano se trata de
"un subprincipio del principio constitucional de prohibición de exceso que tiende a la
optimización del grado de eficacia de los derechos individuales frente a las limitaciones que
pudieran imponer en su ejercicio los poderes públicos" Para Schlüchter "las medidas
coercitivas son actos procesales, con los cuales se interfiere o interviene en el derecho
fundamental de una persona (inculpado o tercero) contra su voluntad, por causa de la
persecución penal." Roxin, por su parte afirma que "Para llevar a cabo el proceso penal son
indispensables las injerencias en la esfera individual y, por cierto, tanto para asegurar el proceso
de conocimiento como para asegurar la ejecución penal". Y agrega que se pueden diferenciar
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los medios de coerción según su función procesal: investigación, aseguramiento de las pruebas,
comprobación de los presupuestos procesales, aseguramiento de la posibilidad de realización
del procedimiento, aseguramiento de la ejecución de la sentencia y prevención de hechos
punibles. Esta idea ha llevado a decir a Schlüchter que "sin esas medidas coercitivas una
persecución efectiva no sería posible en algunos casos". Por eso, la nota típica de la coerción
es la posibilidad del empleo de la fuerza pública para la restricción de los derechos, tanto de
manera directa, la detención, como la amenaza, el uso de la fuerza pública en caso de no
comparecencia. Se debe partir de la idea del Estado de Derecho y la menor afectación de los
derechos fundamentales. Schlüchter exige dos principios generales para que estas medidas
estén acorde con el Estado de Derecho. a) Lo primero que se debe preservar es la primacía de
la ley y el derecho. La ley deberá prever y fijar los requisitos y las consecuencias jurídicas de
cada autorización de intervención. b) Todas las medidas coercitivas deben guardar y respetar
el principio de proporcionalidad, incluso aunque no esté expresamente formulado por la ley.
III. La coerción del imputado, cómo bien ha sostenido la doctrina, depende del sistema procesal
que se siga, que depende, en este caso, de la idea política que tenga el Estado sobre el fin de
proceso penal. Cómo bien dice Hassemer, "en el proceso penal se debió decidir : a) si se podría
haber garantizado la cambiante renuncia a la libertad, la que en contrato, los habitantes se
habían propugnado -también para el caso formal del aumento de criminalidad de unos contra
otros, aún continua y proporcionada-, precisamente en forma legal, y b) si la sociedad, "la de
la gran libertad" seguramente, la de la exacta determinación y seguridad de las fronteras de la
libertad (Kant), ha establecido una "perfecta y ciudadana Constitución legal" (Kant), o bien ha
establecido un régimen autoritario, el cual lesiona novedosamente a la libertad, en lugar de
protegerla." Pues bien, en el caso de un sistema autoritario, que necesariamente ha de seguir al
sistema inquisitivo, en el cual es claro que no hay proceso, ya que no hay contradictorio, lo
poco que queda de él será utilizado para aplicar una pena por adelantado. Esta idea se basa en
que al imputado se lo presume culpable, de modo que se lo castiga por la mera sospecha. En
cambio, si el modelo está basado en un Estado democrático y social, influido por el principio
acusatorio, la privación de libertad no es utilizada como fin en si mismo, esto es, como una
pena, sino que sólo será un medio instrumental y cautelar, debido fundamentalmente a que se
basa en la presunción de inocencia de la persona. Como bien lo formula Cafferata Nores, "al
imputado se le reconoce durante la sustanciación del proceso, un estado jurídico de no
culpabilidad respecto del delito que se le atribuye (que también se denomina principio de
inocencia o derecho a la presunción de inocencia, art. 11 DUDH) que no tendrá que acreditar
(aunque tiene derecho a ello), "Puede formularse diciendo que todo acusado es inocente (art.
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XXVI, DADDH) mientras no se establezca legalmente su culpabilidad (art. 8.2, CADH), lo

que ocurrirá cuando se pruebe (art. 14.2, PIDCP) que es culpable (art. XXVI, DADD), en las
condiciones de garantía que se establecen en este Capítulo" . Por eso se ha podido afirmar que
el orden interno de un Estado se revela en el modo en que está regulada esta situación de
conflicto: los estados totalitarios bajo la antítesis errónea de Estado- ciudadano, exageran
fácilmente la importancia del interés estatal en la realización, lo más eficaz posible del
procedimiento penal. En un Estado de Derecho la regulación de este conflicto no se determina
por aquella antítesis, sino que el Estado está obligado por ambos fines, aseguramiento del orden
por la persecución penal y la protección de la esfera de libertad del ciudadano". En nuestro
sistema constitucional, -aún antes de la última reforma-, el imputado tiene derecho a
permanecer en libertad durante el proceso, ya que se garantiza el derecho de entrar, permanecer
y salir del territorio argentino, mientras no exista una condena concreta que le impida tal
derecho (art. 14 C.N). La privación de la libertad antes de la sentencia, afecta este derecho
constitucional, que además tiene cómo base al art.18 de la Constitución Nacional, que exige
sentencia firme para restringir la libertad personal. A este panorama se agregan los Tratados
sobre Derechos Humanos, antes explicitados, en virtud el art. 75, inc. 22 CN. En este sentido,
las leyes procesales penales sólo vienen a reglamentar la Constitución Nacional, para que se
determinen las restricciones que se podrán hacer a la libertad de la persona, dentro de ese marco
normativo, ya que de lo contrario, esas normas procesales serían inconstitucionales (Véase los
artículos 7 CADH; art. 9 DUDH; art. XXV DADDHy art. 9 PIDCP). Por eso la interpretación
de las normas procesales, en este ámbito debe ser restrictiva, prohibiéndose la analogía en
contra del imputado. Esta cuestión no ha sido vista, por ejemplo, en otros ámbitos, cuando se
aplica analógicamente el art. 348 C.P.P.N. en la mal llamada consulta, no prevista por el
ordenamiento procesal. El estado de inocencia, entendido de esta manera, acompaña a la
persona durante toda su vida (art. 18 C.N. y art. 14.2. PIDPC); luego las medidas de imposición
y cautelares deben ser restrictivas y de acuerdo a los artículos antes mencionados. De estas
ideas básicas se deduce que el estado normal de una persona sometida a proceso, antes de ser
condenada, es la libre locomoción (art. 14 C.N.), por consecuencia, la privación de libertad
será excepcional (art. 280 C.P.P.N.). Ahora bien, existe otra finalidad del Estado, que también
viene exigida por la propia Constitución, y que consiste en el afianzamiento de la justicia y en
consecuencia el evitar la "guerra civil", y, una forma de llegar a este cometido es mediante la
imposición de la pena. Pero esta exigencia sólo es posible mediando el juicio previo, de modo
que también el Estado debe facilitar este extremo. Esto exige que el juicio previo pueda ser
realizado, que no existan obstáculos para ello y que se pueda llegar a la sentencia que se base
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sobre la verdad real lograda en el proceso. Como ha dicho Hassemer, cuando se refiere al tema
y que el actuar del aparato de la justicia se comienza en base a las sospechas, y las medidas
que se realizan en contra del imputado y aún de los testigos, "todo lo expuesto constituye un
verídico gabinete del miedo que, por supuesto, está exactamente contemplado. Se trata sólo de
una colección de instrumentos, sin la cual sería imposible comprobar seriamente la imputación.
Quien quiera esa comprobación, debe querer un procedimiento ordenado. Quien quiera un
procedimiento ordenado, debe aceptar la coerción en la comprobación". Se trata de analizar
cuándo y cómo, de acuerdo a las normas constitucionales se puede restringir la libertad del
imputado. Y a mi juicio la respuesta es clara y sencilla: sólo cuando la libertad del imputado
lleve a un peligro de la realización del proceso, o de la aplicación de la ley sustantiva. Y esto
se da cuando el imputado obstaculice el proceso, falsifique pruebas, no comparezca al proceso,
de modo que, como se dijo, se eluda tanto el proceso previo, como la sentencia, que está
amparado por la Constitución. De ahí que la Constitución y las leyes permitan el arresto y la
prisión del sospechoso, entendiendo por tal aquel que carece de sentencia condenatoria firme.
Arresto que sólo puede ser realizado por la autoridad judicial para evitar los peligros que se
ciernen sobre el juicio previo. Los Tratados Internacionales son expresos sobre este punto: El
art. 9.3. P.I.D.C.P. "El encarcelamiento durante el proceso tiende a asegurar la comparecencia
del acusado en el acto del juicio, o en cualquier otro momento de las diligencias procesales y,
en su caso, para la ejecución del fallo" véase el art. 9 de la Declaración de los Derechos del
Hombre y del Ciudadano). De todo ello se concluye que la privación de libertad sólo puede
autorizarse cuando sea imprescindible, y por lo tanto, no sustituible por ninguna otra medida
de similar eficacia pero menos gravosa, en cuanto a los fines del proceso, y explicitado de
manera bastante clara, en uno de los pocos aciertos, por el art. 319 C.P.P.N. Lo que decide la
cuestión es, sin duda la necesidad que influye en la imposición y mantenimiento de la medida
de coerción. Si desaparece esta necesidad, ya sea por desaparición de las razones que la
hicieron necesaria, o por su atenuación, la medida de coacción debe ser sustituida o debe cesar
por otra más leve, lo que lleva a la idea de provisionalidad. La idea esencial es que el arresto
previo sólo es posible para evitar el gran peligro del riesgo de ese juicio previo. Luego frente
a riesgos menores las medidas para neutralizar con medidas de menor intensidad. Para
sintetizar, y en palabras de Roxin la prisión preventiva es la privación de libertad del imputado
con el fin de asegurar el proceso de conocimiento o la ejecución de la pena. Ella tiene tres
objetivos: 1° Asegurar la presencia del imputado en el procedimiento penal; 2° Garantizar una
investigación de los hechos en debida forma por los órganos de la investigación penal; 3°
Asegurar la ejecución penal. No pretende, por ende otros fines. De lo que se deduce que debe
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haber un escalonamiento progresivo de las medidas, por lo que está prohibida la coerción
innecesaria y desproporcionada. IV. La restricción de la libertad personal del imputado,
mediante la prisión preventiva o provisional, es sin duda la medida más gravosa que se puede
infligir dentro del proceso. Como bien se ha dicho, "la prisión provisional constituye la medida
más grave que puede sufrir el ciudadano en el proceso penal antes de su condena. El imputado,
aun cuando no ha sido probada su culpabilidad, es privado del libre ejercicio de uno de sus
derechos más preciados, el derecho a la libertad de movimiento, junto con otras restricciones
adicionales. En este sentido, la prisión provisional afecta materialmente al derecho a la
presunción de inocencia". Por eso es necesario buscarle límites, dentro, por supuesto, del
respeto al Estado de Derecho. Lo primero que se debe decir en este punto es que la detención
provisional no persigue un fin de prevención general, ya que no se trata de una medida
ejemplarizante que tiende a tranquilizar a la comunidad inquieta por el delito, restituyendo la
confianza en el Derecho evitando que terceros caigan en el delito. Si esta idea se admitiera, y
entiendo que, aunque de manera solapada, surge de varios fallos, se estaría sosteniendo la idea
de que se trata de una anticipación de la pena, y es por lo tanto, una primera e inmediata
sanción. Se trata, cómo bien se ha dicho, de una descarada y hasta expresa función punitiva de
la prisión preventiva. En consecuencia, vista la cuestión desde esta perspectiva, la prisión
preventiva así entendida es inconstitucional ya que nadie puede ser penado sin juicio previo
(art. 18 CN). Lo que es legal es realizar de inmediato la investigación por parte del Estado
frente a la noticia de una posible comisión de un delito de acción pública. Y esto es suficiente
para la satisfacción del interés público en la justicia, de acuerdo a las normas constitucionales.
Además, la coerción personal del imputado presupone la existencia de pruebas en su contra y
la existencia de un peligro, que en caso de no imponerse la coerción, frustraría los fines del
proceso. Estos requisitos son básicos para poder imponer la coerción personal. Nuevamente
acudimos a Roxin cuando exige, cómo sus presupuestos materiales: 1) La sospecha vehemente
con respecto a la comisión del hecho punible, esto es, debe existir un alto grado de probabilidad
de que el imputado ha cometido el hecho y de que están presentes todos los presupuestos de la
punibilidad y de la perseguibilidad. 2) Debe existir un motivo específico de detención. Debe
recordarse que El nacional-socialismo de Hitler tenía dos motivos: peligrosidad permanente y
repercusión en la opinión pública, de modo que quedaba a discreción de la autoridad decidir
cuando se otorgaba la libertad. 2.1.Por eso afirma Roxin que los motivos de detención son, en
este sentido la fuga o peligro de fuga, que comprende, la situación de cuando el imputado está
prófugo o se mantiene oculto; 2.2. Cuando exista la presunción de que el imputado no se
someterá al procedimiento penal, ni a la ejecución. Se debe tener en cuenta la pena y la prueba
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en contra del imputado. 3) Peligro de entorpecimiento: 3.1.Que el imputado destruirá,

modificará, ocultará, suprimirá o falseará medios de prueba. 3.2. Influirá de manera desleal en
coimputados, testigos o peritos. 3.3. Inducirá a otros a realizar tales comportamientos. Y todo
ello si comporta un peligro de que se dificultara la investigación. 4. La gravedad del hecho. 5.
El peligro de reiteración En síntesis, la prisión preventiva sólo se ha de imponer cuando exista
peligro de la frustración del proceso. V. En base a lo expuesto no hay posibilidad de aceptar
límites a la libertad del imputado que tengan que ver sólo con las escalas penales, tal cómo el
codificador lo ha expresado de manera terminante en el art. 316 C.P.P.N., expresión sin duda
del origen de este Código Procesal. Si se quiere entender este código de manera armónica con
las Convenciones de Derechos humanos, debe aceptarse que este artículo es inconstitucional
cuando sea interpretado iuris et de iure y por ende, sólo rige el art. 319 C.P.P.N., en cuanto el
tiempo de detención sea racional. En esa dirección fue interpretado por el Sr. juez de grado el
art. 316 del CPPN, por lo cual deviene inconstitucional su aplicación al caso concreto, toda vez
que impuso la prisión preventiva del imputado sustentando su decisión exclusivamente en la
calificación de los hechos que le fueron atribuidos al nombrado, los que a su criterio, impiden
que el imputado transite el proceso en libertad. De acuerdo con lo hasta acá visto no tengo
dudas que la manera correcta de interpretar la cuestión tiene como base la Constitución y los
Tratados de Derechos humanos. De modo que el dictado de la prisión preventiva, única forma
que un juez puede detener a una persona durante el proceso, pasado los primeros momentos de
la investigación, tiene como base a la primer parte del art. 312 C.P.P.N. También podrían ser
conciliables con la normativa constitucional el inc. 2, en cuanto remite al art. 319. Queda en
duda el inciso primero, ya que exige hacer un juicio por adelantado sobre la punibilidad, y por
ende, sobre la tipicidad, antijuridicidad y culpabilidad del imputado, que suena a prematura, ya
que nos encontramos en la parte preparatoria del proceso y lejos, por decirlo así, del verdadero
juicio que es el debate. Por eso sólo queda en juego, en realidad el art. 312 primer parte y 2
inciso y el art. 319 C.P.P.N. que son lo únicos compatible con la Constitución, siempre que se
entienda al segundo de ellos, de manera tal que la pauta debe ser objetiva, de acuerdo a los
criterios antes expuestos, y no sólo dictados por la íntima convicción del juez. De resultas de
lo expuesto entiendo que no es de aplicación el art. 316 C.P.P.N., por estar en contra de los
normado por la Constitución Nacional, debiendo en el caso regirse por el art. 319 C.P.P.N. En
consecuencia de todo lo expuesto, corresponde declara la inconstitucionalidad de la
interpretación del art. 316 del C.P.P.N., revocándose la resolución apelada y la prisión
preventiva dispuesta en los autos principales. (Del voto del Dr Donna al que adhirieran los
Dres. Elbert y Bruzzone) en la causa n° 21.143 "B. R. R. S/EXENCIÓN DE PRISIÓN", C Nac
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en lo Crim y Corr Sala I".

Como puede verificarse en el caso que nos ocupa no existe ningún elemento que, valorado
con lógica racional, permita afirmar que ...........................................................................
pudiera eludir el accionar judicial o no concurrir al Tribunal cuando fuera solicitada su
presencia.

Debido a lo expuesto y más allá de los argumentos que habré de expresar al momento
previsto por el artículo 454 del CPPN, solicito a V.S. conceda el recurso impetrado disponiendo
la elevación de este incidente al Superior.

Por todo lo expuesto, SOLICITO a V.S.:

a) Se tenga por interpuesto, en legal tiempo y forma, recurso de apelación contra el auto de
fecha ........................................................................... en cuanto rechaza la excarcelación
peticionada.

b) Se conceda el recurso impetrado disponiendo la elevación de lo actuados al Superior.

c) Para el improbable e hipotético caso de una resolución adversa, planteo la cuestión federal
haciendo reserva de ocurrir ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en orden a lo reglado
por el artículo 14 de la Ley 48.

d) Oportunamente se revoque el decisorio atacado y se conceda el beneficio solicitado.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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APORTA DATOS DE CONTACTO DE LOS TESTIGOS

AL SEÑOR FISCAL:
(...........................................................................) ante Ud. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que atento al estado de estos autos, y conforme lo solicitado en fecha
..........................................................................., vengo a aportar los datos de contacto de los
testigos ofrecidos en el escrito del día ............................................................................

II. TESTIGOS
..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en
............................................................................

..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en
............................................................................

..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en
............................................................................

Todos ellos podrán aseverar conocerme, así como referirse a mi desempeño profesional y
comportamiento. De hecho, todos ellos podrán aportar claridad a los hechos del día
..........................................................................., por haber estado presentes o bien por haber
tomado conocimiento a través de terceros.

III. PETITORIO
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Por lo expuesto, SOLICITO:

A. Se tenga presente lo manifestado;

B. Se tenga por ofrecida la prueba testimonial y se cite a

...........................................................................;

C. Oportunamente, se resuelva el presente proceso conforme ley y, en consecuencia, se

desestime la denuncia incoada por ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONSTITUYE NUEVO DOMICILIO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado), ante V.S digo:

Vengo por intermedio del presente a constituir nuevo domicilio en

..........................................................................., solicitando a V.S. lo tenga presente a sus
efectos.

Tenerlo presente que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONTESTA QUERELLA

Señor Juez:
..........................................................................., a V.S. digo:

OBJETO
Que, en tiempo y forma, vengo a contestar el traslado de fecha
........................................................................... para que se aparte a
........................................................................... como parte querellante en este sumario (arts.
339 y 340 CPPN).

De acuerdo al informe acompañado por esta parte, resulta que

..........................................................................., objeto de esta investigación,
........................................................................... no es damnificado ni tiene interés en el
presente.

Ergo, no cumple con el principal requisito para ser querellante: ser damnificado u ofendido
por el delito, ya que en este caso ............................................................................

PETITORIO
Debido a lo expuesto, SOLICITO a V.S. tenga por contestado el traslado y, en
consecuencia, aparte a ........................................................................... como querellante.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONTESTA TRASLADO. SOLICITA ABSOLUCIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V. S. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo, en legal tiempo y forma, a contestar el traslado conferido en fecha
........................................................................... por aplicación del art. 349 CPPN, atento a la
acusación fiscal realizada respecto de ............................................................................

II. ANTECEDENTES
El sumario ............................................................................

Los hechos ............................................................................

La acusación ............................................................................

La ley ............................................................................

III. CONCLUSIONES
Por estas consideraciones y las que V.S. suplirá en su sentencia, es que se SOLICITA la
absolución de mi defendido y su inmediata libertad.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA ACCIÓN PRIVADA INJURIAS. PLANTEO DE FALTA DE ACCIÓN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. respetuosamente me presento y
digo:

-I-
Vengo por la presente, a solicitar se dicte sobreseimiento parcial respecto de mi asistido, de
conformidad con lo dispuesto en el art. 339, inc. 2 del CPPN, por entender que varios de los
hechos que se le imputan resultan atípicos; esto sobre la base de las consideraciones que pasaré
a exponer.

En atención a las garantías de carácter constitucional involucradas en este planteo: debido

proceso y ley penal más benigna (arts. 18 y 75 inc. 22 de la CN y art. 9 de la CADH), introduzco
en la ocasión el caso federal.

Asimismo, toda vez que se encuentra involucrada la observancia de las normas de fondo
(art. 2 CP) y de forma (arts. 336 y 339 inc. 2 del CPPN), formulo expresa reserva de recurrir
en casación.

-II-
En estos autos se investiga la presunta configuración del delito de evasión simple de
recursos de la seguridad social (art. 7 ley 24.769) por sumas superiores a los $80.000,
correspondientes a los empleados en relación de dependencia de
..........................................................................., de los períodos mensuales de
..........................................................................., de conformidad con el dictamen fiscal
presentado el ..........................................................................., en el que se sostuvo que:
"...........................................................................".

La posterior sanción de la ley 27.430 produjo sustanciales modificaciones a la ley 24.769,

por un lado derogándola, y por otro regulando las mismas materias objeto de aquella, elevando
el monto dinerario a partir del cual la conducta imputada en estos autos resultará penalmente
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relevante, en atención a verse modificado un elemento objetivo del tipo penal.

Con la entrada en vigencia de la citada ley, lo que fuera regulado por el art. 7 de la norma
24.769 quedó redactado de la siguiente forma: "ARTÍCULO 5°.- Evasión simple. Será
reprimido con prisión de dos (2) a seis (6) años el obligado que, mediante declaraciones
engañosas, ocultaciones maliciosas, o cualquier otro ardid o engaño, sea por acción o por
omisión, evadiere parcial o totalmente al fisco nacional, provincial o de la Ciudad Autónoma
de Buenos Aires, el pago de aportes o contribuciones, o ambos conjuntamente,
correspondientes al sistema de la seguridad social, siempre que el monto evadido excediere la
suma de doscientos mil pesos ($ 200.000) por cada mes."

El principio de irretroactividad de la ley penal reconoce una importante excepción, que es

el efecto retroactivo de la ley penal más benigna.

Reza el art. 2 del Código Penal: "Si la ley vigente al tiempo de cometerse el delito fuere
distinta de la que existía al pronunciarse el fallo o en el tiempo intermedio, se aplicará siempre
la más benigna. Si durante la condena se dictare una ley más benigna, la pena se limitará a la
establecida por esa ley. En todos los casos del presente artículo, los efectos de la nueva ley
operarán de pleno derecho" (el subrayado me pertenece).

En idéntico sentido, el art. 9 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, con

jerarquía constitucional a partir de 1994 (art. 75 inc. 22 CN) expresa: "Nadie puede ser
condenado por acciones u omisiones que en el momento de cometerse no fueran delictivas
según el derecho aplicable. Tampoco se puede imponer pena más grave que la aplicable en el
momento de la comisión del delito. Si con posterioridad a la comisión del delito la ley dispone
la imposición de una pena más leve, el delincuente se beneficiará con ello."

La ley penal más benigna es la que en la situación jurídica en que se encuentra el interesado,
lo favorece o lo hace en mayor medida, sea porque el hecho imputado u objeto de la condena
ha dejado de ser delictuoso o contravencional; sea porque se castiga menos severamente o se
ponen mayores exigencias para castigarlo o menores para reprimirlo más benignamente o para
eximirlo de pena o acordarle un beneficio (CNCP, Sala II, causa nro. 2217 "Brener, Julio David
s/ recurso de Casación", rta. El 15/10/99, reg. Nro. 2888.2).
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En tal sentido, es evidente que el nuevo monto establecido impacta en forma decisiva en el
alcance del tipo penal que se le imputa a mi asistido previsto en la ley Nº 24.769, de modo que
el supuesto de hecho que anteriormente se hallaba comprendido en su espectro, actualmente
deviene atípico, alcanzando la norma más reciente mayor benignidad en relación a la
disposición legal anterior.

En ese orden de ideas, cobra plena operatividad el principio constitucional relativo a la

aplicación retroactiva de la ley penal más benigna, regulado en las disposiciones supralegales
antes mencionadas, toda vez que a través de la nueva normativa se ha establecido una
ampliación de montos que implican una alteración de un elemento objetivo del tipo penal en
trato, lo cual debe necesariamente ser tenido en cuenta al momento de resolver. Ya que en la
actualidad por no alcanzar el monto previsto en el art. 5 del nuevo régimen penal tributario, la
conducta investigada deviene atípica.

Así, sobre el alcance de la garantía constitucional de la aplicación de la ley penal más

benigna, en el caso "Cristalux S.A. s/ ley 24.144", la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación
se remite al voto en disidencia emitido por el Ministro Petracchi en los autos "Ayerza, Diego
Luis s/ infracción al régimen cambiario" (A. 837 XXXI) que afirma ...no es posible pretender
que una rama del derecho represivo o un determinado objeto de protección estén genéricamente
excluidos de la esfera de aplicación de la garantía. De otro modo, el camino de una
interpretación amplia de esta última, supuesta en el propósito de "...que el delincuente se
beneficie lo más posible de cualesquier modificaciones ulteriores de la legislación" (Naciones
Unidas, Asamblea General, decimoquinto período de sesiones, Documentos Oficiales, Tercera
Comisión, Nueva York, sesión 1010, 2/11/1960, pág. 158), se vería sembrado de obstáculos
que un examen particular podría relevar de arbitrarios.

Más recientemente, cabe consignar que es jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia

de la Nación que "...en materia penal la efectiva operatividad del principio de legalidad impone
la necesidad de practicar una hermenéutica que, basada en las palabras utilizadas para la
elaboración del tipo penal, resuelva las dudas interpretativas en la forma más limitativa de la
criminalización. En consecuencia, la opción a favor de una exégesis que amplifique el ámbito
de la prohibición penal compromete ciertamente la garantía que implica el nullum crimen sine
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lege y, por ello, resulta preferible la elección de la interpretación más restrictiva de la punición
en la medida en que, además, no provoca en el caso una consecuencia ridícula o absurda...
corresponde hacer aplicación del principio de máxima taxatividad legal e interpretativa que
surge como manifestación de la garantía de legalidad en materia penal (art. 18 C.N.) y que
impone una exégesis a favor del sentido más restrictivo del ámbito de lo prohibido..." (CSJN,
V.160.XLI, "Valerga, Oscar Alfredo y otros s/ Inf. Ley 23.771", voto en disidencia de los Dres.
Ricardo Luis Lorenzetti, Juan Carlos Maqueda y Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni).

Asimismo, esta doctrina fue adoptada por las cuatro salas de la Cámara Federal de Casación
Penal (Conf. causa N° 16.739 "Marchese Hugo y otros s/ recurso de queja", res del 11/12/12,
Reg 20.526 de la Sala I, Causa N° 15.842 "Lazarcsuk Juan Manuel s/ recurso de casación" res
del 15/04/13, Reg n° 288/13 de la Sala II, Causa N° 16.022 "Perez Mateo, Elena s/ recurso de
casación" res. Del 03/03/13 Reg N° 434/13 de la Sala III, y causa N° 15.897 "Emmert Hipólito
Mario y otros s/ recurso de casación" res del 15/03/13 Reg 283/13 de la Sala IV).

Similar situación a la aquí planteada se dio al momento de la sanción de la ley 26.063 por
la que se incrementó el monto imputable en el art. 9 de la ley 24.769 de 5 a 10 mil, oportunidad
en la cual nuestra Corte Suprema, con remisión al Procurador General, consideró oportuna la
aplicación del principio aquí invocado, al señalar que "En tales condiciones, entiendo que
resulta aplicable al caso en forma retroactiva esta ley que ha resultado más benigna para el
recurrente de acuerdo a lo normado por el artículo 2 del Código Penal, en tanto que la
modificación introducida importa la desincriminación de aquellas retenciones mensuales
menores a dicha cifra, entre las que se incluyen las que se conformaron el marco fáctico original
de la pena impuesta al apelante que, de ser mantenida, importaría vulnerar aquel principio
receptado en los tratados internaciones con jerarquía constitucional a las que se ha hecho
mención (Fallos: 321:3160; 324:1878 y 2806 y 327:2280)" (CSJN, "Palero, Jorge Carlos sobre
rec. de casación", rta: 23/10/2007).

Discusión y asimilación que se ha producido en diversas instancias cuando se produjo la

sanción de la ley 26.735, que también provocó aumentos en los montos mínimos tenidos en
cuenta para los delitos de evasión simple y agravada tributaria y previsional. Entendiéndose en
aquella oportunidad que correspondía la aplicación de la ley penal más benigna y que si no se
satisfacía en el caso el monto mínimo legal, la conducta devenía atípica correspondiendo sea
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dictada la falta de acción por tal causal.

En el marco de planteos por las modificaciones operadas por la ley 26.735 -en el mismo
sentido que el propiciado en el presente-, también se han expedido en el mismo sentido ambas
Salas de la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Penal Económico.

Así, lo ha sostenido la Sala B en el Registro 26 del año 2012, causa Nº 62.304 y en el

Registro Nº 80 del mismo año, causa Nº 62.141, que "... por la ley 26.735 (...) se modificó el
art. 1 de la ley 24.769, elevándose a la suma de cuatrocientos mil pesos ($ 400.000) el monto
establecido por aquella norma como condición objetiva de punibilidad del delito de evasión
tributaria simple. 3°) Que, la nueva redacción del art. 1 de la ley penal tributaria resultaría
aplicable al caso "sub examine" como derivación del principio de la ley penal más benigna, en
virtud de resultar una norma más beneficiosa para los imputados que la redacción del artículo
mencionado vigente al momento de los hechos (art. 2 del Código Penal) (...)"

Mientras que la Sala A ha interpretado en el mismo sentido la elevación del monto de la

condición objetiva de punibilidad establecida por la ley 26.735 y la aplicación al caso del art.
2 del Código Penal. Cabe citar al respecto las resoluciones con el registro Nº 38/2012 en causa
Nº 62.434 y la del registro Nº 39/2012 en causa Nº 62.407.

Con base a esta jurisprudencia, surge equiparable las conclusiones arribadas sobre las
modificaciones operadas por la ley 26.735 a las que se pretenden extraer en el presente planteo
de las emanadas de la reciente ley 27.430, así como también es que se da apoyatura al extremo
de la necesidad de un procesamiento que refleje los términos de la ley vigente y se examine si
efectivamente resulta de aplicación.

En este mismo sentido de evolución uniforme de la jurisprudencia se ha replicado respecto

a las reformas introducidas por la ley 27.430.

Así, cabe citar precedente con análogo objeto, en autos CPE N° 1056/2014 "ALEPH
SEGURIDAD S/ INFRACCIÓN LEY 24.769", del Juzgado Nacional en lo Penal Económico
Nro. 10 en el que se sostuvo que: "...los hechos descriptos por la consideración 1° registrarían
"prima facie" encuadre jurídico en las previsiones de los arts. 7o y 9° de la ley N° 24.769 (texto
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según la ley N° 26.735). El Régimen Penal Tributario previsto por la ley N° 24.769 fue
sustituido por aquel previsto por la ley N° 27.430 (B.O: del 29/12/2017). En efecto, por el art.
279 de aquel cuerpo legal mencionado en último término se estableció "Apruébase como
Régimen Penal Tributario el siguiente texto...", en tanto que por su art. 280 se derogó el
régimen previsto por la ley N° 24.769 y, finalmente, por el art. 317 de aquél, se estableció que
su entrada en vigencia operaba al día siguiente de su publicación." (...) "7°) (...) cabe concluir
que la ley penal vigente en la actualidad (art. 5° del Régimen Penal Tributario incorporado por
el art. 279 de la ley N° 27.430, confr. consid. 5°), en el caso del hecho descripto por el apartado
"a" de la consideración 1o de la presente, es más benigna que la que se encontraba vigente al
momento de tales sucesos (art. 7° de la ley N° 24.769 según Ley No 26.735, confr. consid. 4°);
ya que el monto presuntamente evadido en ese caso no supera el de $ 200.000, al cual
actualmente se hace referencia por la disposición reformada. Por lo tanto, corresponde en el
"sub lite aplicar en forma retroactiva el art. 5° del Régimen Penal Tributario incorporado por
el art. 279 de la ley N° 27.430, a partir de lo cual el hecho descripto por el punto "a" de la
consideración 1o de la presente resulta atípico, por lo que procede el dictado de un auto de
sobreseimiento parcial con relación a dicho suceso y en relación a Mario Máximo Silvio
HIRSCH (D.N.I. MERCOSUR No 13.211.132) y Javier Gustavo SZWARCMAN (D.N.I.
MERCOSUR No 17.577.330), en función de lo previsto por los arts. 334 y 336 inc. 3° del
C.P.P.N."

Sosteniendo que ante situaciones análogas también se ha procedido aplicando la ley penal
más benigna en instancias superiores como ha ocurrido con el caso de la sanción de las leyes
Nº 24.415, 24.587, 24.769 y 25.986 y que la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación también
ha fallado en el mismo sentido con motivo de la sanción de la ley 26.063 en autos "Palero,
Jorge Carlos s/ Recurso de Casación" "...en el cual se remitió al dictamen del señor Procurador
Fiscal que había expuesto "...resulta aplicable al caso en forma retroactiva esta ley que ha
resultado más benigna para el recurrente de acuerdo a lo normado por el artículo 2 del Código
Penal, en tanto que la modificación introducida importó la desincriminación de aquellas
retenciones mensuales menores a dicha cifra, entre las que se incluyen las que conformaron el
marco fáctico original de la pena impuesta al apelante que, de ser mantenida, importaría
vulnerar aquel principio receptado en los tratados internacionales con jerarquía
constitucional...". Además, con relación a este principio el más Alto Tribunal estableció que
"los efectos de una ley penal más benigna operan de pleno derecho...". Por último, con relación
a la ley N° 26.735 en particular las Salas "A" y "B" de la Excma. Cámara Nacional de
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Apelaciones en lo Penal Económico, oportunamente, mediante los fallos de fechas

16/2/201214, 10/2/201215, 1°/3/201216, 8/3/201217, 15/3/201218, 29/3/1219, 11/5/201220,
17/5/201221, 18/5/201222, 24/5/201223 y 30/5/201224 se han pronunciado con similar
criterio. Del mismo modo lo han hecho la Sala IV de la Excma. Cámara Nacional de Casación
Penal mediante los precedentes de fechas 29/2/201225, 4/4/201226 y 18/4/201227, la Sala I
del citado Tribunal en aquel de fecha 16/5/201228 y el Tribunal Oral Federal N° 1 de Córdoba
por el pronunciamiento del 1°/6/2012." 9°) Que, en base a las consideraciones antes efectuadas,
se reitera que el hecho descripto por el apartado "a" de la consideración 1o de la presente resulta
atípico por lo que corresponde dictar el sobreseimiento parcial en la causa con relación a
Máximo Silvio HIRSCH y Javier Gustavo SZWARCMAN, en orden al referido suceso".

Dicha resolución fue confirmada por la Sala A de la CNAPE, Reg. Interno N° 323/2018,
del 22 de mayo de 2018 en autos CPE 1056/2014/4/CA2, Orden N° 31.433.

Respecto a la aplicación retroactiva de la ley 27.430 también se ha expedido este mismo

juzgado en autos CPE 1449/2015 "AGROTIERRAS.COM S.A. Y OTROS s/INFRACCIÓN
LEY 24.769", y el sobreseimiento fue confirmado el 10 de junio de 2019 por la Sala B de la
CNAPE, en el LEGAJO DE APELACIÓN DE AGROTIERRAS.COM S.A. Y OTROS
FORMADO EN LA CAUSA N° CPE 1449/2015, N° CPE 1449/2015/1/CA1. ORDEN N°
28.989.

Así como también ambas Salas de la CNAPE se han expedido al respecto en el sentido que
expuesto. Mientras que la Sala A ha interpretado en el mismo sentido la elevación del monto
estipulado como elemento objetivo del tipo penal del actual artículo 5° de la ley 27.430 y la
aplicación al caso del art. 2 inc. a) del Código Penal. Cabe citar al respecto las resoluciones
con el registro 49/2018 y 133/2018, en las que se mantuvo el criterio sostenido anteriormente
en casos análogos en los que se pretendía la aplicación de la ley 26.735 retroactivamente.-

"Que, contrariamente a lo sostenido por el Fiscal General en su dictamen y a lo manifestado

por el representante de la Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos en su presentación, la
nueva redacción otorgada al Régimen Penal Tributario resulta aplicable al caso sub examine
como derivación del principio de la retroactividad de la ley penal más benigna, toda vez que
se trata de una norma más beneficiosa para los imputados que la vigente al momento de los
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hechos que se les atribuyen (conf. artículo 2 del Código Penal y artículos 15, inciso 1°, del
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, 11, inciso 2°, de la Declaración Universal
de Derechos Humanos y 9 "in fine" de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, a
los cuales el artículo 75, inciso 22°, de la Constitución Nacional, les otorgó jerarquía
constitucional). Que, en efecto, esa modificación legal implica, necesariamente, la
desincriminación de aquellos comportamientos que, no obstante ser fraudulentos, no alcancen
a defraudar por la nueva condición objetiva de punibilidad establecida. Se trata, por ende, de
una ley penal más benigna que debe aplicarse retroactivamente. Que lo manifestado hasta aquí
resulta análogo a la postura interpretativa a la cual arribó este Tribunal en casos similares al
presente con motivo de las modificaciones efectuadas por la ley 26.735 a la ley 24.769 (conf.
Regs. Nos. 218/12, 219/12, 225/12, 238/12, 244/12, 248/12, 249/12, 254/12, 255/12, 257/12,
264/12, 267/12, 269/12 y 536/12, entre muchos otros, de esta Sala "A"). Que esa postura
interpretativa resulta de acuerdo a la doctrina sentada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la
Nación en el fallo "Palero" con motivo de las modificaciones introducidas por la ley 26.063 al
artículo 9 de la Ley Penal Tributaria (conf. Fallos 330:4544) y fue receptada por las cuatro
salas de la Cámara Federal de Casación Penal (conf. causa N° 16.739, "Marchese, Hugo y otro
s/recurso de queja", res. del 11/12/12, Reg. N° 20.526, de la Sala I; causa N° 15.842,
"Lazarcsuk, Juan Manuel s/recurso de casación", res. Del 15/04/13, Reg. N° 288/13, de la Sala
II; causa N° 16.022, "Pérez Mateo, Elena s/recurso de casación", res. del 03/03/13, Reg. N°
434/13, de la Sala III; y causa N° 15.897, "Emmert, Hipólito Mario y otros s/recurso de
casación", res. del 15/03/13, Reg. N° 283/13, de la Sala IV). (Votos de los Dres. Hendler y
Repetto en los registros mencionados)

Mientras que la Excma. Sala B de la CNAPE ha procedido en igual sentido en su

antecedente bajo el Registro Interno Nro. 81/2018, al establecer que "... el art. 1° del Régimen
Penal Tributario establecido por el Título IX de la ley 27.430 podría resultar aplicable al caso
"sub examine" como consecuencia del principio de retroactividad de la ley penal más benigna
(art. 2 del Código Penal, art. 75 inciso 22 de la Constitución Nacional, art. 9 del Pacto de San
José de Costa Rica y art. 15 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos), en virtud
de que podría resultar una norma más beneficiosa para el imputado que el art. 1 de la ley 24.769,
vigente al momento de los hechos.(...) 5°) Que, por lo expresado por los considerandos
anteriores, atento a la naturaleza que revisten tanto el principio de legalidad como sus
excepciones cuando acarrean consecuencias más benignas para el imputado, aun de oficio, el
señor juez "a quo" debe examinar los efectos que en el caso concreto implicaría la eventual
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aplicación del régimen penal tributario establecido por el Título IX de la ley 27.430 y resolver
en consecuencia, por lo que corresponde revocar la resolución [de procesamiento]."

Y en el igual sentido lo ha hecho la Sala B, en lo resuelto el pasado 13 de mayo, en la causa

caratulada: "S.D. S/ INFRACCIÓN LEY 24.769", CPE 530/2018/CA1. ORDEN N° 29.387.

En tales condiciones resulta más benigna la aplicación de la ley 27.430, por cuanto aumenta
a $200.000 el límite punible del delito tipificado en el art. 7o de la ley 24.769 -actual artículo
5 de la ley 27.430 que prevé el delito de evasión simple de recursos de la seguridad social-,
motivo por el cual, en base a todo lo aquí expuesto, entiendo que no corresponde encuadrar la
conducta reprochada en el art. 7 de la ley 27.769 -ya derogada por el art. 280 de la ley 27.430-
ni en el artículo 5° del nuevo Régimen Penal Tributario aprobado por el art. 279 de la ley
27.430, ni en ningún otro de la misma ley, por no alcanzarse cuantitativamente estos umbrales
mínimos, resultando la conducta investigada atípica.

Por todo lo expuesto es que considero que corresponde declarar la falta de acción penal
respecto de los periodos fiscales ..........................................................................., de
..........................................................................., por resultar atípicos, y en consecuencia dictar
el sobreseimiento de mis asistidos.

-III-
Por ello solicito respetuosamente de V.S.:

1.- Se tenga por formulada la presente excepción de falta de acción;

2.- Se resuelva en consecuencia y se dicte el sobreseimiento de

............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA COMPARECE A JUICIO OFRECE PRUEBA

Excmo. Tribunal:

(Encabezado) a V.E. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que atento citación de fecha ..........................................................................., vengo en legal
tiempo y forma a comparecer a juicio y a ofrecer -de acuerdo a lo normado por el artículo 355
y ss. CPPN- los medios probatorios que hacen a la absoluta falta de responsabilidad penal de
mi parte en el hecho que se investiga.

II. INSTRUCCIÓN SUPLEMENTARIA

Que a los fines de completar los elementos de convicción existentes en el proceso, y antes
de fijar la audiencia de debate, solicito se disponga la realización de las siguientes medidas
como instrucción suplementaria:

a) Inspección ocular de ..........................................................................., con presencia del

Tribunal, las partes y los peritos que participaron en estos autos. En la diligencia, solicito se
disponga la confección, a través de la División Planimetría de la Policía Federal, un plano de
........................................................................... indicando especialmente entradas y salidas, y
las distancias de cada una de ellas a la esquina. Asimismo, deberá consignarse la ubicación de
..........................................................................., e informarse si
............................................................................

III. DEBATE
Que a sus efectos, solicito se incorporen al debate por lectura los siguientes documentos:

a) Acta de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

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b) Plano de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

c) Declaraciones testimoniales de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

d) Constancias de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

e) Pericia de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

f) Informe de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................).

IV. TESTIMONIALES
Que al debate, se cite a prestar declaración testimonial a las siguientes personas:

a) Sr. ..........................................................................., cuyos datos obran a fs.

...........................................................................;

b) Sr. ..........................................................................., cuyos datos obran a fs.

............................................................................

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto a V.S., solicito:

a) Se tenga presente lo manifestado.

b) Se ordene la realización de la instrucción suplementaria requerida.

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c) Se disponga la recepción durante la audiencia de debate de la prueba testimonial ofrecida

y la incorporación de los elementos indicados.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO A RAÍZ DE CONCLUSIÓN. PERICIA

FALSIFICACIÓN DOCUMENTO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. digo:

I.- OBJETO:
Que habiendo concluido el examen pericial ...........................................................................
y teniendo en cuenta el resultado unánime al que arribaron los profesionales propuestos por
esta parte y por la fiscalía, corresponde sin más el sobreseimiento de mi defendido, en virtud
del art. 336 CPPN.

II.- HECHOS:
Desde el inicio, esta parte sostuvo la inconsistencia de los argumentos sostenidos en la
denuncia para ............................................................................

Tales resultados contradecían el resto de la prueba acompañada por esta parte a la causa.

La reciente pericia ..........................................................................., llevada a cabo por los

especialistas de ..........................................................................., ha permitido encausar
definitivamente el sumario hacia su ineludible desenlace: la inexistencia del delito imputado.

Los profesionales actuantes concluyeron de manera unánime que

............................................................................

III.- CONCLUSIÓN:
Por todo lo expuesto, no queda más que proponer el sobreseimiento de
............................................................................

Ello por no haberse acreditado la existencia del delito que diera lugar a la presente causa
(art. 336 inc. 2 CPPN).

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IV.- PETITORIO:
a.- Se tenga presente.

b.- Oportunamente, se dicte el sobreseimiento de

............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA SE OPONE A ELEVACIÓN DE JUICIO. INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I.- OBJETO:
Que vengo en tiempo y forma a contestar la vista que me ha sido conferida en los términos
del art. 349 del C.P.P.N. en relación al requerimiento de elevación a juicio formulado por el
Sr. Fiscal Dr. ........................................................................... en estas actuaciones, en relación
a mi defendido ............................................................................

Al respecto, adelanto mi opinión en el sentido de dejar expresa mi oposición al

requerimiento, toda vez que las pruebas reunidas a lo largo del sumario, lejos de demostrar la
responsabilidad penal del nombrado en relación a las lesiones sufridas por el Sr.
..........................................................................., acreditan que ellas tuvieron lugar ya por fruto
de la fatalidad o, en todo caso, por la propia y exclusiva imprudencia de la víctima.

II.- FUNDAMENTO:
De la lectura de los hechos que el Sr. Fiscal dice tener por acreditados, hace hincapié en
señalar principalmente que las lesiones sufridas por el damnificado en autos tuvieron como
causa determinante la maniobra riesgosa, negligente, por su falta de precaución, e imprudente
por haber circulado a una velocidad excesiva al momento del impacto que le impidió mantener
el dominio de su rodado.-

Al citar las probanzas que dan sustento a su opinión, lo hace en forma conjunta y sin
diferenciar aquellas que acreditarían la materialidad de los hechos, de las que demostrarían la
autoría y responsabilidad penal emergente de una violación al deber de cuidado y que habría
tenido lugar a raíz de la pérdida de dominio del rodado a raíz de una maniobra inadecuada, en
atención a las condiciones climáticas imperantes y el lugar donde ocurre el impacto.

Del análisis global de toda la prueba incorporada al sumario, se desprende una conclusión
diametralmente opuesta a la recogida por el fiscal.
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No es cierto que el accidente se produce por la falta de precaución de

..........................................................................., sino que debe colocarse como causa eficiente
del mismo la circunstancia de que el Sr. ........................................................................... (fs.
...........................................................................) ingresó a una autopista en un rodado cuyas
condiciones mecánicas se lo impedían.

Está probado que el damnificado ........................................................................... se

encontraba al momento del impacto, parado sobre una de las manos de circulación de la
autopista, empujando el automóvil de ........................................................................... desde la
ventana del conductor- dado que el mismo no arrancaba.

No resulta cierto lo que afirma el Sr. Fiscal que el automóvil de mi defendido circulaba a
excesiva velocidad. ........................................................................... conducía a una velocidad
adecuada a las circunstancias del lugar y del clima reinante. Así lo afirmó al prestar declaración
indagatoria. Lo que nunca pudo esperarse es la presencia de una persona empujando un
automóvil de a pié, sobre el pavimento de ..........................................................................., en
una curva y bajo la lluvia. Gracias a la pericia de
........................................................................... y a que conducía a velocidad prudente, el
resultado no fue más grave -o fatal-.

III.- LOS HECHOS DETERMINANTES DE LAS LESIONES:

Las circunstancias apuntadas nos llevan, necesariamente, a ubicar como causa determinante
del hecho investigado, a las pésimas condiciones mecánicas en que se encontraba el automóvil
............................................................................

Tampoco surge probado que la señalización mediante conos se hubiera concretado en la

instancia previa a la colisión circunstancia que no fuera advertida ni siquiera por el mismo
testigo ............................................................................

IV.- CONCLUSIÓN:
Las carencias probatorias de que adolece el requerimiento fiscal, imponen a esta parte —

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una vez más- a expresar su rechazo e instar el dictado del sobreseimiento del Sr.
........................................................................... por imperio del art. 336 inc. 4° del C.P.P.-

V.- PETITORIO:
a.- Se tenga por contestada en tiempo y forma la vista conferida en los términos del art. 349
del C.P.P..-

b.- Se tenga presente la oposición formulada a la elevación de la causa a juicio oral,

solicitada por la fiscalía.-

c.- Se dicte sobreseimiento en favor de ........................................................................... (art.

336 inc. 4° del C.P.P.)

Quiera V.S. tener presente lo expuesto y proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA SE OPONE ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO. PLANTEA EXCEPCIÓN DE

PRESCRIPCIÓN. INSTA SOBRESEIMIENTO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

1. Que la defensa fue notificada por el Tribunal del requerimiento de elevación a juicio
solicitada por el agente fiscal, con fecha ............................................................................ Y en
virtud de ello, vengo a oponerme y a solicitar que, por las consideraciones que expongo más
abajo, se decrete el sobreseimiento de mi pupilo.

Asimismo, y de acuerdo con lo normado en el art. 339 inc. 2 CPPN, vengo a interponer
excepción de prescripción de acuerdo a lo que se expresa infra. Es que, como veremos, en
relación al hecho que el acusador público califica como constitutivo del delito
..........................................................................., cabe la interposición de la excepción en virtud
de los arts. 62 inc. 2° y 67 del código sustantivo.

2. La presente causa fue iniciada a raíz de ............................................................................

Teniendo en cuenta el tiempo transcurrido desde

..........................................................................., en exceso se ha superado el plazo previsto por
el artículo 62 inc. 2° del Código Penal. Antes del procesamiento la acción penal se encontraba
prescripta respecto del aludido hecho y así deberá ser declarado por V.S. adoptándose el
temperamento previsto por el artículo 334 en función del artículo 336 inc. 1° del código
adjetivo.

La jurisprudencia se ha pronunciado: "Uno de los fundamentos de la prescripción de la

acción penal es el desinterés del Estado en el ejercicio de la pretensión punitiva, que se presume
por la inactividad o el abandono evidenciados en el proceso..." (CN Penal Económico Sala B
28/04/1999 Otero, Juan C. y otros Doc.Jud 2000-1-948).

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"a) La prescripción corre separadamente para cada delito atribuido, habida cuenta que de
cada ilícito nace una acción independiente, y no una para todo un concurso real de delitos..."
(CNCrim. Sala IV c. 42.531 RETONDO, Francisco 09/09/93).

"No mediando auto de procesamiento los demás actos no constituyen secuela de juicio
careciendo de virtualidad interruptiva" (C.C.C. Fed. Sala Ia. Veltri, Carlos E. 16/02/93
BOLETÍN DE JURISPRUDENCIA. AÑO 1993. Pág. 258).

"La prescripción de la acción se opera separadamente para cada uno de los delitos y no
existe unificación de acciones, pues como señala Fontán Balestra las reglas del concurso real
que estatuye el art. 55 del Código Penal, entran en juego únicamente a los efectos de regular la
especie y la medida de la pena a aplicar en los casos de pluralidad de delitos.... Una cosa es la
acumulación de las penas, válidas para el concurso material, y otra la acumulación del término
de prescripción de las respectivas acciones" (C.C.C. Fed. Sala II Griffa, Ricardo F. 15/07/92
BOLETÍN DE JURISPRUDENCIA. AÑO 1992. Pág. 197 nota: Se citó a Fontán Balestra
Tratado de Derecho Penal, T. III, pág. 457 y siguientes; C.S.J. Fallos 186:289, 201:63, 202:168,
212:324; La Ley, T. 55, pág. 592; Fallos de la C.C.C. Fed. Sala IIa. Iñiguez, M. rta. 28-3-85
y de la C.C.C. Sala IV Vergoni, Juan José rta. el 12-12-85).

"Ha sostenido el Tribunal reiteradamente, que dado el carácter de orden público del instituto
de la prescripción de la acción penal, cuando ha transcurrido el plazo extintivo fijado para el
delito sin que éste se haya visto interrumpido por secuela de juicio, debe efectuarse tal
declaración sin que pueda por ello analizarse la responsabilidad del imputado frente a los
hechos" (C.C.C. Fed. Sala I c. 20.433 R: Incidente de prescripción de la acción penal de Ana
Anuncia de Gregorio de Sinner 17/10/88 BOLETÍN DE JURISPRUDENCIA. AÑO 1988. N
3. Pág. 49 nota: Se citó Incidente de prescripción de Emilio Botejara, reg. 544 del 4-12-86; T.
103, pág. 717).

"No habiendo causal alguna de interrupción, corresponde declarar la prescripción de la

acción penal, toda vez que ella es de orden público y debe ser aplicada de oficio en cualquier
estado en que se encuentra la causa" (C.C.C. Fed. Sala II c. 4467 R: Inc. de falta de acción y
de jurisdicción promovido por el Dr. Ricardo Balestra 09/09/88 BOLETÍN DE
JURISPRUDENCIA. AÑO 1988. N 3. Pág. 50 nota 1: Se citó Eugenio Florián, Parte General
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del Diritto Penale, quarta edizione, Milán, 1934).

3. Respecto del hecho indicado, se adoptó la calificación del delito normado por el artículo
........................................................................... del código sustantivo. Y lo cierto es que la pena
máxima establecida para el delito es de ........................................................................... de
prisión.

Ergo, aún teniendo en cuanto el mínimo de dos años establecido por el art. 62, V.S. debió
declarar de oficio la prescripción por tratarse de un instituto de orden público e irrenunciable.

4. De esta manera, la defensa se opone a la elevación a juicio requerida por la fiscalía y, en

merito a la excepción articulada, solicita se declare prescripta la acción respecto del delito
previsto por el artículo ........................................................................... del Código Penal
decretando el sobreseimiento de mi defendido.

5. Por todo lo expuesto, a V.S. solicito:

- Se tenga presente.

- Se haga lugar a la excepción articulada.

- Se decrete el sobreseimiento de ............................................................................

- Para le improbable e hipotético caso que V.S. no acceda a las peticiones articuladas, dejo
planteada la Cuestión Federal haciendo reserva de ocurrir ante la Corte Suprema de Justicia de
la Nación en orden a lo preceptuado por el artículo 14 de la ley 48 por cuando se vulnerarían
las garantías consagradas en los artículos 18 y 19 de la Constitución Nacional y de recurrir en
Casación en orden a lo preceptuado por el artículo 456 inc. 1° del CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.
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DEFENSA SOLICITA ARRESTO DOMICILIARIO

Sr Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. me presento y respetuosamente
digo:

Que vengo por medio de la presente a solicitar se me conceda el arresto domiciliario por
quedar comprendido en lo normado por el art. 10 del Código Penal modificado por ley 26.472.

Ello en virtud de los siguientes hechos: ............................................................................

Hago saber que en caso de que se me conceda el arresto domiciliario, éste se cumplirá en el
domicilio sito en ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA SOLICITA SUSPENSIÓN. INCIDENTE CAUCIÓN POR APELACIÓN

Sr. Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que atento a la apelación interpuesta por esta parte, en fecha

..........................................................................., contra el auto por el cual se procesa al Sr.
........................................................................... y se le impone una caución de
..........................................................................., SOLICITO se suspenda el trámite del
incidente respectivo hasta tanto adquiera firmeza la resolución apelada.

Téngase presente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. ABOGADO SUSTITUTO. ART. 111 CPPN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que vengo por el presente a designar como defensor sustituto al Dr.

..........................................................................., de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el art. 111
CPPN.

Téngase presente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. DESIGNA ABOGADO DEFENSOR. PRESENTACIÓN ESPONTÁNEA.

ART. 279 CPPN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. me presento y respetuosamente
digo:

Que atento la imputación que se me dirige en estas actuaciones es mi deseo designar como
abogado defensor al Dr. ..........................................................................., quien podrá ser citado
a los efectos de aceptar el cargo al domicilio sito en
............................................................................

Asimismo, y con el objeto de analizar las constancias de autos y la posibilidad de formular

las manifestaciones que correspondan en los términos de los arts. 73, 104 y 279 CPPN, solicito
se autorice al letrado, y a quienes él designe, a tomar vista de la causa y a extraer fotocopias de
ella.

Téngase presente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. EXENCIÓN DE PRISIÓN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que siguiendo expresas órdenes del Sr. ...........................................................................,
quien ha tomado conocimiento sobre el presente sumario que lo tiene en situación de rebeldía
desde ........................................................................... (en virtud de la cual habría pedido de
captura), es que vengo a solicitar se decrete su exención de prisión de conformidad con el
artículo 316 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación, por las consideraciones de hecho y de
derecho que a continuación se expondrán.

II. HECHOS
Se le imputa el delito de ............................................................................ Y lo cierto es que
el Sr. ........................................................................... siempre ha estado a derecho desde el
momento en que fue le notificada dicha imputación. Tanto es así que luego de mudarse por
razones personales, dio aviso telefónicamente a su defensor oficial.

Nunca tuvo intenciones de estar rebelde, pero desde su cambio de domicilio no recibió más
notificaciones de la causa. Y por ello justamente se contactó con nosotros, cuando le hicimos
saber su pedido de captura. Fue así como el Sr. ...........................................................................
nos solicitó que promoviéramos el presente, ya que, como bien sostiene David Elbio Dayenoff
(en su Código Penal comentado), "esta forma de protección y conservación de la libertad
personal puede ser promovida por el propio imputado, por intermedio de un abogado o,
simplemente por toda persona que lo solicite en la forma pertinente y al juez de la causa".

El pedido de exención obedece a la necesidad moral, espiritual y jurídica del Sr.

........................................................................... de estar a derecho; está dispuesto de hacerse
presente ante el Excelentísimo Tribunal a fin de aclarar la situación, empero solicita contar con
las garantías constitucionales que lo asisten. Ello considerando que, durante el plazo en que no
ha estado a derecho, no ha entorpecido el accionar de la justicia ni ha interferido con la
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investigación.

No se puede soslayar que la prisión preventiva es una medida cautelar de carácter

excepcional cuya finalidad es evitar la fuga del imputado y la frustración en la investigación
de la verdad. Así se ha sostenido que "la privación de la libertad procesal sólo puede autorizarse
cuando es imprescindible y, por lo tanto, no susceptible de ninguna otra medida de similar
eficacia pero menos gravosa. Si no se comprende que el respeto a la libertad y dignidad del
hombre es el fundamento de cualquier legitimidad normativa, el Derecho será, lejos de un
modo de solución pacífica de conflictos, simplemente un instrumento de opresión" (Seguí,
Ernesto A., "Límites al poder punitivo, coercitivo y normativo del Estado", Ed. Juris, Rosario,
1993, p. 12).

Del armónico análisis de las normas vinculadas resulta claro que el encarcelamiento
preventivo sólo puede tener fines procesales, porque se trata de una medida cautelar, no
punitiva, criterio que surge de lo expresamente previsto en el art. 280, Cód. Procesal Penal, y
que fuera consagrado en distintos precedentes por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos (puede ampliarse este criterio en lo expuesto en el fallo "Suárez Rosero" publicado
en Nueva Doctrina Penal, con comentarios de Alberto Bovino, N.D.P. 1998 B, ps. 631 y sgtes.,
en part., ps. 672 y sgtes. al que brevitatis causae desde ya me remito).

En síntesis: el criterio general es el que surge del art. 280 y las reglas de los arts. 316, 317
y cctes. del Cód. Procesal Penal deben interpretarse armónicamente con el principio de
presunción de inocencia, es decir: dichas reglas son siempre "iuris tantum".

III. MOTIVACIÓN
El pedido de exención de prisión del Sr. ...........................................................................
obedece a la posibilidad de ponerse a derecho y abandonar la situación de rebeldía, prestar
declaración, realizar descargo y evacuar las consultas que V.S. considere pertinentes, así como
someterse a las medidas de prueba que el magistrado disponga.

Luego de todo ello, V.S. podrá disponer de conformidad con lo normado por el art. 334 o
en su defecto por lo dispuesto por el art. 346 CPPN.

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Cabe resaltar que el imputado tiene un trabajo fijo mediante el cual puede afrontar los gastos
esenciales de un individuo y hacer su vida cotidiana como mejor le resulte posible, no se droga,
no consume alcohol y no posee antecedentes penales condenatorios.

IV. HACE RESERVA

Para el hipotético caso de que la acción no fuera acogida formal o sustancialmente
realizamos expresa reserva de interponer el recurso extraordinario federal, según lo dispuesto
por el art. 14 de la ley 48.

Asimismo, realizamos expresa reserva de concurrir por ante la Cámara Nacional de

Casación Penal y por ante los organismos internacionales que corresponda a fin de resguardar
los legítimos derechos del imputado.

V. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto se solicita:

a) Se tenga por peticionada la exención de prisión de

............................................................................

b) Se tengan presentes las reservas realizadas.

c) Oportunamente, se conceda el beneficio solicitado bajo cualquier tipo de caución.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. NULIDAD POR FALTA DE REQUERIMIENTO FISCAL

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO:
Que, habiendo tomado vista de las presentes, advertimos que en el inicio de ellas se ha
incurrido en un vicio de carácter procesal que afecta gravemente las garantías constitucionales
del debido proceso adjetivo y la defensa en juicio.

El defecto formal apuntado acarrea necesariamente la nulidad de todo lo actuado, por

violación de lo dispuesto en el art ........................................................................... CPPN.

II. SOBRE LA INSTRUCCIÓN:

Las presentes tienen su inicio con la denuncia formalizada por
........................................................................... en fecha
............................................................................

Consideró en su denuncia que ............................................................................ Afirmó que

............................................................................ La denuncia fue radicada en
........................................................................... y se encuentra agregada a fs. 1 de la presente
causa.

A fs. ..........................................................................., el denunciante solicitó que

..........................................................................., y el fiscal accedió, derivando las actuaciones
al Juzgado ..........................................................................., para que éste prosiga con la
instrucción del sumario.

Fue así como el Tribunal, sin intervención de las partes ni el impulso del fiscal, ordenó
sendos allanamientos a los domicilios de ........................................................................... y otra
serie de importantes medidas sumariales de instrucción, como el llamado a prestar declaración
indagatoria a ............................................................................
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Pero el régimen procesal establece que, para que el juez instructor pueda llevar adelante la
instrucción del proceso, debe contar con el impulso del órgano acusador. Solo así no se vería
comprometida la imparcialidad que debe reinar en el ejercicio de la magistratura. Lo contrario
implicaría que el juez tome para sí la actividad acusadora, lo cual está absolutamente vedado.

Así lo han sostenido distintos tribunales nacionales. Entre ellos, la Sala IV de la Cámara
Nacional de Casación Penal entendió que la jurisdicción penal no puede ser ejercida por propia
iniciativa del tribunal sino que previamente debe ser excitada, indistintamente, por el
requerimiento del Ministerio Público Fiscal o la prevención o información de la autoridad
policial de conformidad con la interpretación armónica de los arts. 180, 188 y 195 del Cód.
Procesal Penal (CNCP Sala IV, 23-2-2000. La Ley 2000, 623-101045).

Por todo lo expuesto, y para evitar el avance de una pesquisa viciada desde su origen,
entendemos conveniente advertir de tales circunstancias a V.S. a los fines que estime
corresponder.

III. CONCLUSIÓN.
La inexistencia del requerimiento fiscal de instrucción genera en estos actuados un vicio de
forma cuyo único remedio procesal es la declaración de nulidad de lo actuado a partir de la
denuncia formulada por ............................................................................

IV. PETITORIO.
a. Se declare la nulidad de lo actuado a partir de la denuncia en virtud de no mediar
requerimiento fiscal de instrucción.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. REHABILITACIÓN. INHABILITACIÓN JUICIO ABREVIADO POR

INCUMPLIMIENTO PARCIAL

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo en tiempo y forma a solicitar la rehabilitación del Sr.
..........................................................................., en virtud del tiempo transcurrido desde la
sentencia de fecha ..........................................................................., conforme lo establecido
por art. 20 ter. del Código Penal.

II. HECHOS
Con fecha ..........................................................................., V.S. dictó veredicto en los autos
de referencia y condenó al Sr. ........................................................................... a la pena de
........................................................................... y de inhabilitación especial para
..........................................................................., con costas.

Una vez firme la sentencia, se practicó el computado de penas, fijándose como vencimiento
de la pena de inhabilitación el día ............................................................................

III. FUNDAMENTO
Desde el dictado de la sentencia, han transcurrido
..........................................................................., restando tan sólo
........................................................................... para cumplir el plazo de inhabilitación. Sin
embargo, razones de índole familiar llevan a requerir el levantamiento anticipado de la sanción,
conforme las posibilidades que prevé la norma de cita.

El Sr. ........................................................................... no ha cometido ninguna otra falta, ha

respetado la pena impuesta, sometiéndose a cada una de las imposiciones que resultan de la
sentencia. Y ahora necesita que ............................................................................

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IV. CONCLUSIÓN
Los fundamentos expuestos permiten, sin lugar a duda, otorgar la rehabilitación y
..........................................................................., de conformidad con el art. 20 ter del C.P.

V. PETITORIO
A. Se haga lugar a la rehabilitación de ............................................................................

B. Se proceda a la devolución de ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. SOLICITA EXCARCELACIÓN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. digo:

1. OBJETO:
Vengo por este acto a solicitar la excarcelación del
Sr............................................................................ a quien se le imputa —prima facie— el
delito de ............................................................................ Fundo mi petición en lo establecido
en los arts. 18 y 75 inc. 22 de la Constitución Nacional; arts. 7 y 8.2 de la Convención
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos; arts. 10 y 14.2 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos
Civiles y Políticos y arts. 2, 280, 316, 318, 320 y cctes. del CPPN.

2. FUNDAMENTOS:
Debe recordarse que en virtud de la denominada presunción de inocencia, mi defendido
debe ser considerado un ciudadano inocente, por lo cual las medidas de coerción que se dicten
en su contra deben ser excepcionales.

En este sentido se ha pronunciado la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso

López Álvarez de fecha 1 de febrero de 2006, en el que sintetizó el estrecho ámbito de validez
que posee la privación de libertad cautelar así como los estándares necesarios para fundar este
tipo de encarcelamiento: "La prisión preventiva está limitada por los principios de legalidad,
presunción de inocencia, necesidad y proporcionalidad, indispensables en una sociedad
democrática (...) Constituye la medida mas severa que se puede imponer al imputado, y por
ello debe aplicarse excepcionalmente (...) La regla debe ser la libertad del procesado mientras
se resuelve acerca de la responsabilidad penal.".

En el caso que nos ocupa, el Sr. ........................................................................... no se

encuentra procesado, es decir no existe mérito sustantivo, situación que debe acarrear su
inmediata libertad. No obstante, aun en el caso de que mi asistido fuera procesado en un futuro
cercano, ello no debe llevar de forma automática a que se le imponga una detención cautelar si
no se satisfacen los demás requisitos que se detallan a continuación.
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A. El primer requisito fundamental a los fines de aniquilar el derecho de una persona a

permanecer en libertad durante el proceso, es que existan elementos de prueba serios que
vinculen al imputado con el hecho que se investiga: "Si no se determina que existe una
probabilidad de participación personal del imputado en un acto delictivo, la medida de coerción
personal pierde todo sustento —y la misma persecución penal—. En consecuencia, para poder
privar anticipadamente de libertad al imputado, el órgano acusador estatal debe contar con
elementos de prueba que indiquen que existe una gran probabilidad de que el imputado haya
participado en la comisión de un hecho punible." (Bigliani, Paola; Bovino, Alberto,
Encarcelamiento Preventivo y Estándares del Sistema Interamericano, Ed. Defensoría General
de la Nación).

B. El segundo requisito que debe verificar el magistrado a fin de imponer la detención

cautelar es la existencia de peligro procesal. Ello debido al fin estrictamente procesal de la
prisión preventiva.

La detención cautelar no puede cimentarse en criterios sustanciales —como ser la gravedad

del delito— ya que constituiría un adelanto de pena y destruiría claramente dos garantías
constitucionales fundamentales: la presunción de inocencia y la garantía de jurisdiccionalidad.
La primera de ellas dice que el imputado debe ser tratado como inocente hasta tanto no sea
condenado y, la segunda expresa que sólo una sentencia condenatoria dictada por un juez
competente luego de un proceso regular sirve como título valido para privar de derechos a los
ciudadanos.

No es posible presumir el peligro procesal, ya que esto llevaría a la aberrante consecuencia

de que en determinados casos se encarcelaría preventivamente aún cuando no exista un peligro
procesal concreto: "La existencia de peligro procesal es importante destacarlo, no se presume.
En este punto es indispensable destacar que sea que se trate de una presunción iure et de iure,
como de una presunción iuris tantun, en ambos casos se establece una presunción ilegitima y
contrarias al principio de inocencia. Ello pues aún en la presunción iuris tantun se produce una
inversión de la carga de la prueba en perjuicio del imputado absolutamente invalida" (Bigliani,
Paola; Bovino, Alberto, Encarcelamiento Preventivo y Estándares del Sistema Interamericano,
Ed. Defensoría General de la Nación).
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En este sentido debe ponderarse que el Sr. ...........................................................................

fija domicilio en ............................................................................ Circunstancia que aleja
totalmente el denominado peligro de fuga.

Ergo, no hay probabilidad de que el imputado eluda la acción de la justicia o entorpezca la

investigación.

3. EXCEPCIONALIDAD DE LA PRISIÓN PREVENTIVA:

Según este principio, el juez debe agotar en forma previa los medios menos lesivos para el
imputado a los fines de evitar que éste eluda el accionar de la justicia o entorpezca la
investigación. Dice la doctrina al respecto:

"La principal consecuencia que deriva de la excepcionalidad del encarcelamiento

preventivo consiste en restringir su aplicación a casos en los que no existe posibilidad alguna
de garantizar los fines del proceso de otra manera." (Bigliani, Paola; Bovino, Alberto,
Encarcelamiento Preventivo y Estándares del Sistema Interamericano, Ed. Defensoría General
de la Nación).

En este sentido se han dictado las Reglas Mínimas de las Naciones Unidas sobre las medidas
no privativas de libertad (Reglas de Tokio) las cuales expresan que para que pueda dictarse una
medida de coerción personal, ésta debe ser el único medio que asegure los fines del proceso,
es decir no debe poder lograrse ese objetivo con medidas menos lesivas.

La ley procesal nacional, recepta este principio y otorga una amplia variedad de cauciones
a los fines de conjurar el peligro procesal. Estas cauciones deben ser impuestas —en el caso de
las reales, siempre que puedan ser afrontadas por el acusado, ya que seria una canallada que
éste deje de satisfacer sus necesidades básicas o las de su familia para no estar detenido— en
forma previa al encarcelamiento preventivo. Además, cabe remarcar que corresponde al
juzgador demostrar la inocuidad de las cauciones a los fines de legitimar el encierro cautelar.

Es evidente que estas cauciones —como cualquier otra cautelar— solo pueden imponerse

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ante la preexistencia de merito sustantivo y de peligro procesal. Es decir que, únicamente, ante
la existencia de merito sustantivo y peligro procesal, puede el juez sujetar al imputado mediante
una caución juratoria o real.

Por lo tanto, en caso de que S.S. considere comprobada la existencia de merito sustantivo y
de peligro procesal en el caso que aquí se discute —cuestión que esta defensa rechaza
enérgicamente en virtud de lo ya expresado— debe primero agotar los medios menos lesivos
para el imputado a los fines de conjurar el peligro de daño jurídico.

4. CONCLUSIONES:
Es evidente que en el caso que nos ocupa no se satisface ninguno de los estándares fijados
por la Constitución Nacional y los Tratados de Derechos Humanos incorporados a ella para
justificar el encierro cautelar.

Esta situación es en extremo grave, ello debido a que el bien jurídico afectado es de
imposible reparación ulterior. Por estas razones debe ser prontamente reparada, ordenándose
la inmediata libertad de mi defendido hasta tanto se decida definidamente su situación procesal.

5. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL:
En este caso se intenta hacer efectivo el derecho a permanecer en libertad durante la
sustanciación del proceso, amparado por la garantía de jurisdiccionalidad de las penas y por la
presunción de inocencia, ambas de raigambre constitucional y contenidas en los arts. 18 y 75
inciso 22 de la CN así como en los arts. 7 y 8.2 de la Convención Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos y arts. 10 y 14.2 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos.

Por lo tanto, para el caso de obtener una resolución negativa, dejo planteada la cuestión
federal directa.

6. PETITORIO.
Por lo antes expuesto solicito que:

1.- Se tenga presente.

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2.- Se haga lugar a la excarcelación pedida y se ordene la inmediata libertad de mi asistido.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. SUSTITUCIÓN EMBARGO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que siguiendo expresas instrucciones de mi defendido, vengo a solicitar la devolución de

la suma entregada a embargo en estos autos, y a proponer que la medida en cuestión recaiga
sobre el inmueble del Sr. ..........................................................................., sito en
............................................................................

A tales fines acompaño: copia del titulo de propiedad y 2 (dos) tasaciones practicadas por
inmobiliarias de reconocida trayectoria, de las cuales surge que el valor de la propiedad supera
ampliamente el monto de la medida cautelar ordenada en el procesamiento.

Por lo expuesto, SOLICITO a V.S. que autorice la sustitución y que, en consecuencia,

extienda un cheque en favor del Sr. ........................................................................... a los
efectos de retirar los fondos.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DESISTIMIENTO TÁCITO DE LA QUERELLA

Señor Juez:
..........................................................................., a V. S. digo:

Que atento la incomparecencia de la querella a la audiencia que prescribe el art. 422 inc. 2
CPPN, SOLICITO se tenga por desistida la acción privada, con costas.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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EXPRESO AGRAVIOS

Excma. Cámara Nacional:

expresando agravios a V.E. digo:

1. OBJETO.
Que en tiempo y forma vengo a dar cumplimiento a lo dispuesto por el art. 434 del CPPN;
y por las consideraciones que inmediatamente paso a exponer, solicito de V.E. quiera
........................................................................... la sentencia de fs.
..........................................................................., y en su mérito absolver a mi defendido, libre
de culpa y cargo, sin afectar su buen nombre y honor, conforme a lo que establece el art.
........................................................................... del CPPN.

2. LA SENTENCIA RECURRIDA.
La sentencia de ..........................................................................., que recurro ante esta
Excma. Cámara Nacional, por la cual es condenado mi defendido con la pena de
..........................................................................., viola expresamente el art.
........................................................................... del Cód. Penal y el art.
........................................................................... del Cód. Procesal Penal, por lo que aquélla no
reúne los requisitos formales, quebrando el derecho de mi parte a la defensa a que es acreedor.
La jurisprudencia nacional es amplia y clara; el criterio que sustenta la Excma. Cámara es
firme, por ello, a poco que se indague el razonamiento seguido por el a quo, V. E. la revocará,
pues el juez de sentencia no cumplió con lo preceptuado por los arts. 434-438 del citado Código
de forma, vulnerando a la defensa su derecho.

3. HECHOS.
...........................................................................

4. PRUEBAS.
...........................................................................

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5. PETITORIO.
Por las consideraciones expuestas, por las constancias de autos, jurisprudencia citada,
doctrina imperante y la que V.E. suplirá con su alto criterio, pido la absolución de mi defendido.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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FORMULA DECLARACIÓN. SOLICITA SOBRESEIMIENTO

Sr. Juez:

(Encabezado), ante Ud. respetuosamente me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que habiendo sido notificado de la citación a prestar declaración indagatoria en la presente
causa, y a efectos de ejercer mi derecho de defensa en juicio, vengo a presentar por escrito mi
declaración, en los términos del art. 294 del CPPN, la cual solicito sea agregada al expediente.

En ese marco niego enfáticamente haber cometido alguna conducta ilegal. Mi actuar se
ajustó a derecho en cada una de las instancias en las que interactué con
............................................................................ En particular, niego haber
............................................................................

Por lo cual, y en base a las aclaraciones que aquí formularé, solicito se me sobresea en la
presente causa, por estar la imputación basada en hechos falsos.

II. IMPUTACIÓN Y ARGUMENTOS

En fecha ..........................................................................., tomé conocimiento de la injusta
denuncia penal incoada contra mi persona por ...........................................................................,
en la cual me acusa de ........................................................................... por los hechos ocurridos
el día ............................................................................ Y como consta en autos (fs.
...........................................................................), el
........................................................................... me presenté espontáneamente en la Fiscalía
actuante a los efectos de ponerme a derecho y colaborar en el esclarecimiento de un hecho que
me tiene por principal perjudicado.

Es que, aún sostenida sobre un relato falto de toda lógica, la denuncia me dañó (y me daña)
a nivel familiar, social y laboral.

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A nivel familiar, por ...........................................................................; y, a nivel social, por

colocarme en un ámbito de sospecha, relacionándome con un hecho tan grave como lo es
............................................................................

Pero también a nivel laboral he sido perjudicado. Como destacaré más adelante, mi
desempeño profesional ha sido intachable. Tanto mis compañeros como mis superiores me
aprecian y me respetan justamente por mi comportamiento, por mis modales y por mi
integridad a la hora de relacionarme con ellos y con
............................................................................ Con mucho esfuerzo he logrado colocarme
como referente del grupo e incluso me he ganado un lugar en
............................................................................ Pero todo ello lo he perdido con la injusta
denuncia de ............................................................................

II. 1. La denuncia

A fs. ...........................................................................,
........................................................................... ratifica y amplía la denuncia incoada contra mi
persona por ............................................................................

Inexplicablemente, allí comienza diciendo que

"...........................................................................".

Recién luego de un extenso relato acerca de ...........................................................................,

comienza diciendo que "...........................................................................".

Y luego cierra el relato aportando un dato tan importante como los otros pero ha sido pasado
por alto por la Fiscalía. Aclara que "...........................................................................".
Llamativamente, este hecho no es mencionado en ninguna otra parte del expediente. De hecho,
tampoco es contemplado por la pericia psicológica de fs.
............................................................................ Un suceso que la misma víctima diferencia de
la supuesta actitud tomada por mi persona, y que incluso podría condicionar toda interacción
de la denunciante (tal vez afectada anímica y psicológicamente) con terceros y hasta consigo
misma, fue deliberadamente "olvidado" por quien llevó adelante la investigación.
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Por último, al ser preguntada por el Sr. Fiscal, aporta supuestos testigos de los hechos
denunciados: ............................................................................

II.2. Los testigos

A fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

..........................................................................., y dice que
"...........................................................................".

A fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

..........................................................................., y dice que
"...........................................................................".

A fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

..........................................................................., y dice que
"...........................................................................".

Ergo, la única prueba ofrecida por ........................................................................... -y

exclusivo sustento de su relato- no solo no aporta claridad a los hechos sino que además
contradice en muchos aspectos su denuncia, tal y como lo aseguré en mi presentación del
............................................................................ Sin embargo, la Fiscalía ha decidido hacer
oídos sordos y avanzar tomándole declaración a otros testigos, entre los cuales están los que
ofrecí en aquel escrito.

A fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

..........................................................................., y dice que
"...........................................................................", y describe que
"...........................................................................". De todas maneras aclara que
"...........................................................................".

A fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

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..........................................................................., y dice que

"...........................................................................".

Y, a fs. ........................................................................... se presenta

..........................................................................., y dice que
"...........................................................................".

Es que podrían preguntarle a todos, y todos ellos hablarían de mi buen comportamiento. La

denuncia de ........................................................................... no solo me sorprendió a mí, sino
que también a todo el ámbito en que me desarrollo. Pero ahora entiendo que solo fue un
desquite por parte de ..........................................................................., quien
............................................................................

II.3. La pericia

Como se dijo, a fs. ..........................................................................., consta la pericia

psicológica llevada a cabo por el Departamento de Psicología del Cuerpo Médico Forense de
la Justicia Nacional. Allí se dice que "...........................................................................".

Todo ello sin perjuicio que, como la misma ...........................................................................

sostiene en su denuncia, "..........................................................................." en contraste con la
actitud que supuestamente habría realizado quien aquí firma en
............................................................................

III. HECHOS
Necesito volver a la normalidad. Y le ofrezco mi total colaboración para que obtenga todas
las explicaciones que estime corresponder.

Porque, como podrá observar (si es que no lo hizo ya), el relato de la denunciante no sólo
no coincide con la realidad de los hechos sino que además carece de todo sustento probatorio.
Diversos testigos expusieron sus experiencias y pareceres y ninguno de ellos relató tan solo un
comportamiento inoportuno o inapropiado de mi parte, ni mucho menos ilegal. Es más, en la

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misma denuncia y hasta en las últimas declaraciones se hace referencia a

..........................................................................., que no niego, pero lo que
........................................................................... dice que sucedió aquel
........................................................................... para nada es cierto y presumo que solo tiene
sentido como desquite o venganza de su parte, ya que con ello me afectó injusta y
profundamente en todos los aspectos de mi vida.

A la Sra. ........................................................................... la conocí en

..........................................................................., cuando
............................................................................

En diversas ocasiones, ............................................................................ Lo intenté, pero la

Sra. ............................................................................ Como dije, no voy a negar que
..........................................................................., pero aún con este panorama, nuestra tensa
relación no contaba con ningún evento que se haya salido de su cauce. Porque mi intención era
............................................................................ Pretendía que
............................................................................

La situación de aquella noche no fue diferente a las de otras noches. En

............................................................................ Además de
..........................................................................., también estuvieron allí
............................................................................

Diez días después supe de la denuncia poiicial. Desconozco sus fines, y mucho menos sus
intenciones, pero desde el momento en que ha decidido faltar a la verdad frente a las
autoridades policiales ha complicado mi vida. Se me dijo que
........................................................................... me acusaba de
............................................................................ Sin más, de la noche a la mañana, lo perdí
todo. Para colmo hoy, ya en sede judicial, debo demostrar nuevamente que soy inocente.

IV. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, solicito:

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1) Se tenga por presentado y se agregue al expediente la presente declaración en los términos

del art. 294 del CPPN;

2) En mérito a las circunstancias de hecho y de derecho invocadas en el presente descargo,

se disponga mi desvinculación del proceso, decretándose mi sobreseimiento conforme art. 336
inc. 2 CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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INTERPONE EXCEPCIÓN DE FALTA DE ACCIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

OBJETO
Que, en tiempo y forma, interpongo la excepción de falta de acción para que se aparte a
........................................................................... como parte querellante en este sumario (arts.
339 y 340 CPPN).

De acuerdo al informe acompañado por esta parte a fs.

........................................................................... (y que ofrezco nuevamente aquí), resulta que
..........................................................................., objeto de esta investigación,
........................................................................... no es damnificado ni tiene interés en el
presente.

Entonces no se cumple uno de los requisitos previstos para ser querellante: ser damnificado
u ofendido por el delito, ya que en este caso ............................................................................

PETITORIO
Debido a lo expuesto, SOLICITO a V.S. haga lugar a la excepción planteada y, en
consecuencia, aparte a ........................................................................... como querellante en
este sumario.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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INTERPONE QUEJA

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.E. respetuosamente digo:

Que vengo en tiempo y forma a interponer queja contra la providencia dictada a fs.
..........................................................................., por la que se deniega el recurso de apelación
interpuesto contra la interlocutoria de fs. ........................................................................... que
decretó ..........................................................................., solicitando que V.E. me lo conceda.

El a quo denegó la apelación referida porque

............................................................................ Cuando lo cierto es que
............................................................................

Por todo lo expuesto ante V.E., SOLICITO se resuelva mal denegado el recurso de
apelación, y se disponga su tramitación.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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INTERPONE RECURSO DE CASACIÓN. SE SUSPENDA JUICIO ORAL

CONVOCADO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.E. digo:

I.- OBJETO
En los términos previstos por el artículo 456 y cctes. del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación
(CPPN), en legal plazo y forma vengo a interponer pertinente recurso de casación contra la
resolución dictada en autos por V.E., fechada ...........................................................................,
en cuanto dispuso: "I.- NO HACER LUGAR a la solicitud de suspensión del juicio a prueba
solicitada a favor de ...........................................................................".

II.- ACLARACIÓN PRELIMINAR

El recurso que aquí se articula es procedente por cuanto la decisión que por esta vía se
impugna constituye una lesión a la ley sustantiva (CPPN, art. 456, inc. 1°) a través de la
inobservancia de la norma establecida en el art. 76 bis del Código Penal de la Nación.
Inobservancia que conduce a que, equivocadamente, V.E. afirme que en el supuesto de autos
no es posible que mis defendidos accedan al beneficio legal de la suspensión del proceso a
prueba (probation).

Asimismo, el agravio referido contraviene el orden constitucional en tanto lesiona algunos

de sus principios y garantías fundamentales, tales como los de igualdad, razonabilidad,
equidad, defensa en juicio y al debido proceso legal (arts. 16, 18, 19 y cctes. de la Constitución
Nacional, entre otros), al obturar definitivamente la posibilidad que mis asistidos accedan a un
beneficio legalmente procedente para transitar este proceso hacia su sobreseimiento -luego del
cumplimiento de la probation-, y por el contrario imponiéndoseles el sometimiento a un juicio
oral que indefectiblemente culminará con el dictado de una sentencia definitiva (de tipo
absolutoria o condenatoria), que no contempla la salida legal de sobreseimiento -con todas las
implicaciones jurídicas que todo ello acarrea- al que sí accedería el justiciable de cumplir con
la probation (beneficio, como se dijo, al que tienen derecho para acceder, en un todo de
conformidad con las pautas legales del ordenamiento sustantivo y del adjetivo en la materia,

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conforme pacífica doctrina y jurisprudencia en la materia —tal como V.E., este tribunal y otros
lo han concedido en otros casos de idénticas características al presente-, de todo lo cual se dará
cuenta en este recurso).

Así las cosas, solicito que este recurso sea concedido por V.E., a fin de que la Cámara
Federal de Casación Penal pueda revisar los agravios federales ya indefectiblemente acaecidos
respecto de mis defendidos, en función de la doctrina del caso "Di Nunzio" de la CSJN (Fallos
328:1108).

Por cierto, en salvaguarda, también, de la garantía constitucional al doble conforme, que en

esta instancia sólo es posible de respetar y cumplir efectivamente con la directa e inmediata
intervención del tribunal inmediato superior; en este caso: la Cámara Federal de Casación
Penal.

Dichos compromisos constitucionales, y los otros más que se desarrollarán en este escrito,
imponen efectuar y mantener las reservas del caso federal (art. 14 de la ley 48). Así lo hago.

III.- PROCEDENCIA DEL RECURSO CASATORIO

Estamos frente a una resolución que, por sus efectos, resulta equiparable a sentencia
definitiva (cf. art. 457 del CPPN), en tanto ocasiona un gravamen de imposible reparación
ulterior que requiere tutela inmediata (CSJN, Fallos 314:791; 316:1934 y sus citas; 317:1838
y sus citas 320:2326; entre muchos otros similares).

La regulación establecida por el ordenamiento procesal vigente permite la revisión en

casación de resoluciones como la recurrida en las presentes actuaciones, si se tiene en cuenta
que el art. 457 del CPPN hace referencia al concepto de sentencia definitiva al igual que el art.
14 de la ley 48 y el art. 6.° de la ley 4055, siendo que, desde antaño, la CSJN ha desarrollado
el criterio de sostener como sentencia equiparable a definitiva a los pronunciamientos que, si
bien no ponen fin al pleito, generan un perjuicio de imposible o tardía reparación ulterior que
requiere una tutela inmediata (CSJN, Fallos 310:2246, entre muchos otros).

Es por ello que debe concluirse que el concepto de sentencia definitiva para el recurso

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extraordinario no difiere del establecido para los recursos de casación e inconstitucionalidad,

habida cuenta el carácter de tribunal intermedio de la cámara de casación (cf. fallo"Di Nunzio",
ya citado).

Asimismo, el art. 465 bis del CPPN hace referencia expresa a las "resoluciones equiparables
a sentencia definitiva" como objetos propios de las impugnaciones como la interpuesta con
este escrito.

Ello es así pues las consecuencias del pronunciamiento pueden llegar a frustrar un derecho
federal -como indiscutiblemente lo es el beneficio de la probation-, acarreando perjuicios de
imposible —o aún tardía- reparación posterior (CSJN, Fallos: 182:293; 185:188; 188:286,
256:491; 257:132; 301:197, sentencia del 15/3/1979, in re: ¿Baliarde, José y otros s/ ley
12.906¿ y dictamen del Procurador General al que se remite en este fallo; 306:1688; 316:1328,
entre otros).

En tal sentido, adviértase que una vez dictada sentencia definitiva, luego del juicio oral al
que V.E. pretende conducir a mis asistidos, ya no será posible volver atrás el estado y situación
jurídica así alcanzada, como para que recién entonces se revise este (arbitrario y errado)
rechazo al beneficio de la probation que aquí cuestiono; además, por cierto, que nada podría
subsanar (ni siquiera una hipotética futura sentencia definitiva de tipo absolutoria) el perjuicio
inherente a todo proceso penal, que a mis asistidos innegablemente les irroga esta imposición
de V.E. de que continúen sometidos al mismo, cuando ya debieran estar transitando la
probation hacia su sobreseimiento.

En esa inteligencia, nuestro Máximo Tribunal afirmó que "si bien las decisiones de índole
procesal que no resuelven el fondo de la cuestión controvertida no son, en principio,
impugnables por la vía extraordinaria, debe hacerse excepción a esa regla cuando concurre un
supuesto de privación de justicia que afecta en forma directa e inmediata el derecho de defensa
en juicio y se verifica un gravamen de imposible reparación ulterior, lo cual permite que la
resolución sea equiparable a definitiva" (del dictamen del Procurador Fiscal que la Corte hace
suyo, ¿T., R. A.¿, 7/11/2006, LA LEY, 2006/11/28, p. 6, fallo 111.000, DJ, 2006-3-851).

Insisto: si bien la resolución recurrida no está mencionada expresamente en el art. 457 del
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CPPN como objeto del recurso de casación y la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación tiene
dicho que, por regla general, las decisiones cuya consecuencia sea la obligación de continuar
sometido a proceso criminal no reúnen la calidad de sentencia definitiva a los efectos del art.
14 de la ley 48, la decisión que aquí impugno sí resulta recurrible, de todos modos (en
cumplimiento, además, de la garantía al doble conforme), pues lo son -excepcionalmente,
como en este caso- las resoluciones que obturan el acceso a un beneficio legal que le permite
al justiciable llegar al cierre del proceso en su contra con un auto de sobreseimiento, en tanto
de observarse la ley sustancial comprendida en el artículo 76 bis del CP, tal como lo impone la
basta línea jurisprudencial que informa al caso (que evidentemente es bien conocida por V.E.,
pues ha sido aplicada, incluso por usted, en otros casos de idénticas características en el
mismísimo sentido clamado por esta parte) de forma armónica con las directrices
constitucionales, la acción penal debiera extinguirse por sobreseimiento luego del
cumplimiento de la probation.

Como se apuntó, son los efectos de la resolución puesta en crisis los que la tornan
equiparable a sentencia definitiva, al poner cierre absoluto a la posibilidad de que mis asistidos
accedan al beneficio legal de la probation, evitando así el someterse a un juicio oral, con lo que
ello implica; cuando, por cierto, se encuentran reunidas todas las condiciones fácticas y
jurídicas para que así se proceda de conformidad (tal como, insisto una vez más, este mismo
tribunal lo ha hecho en otros casos de iguales características): la escala penal lo admite; mis
asistidos no registran antecedentes; no existen características especiales en los sucesos
reprochados que aconsejen el juicio, eventualmente para fijar pena de prisión efectiva; mis
asistidos han ofrecido cumplir con todos y cada uno de los requisitos impuestos en la ley, en
las condiciones que se les impongan y por el plazo que se decida; han ofrecido, con un enorme
esfuerzo, un monto reparatorio que incluso es superior a la cifra de la deuda tributaria
originaria; etc.; etc.. En tanto que la cerrada negativa de V.E. no cuenta con fundamentos
válidos -sobre lo que me explayaré infra-. Ello violenta irremediablemente ahora, sin
posibilidad de subsanación posterior, a las citadas básicas garantías a un debido proceso y a la
defensa en juicio.

Por cierto, además de la inobservancia de la ley sustantiva ya señalada, existe otro motivo
adicional para habilitar este recurso: la arbitrariedad del fallo que nos ocupa, a la luz de la
doctrina de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación sobre arbitrariedad de sentencia, que per

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se habilita la instancia casatoria por importar un agravio federal suficiente.

En efecto, a partir de la posición adoptada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en

el citado precedente "Di Nunzio", "la Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal está facultada para
conocer previamente en todas las cuestiones de naturaleza federal que intenten someterse a su
revisión final [la de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación], con prescindencia de obstáculos
formales", como ocurre "siempre que se invoque en los planteos recursivos una cuestión federal
o la arbitrariedad del pronunciamiento"; agregando que "cualquier otra interpretación del art.
457 CPPN conlleva un excesivo formalismo del que podría resultar un serio menoscabo de los
derechos constitucionales en que se funda el recurso".

Dicha postura ha sido luego reafirmada por el cimero Tribunal, por ejemplo en el precedente
"Baratti": "siempre que se invoquen agravios de naturaleza federal que habiliten la
competencia de la Corte por vía del recurso extraordinario, en el ámbito de la justicia penal
nacional conforme el ordenamiento procesal vigente, éstos deben ser tratados previamente por
la Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal, en su carácter de órgano intermedio" (Conforme el
dictamen del Procurador General de la Nación, que la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación
compartió e hizo suyo -Fallos, 329:1436, rta. el 9/5/06-).

Tal como se desarrollará, la resolución recurrida, por la profunda arbitrariedad que presenta
en toda su estructuración (solo adviértase que con arbitraria selectividad, este mismo —y otros
muchos más- tribunales conceden probation en casos análogos), violenta lo dispuesto en los
arts. 123 y 404 del CPPN, que requieren que las decisiones judiciales sean motivadas, lo cual
no es otra cosa que la operativización de la garantía constitucional al debido proceso adjetivo
(art. 18, CN).

De allí que, tal como se anticipó, el incumplimiento de dicha exigencia de fundamentación

adecuada torna al decisorio censurable sobre la base de la amplia jurisprudencia de la Corte
Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en materia de sentencias arbitrarias, lo cual también —y
adicionalmente- habilita la vía casatoria que aquí persigo.

Al respecto, no puede dejar de señalarse que durante muchos años la jurisprudencia evaluó
con criterio restrictivo al recurso casatorio, respecto del cual se consideraba ajeno al mismo,
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entre otras, cuestiones tales como la valoración de los hechos y de la prueba, el aspecto
subjetivo de las conductas, amén de resoluciones no definitivas.

No obstante ello, dicha estrecha posición cedió mayoritariamente a partir del fallo "Casal",
de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, donde se sostuvo sin cortapisas que "no existe
razón legal ni obstáculo alguno en el texto mismo de la ley procesal para excluir de la materia
de casación el análisis de la aplicación de las reglas de la sana crítica en la valoración de las
pruebas en el caso concreto, o sea, para que el tribunal de casación revise la sentencia para
establecer si se aplicaron estar reglas y si esta aplicación fue correcta", agregando que "la
interpretación respectiva del alcance de la materia de casación, con la consiguiente exclusión
de las llamadas cuestiones de hecho y prueba, no sólo resultaría contraria a la ley constitucional
sino a la propia ley procesal" (considerando 22; "Casal, Matías Eugenio y otros s/ robo simple
en grado de tentativa", causa C.1757.XL, rta. el 20/9/05).

Entonces, a partir del fallo "Casal" queda definitivamente aclarado que el casatorio es un
recurso amplio en el cual "el tribunal de casación debe agotar el esfuerzo por revisar todo lo
que pueda revisar, o sea, por agotar la revisión de lo revisable" (considerando 23).

En materia de decisiones vinculadas a probation es pacífica ya la jurisprudencia que

reconoce su equiparación a sentencia definitiva; aspecto que, descuento, no es desconocido
para V.E. a los fines de la concesión de este recurso.

Tampoco puede pasarse por alto, tal como se adelantó, que el beneficio legal de la probation
sólo puede ser tratado y otorgado, por su propia naturaleza, antes de la celebración del debate,
que indefectiblemente se cierra con una sentencia definitiva (que importa la imposibilidad
absoluta de reeditar un planteo de probation); en tanto, como se dijo, la probation culmina con
un pronunciamiento de sobreseimiento, que sólo puede dictarse previo a la celebración del
juicio. Y es un derecho que asiste a todo justiciable, tal como selectivamente lo concede este
tribunal en casos de idénticas características al presente (que por motivos no expuestos ha sido
arbitrariamente negado en el presente).

Insisto nuevamente: en este caso están dadas las condiciones para que se acceda al beneficio
oportunamente clamado por esta parte, mas la arbitraria negativa a concederlo cuando se
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encuentran presentes todos los requisitos de procedencia —y por el contrario, el rechazo de

V.E. no cuenta con fundamentos suficientes sino meramente aparentes-, hace que el próximo
e inminente paso sea la celebración del juicio oral, disposición que cierra definitivamente la
posibilidad de siquiera plantear la probation, quedando así sellada para siempre la suerte de tan
trascendental beneficio. Entonces, no sólo es perfectamente asimilable a sentencia definitiva el
fallo que recurro, sino que también se puede considerar a la decisión relativa a la no concesión
de la probation como un "auto procesal importante" conforme la doctrina que ha venido
construyendo la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos para delimitar ciertos actos de
trascendencia de un proceso penal, clasificando así principalmente a aquéllos que obligan al
imputado a seguir vinculado a proceso en una situación más gravosa, con todo lo que ello
implica, aspectos que imponen necesariamente habilitar una revisión amplia de todas estas
cuestiones en el ámbito casatorio (en tal sentido, ver: Informe 55/94 de la Comisión
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos).

En resumidas cuentas, dado que el pronunciamiento atacado constituye entonces sentencia

equiparable a definitiva en los términos del art. 465 bis del CPPN, ello me obliga a plantear de
manera previa las cuestiones federales involucradas ante la Cámara de Casación, como ya se
dijo, por medio del recurso aquí interpuesto, pues todos los cuerpos judiciales del país han sido
erigidos por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación como tribunales intermedios que no
pueden desentenderse de los agravios federales. Y también, porque si no se concede este
recurso se estará aniquilando a la garantía constitucional de mis mandantes al doble conforme
judicial, aspecto que necesariamente conduce a la concesión y a la apertura de la vía casatoria.

Por todo ello, corresponde que la resolución impugnada sea considerada objeto del recurso
que aquí, en plazo y forma oportunos, es interpuesto contra ella.

IV. — ADMISIBILIDAD DEL RECURSO CASATORIO

A. Este proceso tuvo su génesis en la denuncia interpuesta por
..........................................................................., que imputa a
........................................................................... la falta de
............................................................................ En concreto, conforman el objeto procesal de
autos ............................................................................

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B. ........................................................................... explicó oportunamente en detalle

............................................................................

C. En ese claro contexto, oportunamente solicitamos

............................................................................

D. Tanto ........................................................................... como el Ministerio Público Fiscal

se opusieron a la concesión del beneficio de la probation a mis asistidos.

La primera, por entender que el art. 76 bis del C.P. prohibiría el otorgamiento de dicho
beneficio para delitos tributarios; en tanto que la propia ley penal tributaria tendría previstos
los requisitos para acceder a la extinción de la acción penal, que no estarían reunidos en autos;
y, por último, porque mis asistidos no se adhirieron a la moratoria que estuvo vigente.

Por su parte, la representante del Ministerio Público Fiscal lo hizo en idénticos términos,
adicionando que, sobre la base de la cantidad de hechos y montos involucrados, en caso de
recaer condena la misma no podría ser dejada en suspenso de acuerdo con las previsiones del
art. 26 del CP.

E. Al momento de resolver, V.E. decidió rechazar el acceso a dicho beneficio, en los

términos que, en lo sustancial, transcribo a continuación:
"...........................................................................".

F. El presente recurso, entre otros aspectos, halla principal -y definitorio- sustento de

conformidad con lo dispuesto por el art. 456, inc. 1° del CPPN, dada la inobservancia de la
norma sustantiva establecida en el art. 76 bis del CP.

Inobservancia que condujo a que, equivocadamente, V.E. rechace el beneficio general de la

probation por lo ¿vinculante¿ de la postulación del Ministerio Público Fiscal.

También -y como se dijo-, sobre la base de la arbitrariedad señalada, por la ausencia de

motivación certera y suficiente, además de las inequidades, auto contradicciones y auto
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colisiones que presenta V.E. en su decisorio, aspectos que transgreden las piramidales normas
procesales vinculadas a la obligación de fundar debidamente los decisorios judiciales, sobre
todo cuando importan el cercenamiento al acceso a un beneficio tan trascendental como el de
la probation.

En tal sentido, cabe señalar respecto de los agravios de esta parte vinculados a la resolución
es crisis para su abordaje ante Casación, los notables yerros de los que parte V.E. en los
aspectos medulares del asunto a analizar para emitir una decisión ajustada a derecho en el caso,
a saber:

- Si la oposición del Ministerio Público Fiscal es vinculante para la decisión jurisdiccional

respecto de la probation; y,

- Si procede la concesión de dicho beneficio para delitos de la ley penal tributaria.

Definitivamente, ambos interrogantes tienen sus certeras respuestas en el sentido que

conduce a la concesión del beneficio de la probation que esta parte solicitó.

En efecto:
Una eventual oposición fiscal al mentado beneficio, para nada puede ser considerada
vinculante para la autoridad jurisdiccional, pues no es el agente fiscal el llamado a dirimir un
caso, sino que está puesto como una parte que representa los intereses generales de la sociedad;
siendo el juez quien, en definitiva y con todo el imperio de la ley, tiene que resolver libremente,
sin condicionamientos.

Distinto el caso en que el magistrado coincida con los fundamentos del agente fiscal: ahí sí,
fundamentando adecuadamente, podrá decidir (siempre libremente) de conformidad con lo
meramente postulado por esa parte, mas no condicionado, lo cual jamás será aceptable.

Por eso vengo señalando la arbitrariedad del pronunciamiento aquí recurrido, cuando en
casos análogos este Tribunal, V.E. misma y otros muchísimos magistrados más, acceden a
conceder probation en casos de delitos de la ley penal tributaria...

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Eso es de una notable arbitrariedad, inequidad y auto contradicción mediante. Porque si

consideran que la posición del agente fiscal es definitoria, es porque entienden correcta su
postulación: el art. 76 bis del CP prohíbe otorgar la probation en delitos tributarios. De lo
contrario, si no estuviesen de acuerdo en ello, en esa cuestión de fondo que alza el fiscal (algo
que aparece completamente huérfano de motivación en el auto que aquí recurro, donde V.E. ni
una sola palabra dedicó a ese medular aspecto), jamás se podrían pronunciar habilitando la
probation en casos de delitos penal tributarios.

Pero hete aquí que sí, que tanto V.E. como otros muchos magistrados, sin dar cuenta certera
de tamaña inequidad y falta de criterio certero —sino más bien selectivo, arbitrariamente
selectivo-, en algunos casos —como el presente- afirman que la postura del fiscal es vinculante
(lo cual implica coincidir con el argumento de fondo del fiscal: está legalmente vedado el
beneficio de la probation para casos del régimen penal tributario), en tanto que en otros, sin
una explicitación al respecto, afirman todo lo contrario: se concede el beneficio general de la
probation, obviamente porque la ley lo admite.

Por cierto, tamaños defectos no pueden verse salvados con expresiones ni citas dogmáticas
que dicen algo así como que la oposición del fiscal se encuentra debidamente fundada (en
palabras de V.E.: "...la representante del Ministerio Público Fiscal en su exposición presentó
argumentos suficientes para oponerse a la concesión del beneficio solicitado..."). Para nada.

¡Vaya contradicción!: considerar en este caso argumentos adecuados a la obturación a la

concesión del beneficio general de la probation por prohibición legal... y en otros casos donde
también se imputan conductas de la ley penal tributaria, otorgar el beneficio de la probation,
obviamente por considerar que es legalmente admisible para delitos tributarios.

Señor Juez:
Si se considera procedente para delitos tributarios a este beneficio (tal como ha ocurrido en
innumerables fallos, de este tribunal, suyos y de otros muchísimos magistrados más), pero no
se lo otorga en algunos casos por motivos dogmáticos y nada desarrollados (simplemente
porque el dictamen fiscal es vinculante), estamos frente a una manifiesta arbitrariedad por
selectividad en la aplicación de la ley: a unos sí y a otros no. Y cuando se concede, es porque
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se considera que no hay un obstáculo legal para así hacerlo; en tanto que cuando se lo deniega
tomando como válida la postura del fiscal de la ocasión (que en nuestro caso afirmó que existe
un impedimento legal de orden general para conceder probation en delitos tributarios), se
emiten pronunciamientos absolutamente contrarios, auto contradictorios, sin justificación
alguna, de manera decididamente arbitraria. Como en este caso que nos ocupa.

Al final de cuentas, pareciera que, según el caso, se decide que para unos es aplicable el
beneficio pero para otros no. Aquí, ¡que mis asistidos marchen presos! Inadmisible.

No hay fundamentación adecuada, tal como exige la ley (art. 123, CPPN), si en algún caso
se falla por la admisibilidad de un beneficio y en otro se sostiene lo contrario.

O se considera que este beneficio procede aún en casos de delitos de índole penal tributario
(como se sostiene —y así lo ha hecho V.E. en muchos casos- cuando se accede a conceder
probation); o se toma la postulación de fondo (y fundamenta debidamente —algo que V.E. ha
omitido por completo-) que sostiene que el ordenamiento sustantivo excluye expresamente a
los delitos tributarios del beneficio de la probation.

Lo que no puede admitirse es tener una posición para algunos casos y la contraria para otros.

Y siempre, indefectiblemente, debe fundamentarse adecuadamente el por qué se está con la

posición que se adopta y no con la contraria.

Ahora bien, si todo el ¿fundamento¿ es decir dogmáticamente que la posición del agente
fiscal es vinculante y se encuentra fundada, mas sin ingresar en un análisis certero del asunto
que permita advertir la profundidad de las motivaciones del auto (cf. art. 123, CPPN), sin
explicitar las razones fácticas y jurídicas de la postura que se adopta, el mismo carecerá
entonces de adecuada fundamentación, lo cual importa su nulidad absoluta, sobre todo en un
caso como el de autos donde el ¿fundamento¿ es la razonabilidad de la postulación del fiscal y
su supuesto carácter vinculante, lo cual, adicionalmente -tal como se verá-, es absolutamente
equívoco.

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Pues bien:
Lamentablemente, V.E. nos ha privado de conocer las motivaciones de fondo que darían
respaldo a su decisión... completamente opuesta a decisiones en casos de idénticas
características.

Así, la resolución que cuestiono no ha dado razones fundadas de lo decidido; simplemente

se ha remitido a una oposición del fiscal a la que se adjetiva como razonable y vinculante, mas
sin dar contenido a tales adjetivaciones, cuando la realidad de la postura del agente fiscal es
que ha sido definitivamente arbitraria por carecer de motivación suficiente.

Quedan así desmerecidos, desde ya, ambos actos procesales, a la luz de las previsiones del
art. 123 y cctes. del CPPN.

Veamos ello con mayor profundidad:

La representante del Ministerio Público Fiscal, cuando le tocó opinar sobre la concesión del
beneficio impetrado por esta defensa, se limitó a exponer su oposición en tono dogmático,
afirmando que el propio ordenamiento sustantivo impediría la concesión de la probation para
delitos tributarios, y que por la cantidad de hechos y montos involucrados, de recaer condena
la misma debería ser de efectivo cumplimiento.; sin explicar, por cierto, el alcance de sus
declamaciones y su adecuación a las circunstancias del caso, que ¿justificarían¿ su oposición
a un beneficio que, por regla —tal como ocurre con todo beneficio legalmente instituido-, debe
ser concedido cuando, como en el de autos, se hallan reunidos los requisitos fácticos y jurídicos
pertinentes, a saber: ausencia de antecedentes, posibilidad de condenación condicional, no
haber gozado previamente del mismo beneficio, ofrecer una reparación en la medida de las
posibilidades (que incluso supera el monto histórico de la deuda tributaria), dar una donación
de gran relevancia económica a un ente de bien público, someterse a reglas de conducta.

¡Qué más puede pretenderse para acceder de conformidad a este beneficio general!
Lamentablemente no lo han explicado.

Como se adelantó, la oposición de la agente fiscal auxiliar no se encuentra debidamente

motivada; sólo cuenta con una motivación aparente (la ley sustantiva excluye de la probation
a los delitos tributarios — de recaer condena deberá ser de efectivo cumplimiento), que no es
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suficiente para considerarlo un acto procesalmente válido, ya que su arbitrariedad esplende a

simple vista.

Resulta, así, insanablemente nulo el dictamen del Ministerio Público Fiscal que se sostiene
en meras declamaciones dogmáticas. Y, por supuesto, igual suerte deberá correr la decisión de
V.E., que en definitiva se toma de la misma aparente motivación del fiscal para rechazar un
beneficio que, por regla, debe ser concedido siempre —salvo supuestos excepcionales, que no
se encuentran reunidos en este caso-, y no a veces sí y a veces no.

Así las cosas, frente a una manifiesta oposición arbitraria del agente fiscal, dicha ausencia
de razonabilidad impone decretar la nulidad de tal postulación, ante la imposibilidad de evaluar
certeramente los fundamentos razonados de tal postulación, sencillamente porque hay una total
ausencia de los mismos, aspecto intolerable en un sistema republicano como el que nos rige,
donde la fundamentación adecuada es requisito ineludible de todo acto estatal, precisamente
para que el soberano pueda controlar la razonabilidad de los actos de gobierno.

En tal sentido, si se admitieran actos infundados (esto es: sin fundamentos adecuados,
vinculados al caso concreto —que claramente no lo son los esgrimidos por la agente fiscal
auxiliar en este proceso), se carecería de posibilidades de recurrir y de controlar los actos del
proceso (el llamado control de legalidad y logicidad), cosa que, sin dudas, atenta contra las
más básicas garantías constitucionales del justiciable.

La fundamentación no es una mera gracia que se concede; es una obligación ineludible. De

no hallarse presente, el acto devendrá nulo de nulidad absoluta.

Entonces, retomando el análisis del caso concreto, en esta suerte de control de legalidad y
logicidad que propongo sobre el dictamen del fiscal y la resolución de V.E., vemos que las
pretendidas "razones" no son tales, sino que las meras enunciaciones dogmáticas del fiscal y
de V.E. son sólo menciones genéricas que no tienen ningún cariz especial en este caso como
para erguirse en motivos suficientes que permitan rechazar el beneficio de la probation que por
derecho le corresponde a mis asistidos.

Por eso ambos actos no son válidos, por carecer de adecuada motivación, tal como ya fuera
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señalado.

De allí que, siendo absolutamente razonable pensar que, en el hipotético (y, por cierto,
remotísimo) caso de recaer condena en esta causa, la misma lo sería de ejecución condicional,
debido al mínimo de la escala punitiva prevista para el delito que se enrostra, las intachables
características personales de la Sra. Vairus, su absoluta falta de antecedentes penales, sumado
a la razonabilidad y adecuación de sus loables ofrecimientos de reparación del daño, donación,
etc., además de las peculiares características de los hechos (todas las cuales conducen, cuanto
menos, a su atenuación), cabe considerar definitivamente procedente al beneficio de la
probation para mis asistidos.

No parece que puedan esgrimirse razones valederas en contra de dicha postulación (al
menos no lo son, tal como se expuso supra las dogmáticas —y arbitrarias- de la fiscal auxiliar
y de V.E.), sobre todo a partir de las pautas que ha fijado en la materia la Corte Suprema de
Justicia de la Nación a partir del caso "Acosta" (CSJN, causa No 28/05, ¿Acosta, Alejandro
Esteban s/ infracción art. 14, primer párrafo de la ley 23.737¿, del 23/4/08).

Entre otros importantes conceptos, dijo la Corte Suprema en el aludido precedente que "el
principio de legalidad... exige priorizar una exégesis restrictiva dentro del límite semántico del
texto legal, en consonancia con el principio político criminal que caracteriza al derecho penal
como la última ratio del ordenamiento jurídico, y con el principio pro homine que impone
privilegiar la interpretación legal que más derechos acuerde al ser humano frente al poder
estatal".

Por lo demás, la opinión del fiscal, cuando se expresa contraria a la concesión del beneficio
de la probation que por carácter general la ley acuerda a todos, debe necesariamente
encontrarse fundamentada debidamente. Caso contrario, no podrá resistir el debido control de
razonabilidad y de legalidad, que conducirá a declarar a dicho acto como inexistente, por
ausencia de motivación adecuada (cosa que, en el caso de autos, tal como hemos visto, también
sucede con la resolución de V.E., que también tomó en tono dogmático y arbitrario los
pretendidos ¿fundamentos¿ de la fiscal auxiliar).

Y si bien no puede prescindirse de requerir opinión al agente fiscal (quien actúa como parte
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en el proceso, y no como juez), dicha opinión debe poder superar un adecuado contralor legal,
además de no resultar condicionante del pronunciamiento posterior del juez al que toca definir
el asunto.

En este último sentido, resultaría definitivamente inconstitucional (así dejo

subsidiariamente planteada a la inconstitucionalidad, si el Tribunal ad quem considera
pertinente decretarla) cualquier interpretación que lleve a considerar condicionante de la
decisión jurisdiccional a la opinión de una de las partes del proceso, como es el fiscal, cuando,
como es sabido, la potestad de definir el derecho es exclusiva de los jueces, ante lo cual la
concesión del beneficio de la probation no puede estar condicionado a la voluntad de una parte
del proceso, sino que su resolución es de resorte exclusivo de los jueces. Mucho menos puede
admitirse que esa ¿voluntad¿ de una parte (el agente fiscal) sea expuesta arbitraria y
dogmáticamente, como aquí ha acontecido.

En tal sentido, interpretación semejante afecta la garantía de independencia de los jueces,

pues permite a los fiscales ejercer un poder determinante y vinculante sobre éstos, lo que
implica, ni más ni menos, que la arrogación del ámbito de la decisión jurisdiccional que la
Constitución Nacional ha asignado en exclusiva a los jueces (al respecto puede verse
BRUZZONE, Gustavo A., "Probation y pena de inhabilitación. Una condena similar a la que
surge de un juicio abreviado", La Ley, t. 2001-D, pág. 227).

Ciertamente, si el fiscal maniata al juez hasta tal punto que su oposición sea considerada
como concluyente, entonces es el fiscal el que decide, vulnerándose el principio de separación
de poderes (y de ese modo el sistema republicano de gobierno), principio que, vale recordarlo,
se inspira en una ideología que, con el fin de proteger a los ciudadanos en su libertad y
derechos, establece una estructura de contención a través de un sistema de revisión y control
recíproco de esos poderes, en pos de evitar que la excesiva concentración y la ausencia de
control degenere en arbitrariedad.

Se supone que nuestro Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho ya ha tomado como

principio rector a la separación de las funciones de acusar y de decidir; correspondiendo con
libertad al fiscal la primera y también con libertad al juez la segunda, sin condicionamientos.

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Es que carecería de todo sentido que, por ejemplo, ante una oposición infundada o arbitraria
a la concesión de una suspensión del juicio a prueba, tal como ocurre en este caso, se
imposibilitara a los jueces el ejercicio de una debido control de legalidad y razonabilidad de
dicho acto, máxime cuando hasta las propias normas de actuación del ministerio público fiscal,
además del ordenamiento ritual, imponen que los dictámenes de sus integrantes deben hallarse
debidamente fundados y ser sometidos al control de los jueces.

En este último sentido, sinceramente no se explica cómo la concesión o no por parte un juez
o tribunal a una solicitud de suspensión de juicio a prueba puede ser revisada, mientras que la
oposición de un fiscal debería tener poder vinculante para el juzgador sin posibilidad alguna
de control. Así interpretarlo no sólo es ilógico sino también ilegal.

Es que, sujetar a los órganos jurisdiccionales a la opinión de los fiscales importa una
violación de la garantía constitucional del juez natural que prevé el art. 18 de la Constitución
Nacional, pues extiende indebidamente las potestades de dichos funcionarios a costa de la
independencia y jurisdicción de los jueces naturales de la causa y, por ende, a costa del derecho
constitucional de todo justiciable de contar con un juez natural que pueda ejercer, plenamente,
su jurisdicción.

Y aún cuando en el caso de autos se interprete (se interpreta, porque en rigor de verdad no
se ha fundamentado legalmente) que V.E. también está de acuerdo en que existiría un
impedimento legal de tipo general para acceder a la probation en caso de delitos tributarios (lo
cual contradice sus propios actos en otros casos análogos, en los que sí ha otorgado la probation
para delitos tributarios), su decisión tampoco resiste un adecuado control de legalidad y
logicidad, pues, tal como fuera explicitado, carece de razones que fundamenten adecuadamente
lo decidido en contra de la previsión legal que por regla general, como ocurre con cualquier
beneficio legal, impone su concesión si se encuentran reunidas —como en el caso- las razones
para así proceder.

Retomo el punto neural en el que V.E. ha sostenido que la posición del fiscal resulta
vinculante para la decisión del órgano jurisdiccional.

Sinceramente no alcanzo a percibir solidez argumentativa en el fallo de V.E. (de hecho,

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carece de cualquier tipo de desarrollo argumental autónomo) como para coincidir que la ley
permite interpretar que la posición que fije una parte del proceso (el agente fiscal sin dudas lo
es) ata al órgano jurisdiccional a decidir de conformidad con dicha postulación. Que sea el
titular del ejercicio de la acción penal no convierte, por ello, al fiscal en intérprete de la ley;
mucho menos en exclusivo intérprete de ésta, al extremo de atar de pies y manos al juez, que
es quien (se supone) en una República tiene la potestad exclusiva de decir el derecho, esto es:
de interpretar y fijar los alcances de la ley, más allá de la opinión (sugerencias) de las partes.

No encuentro, como dije, que la ley diga lo que V.E. dice que dice (que lo dice en este caso,
mientras que en otros de idénticas características dice exactamente lo contrario). De allí que la
interpretación que V.E. está haciendo ahora en este caso, en definitiva lo es en malam partem,
lo cual violenta directamente al art. 2° del CPPN. Nuevo motivo para nulificar vuestra decisión.

En tal sentido, si se partiera de interpretaciones pretendidamente literales semejantes a la de

V.E., ni siquiera podría accederse a la probation en casos de delitos con escalas penales
superiores a los tres años (como durante muchos años lo entendieron equívocamente varios
tribunales), desde el momento que el primer párrafo del art. 76 bis del CP prevé: "El imputado
de un delito de acción pública reprimido con pena de reclusión o prisión cuyo máximo no
exceda de tres años, podrá solicitar la suspensión del juicio a prueba". Pero por supuesto, una
adecuada interpretación de la ley (pese a su literalidad) ha llevado a nuestros tribunales a
interpretar que dicho máximo sería el que se aplicaría en abstracto al caso particular,
independientemente del "máximo" de la escala penal del delito reprochado. Entonces, si se ha
podido tamaña interpretación, de suyo que frente a un giro inexplicable como el de V.E., no
puede interpretarse lealmente que allí la ley impone como condición excluyente al
consentimiento del fiscal para acceder a la probation o que se excluye para delitos tributarios;
no resultando, en consecuencia, adecuada la dogmática postura de V.E..

Pero más allá de ello, y aún si por ventura se admitiera que es así (cuando en verdad no lo
es), lo cierto es que dicha oposición (precisamente por el elevadísimo cariz que se le pretende
otorgar por parte de V.E.) debe indefectiblemente encontrarse adecuadamente fundada; esto
es: ser una derivación razonada del derecho al caso particular. Y, como ya he señalado, lo cierto
es que la oposición que aquí esgrimió la agente fiscal auxiliar carece de argumentos válidos.

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En rigor de verdad, si la interpretación que se pretende tomar de la ley es que impide de

forma absoluta el acceso al beneficio de la probation en casos de delitos tributarios (lo cual no
ha sido fundado en este proceso), deberíamos entonces proceder conforme los principios
generales del derecho, y analizar su constitucionalidad.

Desde ya, si así se lo toma, la inconstitucionalidad es manifiesta; lo cual dejo planteado al

tribunal ad quem, si se considerara necesario decretarla, no sin recordar que la Corte Suprema
de Justicia de la Nación tiene dicho que la declaración de inconstitucionalidad de una norma
es una materia en la que rige un criterio restrictivo, por significar la última ratio del orden
jurídico (Fallos 331:2799; 14:425; 105:22; 112:63; 182:317).

Pero como en el caso una interpretación normativa semejante deviene contraria a la

Constitución Nacional y además irroga un perjuicio real, concreto, actual e irreparable a mis
asistidos (Fallos: 332:5; entre otros), así lo traigo a consideración.

Es que, cuando una norma desconoce principios constitucionales que es el deber del Estado
tutelar —como sucede en este caso, que se pretende que la probation no es concebible para
delitos tributarios-, la declaración de inconstitucionalidad se impone como una obligación para
los órganos que ejercen la actividad jurisdiccional y ello no puede ser interpretado como una
indebida intromisión en las facultades reconocidas al resto de los poderes de Estado.

Sucede que, como dije, en el presente caso se encuentran afectados principios

constitucionales que deben ser atendidos, tales como el principio de igualdad (art. 16, 18 y 19
de la CN) y el principio de razonabilidad (art. 28 de la CN), que en la interpretación de la
auxiliar fiscal y de V.E. (por extensión de la primera, no por auto suficiencia del fallo, que
carece de motivación) del art. 19 de la ley 26.735 desconoce el derecho de mis asistidos. De
allí la inconstitucionalidad que se deja planteada.

En ese orden de cosas, el artículo 19 de la ley 26.735 estaría lesionando el principio de

igualdad consagrado constitucionalmente, contrariando lo dispuesto en los artículos 16 y 75
inciso 22 de la Constitución Nacional, art. 24 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos
Humanos y art. 3 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos.

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Con relación a ello, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación tiene dicho que: "La igualdad
que consagra el art. 16 de la Constitución Nacional no es otra cosa que el derecho a que no se
establezcan excepciones o privilegios que excluyan a unos de lo que no se concede a otros en
iguales circunstancias" (Fallos 123:106).

"La garantía de igualdad consagrada en la Constitución Nacional consiste en aplicar la ley

a todos los casos ocurrentes según sus diferencias constitutivas. No se trata de la igualdad
absoluta o rígida sino de la igualdad para todos los casos idénticos, lo que importa la
prohibición de establecer excepciones que excluyan a unos de los que se les concede a otros
en las mismas circunstancias, pero no impide que el legislador establezca distinciones
valederas entre supuestos que estime diferentes, en tanto aquéllas no sean arbitrarias, es decir,
no obedezcan a propósitos de injusta persecución o indebido privilegio, sino a una objetiva
razón de discriminación." (Fallos 321:3630).

No se trata entonces de la igualdad absoluta o rígida sino de la igualdad para todos los casos
idénticos, resultando una afectación a la garantía efectuar excepciones en virtud de las cuales
algunos queden excluidos de lo que se concede a otros en las mismas circunstancias.

Y es en este sentido que el art. 19 de la ley 26.735 afecta el principio invocado, de suscribirse
la interpretación de esta auxiliar fiscal, pues así se excluiría de la posibilidad de obtener la
probation a una categoría de delitos —los contemplados en la ley 24.769-. Exclusión que solo
encuentra sustento en una distinción arbitraria, pues otros delitos con idéntica pena -y aún de
mayor escala y afectación jurídica- pueden acceder a dicho beneficio.

A modo de ejemplo, el ciudadano común imputado por un fraude en los términos del art.
174 del CP -que prevé una escala penal de dos a seis años de prisión- puede acceder a la
probation, mientras que mis asistidos, a quienes se atribuye el delito previsto y penado por el
art. 9 de la ley 24.769 -cuya escala penal también es de dos a seis años de prisión- no pueden
acceder a dicho beneficio. Para colmo, eso así ocurre para mis asistidos en este caso, mas no
para otros imputados en otros procesos seguidos por infracciones a la ley penal tributaria,
donde V.E. aplica un criterio absolutamente opuesto, accediendo a que allí aquéllos sí puedan
gozar de dicho beneficio.

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Como se ve, tal arbitraria distinción legal que estaría planteando el art. 19 de la ley 26.735,
termina estableciendo que algunas personas disfrutan de algunas garantías que otras no pueden
gozar, lo cual es inadmisible e indudablemente afecta el principio de igualdad ante la ley.

Conforme la ya citada doctrina del importante precedente "Acosta" de la Corte Suprema de

Justicia de la Nación ("Acosta, Alejandro Esteban s/ inf. art. 14, primer párrafo de la Ley
23.737", causa 28/05. A 2186 XLI), hay una única forma constitucionalmente adecuada de
tutelar bienes jurídicos con menor o mayor énfasis, y ello es a través del monto de las escalas
penales. En el caso particular de mis asistidos la escala penal prevista en abstracto les
permitiría, sin más, acceder a la probation, siendo que el único obstáculo que se los impediría
es una interpretación in malam parte de la modificación realizada por la ley 26.735 al art. 76
bis del CP.

Definitivamente, ello vulnera el principio de igualdad, tal como debo suponer que V.E.
piensa cuando en otros casos concede la suspensión del proceso a prueba para delitos
tributarios.

En este sentido se ha sostenido que "la probation no ha sido pensada ni legislada en atención
a categorías delictivas según los bienes jurídicos en juego, sino en atención a la gravedad de
los delitos respecto de los cuales será procedente. Dicha gravedad prevista en abstracto en los
arts. 76 bis y ss. es un elemento que viene dado (...) por los tipos de la parte Especial. Si el
legislador estima que un delito determinado tiene tal gravedad que, por ejemplo, no debe dar
lugar a la aplicación de la suspensión de juicio a prueba o de la condenación condicional, lo
que debe hacer es elevar la escala penal respectiva o el tipo de pena aplicable, dejándoles fuera,
por ejemplo, de las posibilidades de los arts. 76 bis o 26 del C.P". (Revista de Derecho Penal
Tributario, Año XVII, Septiembre de 2012, pág. 75).

De allí, entonces, la palmaria inconstitucionalidad del artículo 19 de la ley 26.735 en esa

interpretación cerrada como la toma la auxiliar fiscal y la hace suya V.E., por violación al
principio de igualdad consagrado en nuestra Constitución Nacional, dado que la exclusión de
los delitos tipificados por la ley 24.769 de la posibilidad de acceder al instituto regulado por el
art. 76 del C.P. no obedece a razones objetivas de diferenciación con otros delitos, siendo dicha
diferenciación absolutamente irrazonable.
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En este último sentido, el principio de razonabilidad (art. 28, CN) no solamente exige que
la ley sea razonable, sino que también impone que el ejercicio de la actividad respectiva tenga
un contenido razonable.

Al respecto, la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación tiene dicho lo siguiente: "El principio
de razonabilidad exige que deba cuidarse especialmente que los preceptos mantengan
coherencia con las reglas constitucionales durante todo el lapso que dure su vigencia, de suerte
que su aplicación no resulte contradictoria con lo establecido por la Constitución Nacional"
(Fallos 338:1455; entre otros).

Así, dentro del principio de razonabilidad, cabe considerar que el art. 19 de la ley 26.735
debe ser analizado en el marco del resto del ordenamiento jurídico, y es allí donde ser advierte
que la prohibición de acceder a la suspensión del juicio a prueba establece desigualdades en
relación a otros supuestos de similar tenor en los que sí se acepta la probation, afectando
entonces también este principio.

Finalmente, a favor de la procedencia de la probation en casos como el presente, vale

resaltar que la Convención Americana de Derechos humanos (art. 5, ptos. 6 y 9) y el Pacto
Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (arts. 6 y 15), consagran el principio de mínima
suficiencia y su derivado de máxima taxatividad interpretativa, por los que se establece que
deben preferirse formas alternativas de resolución del conflicto a la aplicación de una pena —
conforme el primero—, y toda duda derivada de la hermenéutica del texto legal habrá de
resolverse en la forma más limitativa de la criminalización, invocándose la vigencia de
principio pro homine que impone privilegiar la interpretación legal que más derechos acuerde
al ser humano frente al poder estatal, toda vez que lo contrario importaría una pérdida del
derecho (cf. Navarrine, Susana Camila, "La Suspensión del Juicio a Prueba en los delitos
Tributarios", IMP.2009-20 —octubre-, pág. 1601).

Subsidiariamente, destaco que, en todo caso, el art. 280 de la ley 27.430 establece la
derogación de la ley 24.769, a resultas de lo cual cabe entender que la prohibición de la
concesión del beneficio de la probation para los delitos tributarios ya no se encuentra vigente.

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En resumidas cuentas, por las razones expuestas sostengo que V.E. ha realizado una errónea
interpretación de la citada norma del ordenamiento de fondo, que lo condujo a la inobservancia
de la ley sustantiva, violando de este modo el derecho de defensa en juicio y debido proceso.
Además, se pronunció con una manifiesta arbitrariedad, que desmerece al decisorio por falta
de razón adecuada.

De allí que esta resolución deberá ser casada por la Cámara Federal de Casación Penal, con
el fin de resolver correctamente la cuestión debatida, la cual constituye también un caso federal
a los efectos del sistema del recurso extraordinario.

V.— SUSPENSIÓN DEL DEBATE

De suyo, Señor Juez, que para no tornar aún más ilusorios los derechos de mis asistidos a
acceder al beneficio de la probation, y en respeto, también, de la garantía al doble conforme,
expresamente pido que se suspenda la audiencia de juicio oral convocada para el próximo
............................................................................

Como dije, la celebración del debate -con su necesaria conclusión, mediante el dictado de
una sentencia definitiva-, además de un innecesario desgaste jurisdiccional, importaría una
directa e irremediable afectación a los derechos y garantías constitucionales enunciados de mis
asistidos.

Por el contrario, la prudente decisión de suspender el debate a la espera de que se defina

esta vía recursiva aquí interpuesta, no sólo evitará semejante dispendio jurisdiccional sino que
permitirá afianzar los derechos y garantías del justiciable; sin que por ello se pueda ver afectada
la realización del derecho, cuando ningún indicio existe sobre una eventual elusión de la
justicia por mi defendida ni la frustración de ello por prescripción, cuando se está muy lejos de
cumplirse los plazos en tal sentido establecidos.

VI. — PETITORIO
1) Tenga por presentado en tiempo y forma este recurso de casación, haciendo lugar al
mismo, y en consecuencia remita lo actuado a conocimiento de la Excma. Cámara Federal de
Casación Penal, a sus efectos.

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2) Tenga presente el caso federal denunciado (artículo 14 de la ley 48), por tener raigambre
constitucional las disposiciones del proceso que se han indicado como violadas con el
interlocutorio impugnado.

3) Suspenda la realización del debate oral convocado en autos, hasta tanto se resuelva
definitivamente el planteo de esta parte vinculado con el derecho de mis asistidos a acceder al
beneficio de la probation.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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MANTIENE RECURSO

Excma Cámara:

(Encabezado) a V.E. digo:

Que habiéndose notificado a esta defensa la radicación de los actuados ante V.E., y en virtud
del emplazamiento notificado por el Inferior, vengo a mantener el recurso concedido.

En consecuencia, y a los efectos de fundar los agravios que la interlocutoria recurrida le

causa a mi pupilo, SOLICITO la fijación de la audiencia prevista por el art. 454 CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PLANTEA EXENCIÓN DE PRISIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que siguiendo expresas órdenes del Sr. ...........................................................................,
quien ha tomado conocimiento sobre el presente sumario que lo tiene en situación de rebeldía
desde ........................................................................... (en virtud de la cual habría pedido de
captura), es que vengo a solicitar se decrete su exención de prisión de conformidad con el
artículo 316 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación, por las consideraciones de hecho y de
derecho que a continuación se expondrán.

II. HECHOS
Se le imputa el delito de ............................................................................ Y lo cierto es que
el Sr. ........................................................................... siempre ha estado a derecho desde el
momento en que fue le notificada dicha imputación. Tanto es así que luego de mudarse por
razones personales, dio aviso telefónicamente a su defensor oficial.

Nunca tuvo intenciones de estar rebelde, pero desde su cambio de domicilio no recibió más
notificaciones de la causa. Y por ello justamente se contactó con nosotros, cuando le hicimos
saber su pedido de captura. Fue así como el Sr. ...........................................................................
nos solicitó que promoviéramos el presente, ya que, como bien sostiene David Elbio Dayenoff
(en su Código Penal comentado), "esta forma de protección y conservación de la libertad
personal puede ser promovida por el propio imputado, por intermedio de un abogado o,
simplemente por toda persona que lo solicite en la forma pertinente y al juez de la causa".

El pedido de exención obedece a la necesidad moral, espiritual y jurídica del Sr.

........................................................................... de estar a derecho; está dispuesto de hacerse
presente ante el Excelentísimo Tribunal a fin de aclarar la situación, empero solicita contar con
las garantías constitucionales que lo asisten. Ello considerando que, durante el plazo en que no
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ha estado a derecho, no ha entorpecido el accionar de la justicia ni ha interferido con la

investigación.

No se puede soslayar que la prisión preventiva es una medida cautelar de carácter

excepcional cuya finalidad es evitar la fuga del imputado y la frustración en la investigación
de la verdad. Así se ha sostenido que "la privación de la libertad procesal sólo puede autorizarse
cuando es imprescindible y, por lo tanto, no susceptible de ninguna otra medida de similar
eficacia pero menos gravosa. Si no se comprende que el respeto a la libertad y dignidad del
hombre es el fundamento de cualquier legitimidad normativa, el Derecho será, lejos de un
modo de solución pacífica de conflictos, simplemente un instrumento de opresión" (Seguí,
Ernesto A., "Límites al poder punitivo, coercitivo y normativo del Estado", Ed. Juris, Rosario,
1993, p. 12).

Del armónico análisis de las normas vinculadas resulta claro que el encarcelamiento
preventivo sólo puede tener fines procesales, porque se trata de una medida cautelar, no
punitiva, criterio que surge de lo expresamente previsto en el art. 280, Cód. Procesal Penal, y
que fuera consagrado en distintos precedentes por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos (puede ampliarse este criterio en lo expuesto en el fallo "Suárez Rosero" publicado
en Nueva Doctrina Penal, con comentarios de Alberto Bovino, N.D.P. 1998 B, ps. 631 y sgtes.,
en part., ps. 672 y sgtes. al que brevitatis causae desde ya me remito).

En síntesis: el criterio general es el que surge del art. 280 y las reglas de los arts. 316, 317
y cctes. del Cód. Procesal Penal deben interpretarse armónicamente con el principio de
presunción de inocencia, es decir: dichas reglas son siempre "iuris tantum".

III. MOTIVACIÓN
El pedido de exención de prisión del Sr. ...........................................................................
obedece a la posibilidad de ponerse a derecho y abandonar la situación de rebeldía, prestar
declaración, realizar descargo y evacuar las consultas que V.S. considere pertinentes, así como
someterse a las medidas de prueba que el magistrado disponga.

Luego de todo ello, V.S. podrá disponer de conformidad con lo normado por el art. 334 o
en su defecto por lo dispuesto por el art. 346 CPPN.
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Cabe resaltar que el imputado tiene un trabajo fijo mediante el cual puede afrontar los gastos
esenciales de un individuo y hacer su vida cotidiana como mejor le resulte posible, no se droga,
no consume alcohol y no posee antecedentes penales condenatorios.

IV. HACE RESERVA

Para el hipotético caso de que la acción no fuera acogida formal o sustancialmente
realizamos expresa reserva de interponer el recurso extraordinario federal, según lo dispuesto
por el art. 14 de la ley 48.

Asimismo, realizamos expresa reserva de concurrir por ante la Cámara Nacional de

Casación Penal y por ante los organismos internacionales que corresponda a fin de resguardar
los legítimos derechos del imputado.

V. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto se solicita:

a) Se tenga por peticionada la exención de prisión de

............................................................................

b) Se tengan presentes las reservas realizadas.

c) Oportunamente, se conceda el beneficio solicitado bajo cualquier tipo de caución.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PRESENTACIÓN ESPONTÁNEA

AL SEÑOR FISCAL:

(Encabezado), ante Ud. respetuosamente me presento y digo:

OBJETO
Que habiendo tomado conocimiento de la existencia de estos autos, vengo a presentarme
formalmente a los efectos de realizar mi declaración ante Ud. por las gravísimas conductas que
se me imputan, para que así se dilucide mi situación procesal.

A esos fines, designo abogado defensor en la persona del Dr.

........................................................................... y solicito se le dé al profesional la
intervencio´n en estos autos que por derecho corresponda.

HECHOS
En fecha ...........................................................................,
........................................................................... me convocó a su despacho a los efectos de
hacerme saber la injusta denuncia penal incoada contra mi persona por mi compañera, la Sra.
..........................................................................., en donde se me acusa de
........................................................................... por los hechos ocurridos el día
............................................................................

Previo a todo quiero destacar que la prontitud con la que realizo esta presentación
espontánea atiende a que la referida denuncia me daña no solo a nivel social y familiar (ya de
por sí, muy gravemente) sino que también a nivel laboral, afectando mi honor, integridad e
imagen, cuando por mi desempeño profesional he sido destacado tanto por
........................................................................... como por
............................................................................ Hasta el pasado
..........................................................................., cuando por aplicación del protocolo de
"prevención" se me transfirió a ..........................................................................., lo que vivo con
mucho dolor, y más aún por la impotencia propia de saberme víctima de un injusto.
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De ahí que me coloco voluntariamente frente a Ud; pretendo el pronto esclarecimiento de

los hechos, necesito volver a la normalidad. Y le ofrezco mi total colaboración para que
obtenga todas las explicaciones que estime corresponder en función de las presentes
declaraciones.

Porque, como podrá observar (si es que no lo hizo ya), el relato de la denunciante no sólo
no coincide con la realidad de los hechos sino que además carece de todo sustento probatorio.
Aquí se propondrán diversos testigos que relatarán cómo sucedieron aquellos momentos que
en absoluto contaron con comportamientos inoportunos o inapropiados de mi parte, ni mucho
menos ilegales. Por ello, y para comenzar, niego todos y cada uno de los hechos que se me
imputan en la denuncia y que presuntamente pudieran constituir un delito o que pudieran
hacerme aparecer como implicado en él, con fundamento en las siguientes situaciones de facto
que podré ampliar en caso de que Ud. lo considere pertinente.

A la Sra. ........................................................................... la conocí en

..........................................................................., cuando
............................................................................ Tal y como sucede con
..........................................................................., pero
............................................................................

En diversas ocasiones ..........................................................................., lo intenté, pero la

Sra. ........................................................................... lamentablemente
............................................................................ Todo ello podrá ser aseverado tanto por mis
superiores como por mis compañeros.

No voy a negar que ............................................................................ Pero aún con este

panorama, nuestra tensa relación no contaba con ningún evento que se haya salido de su cauce.
Porque mi intención era manifiesta. Pretendía que
............................................................................

La situación de aquella noche no fue diferente a las de otras noches. En

............................................................................ Fue en ese momento que todo se desmadró.
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Además de ..........................................................................., también estuvieron presentes

............................................................................ Todos ellos podrán comprobar que mis dichos
son ciertos.

Diez días después supe de la denuncia policial realizada por

............................................................................ Desconozco sus fines, y mucho menos sus
intenciones, pero desde el momento en que ha decidido faltar a la verdad frente a las
autoridades policiales ha complicado mi vida.

Estoy de acuerdo con las nuevas tendencias de empoderar a la mujer, y más aún con la
reivindicación de las víctimas de violencia de género, durante tantos años olvidadas y
apartadas. Pero hoy me encuentro perjudicado directamente por pétreas medidas protocolares
de prevención que no han hecho más que estigmatizarme frente a mi familia, amigos y
compañeros. Soy inocente, pero debo demostrarlo.

Y no la culpo a ..........................................................................., tal vez

............................................................................ Quizá fue instigada por la policía a
............................................................................ Empero le solicito a Ud. tenga a bien
considerar también mi situación: debe desestimar esta infundada denuncia. Estoy perdiendo
vida.

PRUEBA
A los efectos de demostrar la veracidad de mis afirmaciones, solicito se cite a:

..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en
............................................................................

..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en

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............................................................................

..........................................................................., DNI N°
...........................................................................; Tel. N°
...........................................................................; domiciliado en
............................................................................

Todos ellos podrán confirmar tanto mis dichos y comportamientos como relatar los hechos
ocurridos el ............................................................................

PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto, SOLICITO:

A. Se me tenga por presentado;

B. Se tenga presente lo manifestado;

C. Se tenga por designado abogado defensor;

D. Se tenga por ofrecida la prueba testimonial y se cite a

...........................................................................;

E. Oportunamente, se resuelva el presente proceso conforme ley y, en consecuencia, se

desestime la denuncia incoada por ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PROMUEVE INCOMPETENCIA (FISCAL)

Excmo. Tribunal:
(...........................................................................), ante V.E. respetuosamente digo:

Que de la lectura de las actuaciones surge que la presente causa fue -en rigor- acumulada
jurídicamente a la causa ........................................................................... durante la etapa de
instrucción (cf. decreto del ........................................................................... del Juzgado
...........................................................................), por investigar hechos temporalmente
anteriores, la que -a su vez- se encontraría acumulada a la causa
..........................................................................., actualmente en trámite ante
............................................................................

Aquella decisión fue la consecuencia del análisis realizado por la Cámara

........................................................................... en el marco de la contienda negativa de
competencia entre los distintos juzgados instructores.

Es decir, ya en la etapa de instrucción han sido activadas las cláusulas procesales que rigen
la atribución de competencia por conexión (arts. 41 y 42 del CPPN) en cumplimiento del
camino demarcado en cuanto a la necesidad de identidad del juzgador.

En casos como el de marras, en que se verifica una identidad de múltiples sujetos imputados
en las distintas actuaciones (art. 41, inc. 3, del CPPN), además de encontrarse involucrados los
mismos tipos penales, aquellas reglas procesales buscan -en definitiva- tender a impedir la
multiplicación de procesos en las hipótesis evitables. Esto encuentra fundamento, por un lado,
en derechos del imputado, pero también en principios procesales rectores como el de búsqueda
de la verdad y de economía procesal.

Es justamente por todo lo expuesto que, al margen de la eventual decisión acerca de la

posibilidad de acumular materialmente los expedientes referenciados, lo cierto es que el
........................................................................... aparece como el tribunal competente para
intervenir también en la presente causa, conforme la regla reiterada en el art. 43 del CPPN; y,
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en consecuencia, corresponderá que continúe interviniendo en representación del Ministerio

Público Fiscal la Fiscalía ............................................................................

Ahora bien, resulta evidente que la incompetencia promovida debe ser resuelta de manera
prioritaria a todo otro trámite en la causa, en tanto versa sobre el principio constitucional del
juez natural, lo que brinda motivos suficientes para proceder a la interrupción del plazo vigente
previsto por el art. 354 del CPPN, a fin de que la fiscalía a la que corresponde intervenir tenga
la oportunidad de contestar eficazmente el traslado conferido para comparecer a juicio y, de
esta manera, cumplir el mandato que el art. 120 de la CN confiere a este Ministerio Público
Fiscal.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ DERECHO.

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PROPONE ABOGADO DEFENSOR

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S., respetuosamente, me presento y digo:

Que habiendo tomado conocimiento de la causa

..........................................................................., en la que resultaría imputado en los términos
del art. 72 C.P.P.N., vengo a proponer como abogado defensor al Dr.
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

Téngase presente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PROPONE DEFENSOR

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

Que atento al estado de autos, vengo a proponer como defensor al Dr.

..........................................................................., a quien -previa aceptación del cargo-
SOLICITO le dé la intervención que por derecho corresponda.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PROPONE PERITO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que habiendo sido notificados de la pericia ...........................................................................

dispuesta a fs. ..........................................................................., y de conformidad con los arts.
258 y 259 CPPN, vengo a proponer como perito de parte a
..........................................................................., quien puede ser citado a los efectos de aceptar
el cargo, en el domicilio sito en ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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QUERELLA DESISTIMIENTO

Señor Fiscal:
(...........................................................................) ante Ud. me presento y respetuosamente
digo:

Que vengo por el presente a poner en conocimiento del Sr. Fiscal que luego de reiteradas
reuniones mantenidas con ..........................................................................., éste ha decidido
afrontar una reparación patrimonial a mi favor, sin perjuicio de las acciones que ulteriormente
pudiere iniciar a los fines de determinar el esclarecimiento de los hechos que lo han perjudicado
y la responsabilidad criminal de quienes resulten responsables.

En consecuencia, hago expreso el desistimiento de la acción iniciada y SOLICITO el

archivo de las actuaciones sin más trámite.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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QUERELLA OFRECE PRUEBA. ESTAFA. ART. 354 CPPN

Excmo. Tribunal:
(...........................................................................) ante V.E., respetuosamente digo:

I.- OBJETO
Que en orden a lo establecido en los arts. 354 y 355 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación,
vengo en legal tiempo y forma a ofrecer la producción de las siguientes diligencias de prueba
(conf. despacho de fecha ...........................................................................).

II.- PRUEBA
A. PRUEBA TESTIMONIAL

1. Se cite a declarar al siguiente testigo, quien será consultado por

..........................................................................., en su carácter de
..........................................................................., al momento de
...........................................................................: Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

2. Se cite a declarar al siguiente testigo, quien será consultado por

..........................................................................., en su carácter de
..........................................................................., al momento de
...........................................................................: Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

3. Se cite a declarar al siguiente testigo, quien será consultado por

..........................................................................., en su carácter de
..........................................................................., al momento de
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...........................................................................: Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

4. Se cite a declarar al siguiente testigo, quien será consultado por

..........................................................................., en su carácter de
..........................................................................., al momento de
...........................................................................: Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

5. Se cite a declarar al siguiente testigo, quien será consultado por

..........................................................................., en su carácter de
..........................................................................., al momento de
...........................................................................: Sr.
..........................................................................., DNI Nº
..........................................................................., con domicilio en
............................................................................

B. PRUEBA DOCUMENTAL
De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el art. 392 del C.P.P.N., solicito se incorporen por
lectura:

1. Denuncia formulada por ........................................................................... y

documentación agregada a la misma (fs. ...........................................................................);

2. Testimonial de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

3. Informes de ........................................................................... (fs.

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...........................................................................);

4. Ampliación de denuncia de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

5. Testimonial de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

6. Informes de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................);

7. Indagatoria de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................)

8. Informe socio ambiental de ........................................................................... (fs.

...........................................................................).

III.- PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, solicito a V.E. que:

I.- Se tenga por presentada en legal tiempo y forma, y por ofrecida la prueba.

II.- Se provea la producción de la prueba ofrecida.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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QUERELLA PROPONE PERITO DE PARTE

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

Que atento la resolución de V.S., en donde dispone la realización de una pericia

........................................................................... respecto de las
........................................................................... secuestradas en la causa, y de acuerdo a los
fines previstos por el código del rito, vengo a proponer como perito de parte al Lic.
..........................................................................., que se encuentra inscripto ante la Excma.
Cámara del Fuero.

El domicilio del perito es ..........................................................................., y le SOLICITO

a V.S. que disponga su presencia ante el Tribunal para que acepte el cargo conferido. Luego,
el profesional procederá a evacuar los puntos de pericia oportunamente ofrecidos por esta parte.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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QUERELLANTE PRORROGA ELEVACIÓN A JUICIO. ART. 346 CPPN

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) a V.S. digo:

Que atento al volumen y a la complejidad de estos autos, vengo a SOLICITAR se conceda

prórroga por el término de ley, a los efectos de contestar la vista conferida en fecha
..........................................................................., de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el art.
346 CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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RECURSO DE APELACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que, en legal tiempo y forma, vengo a interponer formal Recurso de Apelación contra el
resolutorio de fecha ........................................................................... en tanto resuelve decretar
el procesamiento de mi asistido en orden al delito de
..........................................................................., solicitando se conceda el mismo en la forma
de estilo.

II. MOTIVACIÓN
Que a los efectos de dar cumplimiento a lo dispuesto por el artículo 438 CPPN, motivo el
presente en las siguientes circunstancias de hecho y de derecho:

a. El a-quo no ha valorado correctamente las constancias del proceso, procesando a mi

defendido de manera gravosa. Ello por cuanto ............................................................................
Este extremo debe ser revocado por la Excelentísima Cámara de Apelaciones atento que, según
se encuetra acreditado, mi defendido ............................................................................

En la declaración indagatoria, mi defendido manifestó claramente que

............................................................................

b. El a-quo ha tomado una decisión apresurada que no se condice con las probanzas de las
actuaciones. Solo se ha valorado la declaración del testigo
..........................................................................., quien es el único testigo, y que mágicamente
se ha ofrecido, cuando mi defendido dejó en claro que nadie se acercó a ofrecerse como testigo.
Mi cliente solo fue ayudado por ............................................................................ Por ello
resulta llamativo que se valore la declaración del único testigo, cuando la misma es endeble.

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c. El a-quo entiende que no está establecida la

........................................................................... porque
............................................................................ Pero el a-quo debió ser más precavido y en su
caso, previo a la indagatoria, ordenar una pesquisa o remitir a
........................................................................... requiriendo que profesionales con
incumbencia en la materia se expidan sobre ...........................................................................; de
haberse procedido de esta forma, hubiera tenido en su fallo mayores elementos de prueba que
le habrían dado una convicción diferente, hasta quizás el sobreseimiento de mi cliente por falta
de pruebas o por existir culpa concurrente.

d. Asimismo, mi defendido en su indagatoria dejó en claro que

............................................................................ Esto no fue valorado por el a-quo, y de haberse
valorado se hubiera dictado, quizás la falta de mérito, hasta la reunión de una mayor cantidad
de pruebas. Es que, si efectivamnete esta Excelentísima Cámara de Apelaciones revoca el auto
apelado, y dicta la falta de mérito, el a-quo deberá ordenar una mayor cantidad de pruebas que
permitan concluir cómo fue ........................................................................... y si existe en su
caso culpa concurrente.

No obstante, y a la luz de las constancias de autos se solicita a V.E. que dicte el

sobreseimiento de mi cliente.

III. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, solicito:

a. Se tenga por interpuesto en tiempo y forma el presente recurso.

b. Se eleven las actuaciones en la forma de estilo.

c. Oportunamente, se revoque el auto apelado y se dicte el sobreseimiento de mi defendido.

d. Se tenga por reservado el caso federal.

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Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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RECUSACIÓN CON CAUSA

Señor. Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

I. OBJETO
Que, de conformidad con lo previsto por el art. 58 del CPPN, vengo a recusarlo en los
te´rminos del art. 55 inc. ........................................................................... del CPPN y a tal
efecto, indico en el presente escrito los motivos en que me baso y los elementos de prueba que
lo corroboran, en los te´rminos requeridos por el art. 59 del mismo ordenamiento.

II. FUNDAMENTO
Que según consta en autos ..........................................................................., V.S. ha
............................................................................

III. DERECHO
La presente recusación con causa se encuentra fundamentada en el art. 55 inc. 9 y cctes. del
Código Procesal Penal de la Nación.

IV. PRUEBA
A sus efectos, solicito se requiera a ........................................................................... la
remisión del expediente ............................................................................

V. PETITORIO
Por lo expuesto solicito a V.S.:

1°) Se tenga por deducida en legal tiempo y forma la recusación planteada.

2°) Oportunamente, se eleven las actuaciones al superior para la dilucidación del planteo
formulado
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3°) Oportunamente, se haga lugar a la recusación interpuesta.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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RENUNCIA. SOLICITA AMPLIAR INDAGATORIA

Señor Juez:
........................................................................... a V. S. digo:

Que vengo en tiempo y forma a renunciar a las pruebas y su ofrecimiento, como a cualquier
trámite anterior al fallo de V. S., incluyendo en la petición lo que establecen los arts.
............................................................................

Sin perjuicio de ello, solicito asimismo se cite a mi defendido a ampliar la indagatoria de

fs. ............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA ACLARATORIA

Señor Juez:

a V. S. respetuosamente digo:

Que conforme lo dispuesto por el art. 126 CPPN, vengo en tiempo y forma a solicitar se
aclare el auto de fecha ........................................................................... que resuelve
"...........................................................................", cuando debería
........................................................................... porque
............................................................................

En consecuencia, SOLICITO se aclare el auto en razón del error señalado.

De todas maneras, para el poco probable caso que V.S. no acceda a lo solicitado,
INTERPONGO reposición -y apelación- en subsidio, de acuerdo al art. 446 y cctes. del Código
Procesal Penal.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA AMPLIAR DECLARACIÓN

Señor Juez:
........................................................................... , a V. S. digo:

Que mi defendido, el Sr. ..........................................................................., SOLICITA

ampliar la declaración prestada a fs. ..........................................................................., atento la
necesidad de referirse a otros hechos pertinentes a la causa, y de acuerdo con lo normado en el
art. 303 CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA CERTIFICADO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

Que atento la sentencia absolutoria dictada por V.S. el día

........................................................................... en estos autos, SOLICITO se expida
certificado del resultado final, a los efectos de ser presentado ante las autoridades pertinentes.

Se autoriza a ........................................................................... para su retiro del Tribunal.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA CLAUSURA DEL SUMARIO

Excma. Cámara:

(Encabezado) ante V.E. me presento y respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que atento al estado de autos, y teniendo en cuenta el tiempo transcurrido desde la
indagatoria recibida al Sr. ........................................................................... (en fecha
...........................................................................), vengo a solicitar la inmediata clausura del
sumario y su desvinculación de la presente causa por las consideraciones que paso a explayar.

II. HECHOS
Los presentes se iniciaron en fecha ........................................................................... por la
denuncia de ........................................................................... efectuada ante ese Tribunal.
Luego de diversas diligencias procesales, que incluyeron el allanamiento al domicilio de mi
defendido, se le recibió declaración indagatoria.

Y con fecha ..........................................................................., excediendo claramente el

plazo previsto por artículo 309 CPPN, el Juez actuante decretó la falta de mérito respecto del
imputado.

A pedido del Fiscal, el instructor decretó el procesamiento de

............................................................................ Todo lo cual fue apelado por esta defensa; fue
por ello que la Sala ........................................................................... de esa Excma. Cámara, con
fecha ..........................................................................., resolvió revocarlo.

Desde ese entonces hasta hoy ha transcurrido en exceso el plazo previsto por el artículo 207
del código del rito para culminar la instrucción del sumario, sin que ello hubiera ocurrido.

Resulta indudable que la falta de cumplimiento de la reseñada norma resulta ser un

incumplimiento grave, no siendo dable excusarlo por la delegación que en la tramitación de la
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causa se pudiera haber efectuado a la fiscalía, pues es el magistrado quien debe velar por el
cumplimiento de las normas procesales que hacen al derecho de los justiciables.

III. PETITORIO
Debido a ello y teniendo en cuenta que V.E. es la encargada de hacer cumplir dicha
normativa, vengo a SOLICITAR se ordene la inmediata clausura del sumario permitiendo con
ello la desvinculación de mi pupilo de esta causa.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA DEVOLUCIÓN

Señor Juez:
........................................................................... a V. S. digo:

Que atento al estado de autos, y toda vez que

........................................................................... -secuestrado el día
...........................................................................- ya no es de utilidad para las presentes (de
acuerdo a ...........................................................................), vengo a SOLICITAR su
devolución, cuya propiedad ya ha sido acreditada a fs.
............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA EXCARCELACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

1. Que habiendo sido indagado mi asistido (a fs.

...........................................................................) y considerando que los hechos que se le
imputan pueden ser calificados dentro de los delitos de
..........................................................................., los cuales permiten el beneficio de la
excarcelación (art. 317), vengo a solicitar le sea concedido tal beneficio.

2. Para ello, y teniendo en cuenta que el Sr. ...........................................................................

no tiene antecedentes penales, que en el barrio donde habita goza de estima y buen concepto
moral, que no entorpecerá la marcha del proceso ni dejará de concurrir ante el tribunal, y que
trabaja en forma independiente como taxista, V.S. deberá considerar como suficiente la caución
prevista por el artículo 321 CPPN.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DE LA MATERIA

Excmo. Tribunal:
(...........................................................................) ante V.E. respetuosamente digo:

OBJETO.
Que de la lectura de las actuaciones surge que la presente causa fue -en rigor-acumulada
jurídicamente a la causa ........................................................................... durante la etapa de
instrucción (cf. decreto del ..........................................................................., obrante a fs.
...........................................................................), por investigar hechos temporalmente
anteriores, la que a su vez se encontraría acumulada a la causa
..........................................................................., actualmente en trámite ante
............................................................................

Aquella decisión fue la consecuencia del análisis realizado por la Cámara de Apelaciones
del fuero en el marco de la contienda negativa de competencia entre los distintos juzgados
instructores. Es decir, ya en la etapa de instrucción han sido activadas las cláusulas procesales
que rigen la atribución de competencia por conexión (arts. 41 y 42 del CPPN) en cumplimiento
del camino demarcado por el legislador en cuanto a la necesidad de identidad del juzgador en
ciertos supuestos.

En casos como el de marras, en donde se verifica una identidad de múltiples sujetos

imputados en las distintas actuaciones (art. 41 inc. 3 CPPN), además de encontrarse
involucrados los mismos tipos penales, se tiende a impedir la multiplicación de procesos en las
hipótesis evitables. Esto encuentra fundamento, por un lado, en derechos del imputado, pero
también en principios procesales rectores como el de búsqueda de la verdad y de economía
procesal.

Es justamente por todo lo expuesto que, al margen de la eventual decisión acerca de la

posibilidad de acumular materialmente los expedientes referenciados, lo cierto es que el
........................................................................... aparece como el tribunal competente para
intervenir también en la presente causa, conforme la regla reiterada en el art. 43 del CPPN; y,
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en consecuencia, corresponderá que continúe interviniendo en representación del Ministerio

Público Fiscal, la Fiscalía ............................................................................

Ahora bien, resulta evidente que la incompetencia promovida debe ser resuelta de manera
prioritaria a todo otro trámite en la causa, en tanto versa sobre el principio constitucional del
juez natural, lo que brinda motivos suficientes para proceder a la interrupción del plazo vigente
previsto por el art. 354 del CPPN, a fin de que la fiscalía a la que corresponde intervenir tenga
la oportunidad de contestar eficazmente el traslado conferido para comparecer a juicio y, de
esta manera, cumplir el mandato que el art. 120 de la CN confiere a este Ministerio Público
Fiscal.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA INCOMPETENCIA EN RAZÓN DE LA MATERIA. PENAL

AMBIENTAL

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. me presento y respetuosamente
digo:

I.- OBJETO:
Que vengo en tiempo y forma a solicitar que V.S. se declare incompetente para entender en
estos autos y remita las actuaciones al Juzgado ...........................................................................
que por turno corresponda, en razón de los hechos y derechos que seguidamente se expondrán.

II.- ANTECEDENTES:
En fecha ........................................................................... se le recibió indagatoria a mi
defendido con relación al hecho que se le imputa en esta causa. Allí se dijo que
............................................................................

Pero lo cierto es que el hecho imputado encuadra en las previsiones sujetas por Ley
..........................................................................., y por ello corresponde se declare la
incompetencia de la justicia ordinaria para entender en estas actuaciones y se remitan a la
justicia ........................................................................... con jurisdicción en esta ciudad y que
por turno corresponda.-

III.- PETITORIO:
a.- Se tenga por presentado.

b.- Se declare la incompetencia y se remita la causa a la Justicia

............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.
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SOLICITA LIBERTAD ASISTIDA

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

Que el Sr. ..........................................................................., actualmente recluido en

..........................................................................., se encuentra próximo a cumplir el plazo
previsto por el art. 54 de la Ley 24.660 respecto de la pena que cumple desde
............................................................................

Que para ello, resulta menester que V.S. disponga las medidas necesarias y dé inicio al
trámite previsto en dicha norma.

En consecuencia, SOLICITO se ordene a la Administración Penitenciaria la remisión de

toda la información que V.S. considere pertinente para hacer lugar a la presente incidencia en
el menor tiempo posible.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA LIBERTAD CONDICIONAL

Sr. Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que de acuerdo al art. 13 del Código Penal, el condenado a prisión por tres años o menos,
que hubiere cumplido ocho meses de prisión, observando con regularidad los reglamentos
carcelarios, podrá obtener la libertad por resolución judicial, previo informe de la dirección del
establecimiento e informe de peritos que pronostique en forma individualizada y favorable su
reinserción social.

Que además del recaudo temporal exigido, mi defendido, durante el tiempo de detención
que lleva, no se limitó a dejar transcurrir el tiempo para así cumplir con los plazos legales de
la pena, sino que se ha comportado como una persona respetuosa de las normas internas del
Servicio Penitenciario, cumpliendo así con las demás condiciones de conducta exigidas para
posibilitar su libertad y con los programas de reinserción social que ha dispuesto el Servicio
Penitenciario Provincial.

Que asimismo, mi defendido no es declarado reincidente por el Juzgado sentenciante, y, sin

perjuicio de la evaluación que V.S. haga del caso a fin de resolver al respecto, es importante
destacar que el Sr. ........................................................................... vive en
........................................................................... conjuntamente con
..........................................................................., que todos los miembros del grupo familiar
conviviente trabajan siendo un entorno familiar favorable.

Que el encartado se encuentra realizando cursos de capacitación en

..........................................................................., teniendo expectativas de inserción laboral una
vez que finalice con dicha capacitación, lo cual evidencia un buen pronóstico de reinserción
laboral.

En consecuencia, SOLICITO:
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1. Se tenga presente.

2. Se otorgue la libertad condicional de mi defendido, bajo las condiciones de ley.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA PRONUNCIAMIENTO

Señor Juez:
........................................................................... a V. S. digo:

Que atento lo dispuesto por art. ........................................................................... CPPN, ha

transcurrido el plazo prudencial para ..........................................................................., por lo
cual resulta necesario que V.S. se pronuncie al respecto.

En consecuencia, SOLICITO a V.S. que dicte

............................................................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE LOS HECHOS

Sr. Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. digo:

I. Que solicito a V.S. disponga la remisión de la totalidad de los elementos secuestrados a

..........................................................................., requiriéndole la realización de una peritación
respecto de estos.

II. Deberá requerirse informe de ..........................................................................., teniendo a

la vista el informe de ............................................................................

Asimismo, deberá requerirse que proceda a verificar si

............................................................................

III. En virtud de las facultades que le otorgan a V.S. los artículos 216, 221 y concordantes
del CPPN, solicito disponga la reconstrucción del hecho investigado, con participación de los
involucrados, si éstos prestan su consentimiento o en todo caso con la totalidad de los testigos
que depusieran en autos a fin de que cada uno de ellos se ubique en el lugar en que se
encontraba en el momento del suceso y a través del personal técnico de la División Pericias de
Gendarmería Nacional se proceda a efectuarla, fotografiándose la misma y filmándose la
totalidad del acto.

A los fines de la reconstrucción deberá tenerse en cuenta que la misma se realice en

circunstancias de tiempo y lugar similares a las del momento del hecho.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA SALIDAS TRANSITORIAS

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

Que atento expresas indicaciones de mi mandante, vengo a solicitar su incorporación al

régimen de salidas transitorias previsto en el art. 16 y siguientes de la ley 24.660.

Además de tener cumplido el requisito temporal (art. 17), mi defendido reúne todas las
demás exigencias de ley. Por lo cual, sólo resta que la administración penitenciaria aporte los
informes exigidos por la misma norma para que V.S. esté en condiciones de resolver
favorablemente lo solicitado.

De esta manera, le extiendo a V.S. formalmente la pretensión de mi defendido y le solicito

proceda a darle el trámite legal correspondiente.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA SE INTIME A LA QUERELLA A IMPULSAR EL PROCEDIMIENTO

Señor Juez:
..........................................................................., a V. S. digo:

Que atento al estado de autos, y de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el art. 422 inc. 1 CPPN,
SOLICITO se intime a la querella a instar el procedimiento bajo apercibimiento de ley.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA SUSPENSIÓN DE JUICIO A PRUEBA

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Que siguiendo expresas órdenes de mi mandante y de conformidad con lo normado por el
art. 293 y cctes. del CPPN, el art. 76 bis y cctes. del CPN, y teniendo en cuenta el delito que se
le imputa a mi defendido (art. ...........................................................................), vengo a
solicitar la suspensión del presente proceso a prueba.

II. REPARACIÓN DEL DAÑO

Ofrece el Sr. ..........................................................................., como reparación (art. 59 inc.
6), la realización de tareas comunitarias en la Institución que V.S. estime pertinente, por el
plazo de ........................................................................... a razón de
........................................................................... horas mensuales.

A su vez, mi defendido ofrece la suma de ............................................................................

III
En consecuencia y por todo lo expuesto, SOLICITO se fije la audiencia dispuesta por las
normas aplicables al caso.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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SOLICITA TURNO PARA TOMAR VISTA

Sr. Juez:
..........................................................................., ante V. E. respetuosamente digo:

Que, en atención al estado actual del presente legajo, solicito a V.S. me otorgue turno para
apersonarme en los estrados del Juzgado a los efectos de visualizar las constancias que surgen
de aquel.

A tal fin, autorizo a la abogada ...........................................................................

(T°...........................................................................
F°...........................................................................), a tomar vista de las actuaciones, y extraer
copias digitales de ser necesario.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PRESENTACIONES DE LA FISCALÍA

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DEFENSA APELA EMBARGO POR NO HACER LUGAR A SUSTITUCION DEL

MISMO

Excma. Cámara:
(...........................................................................) respetuosamente digo:

I.- OBJETO
Que vengo en legal tiempo y forma a interponer el presente recurso de apelación -en los
términos del art. 449 del CPPN- contra el punto ...........................................................................
de la Resolución dictada por V.S. en fecha ...........................................................................,
notificada a esta parte el ..........................................................................., en cuanto dispone:
"...........................................................................".

II.- MOTIVACIÓN
La resolución que se apela agravia a esta parte, por cuanto dicho decisorio resulta
desacertado en relación a ............................................................................ Es que, el
sentenciante resolvió el sobreseimiento en relación a
............................................................................ Cabe destacar que los presentes actuados se
iniciaron con la denuncia efectuada en fecha ...........................................................................
contra ........................................................................... en relación al delito normado en
............................................................................ Ello, en razón de entender que
............................................................................

III.- HACE RESERVA DEL CASO FEDERAL

Se deja planteada para la oportunidad que corresponda la pertinente reserva de Caso
Federal, por encontrarnos con un decisorio que resultaría violatorio de los derechos y garantías
previstos en la Constitución Nacional, haciendo expresa reserva de la vía del Recurso
Extraordinario para concurrir por ella por ante la Excelentísima Corte Suprema de Justicia de
la Nación.

IV.- PETITORIO
En virtud de lo expuesto ante V.S., SOLICITO:

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1. Se tenga por interpuesto en legal tiempo y forma el presente recurso de apelación, en los
términos del art. 449 CPPN, contra la resolución de fecha
............................................................................

2. Se haga lugar al mismo y se eleven las actuaciones al Superior en la forma de estilo.

3. Se tenga presente la reserva del Caso Federal.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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FISCALÍA FORMULA REQUERIMIENTO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente y digo:

Que a los efectos de dar respuesta a la intervención conferida (art. 180 CPPN), formulo el
presente requerimiento que impulsa la acción penal de acuerdo con lo normado por los arts.
69, 188 y cctes. del Código Procesal Penal.

I. HECHOS
Las presentes actuaciones comenzaron en virtud de la denuncia formulada por
..........................................................................., el día
..........................................................................., quien dijo que
............................................................................

Del mencionado relato, se desprendería que las conductas denunciadas podrían encontrarse
comprendidas en alguno de los delitos legislados en
............................................................................

II. IMPUTADOS
Conforme la descripción efectuada, resultarían imputadas
........................................................................... personas del sexo
..........................................................................., domiciliados en
..........................................................................., de estatura
..........................................................................., desconociéndose todo otro dato sobre su
individualización.

III. DILIGENCIAS
En virtud de lo expuesto, deviene necesario requerirle a V.S. las siguientes:

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- Recibirle declaración testimonial a ..........................................................................., para

............................................................................

- Registrar el domicilio sito en ..........................................................................., a los efectos

de ............................................................................

- Toda otra medida que V.S. considere pertinente para el esclarecimiento del hecho.

IV. PETITORIO
En consecuencia, solicito a V.S.:

A. Se tenga por efectuado el presente requerimiento e impulsada la acción penal, en orden

al hecho presuntamente ilícito descripto precedentemente.

B. Se proceda conforme art. 193 y cctes. CPPN, y se produzca la prueba peticionada.

Fiscal

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PLANTEA RECURSO DE CASACIÓN

Exc. Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional:

(Encabezado) ante V.E. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo por el presente a interponer recurso de casación conforme a lo dispuesto por el
Art. 456 y cctes. del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación, contra la resolución de la Sala
..........................................................................., de fecha
..........................................................................., por la cual se resuelve:
"...........................................................................", por cuanto dicho auto pone fin a la acción,
en clara discrepancia con el criterio sustentado por este Representante del Ministerio Público
Fiscal.

II. SOBRE LA ADMISIBILIDAD

La resolución de la Sala ........................................................................... que resuelve
sobreseer a ........................................................................... reviste el carácter de sentencia
definitiva, puesto que pone fin a la acción penal, y hace imposible que continúe el trámite
respecto de uno de los imputados en esta causa, por lo tanto es una resolución recurrible en
virtud de lo normado por el artículo 457 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación.

En este mismo sentido la propia Cámara de Casación ha dicho "Corresponde hacer lugar al
recurso del querellante contra el sobreseimiento dictado en la causa que fuera confirmado por
la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional" (C.N.C.P. Sala IV, causa
nro. 12.178, Gonzalez Stautz, Carmen A. s/ recurso de queja" rta el 9/9/11).

También cabe traer a colación el fallo por el cual se consideró que "Corresponde hacer lugar
al recurso de queja toda vez que la sentencia que dispuso el sobreseimiento de los imputados
reviste el carácter de definitiva y su fundamentación resultó suficiente habiéndose
puntualizado, los hechos relevantes de la causa, las normas que se entienden inobservadas, así
como la solución a la que se aspira" (C.N.C.P. Sala IV, causa nro. 10.740, Postigo Alberto
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David y otros s/ recurso de queja" rta el 22/12/09).

Así ha quedado claramente acreditado que el auto recurrido resulta ser de aquellos
considerados sentencia definitiva y por lo cual resulta conducente y viable recurrirlos en
casación de conformidad con el mentado artículo 457 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación.

También debe destacarse que en virtud de la interpretación jurídica efectuada por la Corte
en el antecedente "Casal", el recurso deducido deviene procedente.

Mediante dicho antecedente jurisprudencial se entendió "Al respecto cabe también acotar
que la distinción entre cuestiones de hecho y de derecho siempre ha sido problemática y en
definitiva, si bien parece clara en principio, enfrentada a los casos reales es poco menos que
inoperante, como se ha demostrado largamente en la vieja clasificación del error en el campo
del derecho sustantivo. Ello obedece, en el ámbito procesal, no sólo a que una falsa valoración
de los hechos lleva a una incorrecta aplicación del derecho, sino a que la misma valoración
errónea de los hechos depende de que no se hayan aplicado o se hayan aplicado
incorrectamente las reglas jurídicas que se imponen a los jueces para formular esa valoración.
O sea, que en cualquier caso puede convertirse una cuestión de hecho en una de derecho y,
viceversa, la inobservancia de una regla procesal —como puede ser el beneficio de la duda—
puede considerarse como una cuestión de hecho. Por consiguiente, esta indefinición se traduce,
en la práctica, en que el tribunal de casación, apelando a la vieja regla de que no conoce
cuestiones de hecho, quedaría facultado para conocer lo que considere cuestión de derecho, o
de no conocer lo que considere cuestión de hecho. Semejante arbitrariedad contraría
abiertamente al bloque constitucional, pues no responde al principio republicano de gobierno
ni mucho menos satisface el requisito de la posibilidad de doble defensa o revisabilidad de la
sentencia de los arts. 8.2.h de la Convención Americana y 14.5 del Pacto Internacional"
(C.S.J.N. con fecha 20 de septiembre de 2005, en autos: C. 1757. XL. Casal, Matías Eugenio
y otros s/ robo simple en grado de tentativa -causa No 1681-).

Por otro lado, debe destacarse que para el caso el presente recurso, y la intervención de la
Casación vienen a garantizar el derecho constitucional de la doble instancia.

Efectivamente, como puede observarse el Juzgado de primera instancia procesó al imputado

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..........................................................................., siendo que recién la Alzada procedió a dictar

su sobreseimiento, situación ésta que, para el caso de no concederse el recurso interpuesto,
vulneraría el derecho garantizado del doble confronte.

En este sentido también se ha expedido la propia Cámara de Casación Penal considerando

que "Si bien el procesamiento no constituye sentencia definitiva a los fines del recurso de
casación, corresponde habilitar la revisión del auto impugnado a fin de resguardar el doble
conforme. En orden al derecho al recurso debe restringirse la actuación de las cámaras de
apelaciones a la facultad de revocar las decisiones intermedias, sin avanzar sobre el dictado del
auto de procesamiento o su ampliación, decisiones que deben quedar reservadas al juez de
primera instancia y que podrán ser materia de impugnación. La disidencia consideró que del
art. 8.2 inc. h CADH no se infiere que la garantía mínima de obtener la revisión del fallo por
un tribunal superior comprenda decisiones anteriores a la sentencia final de la causa" (C.N.C.P.
Sala II, causa nro. 563/13, "Caro Figueroa José Armando s/ recurso de queja" rta el 24/10/13).

Ante lo dicho no cabe duda, que el auto impugnado por haber sido dispuesto por el Tribunal
de alzada en solitario no cumple con las garantías constitucionales y de pactos internacionales
del doble confronte, razón por la cual, el recurso intentado también deviene procedente.

Finalmente, debe sen~alarse que por las vías de la arbitrariedad también resulta admisible,
siendo que la carencia de fundamentos lógicos basados en la prueba producida a lo largo de la
investigación, amerita a la interposición del presente recurso conforme lo entendido por la
Propia Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en la causa G. 187 XXXIX "Gonzalo, Eduardo
A. V. Trenes de Buenos Aires S.A." resuelta el 7/12/2004.

Así, cabe recordar que es doctrina inveterada de nuestra Corte Suprema de Justicia de la
Nación que las sentencias o resoluciones constituyan una derivación razonada del derecho
vigente con aplicación a las circunstancias de la causa, y a través de la doctrina de la
arbitrariedad ha descalificado como acto judicial válido los pronunciamientos que no reúnan
esas exigencias (Fallo 311:2314, consid. 7° y sus citas).

Otros fallos que cabe recordar de la propia Corte Suprema son aquellos en los cuales se ha
declarado arbitraria a una sentencia o resolución y que habilitan la vía extraordinaria, por
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ejemplo aquellas sentencias que se apartan inequívocamente de la solución normativa prevista

para el caso (fallos 296:120, 295:417, 303:436, 306:766: id., LL., 1988-D-65), las que
menoscaban la garantía de la defensa en juicio (fallos 291:245, 303:1134, 308:1762) o el
debido proceso (fallos 296:256, 303:242) o frustran el derecho federal (fallos 306:2056),
aquellas que importan violación de la esencia del orden constitucional, cuyo primer enunciado
es afianzar la justicia (fallos 289:107), y las que padecen desaciertos de gravedad extrema que
los invalidan como actos judiciales (fallos 306:1700).

Así hasta llegar hoy a un concepto menos terminante, admitiéndose la arbitrariedad de

aquellas sentencias con una nueva dimensión del error; la que otrora debía asumir una
importancia mayúscula con el devenir ha ido en disminución, y yerros no tan extremos que en
el pasado no habilitan el recurso hoy sí lo hacen.

En virtud de lo dicho, queda más que demostrado en criterio del más alto Tribunal, que la
resolución por su apartamiento a las constancias de la causa merece ser puesta en crisis,
mediante el pertinente recurso de casación.

III. SOBRE EL FALLO CUESTIONADO

La Sala ..........................................................................., al momento de resolver respecto de
las apelaciones introducidas por los imputados, por cuanto habían sido procesados por el Juez
de primera instancia con fecha ..........................................................................., resolvió
confirmar la situación de los imputados con excepción del Sr.
..........................................................................., que resultaba ser
........................................................................... al momento de los hechos.

A tales fines, los integrantes del Tribunal entendieron que

"...........................................................................".

IV. SOBRE LA MOTIVACIÓN

Plasmado todo en cuanto hace a la procedencia del presente recurso, como así también
destacados los puntos salientes de la fundamentación dada por el Tribunal a-quo al momento
de disponer el sobreseimiento de ..........................................................................., corresponde

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a este Ministerio Público explicar las causales del agravio.

En este sentido primeramente debe destacarse que se comparte en un totum el criterio

claramente plasmado por la Cámara de Casación en su resolución de fecha
..........................................................................., al considerar que la causa debe ser elevada a
juicio por todos los imputados y recién allí en el escenario natural de deliberación de hechos y
responsabilidades, determinar la participación que le cupo a cada uno de los encartados y la
definitiva calificación legal que corresponda.

De haberse aplicado esta clara y lógica interpretación, seguramente hoy tendríamos

sentencia definitiva. Sin embargo, la Sala entendó que
..........................................................................., cuando -reitero- existe un claro lineamiento
trazado por su Alzada.

Está claro aí, con el grado de certeza requerido para este estadio procesal, que el
procedimiento se efectuó en forma ilegítima, tanto en su ingreso como en su desarrollo, y que
más allá de su ausencia en el lugar ........................................................................... estuvo al
tanto de cómo se realizaba el mismo y qué se debía hacer.

En esta inteligencia, puede observarse que pese a haber recibido en persona la expresa
instrucción de NO identificar a persona alguna y de no secuestrar elemento alguno, se efectuó
exactamente lo contrario.

No sólo se hizo lo contrario, sino que también se plasmó en el sumario, pese haber recibido
directivas en contrario, todo lo cual no pudo haber sucedido sin su anuencia o complicidad.

Caso contrario tendríamos que estar leyendo de su declaración indagatoria que sus
subalternos lo desobedecieron, siendo que de la misma se lee todo lo contrario, es decir que
justifica el procedimiento.

No se puede dejar de mencionar, que conforme lo resen~a el testigo

........................................................................... en su declaración de fecha

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..........................................................................., uno de los integrantes

............................................................................

En este punto, cabe destacar la particular iniciación del procedimiento conforme lo relatan
los imputados, es decir, por un llamado telefónico anónimo que informa sobre una supuesta
comercialización de drogas en el interior del local "Cero Consecuencias" (sustancia que no fue
hallada). Ello a los fines de justificar su ingreso al local sin orden de allanamiento.

En función de ello, resulta evidente para este Ministerio, que

........................................................................... tuvo un claro dominio del hecho al menos
desde ............................................................................

Es por lo expuesto, que esta Fiscalía entiende corresponde se revoque el temperamento

conclusivo dictado por la Alzada y en consecuencia se ordene seguir el proceso respecto de
TODOS los imputados.

V. CASO FEDERAL
Pudiendo encontrarse afectado el principio de legalidad y debido proceso con una decisón
en contrario, dejo expresa reserva del caso federal conforme lo dispone el art. 14 de la Ley 48
y la jurisprudencia vigente del Supremo Tribunal de la Nación.

VI. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto solicito:

a. Tenga por interpuesto en legal tiempo y forma el recurso de Casación contra la resolución
de la Sala ..........................................................................., de fecha
..........................................................................., en cuanto dispone
............................................................................

b. Haga lugar al recurso y remita los autos al Tribunal de Casación para su tratamiento y
oportunamente se revoque la resolución en crisis.

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c. Tenga presente la reserva del caso federal, por encontrarse en crisis garantías
constitucionales.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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PLANTEA RECURSO DE REPOSICIÓN Y APELACIÓN EN SUBSIDIO

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) ante V.S. me presento y digo:

I. OBJETO
Vengo en legal y tiempo y forma, de acuerdo a lo establecido en los arts. 446 y 449 del
Código Procesal Penal de la Nación, a interponer recurso de reposición y apelación en subsidio
contra la sentencia interlocutoria obrante a fs. ...........................................................................
de esta incidencia dictada el ........................................................................... y notificada el
............................................................................

II. ANTECEDENTES
La resolución rechaza "in limine" las medidas cautelares solicitadas con fines de
..........................................................................., con un único fundamento: no se advertiría
peligro para trabar anticipadamente las cautelares, porque los imputados no exhibieron "algún
tipo de rebeldía" y no habrían realizado "actos positivos de disimulación y ocultación" de los
bienes. Admite la posibilidad de ordenar estas medidas con anterioridad al procesamiento con
la simple convocatoria a indagatoria, pero reitera, que no existen elementos de juicio
suficientes como para temer que los imputados realicen "actos para disimular u ocultar sus
bienes".

Las condiciones o propiedades que exige V.S. para que exista "peligro en la demora" son:
que los imputados realicen actos positivos de disimulación y ocultación y/o se encuentren
rebeldes. Es decir habría "peligro en la demora" en la medida que se presente alguna o ambas
de las propiedades referidas. Sin embargo omite brindar las explicaciones acerca de las razones
que justificarían esa selección en el caso que analiza, como asimismo, por qué NO son
suficientes las referidas en aquel escrito.

La definición de "peligro en la demora" es fundamental para realizar el proceso de

subsunción, de modo tal que debió exponer los motivos que tuvo en cuenta para arribar a la
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conclusión de que las condiciones relevantes para definir al término eran esas dos. Ninguna
explicación se dio en la resolución. Las pocas líneas que exhibe el decisorio se limitaron a decir
que NO se darían en el caso ninguna o una de las dos propiedades seleccionadas.

Creemos, por eso, estar frente una decisión arbitraria por falta de fundamentación o
fundamentación deficiente, lo que es igual.

Ahora, en aquel escrito dijimos que de no adoptarse en el momento la medida cautelar,

podría sobrevenir un perjuicio que transformaría en tardía toda pretensión del estado en la
recuperación de esos activos de origen ilícito. Expresa e implícitamente, atendiendo a la
finalidad de las medidas cautelares solicitadas (entre ellas el decomiso), dije que para analizar
la existencia de "peligro en la demora" en el caso debía tenerse en cuenta: a) el grado de
verosimilitud del derecho (para ello enumeramos toda la prueba colectada en la primera parte
del escrito), b) la clase de bienes y [en razón de ello] el riesgo al que cotidianamente están
expuestos por el simple uso y que podría redundar en una disminución del valor de los bienes
adquiridos con ganancias del ilícito, c) el monto de los bienes identificados para el eventual
decomiso en relación al monto de las ganancias generadas por la actividad ilícita o producto
provecho derivado (grado o nivel de los bienes identificados en relación con el monto de
ganancias determinadas), e) inexistencia de fuentes legítimas de ingreso de los imputados (en
caso contrario es inevitable el consumo de esas ganancias o producto provecho derivado para
subsistir) y f) implícitamente el riesgo cierto que deviene de la complejidad propia de la
recuperación de estos activos.

Reiterada es la jurisprudencia que refiere que los requisitos de "verosimilitud del derecho"
y "peligro en la demora" se hallan relacionados entre sí, de tal modo que a mayor verosimilitud
de un derecho dado cabe NO ser tan exigentes en relación a la gravedad o inminencia del daño,
y viceversa. Lo dicho se encuentra en armonía con el criterio seguido por el CPPN. El hecho
de que no requiera "peligro en la demora" al momento del auto de procesamiento, es porque
sencillamente entiende que para su dictado deben existir suficientes elementos de prueba
(verosimilitud del derecho) para sospechar de su participación en el hecho. Es decir, el nivel o
grado de prueba existente para la acreditación de un hecho delictivo deviene aquí en una
cuestión central.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 202

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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Desconocer el grado de verosimilitud que el cúmulo probatorio obrante en este expediente

brinda en torno a la posible responsabilidad de los imputados, por el simple hecho de no estar
en el estadio procesal del primer párrafo del art. 518, o sujetar la disponibilidad anticipada de
las medida cautelares a una interpretación extremadamente restrictiva, descuidando a su vez
circunstancias o razones que la justificarían de acuerdo a lo previsto en el último párrafo del
artículo mencionado, resulta un grave desacierto procesal con una presumible negativa
consecuencia en la buena marcha de esta investigación. Ello así, en tanto sin explicación
razonable se decide dejar de utilizar los resortes procesales hábiles y vigentes para poder
garantizar la aplicación de la ley sustantiva (en este caso la aplicación de las sanciones
pecuniarias previstas en el artículo 23 del CP). La eventual y futura aplicación de esta sanción
pecuniaria sólo podría hacerse efectiva de prosperar la cautelar denegada por V.S.

Como adicional a esta consideración, una miríada de fallos se expresan en el sentido de una
interpretación amplia en la concesión de las medidas cautelares (ver: CNCom. Sala D, marzo
6-1984, Ferreira, Diana C. Cosmos, S. A. de Ahorro y Préstamo para la Vivienda, CNCiv.,
Sala A, 25/8/83, ED, 115-471, nro. 49; CNciv., Sala B, 31/7/84, ED, 115-470, nro. 44., CNCiv.,
Sala C, 26/6/85, LL. 1986_A-126).

"Con las medidas precautorias se pretende impedir que el resultado de un proceso se vea
frustrado por las contingencias que pueden acaecer durante el curso de la litis, lo que autoriza
a sostener que es preferible el exceso en la concesión de las medidas precautorias que la
parquedad en negarlas" (Entre otros: CNCont. Adm. Fed., Sala III, septiembre 8-1983, Herrera
de Noble, Ernestina L. y otros C. Comfer).

En aquel escrito referimos como otra propiedad del "peligro en la demora", aunque desde
una perspectiva fáctica (periculum in deteriorationis), la circunstancia particular o
características de algunos de los bienes sobre los que recaen sospechas de haber sido adquiridos
con las ganancias de la explotación económica de prostitución ajena. Me refiero a los
automóviles. Varios fueron los motivos expresados en ese escrito para sostener los riesgos a
los que están expuestos y por tanto el desmedro que podría aparejar no tomar la medida con
antelación al procesamiento. Entre esos motivos la circunstancias de que los automóviles están
expuestos a riesgos constantes que derivan de su uso, de modo que cualquier siniestro cuya
responsabilidad pueda ser atribuida a algunos de los imputados, aun -en el mejor de los casos-
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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 203

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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con seguro contra terceros, ello redundaría en perjuicio del recupero de los activos que persigue
este Ministerio Público.

Por otro lado, los bienes identificados hasta el momento no constituyen siquiera la mitad de
las ganancias obtenidas ilícitamente y que serían objeto de recupero, al menos en lo relativo a
C. Á. G., de modo tal que al existir una necesaria vinculación entre el peligro en la demora y
la cantidad de bienes ubicados que podrían ser decomisados, mientras menor sean los bienes
individualizados, mayor será el peligro. En este mismo sentido, pero en torno a la solvencia
del deudor, se ha expresado la CNCiv., Sala D, 26/4/83, ED, 104-338.

La ausencia de otra fuente de ingreso que no tenga origen en la actividad ilícita (explotación
de la prostitución ajena) también constituye una circunstancia objetiva para temer en la demora.
Máxime si tiene en cuenta que ............................................................................

Todas estas propiedades fueron expresadas a lo largo del escrito que originó esta incidencia;
Sin embargo V.S. omitió olímpicamente dar respuesta a cada una de estas cuestiones, como así
tampoco brindó los fundamentos que justificarían la adopción de los criterios que exhibe dicha
decisión.

III. PETITORIO
a) Se tenga por presentado en legal tiempo y forma el presente recurso de reposición con
apelación en subsidio (artículo 446 y 449 del CPPN.

b) Se revoque la decisión por contrario imperio o en su defecto se conceda el recurso de

apelación interpuesto y se remitan las actuaciones al superior para la prosecución del trámite.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 204

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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QUERELLA. PEDIDO DE PROCESAMIENTO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I.- OBJETO:
Que atento a las declaraciones indagatorias prestadas por los imputados
........................................................................... en fecha
..........................................................................., y teniendo en cuenta sus inconsistencias más
el cúmulo de elementos de prueba que demuestran tanto los hechos imputados como la activa
intervención de aquellos, resulta propicio que V.S. ordene su procesamiento conforme art. 306
CPPN en orden a los delitos de ............................................................................

II.- SOBRE LAS INDAGATORIAS:

El primero en prestar declaración fue ..........................................................................., quien
dijo que ............................................................................ Sostuvo que
............................................................................

El segundo, fue ..........................................................................., quien dijo que

............................................................................

Pero lo cierto es que las concluyentes pruebas periciales, documentales, informativas y

testimoniales reunidas en esta causa no dejan margen de duda acerca de la materialidad ilícita
de los hechos denunciados y de la participación de los responsables antes citados.

III.- PETITORIO:
A.- Se tenga presente.

B.- Se ordene el procesamiento de ........................................................................... en orden

a los delitos de ............................................................................

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 205

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 206

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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SOLICITA ALLANAMIENTO

Señor Juez:
(...........................................................................) ante V.S. me presento y respetuosamente
digo:

I) OBJETO:
Que en los términos del artículo 224 y ss. del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación y artículos
7°, 9° y 21° de la ley 24.769 y su modificatoria, ley 27.430, artículos 5°, 7° y 21°, vengo a
solicitar allanamiento a fin de que se disponga urgente orden de allanamiento contra los
domicilios referidos y descriptos en el acápite IV) del presente, ambos relacionados con la
actividad desarrollada por las empresas ...........................................................................
denunciadas en el marco de la presente causa.

Ello, a efectos que se proceda a secuestrar los libros rubricados, documentación contable,
extracontable, legajos de personal, recibos de sueldos, planillas de control de ingreso y egreso
de empleados, elementos respaldatorios, los archivos que se encuentren en los sistemas
informáticos y PCs, servidores que hubiere en los domicilios a allanar y que guarden relación
con los hechos que se investigan.

II) ANTECEDENTES:
La solicitud tuvo origen en ............................................................................

III) FUNDAMENTOS DEL PEDIDO:

Los fundamentos del presente pedido, en primer instancia, han sido esgrimidos por
............................................................................ Y consisten en
............................................................................

IV) PETITORIO:
En razón de todo lo expuesto, ante V.S. solicito:

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 207

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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a) Se tenga presente.

b) Se disponga el libramiento de las órdenes de allanamientos.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 208

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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SOLICITA INDAGATORIA (FISCAL) I

Señor Juez:
..........................................................................., ante V.S. digo:

1) OBJETO
Considerando que se encuentran reunidos los recaudos que dispone el art. 294 del CPPN,
vengo por intermedio del presente a solicitar a V.S disponga el llamado a indagatoria de los
Sres. ........................................................................... por los hechos que aquí se investigan y
según las consideraciones de hecho y derecho que seguidamente se exponen.

2) ANTECEDENTES
La presente causa se originó en fecha ........................................................................... a raíz
de la denuncia formulada por ..........................................................................., contra
..........................................................................., en razón de haberse detectado
preliminarmente la comisión de los delitos previstos en
............................................................................

La prueba aportada en esa oportunidad abarcó

............................................................................ De allí surgía principalmente que
............................................................................ Así pues, con base en lo declarado y haciendo
valer el principio de primacía de la realidad ............................................................................
Toda esta información surge tanto de ..........................................................................., como de
............................................................................

3) PRUEBA RECOLECTADA EN INSTRUCCIÓN

Con base en la denuncia se dio intervención al Ministerio Público Fiscal, quien consideró
que había suficientes elementos como para formular requerimiento de instrucción.

Así se dispusieron una serie de medidas de prueba, las que se fueron llevando a lo largo de
la presente pesquisa. Entre ellas se requirió ............................................................................

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 209

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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A su vez, se presentó espontáneamente en la causa la defensa del Sr.

............................................................................ Motivo por el cual, V.S. consideró pertinente
la citación de ..........................................................................., que se llevó a cabo en la sede
del Tribunal el día ............................................................................

Posteriormente, con base en esas testimoniales y con la totalidad de la prueba recolectada,

V.S. ordenó la realización de una pericia ..........................................................................., cuyo
informe fue elevado a esos estrados, con fecha ............................................................................
El mismo fue suscripto tanto por la perito oficial de la CSJN, como por el perito de parte la
querella.

También se le requirió a ................................... que aporte ....................................

4) CONCLUSIONES
En virtud de lo expuesto, y conforme las probanzas arrimadas a la causa, considero que se
cuenta con los elementos que permiten tener por acreditado el estado de sospecha suficiente
para la convocatoria que se solicita en los términos del art. 294 del C.P.P.N., de lo que deriva
la pertinencia actual.

Es que se ha recolectado prueba suficiente como para sostener que

........................................................................... ha desplegado la conducta prevista y reprimida
en el artículo ............................................................................

Así pues corresponde suponer que los mencionados serían quienes habrían intervenido con
conocimiento y voluntad, en la comisión de los hechos investigados.

En consecuencia, a modo de conclusión, y dado que de lo hasta aquí expuesto se verifica en

el presente caso el "motivo bastante de sospecha", que el llamado a prestar declaración
indagatoria reviste el carácter de imprescindible en la instrucción y que soslayarlo trasuntaría
una violación de la garantía constitucional de la defensa en juicio — art. 18 de la C.N. -, es que
se solicita a V.S. se proceda a efectuar el mismo en relación a las maniobras investigadas.

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Se debe tener en cuenta en ello que la jurisprudencia y doctrina son contestes en sostener
que la declaración indagatoria es el acto procesal que por antonomasia reviste carácter
defensista y que constituye la oportunidad más apropiada para que el imputado pueda ejercer
en toda su dimensión su defensa material, dándole "...la oportunidad de manifestarse en forma
voluntaria, amplia, sin coacciones de ninguna naturaleza, y con cabal conocimiento y
comprensión del hecho delictual que se le imputa, y de las pruebas que existen como para
sospechar su participación en el hecho investigado..." (cfr. C. Fed. Rosario, sala "A",
12/03/2004, VILA Daniel E. y otro).

Al respecto ha señalado la Sala A de la CNPE en autos "Miyazono, Ricardo s/ ley 24.769",

"...la decisión de llamar a un imputado a prestar declaración indagatoria no puede constituir un
acto violatorio de la garantía de defensa en juicio. Por el contrario, dicha convocatoria importa
hacerla efectiva por cuanto ésa es una oportunidad que tiene el imputado para que se lo escuche
en el proceso, de manera que pueda contestar la imputación que pesa sobre su persona, efectuar
los planteos que crea convenientes y aportar los elementos de convicción para desvirtuarla..."

En idéntico sentido, destacó la CNCP, Sala III, Reg. 1166/06, 17/10/2006, en autos
"Alderete, Víctor Adrián s/recurso de queja que "...la decisión de convocar al imputado a
prestar declaración indagatoria en los términos del artículo 294 del Código Procesal Penal es
una facultad discrecional del juez, que no requiere más fundamentación que la existencia de
motivo bastante para sospechar que ha participado en la comisión de un delito. Si la declaración
indagatoria constituye para el encartado su primera oportunidad de defensa en el proceso penal,
mal puede causarle perjuicio su convocatoria..."

PETITORIO:
Por todo lo expuesto, se solicita a V.S:

I.- Se cite a prestar declaración indagatoria a...........................................

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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SOLICITA INDAGATORIA (FISCAL) II

Señor Juez:
........................................................................... en virtud de la delegación oportunamente
dispuesta en los términos del artículo 196 del CPPN, me presento y digo que:

I.
La presente causa se inició a raiz de la denuncia formulada por
........................................................................... contra
........................................................................... por la presunta
............................................................................ De dicha denuncia, se desprende que
............................................................................

En razón de dicha denuncia, se llevó a cabo en la Cámara

........................................................................... el sorteo de rigor, resultando desinsaculado el
Juzgado ........................................................................... del fuero, cuyo titular, luego de otros
avatares procesales, delegó la instrucción del sumario en esta Representación (conf. fs
...........................................................................).

Corresponde señalar que, pese a la incompetencia planteada tanto de oficio como a solicitud
de esta Fiscalia, en el entendimiento de que las presentes actuaciones debian acumularse a los
autos ..........................................................................., de registro del Juzgado
..........................................................................., la Cámara
........................................................................... resolvió que debía continuar interviniendo el
Juzgado ............................................................................

II.
Cabe adelantar, a cuenta de las consideraciones que expondré a continuación, que estoy
convencido que se encuentran reunidos elementos suficientes -cuanto menos- para sospechar
que ........................................................................... son responsables de los hechos que
conforman el objeto de este proceso.

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 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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Es que, a mi modo de ver, ha cobrado cuerpo en autos una base de credibilidad que me
permite tener la convicción de que ...........................................................................; ello
mediante el recurso del ardid antes referido, cuyos pormenores a continuación expondré con
mayor detenimiento.

III.
Pues bien, a partir de la denuncia efectuada, se llevaron a cabo, en el marco de esta
instrucción, una serie de medidas probatorias que a mi modo de ver acreditan, con el grado
propio que esta etapa requiere, la hipótesis delictiva referida, al tiempo que permitieron recabar
los elementos necesarios para que el organismo fiscal pudiera reconstruir la base imponible y
realizar el ajuste correspondiente.

En primer lugar, se procedió a averiguar, a través de

............................................................................ En efecto, se verificó que
............................................................................

Posteriormente, en virtud de lo solicitado por esta Fiscalía, se ordenó

........................................................................... (fs.
...........................................................................).

De las actas, surge que ............................................................................ Además,

permitieron ubicar en ............................................................................

En razón de lo anterior, a instancia de esta Fiscalia, se libró orden de presentación y

allanamiento en subsidio, que tuvo lugar en ............................................................................ Se
obtuvo ............................................................................

Como puede observarse, no se trata de meros casos aislados, sino de una multiplicidad que
demuestra la veracidad de la hipótesis delictiva, en cuanto prueba suficientemente que
............................................................................

Seguidamente, se procedió a ............................................................................ De ello,

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 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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resulta el dato fundamental que acaba por probar la hipótesis delictiva:

............................................................................ Como dije anteriormente, lo expuesto
precedentemente conforma una base probatoria lo suficientemente sólida que, en mi opinión,
acredita por completo la hipótesis delictiva que fuera denunciada.

IV.
En función de lo expuesto precedentemente, puede afirmarse que
............................................................................ Pues bien, de
........................................................................... surge que
............................................................................ Además,
............................................................................ Todo ello, hace presumir que
........................................................................... montó una estructura de negocios
........................................................................... para disimular
............................................................................

Cabe concluir entonces, que ........................................................................... se ha valido de

las modalidades contractuales referidas para ocultar su calidad de
............................................................................

V.
En otro orden de ideas, cabe agregar que ............................................................................

VI.
Así pues, reunidos los elementos que acreditan
............................................................................ se procedió a
............................................................................

VII.
Por otra parte, se analizaron las presentaciones de
............................................................................

VIII.
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A esta altura de la exposición, considerando las pruebas obrantes en autos, se advierte la

concurrencia de todos los elementos de los tipos penales referidos en los hechos investigados.

En efecto, se encuentra acreditado que ............................................................................

Asimismo, la prueba reunida, acredita sobradamente el ardid perpetrado por la contribuyente,
toda vez que ............................................................................ Del mismo modo, llevó a cabo
maniobras ............................................................................

Asi pues, los hechos en cuestión, tal como adelante, se encuentran comprendidos por los
modelos de acción previstos por ............................................................................

IX.
Por otro lado, la información colectada permite sostener, como se adelantara por el punto
anterior, que ........................................................................... actuaron con pleno conocimiento
y voluntad de cometer el ilicito que se les atribuye y quisieron, además, la realización de su
resultado.

En efecto, el conocimiento y dominio que, según las constancias de la causa, tuvieron sobre
..........................................................................., permiten inferir que los nombrados sabían que
............................................................................

X.
Por todo lo expuesto, este Ministerio Público Fiscal solicita:

1. Se cite a prestar declaración a ..........................................................................., en los

términos de los artículos 294 y cctes. CPPN.

2. Se extraigan testimonios de las partes pertinentes de estas actuaciones y se remitan a la

Cámara ........................................................................... a los efectos de que se desinsacule el
juez que habrá de intervertir en la investigación de la posible configuración de los delitos que
se postulan.

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PRESENTACIONES DE LA QUERELLA

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CONTESTA TRASLADO DE RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO

EXCMA. SALA ........................................................................... DE LA CÁMARA

NACIONAL DE APELACIONES ...........................................................................

(Encabezado) ante V.E. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que en legal tiempo y forma, vengo a contestar el traslado conferido a través del auto con
fecha ..........................................................................., notificado a esta parte el día
..........................................................................., en cuanto dispone:
"...........................................................................".

Si bien esta querella ha interpuesto con fecha

........................................................................... recurso de queja en los términos de los
artículos 476 y 477 CPPN contra la misma resolución en cuanto se resolvió no hacer lugar a
los recursos de casación interpuestos por esta parte y el representante del Ministerio Publico
Fiscal contra el auto resolutivo de fecha ..........................................................................., vengo
a expresar los agravios en ese sentido, adhiriendo en su totalidad a los expuestos mediante el
Recurso Extraordinario interpuesto por el agente fiscal.

II. SOBRE LA ADMISIBILIDAD DEL RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO

INTERPUESTO
Cabe recordar que el presente incidente se origina como consecuencia de la resolución
dictada por el Juzgado ........................................................................... de fecha
..........................................................................., en cuanto resuelve
"..........................................................................."

Ante dicha resolución, esta querella interpuso el correspondiente recurso de apelación

contra las partes que a nuestro criterio se consideraban agraviantes, el cual fue concedido el
..........................................................................., y una vez radicado en la Excma. Sala
........................................................................... de la Cámara del fuero se presentó el
correspondiente memorial el ..........................................................................., exponiendo los
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motivos por los cuales estimábamos correspondía revocar la resolución dictada por el Juzgado
de Instrucción en ese aspecto.

Con fecha ..........................................................................., la Excma. Sala

........................................................................... resuelve confirmar la resolución parcialmente
en todo su contenido, revocando únicamente por otro lado lo pertinente al sobreseimiento que
se había dispuesto respecto de los responsables con relación a
............................................................................

Ante ello, esta querella se vio obligada a interponer el correspondiente recurso de casación
a efectos de que se le garanticen el pleno ejercicio de los derechos constitucionales.

Por su parte, la Excma. Sala ........................................................................... declaró

inadmisible el recurso de casación intentado por esta parte y el representante del Ministerio
Público Fiscal, so pretexto de que el art. 54 del Código Procesal Federal -cuya entrada en
vigencia se dispuso con fecha 13/11/2019 como consecuencia de la resolución 2/2019 de la
Comisión Bicameral de Monitoreo e Implementación del Nuevo Código Procesal Penal
Federal- no prevé que las resolución de la Cámara de Apelaciones sean susceptibles de ser
casadas.

Puntualmente ese Tribunal rechazó el recurso intentado sobre la base del argumento de que
"...........................................................................". Sin perjuicio de la competencia fijada por el
art. 54 CPPF y lo que establece el art. 350 CPPF, lo cierto es que este último por el momento
no se encuentra vigente y para poder interponer válidamente un hipotético recurso
extraordinario a la luz del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación y de la jurisprudencia imperante
en la materia necesariamente debemos recurrir ante la Excma. Cámara de Casación Penal.

Resulta oportuno recordar el fallo de la CSJN "Di Nunzio" (328:108) por el cual se le otorga
a la Cámara Federal de Casación Penal la competencia como tribunal intermedio, y toda vez
que el art. 350 del CPPF no se encuentra vigente, entendemos que el fallo tiene plena aplicación
en el caso concreto.

No obstante haberse encontrado introducido el planteo por el representante del Ministerio

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Público Fiscal, es de destacar que el mismo deja expresado que a su juicio (adhiriéndose esta
querella a tales postulados) "...........................................................................".

Así las cosas, es evidente que resulta ser la Cámara Nacional de Casación Penal el tribunal
al que le compete decidir en última instancia la cuestión federal en disputa, al no existir recurso
alguno ante otro tribunal, fuera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación.

Esa Excma. Sala ........................................................................... en su resolución, realiza

una errónea interpretación de ............................................................................ Por lo cual, esta
querella se agravia producto de dicho resolutorio, el cual sostiene que
..........................................................................., efectuando una interpretación contraria a
............................................................................

Así, se conduce a la finalización del proceso en forma definitiva privando a esta parte de
obtener una resolución de un tribunal competente sobre los hechos investigados, y presenta
una sentencia definitiva que pone fin al pleito, y dispone el sobreseimiento parcial de
............................................................................ Con ello, se causa a esta parte un gravamen
irreparable, al impedirle a esta parte cualquier otra instancia y provocar la extinción de la acción
penal respecto de los ilícitos aquí investigados.

Debe recordarse que el alcance amplio de esa capacidad revisora en materia de casación
receptado por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación como la única compatible con los
derechos y garantías invocadas por la Constitución Nacional, los Tratados Internacionales de
Derechos Humanos y la aplicación que de estos han efectuado los diversos Organismos y
Tribunales competentes (in re "Casal", Fallos: 328:3399), adopta la doctrina de la
interpretación amplia elaborada en el fallo de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
"Herrera Ulloa vs. Costa Rica", Sentencia de 2 de julio de 2004.

III. SOBRE LOS FUNDAMENTOS DEL RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO

Esa Excma. Sala ..........................................................................., en su resolución, realiza
una errónea interpretación de ..........................................................................., y a consecuencia
de ello considera desincriminadas las conductas investigadas en virtud de
..........................................................................., dictando el sobreseimiento parcial de los
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diferentes imputados.

Tal interpretación errónea de ........................................................................... conduce a la

finalización del proceso en forma definitiva privando a esta parte de obtener una resolución de
un tribunal competente sobre los hechos investigados. Todo lo cual genera a esta parte un
gravamen irreparable, al impedir su planteamiento en cualquier otra instancia -salvo la que
aquí se intenta-, y provocar la extinción de la acción penal respecto de los ilícitos aquí
investigados. En definitiva, priva manifiestamente a esta parte de la vía recursiva intermedia
del recurso de casación, afectando indudablemente el derecho al debido proceso de esta parte
acusadora.

IV. CUESTIÓN FEDERAL

Se debe poner de resalto que el recurso interpuesto por el Sr. Fiscal, es admisible por existir
cuestión federal suficiente, en tanto se encuentran controvertidos la inteligencia y el alcance
del principio de aplicación retroactiva de normas penales previsto en el art. 9, in fine, de la
Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (en adelante, CADH) y en el art. 15.1 del
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (en adelante, PIDCP), por lo que lo
debatido es materia revisable por la Corte Suprema (art. 14, inc. 3° de la ley 48; véase al
respecto Fallos, 337:37).

Sobre la base de lo dispuesto por el artículo 14 de la Ley Nº 48, para declarar la procedencia
del recurso extraordinario la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación ha exigido en forma
invariable la existencia de una cuestión federal.

En este sentido, el Fisco Nacional considera que se encuentran presentes en el caso

elementos suficientes para considerar cumplido en debida forma el requisito mencionado
precedentemente, tal como lo expone el Sr. Fiscal en su presentación.

El inciso 3° del artículo 14 de la Ley Nº 48 indica textualmente que es procedente el recurso

extraordinario "...Cuando la inteligencia de alguna cláusula de la Constitución, o de un Tratado
o ley del Congreso, o una comisión ejercida en nombre de la autoridad nacional haya sido
cuestionada y la decisión sea contra la validez del título, derecho; privilegio o exención que se
funda en dicha cláusula y sea materia de litigio..."
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Ello es exactamente lo que ha acontecido en estos autos. En este sentido, "...La primera
fuente de inteligencia de la ley es su letra, aunque la misión judicial no se agota con ello, ya
que los jueces, en cuanto servidores del derecho para la realización de la justicia, no pueden
prescindir de la intención del legislador y del espíritu de la norma, de manera que las
conclusiones armonicen con el ordenamiento jurídico restante y con los principios y garantías
de la Constitución Nacional -del dictamen de la Procuración General, al que remitió la Corte
Suprema- (Fallos 327:5295)".

V. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto ante V.E., solicito:

1. Se tenga por contestado en tiempo y forma el traslado del Recurso Extraordinario,

interpuesto por el Sr. Fiscal.

2. Se haga lugar al mismo y se eleven de corresponder las actuaciones a la Excma. Corte

Suprema de Justicia de la Nación.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONTESTA TRASLADO SOLICITA REPARACIÓN INTEGRAL DE LAS

VÍCTIMAS

EXCELENTÍSIMO TRIBUNAL:

(Encabezado) comparezco ante V.E. y respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
En los términos del artículo 431 bis del CPPN, venimos en legal tiempo y forma, a contestar
la vista conferida a esta querella, en relación al acuerdo de juicio abreviado suscripto en fecha
........................................................................... por el Ministerio Público Fiscal, los imputados
y las defensas de cada uno de ellos.

II. EL ACUERDO
Conforme surge del acuerdo suscripto por las partes, se le hicieron saber a
........................................................................... los hechos que se le imputaron y la calificación
legal asignada a los mismos, como así también el pedido de pena efectuado por el representante
del Ministerio Público Fiscal.

En este orden, la fiscalía ha decido variar la calificación legal y la participación de los

hechos que dieran apertura a la instancia de juicio, acordando solicitar a ese Tribunal lo
siguiente:

Respecto de ........................................................................... se lo condene como autor del

delito de ........................................................................... y se le imponga la pena de
..........................................................................., y el pago de costas (artículos 26, 29 inciso 3ro,
40, 41,45 140 del C.P. y art 117 de la ley 25.871 y artículos 530 y 531 del C.P.P.N.).

Respecto de ..........................................................................., solicita la absolución como

coautor responsable del delito de ............................................................................

Respecto de ........................................................................... se lo condene como autor del

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 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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delito de ........................................................................... y se le imponga la pena de

..........................................................................., y el pago de costas (artículos 26, 29 inciso 3ro,
40, 41,45 140 del C.P. y art 117 de la ley 25.871 y artículos 530 y 531 del C.P.P.N.).

III. OPINIÓN DE LA QUERELLA

El instituto que nos convoca habilita la prescindencia del debate oral y público,
circunscribiendo los fundamentos de la sentencia a la verificación de las pruebas recolectadas
durante la instrucción (inc. 5, art. 431 bis, C.P.P.N.).

Este instituto de algún modo relega las facultades del juzgador a un examen del acuerdo
limitado exclusivamente a su legalidad, razonabilidad y correspondencia con el material
probatorio en que se sustenta. Ello más allá del rol fundamental que posee el Tribunal al
momento de realizarse la audiencia de visu (inc. 3, art. 431 bis del C.P.P.N. y arts. 40, 41 del
C.P.) en donde debe verificarse que los encartados hayan firmado con entera libertad y
voluntad, reconociendo los hechos y su participación en los mismos.

Así las cosas, a entender de esta querella dicha circunstancia también limita las facultades
propias, puesto que necesariamente en esta instancia deberá estarse a lo que en todo caso podrá
resolver ese Tribunal. Es que, en el sistema establecido por el Código de rito se excluye en el
acuerdo a la parte querellante, otorgándole únicamente la posibilidad de expedirse en esta
oportunidad sobre lo allí pautado.

Dentro de estos parámetros se analizará, sucesivamente, la existencia del hecho, la

participación de los imputados, la calificación legal de la conductas y las sanciones penales,
todo ello, conforme lo pactado entre las partes (inc. 5, art. 431 bis del C.P.P.N.).

En función de lo acordado por las partes, se tuvo por acreditado que

............................................................................ Para arribar a tales conclusiones se tuvieron en
cuenta ............................................................................ Y de allí se desprende que
............................................................................

En virtud de dichas pruebas, se acreditó que

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..........................................................................., por tanto debe responder en su calidad de

autor por el delito de ........................................................................... encuadrado en el art.
........................................................................... del CP.

Así, luego de realizar un examen del acuerdo de juicio abreviado al que han arribado las
partes, limitándose —como indica la norma que rige el instituto- a un control de legalidad y
racionalidad, ajustándose a las limitaciones que impone las reglas que rigen la materia, esta
parte considera que corresponde homologar las condiciones a las que han arribado los
imputados, sus defensas y el Ministerio Público Fiscal, resultando todas ellas pasibles de
negociación entre las partes dentro del instituto procesal penal escogido art. 431 bis del CPPN.

Sin embargo, los delitos perpetrados por los imputados -cuyo reconocimiento de existencia
y culpabilidad ha quedado completamente acreditado- importan una afectación a derechos
humanos de las víctimas. Por lo cual, a entender de esta querella, aun cuando la acusación o el
acuerdo transaccional omitió referirse a la reparación a las víctimas, no existe negociación
posible que pueda operar en perjuicio de las víctimas. Por el contrario sí existe un imperativo
legal, constitucional y convencional de actuación expresa y positiva por parte del Estado
Argentino.

Por ende, se adelanta que solicitará al Tribunal sentencie garantizando la reparación integral
de las víctimas sobre las que ha quedado acreditada su explotación.

IV. SOLICITA SE DICTE REPARACIÓN INTEGRAL DE LAS VÍCTIMAS

Como hemos desarrollado, ha quedado establecido que se consumó
............................................................................

En lo particular, el acuerdo de juicio abreviado cuenta con el reconocimiento expreso de

culpabilidad material de todos los encartados respecto a
............................................................................ Así entonces, la duda razonable sobre el
efectivo acontecimiento de los hechos criminales ha sido despejada por completo.

Dicho esto, debe estarse a los distintos compromisos asumidos por el Estado Argentino,

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encontrándonos frente a un caso donde se encuentra comprometida la responsabilidad

internacional, por haberse concluido que ............................................................................

Obsérvese en este punto que los derechos y obligaciones reconocidos por los tratados y
convenciones internacionales, la jurisprudencia de los organismos encargados de su monitoreo
y aplicación, consagran, explícitamente el derecho a una reparación integral (entre ellos, la
Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y
Políticos; la Convención contra la Tortura y otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o
Degradantes; la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de
Discriminación Racial; la Declaración sobre los principios fundamentales de justicia para las
víctimas de delitos y del abuso de poder; los principios y directrices básicos sobre el derecho
de las víctimas de violaciones manifiestas de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos
y de violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario a interponer recursos y obtener
reparaciones; la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, y en lo particular la
Convención Contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y el "Protocolo para prevenir,
reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niñas").

Entre los derechos de las víctimas, se destaca palmariamente el derecho a la reparación

integral, y en este sentido la respuesta judicial tiene trascendencia para el grupo de víctimas
afectado por este delito en particular, independientemente de si se han constituido como parte
querellante, actor civil o nunca han participado del proceso.

Es que, debe atenderse que en general las víctimas de estos delitos no cuentan con
suficientes recursos de modo de constituirse como partes del proceso, lo que no puede implicar
una barrera para reconocer sus derechos.

Se entiende que nos encontramos frente a una cuestión de orden público, en tanto el no
tratamiento de la reparación integral a las víctimas —en concreto— implicaría comprometer
la responsabilidad internacional del Estado. A nuestro entender, el silencio de las partes en la
suscripción del acuerdo de juicio abreviado respecto de la fijación de la reparación integral no
puede actuar en perjuicio de las víctimas de explotación.

Entendemos que ese tribunal si bien tiene que verificar los parámetros de legalidad que
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sostienen el acuerdo puesto a consideración, no menos cierto resulta que también deben
ponderarse los intereses que atañen a las víctimas.

En efecto, hacer silencio respecto del derecho a una reparación integral que surge de pleno
derecho en cabeza de las víctimas de explotación, implicaría invisibilizarlas una vez más,
ahora, de manera institucional. El Estado, muy por el contrario, debe visibilizarlas y repararlas
por cuanto las considera personas en derecho. Este es el piso mínimo al que se ha
comprometido el Estado Argentino con sus ciudadanos y la comunidad internacional.

V. NATURALEZA DE LA REPARACIÓN INTEGRAL

Ahora bien, en cuanto a la naturaleza de la reparación que corresponde sea fijada por ese
Tribunal, sostenemos que ello no implica una pena no prevista en el delito por el que se
condenó a los involucrados, toda vez que no se trata de una pena pecuniaria, sino que la
naturaleza del pago es compensatoria de daños sufridos por las víctimas...".

Al respecto cabe citar el fallo "Quiroga Jose Luis, y otros s/ recurso de casación" (C.F.C.P.
990/2015/TO1 del registro 472/17 de la Sala II, rta. 7/4/2017), donde la Cámara Federal de
Casación Penal, se refirió a la naturaleza civil de la reparación del daño, en cuyo marco afirmó
que: "...reservar lo punitivo para la ley penal y considerar de naturaleza civil lo que atañe a la
reparación del daño. El respeto por esta diferente naturaleza y sus respectivos ámbitos no
implica una solución a la cuestión de competencia: nada obsta a que el juez penal pueda
resolver cuestiones civiles, que no por ello pierden su naturaleza civil. Además, esta solución
es la que se deduce del código argentino, que al establecer que el juez penal podrá disponerla,
deja claro que no forma parte de la pena...".

En otro fallo reciente ("Valdez López, Sara Elena y otros"), la Sala I de la C.F.C.P sostuvo
que: "...Corresponde ordenar el decomiso del inmueble y el automotor utilizados para cometer
el delito, toda vez que, conforme el artículo 23 del Código Penal, resulta pasible de decomiso
los objetos intencionalmente utilizados para consumar o intentar el delito, tales como los
inmuebles, los vehículos, las cuentas bancarias o cualquier otro valor empleado como
instrumento o infraestructura para la comisión de un ilícito..."

Así, vuelve a visualizarse que aún en los casos donde el Ministerio Público Fiscal y la
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Defensa no hayan estipulado en el acuerdo de juicio abreviado el decomiso de los instrumentos

utilizados para cometer el delito, ello no es causal para que los jueces en la sentencia
condenatoria no puedan ordenarlo.

En este sendero, la Sala III de la Cámara Federal de Casación Penal, en el caso "Ladino
Betancur" (C.F.C.P., Sala III, in re "LADINO BETANCUR, Yasid Fernando". Reg. 1449. C°
525. Res. del 31/10/2018. Votos de los Dres. CATUCCI y RIGGI) afirmó: "...Corresponde
rechazar el recurso interpuesto contra la resolución que dispuso el decomiso del dinero
secuestrado toda vez que el decomiso es una imposición legal, consecuencia de una condena,
medida de naturaleza pecuniaria, que como tal queda fuera de la concertación de un juicio
abreviado y que sólo ha de supeditarse a la existencia de la prueba pertinente que acredite su
relación con el delito y probada como fue esa relación, el agravio no resulta atendible..."
Idéntico criterio ha sostenido la Sala II de dicha Alta Cámara en el caso "GÓMEZ" (C.F.C.P.,
Sala II, in re "GÓMEZ C." Causa: 4757. Sent. 08/03/2004) al sostener: "...en función de su
carácter obligatorio, el decomiso queda excluido como materia de negociación entre el
acusador público y el imputado y su defensa técnica, con miras a la celebración de un juicio
abreviado..."

En conclusión, teniendo en cuenta lo imperativo que resulta de acuerdo a nuestro

ordenamiento jurídico disponer la reparación integral de las víctimas, no cabe más que ese
Tribunal se expida al respecto. En este sentido, se ha entendido que cuando se tratan de medidas
imperativas, aunque las partes no hayan acordado a su respecto, no pueden ser tema de
negociación ni cabe considerar que el Tribunal agravó la pena solicitada por el Ministerio
Público Fiscal al imponer dicha accesoria (D´ALBORA, Francisco, Código Procesal Penal de
la Nación.Anotado. Comentado. Concordado. Buenos Aires, 2002, p. 931. En relación al
antecedente de la Sala I de la C.F.C.P., ED, DPPC, del 25/06/2002, f. 1084-SJ).

Así las cosas el pago de la reparación e indemnización a las víctimas está contemplado tanto
en las reglas generales del Código Penal (art. 23, 29, 30 y 31) como en la normativa específica
internacional sobre la explotación (instrumentos ya citados), por lo que solicitamos a los
magistrados que resuelvan en ese sentido.

En este sentido, debe entenderse que la reparación a las víctimas no puede ser la
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consecuencia exclusiva de un ofrecimiento de los imputados, ni constituye un mero

compromiso que pueda ser pactado de manera impenetrable entre las partes. La reparación, es
una consecuencia normativa de las condenas y el decomiso es el corolario de dichas condenas.

La Cámara Federal de Casación Penal (C.F.C.P., Sala IV, FCT 97/2013/TO1/CFC1,

"GIMÉNEZ, Iván y otro s/recurso de casación", voto de los Dres. Gustavo M. Hornos, Mariano
H. Borinsky y Javier Carbajo. Rta. Del 30/04/2019) fue determinante al entender que la
asistencia y reparación a las víctimas excede el interés privado de las partes y es una cuestión
que atañe a toda la sociedad y al Estado, que se ha comprometido de manera legal en tal sentido.

Así, esta parte considera que debe interpretarse el artículo 29 del Código Penal -que
expresamente prevé que la sentencia condenatoria podrá ordenar la reparación de los perjuicios
causados a la víctima-, bajo el prisma de los Tratados Internacionales de Derechos Humanos,
que disponen la reparación integral de víctimas de violaciones de derechos fundamentales.

VI. SE LIBREN MEDIDAS PARA DAR CON EL PARADERO DE LAS VÍCTIMAS

Finalmente, y atento las fuertes restricciones y limitaciones de acceso a la justicia que las
víctimas de este delito suelen presentar por su extrema vulnerabilidad y por las características
propias de los hechos que atravesaron, se solicita disponer el libramiento de los oficios que
estimen corresponder, de modo de dar con su averiguación de paradero, garantizando su acceso
a la justicia (art. 16, 18 y 33 de la Constitución Nacional; arts. 8 y 25 de la Convención
Americana de Derechos Humanos y 14 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos
—ambos con jerarquía constitucional) y garantizar el derecho de reparación integral que aquí
solicita se disponga. Por su parte, en caso de ser necesario, también podrá estarse a lo
establecido mediante Ley 27.508 - Fondo de Asistencia Directa a las Victimas de Trata.

VII. HACE RESERVA DE ACUDIR EN CASACIÓN Y DE CASO FEDERAL

De resolverse en contra de los intereses aquí esbozados por la querella, hacemos expresa
reserva de recurrir en Casación (art. 457 del CPPN) y planteo de Caso Federal (art. 14 Ley 48)
por entender que se verían involucrados derechos y garantías de raigambre constitucional.

VIII. PETITORIO

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Por todo lo expuesto, a V.E. solicito:

A. Se tenga por contestada la vista en los términos del artículo 431 bis del C.P.P.N.

B. Se disponga la homologación del acuerdo de juicio abreviado suscripto en fecha

..........................................................................., por el Ministerio Público Fiscal, los
imputados y las defensas de cada uno de ellos.

C. Se disponga una indemnización suficiente para garantizar la reparación integral de las

víctimas de explotación.

D. Se libren las medidas pertinentes para dar con el paradero de las víctimas de explotación
y se esté a lo dispuesto mediante Ley N.º 27.508.

E. Tenga presente la reserva del Caso Federal y de recurrir en Casación.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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CONTESTA VISTA

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que vengo en legal tiempo y forma (conf. Art. 158 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación),
a contestar la vista que me fuera conferida mediante cédula electrónica de fecha
..........................................................................., respecto del planteo de excepción de falta de
acción por aplicación del instituto de Ley Penal Más Benigna y el pedido de sobreseimiento
parcial.

II. ANTECEDENTES
La presente causa reconoce su origen en la denuncia presentada el
..........................................................................., por
..........................................................................., en razón que
........................................................................... habría cometido el delito previsto y reprimido
por el art. ..........................................................................., por haber
............................................................................

Luego del transcurso de la instrucción, con fecha

..........................................................................., la defensa planteó la excepción de falta de
acción por aplicación del instituto de Ley Penal más Benigna y solicitó el sobreseimiento
parcial de ..........................................................................., planteo que dio origen al presente
incidente.

III. FUNDAMENTOS
Frente al planteo de la defensa, y a modo introductorio, corresponde mencionar que la
aplicación retroactiva de la ley penal más benigna, se encuentra reconocida en nuestro
ordenamiento jurídico en el artículo 2° del Código Penal, adquiriendo rango constitucional
conforme las disposiciones del art 9° de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
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y art. 15° del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, instrumentos que han
adquirido rango constitucional a partir de la reforma de nuestra Carta Magna en el año 1994, a
través de su art. 75 inciso 22.

Ahora bien, la correcta interpretación del principio de retroactividad de la ley penal más
benigna, a la luz de los instrumentos internacionales señalados, no implica la aplicación
mecánica o irreflexiva de cualquier ley posterior al hecho imputado por la sola razón que
resulte más beneficiosa al imputado.

El fundamento de la aplicación del principio de ley penal más benigna es asegurar que las
penas no se impongan o mantengan cuando la valoración social que las justificaba en el pasado
ha sufrido variación en el presente. Es decir que lo que antes era reprobable ahora no lo es. La
aplicación del principio exige interpretar si el cambio en la ley es una manifestación del cambio
de valoración de la clase del delito que se imputa.

Como se anticipara, esta situación no ha operado tal cambio en la valoración de la conducta

punible.

Es dable decir que para que aplique la vigencia del principio de la ley penal más benigna
debe efectuarse una comparación integral entre las leyes en juego.

IV. CONCLUSIÓN
Por todo lo expuesto, esta querella entiende que la reforma no ha producido una diferente
valoración de la conducta punible, por lo que no correspondería que el planteo de falta de
acción interpuesto por la defensa prospere.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. CONSTITUYE NUEVO DOMICILIO

Señor Fiscal:
(...........................................................................) ante vuestra Fiscalía, respetuosamente
digo:

OBJETO:
Que atento al estado de autos, vengo a constituir nuevo domicilio en
..........................................................................., lugar al que -en lo sucesivo- deberán ser
dirigidas las notificaciones físicas que se cursen a esta querella.

Que corresponde, a su vez, informar domicilio electrónico bajo la CUIT Nº

............................................................................

PETITORIO:
Por lo expuesto, SOLICITO:

A. Se tenga presente.

B. Se tenga por constituido el nuevo domicilio legal y por informado el electrónico.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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DEFENSA. QUEJA POR CASACIÓN DENEGADA. LESIONES CULPOSAS

Excma. Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación:

(...........................................................................) ante VV.EE. comparecemos y
respetuosamente decimos:

I. OBJETO
Que venimos a interponer recurso de queja contra la resolución denegatoria del recurso
extraordinario federal que dictara ........................................................................... el
..........................................................................., notificada en misma fecha, por la cual se
resolvió: "DECLARAR INADMISIBLE el recurso extraordinario interpuesto por
........................................................................... (arts. 14 y 15 de la ley 48 y arts. 68 y 69 del
C.P.C.C.N.)".

II. REQUISITOS PROPIOS DE LA APELACIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA

a) Apartamiento de la normativa legal aplicable (cuestión federal), b) Sentencia definitiva,
c) El decisorio judicial recurrido fue dictado por el Superior Tribunal de la causa y d) Existe
una resolución contraria a los intereses de mi mandante.

II. BIS. COPIAS QUE SE ACOMPAÑAN (art. 283).

a) Resolución de fecha ........................................................................... dictada por el
Juzgado Federal Criminal y Correccional, aii) Resolución de fecha
........................................................................... dictada por la Cámara Federal Criminal y
Correccional, aiii) Resoluciones de fecha ...........................................................................
dictadas por la Cámara ............................................................................

b) Recursos de apelación, casación y extraordinario federal interpuestos por esta parte

querellante.

c) Traslado del art. 257 del CPPCCN del Ministerio Público Fiscal.

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III. LA CUESTIÓN LITIGIOSA

Como seguidamente se comprobará, se refuta de manera categórica lo argüido por el
Tribunal de la causa en la denegación de la vía extraordinaria, realizándose una crítica eficaz
de los considerandos por los cuales el "a quo" lo rechazó (cf. CSJN Fallos, 303:500; 306:93;
306:1123; 307:723; 308:200 y 726).

En ese orden de ideas, la enunciación de los hechos concretos de la causa que se intentan
someter al conocimiento de la Corte, sin perjuicio de ser desarrolladas en el parágrafo siguiente,
resultan de acompañar copia de la interposición del recurso extraordinario, razón por la cual
en todo lo no expresado me remito a dicha pieza procesal a los fines de salvar la exhaustiva
fundamentación (CSJN Fallos, 289,66; 296:211; 303:1674; 299:105; 306:1785).

IV. ANTECEDENTES
El presente incidente se origina como consecuencia del sobreseimiento dictado por el
Juzgado ........................................................................... conforme resolución de fecha
............................................................................

Ante dicha resolución, esta querella interpuso el correspondiente recurso de apelación el

cual fue concedido y una vez radicado en la Excma. Sala
........................................................................... de la Cámara del fuero se presentó el
correspondiente memorial, exponiendo los motivos por los cuales estimábamos correspondía
revocar la resolución dictada por el Juzgado de Instrucción.

Con fecha ..........................................................................., la Excma. Sala resuelve

confirmar la resolución y mantener el sobreseimiento dictado con anterioridad respecto del
imputado ............................................................................

Ante ello, esta querella se vio obligada a interponer el correspondiente recurso de casación
a efectos de que se le garanticen el pleno ejercicio de los derechos constitucionales.

Por su parte, la Excma. Sala ........................................................................... rechazó la

casación interpuesta repitiendo viejos argumentos sin estudiar el nuevo plexo probatorio y

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calificación legal pretendida. Y digo "viejos argumentos" ya que la Sala, con una composición
diferente, ya había intervenido con anterioridad resolviendo en sentido contrario al actual.
Justamente, el único Magistrado que intervino en ambas ocasiones fue el Dr. Borinsky quien
repitió los argumentos de la primera resolución sin siquiera analizar las nuevas circunstancias
traídas a estudio.

En consecuencia, esta parte presenta Recurso Extraordinario Federal a efectos de obtener

un pronunciamiento que se ajuste a derecho. Ahora bien, toda vez que en el recurso
extraordinario se fundó acabadamente los motivos por los cuales nos encontrábamos ante una
cuestión federal y habiendo sido rechazado el mismo, formulamos el presente recurso a efectos
de obtener un pronunciamiento que se ajuste a derecho.

Es dable destacar, que no solo fundamos la cuestión federal de manera suficiente, sino que
además planteamos una arbitrariedad en la resolución de la Cámara que tampoco ha sido
aceptada.

V. CRÍTICA A LA SENTENCIA QUE DENEGÓ EL RECURSO EXTRAORDINARIO

FEDERAL
Como se verá a continuación, la inadmisibilidad del recurso extraordinario es arbitraria toda
vez que los remedios impugnativos que esta parte interpuso ante la Cámara Federal de Casación
Penal - Sala ..........................................................................., cumplían con los requisitos
formales y sustanciales indispensables para su procedencia; por otro lado, insistimos en que la
sentencia puesta en crisis incurre en arbitrariedad al no fundamentar debidamente su decisorio.

Concretamente, la Cámara interviniente rechaza la admisibilidad del recurso como

consecuencia de una supuesta "ausencia de la cuestión federal". Asimismo, señala que la
resolución no resulta arbitraria ya que "es menester que se demuestren defectos graves en la
decisión recurrida que la descalifiquen como acto jurisdiccional válido, lo cual, el recurrente
no ha acreditado tampoco en este caso."

La Cámara de casación dicta nuevamente una resolución arbitraria, al afirmar, sin

fundamentar, que no existe cuestión federal, apartándose de modo notorio de una interpretación
razonada del principio constitucional y al carecer de los "fundamentos mínimos suficientes"
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(Fallos 293:444; 274:462; 308:914; 311:948; 6 2547; 313:559; 315:28 y 321:1909).

Frente a esta afirmación por los magistrados, esta parte disiente con lo expuesto, ya que
entiende, aparte de haber demostrado sólidamente, que nos encontramos en presencia de una
cuestión federal toda vez que en el presente incidente se encuentra controvertido el alcance que
se da a una norma federal.

Recordemos que para declarar la procedencia del recurso extraordinario la Corte Suprema
de Justicia de la Nación ha exigido en forma invariable la existencia de una cuestión federal.
Debemos recordar que cuestión o caso federal ha sido definido como el que versa "sobre la
interpretación de normas federales o de actos federales de autoridades de la Nación, o acerca
de los conflictos entre la Constitución Nacional y otras normas o actos de autoridades
nacionales o locales".

Ello es exactamente lo que ha acontecido en estos autos. Concretamente, respecto de la

interpretación y alcance del artículo 145 bis, esta querella a planteado de forma sólida la
posibilidad de de imputar la autoría del delito mediante la figura de la comisión por omisión.
Ello obedece, a que debiendo controlar por asumir voluntariamente una posición de garante,
no se controló adrede.

Este extremo propuesto y fundado por la querella no ha sido ni considerado por el Tribunal
inferior, incurriendo así en una clara causal de arbitrariedad.

Entonces aquí entra la segunda cuestión qué hace a la doctrina de arbitrariedad creada por
este Alto Tribunal. Esta contempla la falta de fundamentación; los defectos en la interpretación
de la normativa aplicable al caso; la omisión de pronunciarse sobre los planteos efectuados por
esta querella y finalmente la valoración parcial de la prueba; todas circunstancias en las cuales
ha incurrido los Tribunales inferiores.

Por supuesto, todos estos extremos han sido desarrollados en el correspondiente recurso
extraordinario al cual me remito, más allá de algunas consideraciones que realizaré
brevemente.

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Se destaca cómo los Tribunales intervinientes han ignorado por completo la aplicación de
distintas leyes que complementan el análisis de la figura prevista en el art. 145 bis del CP.

Concretamente, han ignorado completamente la Ley de Trabajo a domicilio, la Ley de

Contrato de Trabajo y la Ley de Sociedades, realizando así una valoración parcial y por ende
errónea.

Todo este marco de irregularidades, nos lleva a sostener que nos encontramos frente a un
supuesto de arbitrariedad, dado que la resolución de la Sala
........................................................................... se apartó manifiestamente del tratamiento de
argumentos expresamente invocados por esta parte, que resultaban conducentes para la
solución del conflicto (Fallos 339:1489, 339:1530, 339:1483, 339:814, entre otros).

Hasta aquí se ha desarrollado la crítica a la resolución de la Cámara Federal de Casación

Penal en tanto declara, erróneamente, inadmisible el recurso extraordinario Federal.

Cuestión de fondo:
Dado que se han analizados los distintos agravios con mayor detenimiento al momento de
interponer el correspondiente recurso extraordinario federal, y que dicho recurso será
adjuntado a la presente queja, me remitiré a aquella pieza a los fines de fundar las cuestiones
de fondo que se pretenden sean resueltas por esta Corte Suprema.

Sin embargo, a modo de resumen mencionaré algunos de los principales agravios. En primer
lugar, esta querella entiende que se realizó una valoración parcial del derecho aplicable al caso.
De haber considerado la Ley de Trabajo a domicilio, la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo y la Ley
de Sociedades como leyes complementarias al artículo 145 bis del CP -tal cual lo hizo la Sala
IV en su fallo anterior a este último- estoy seguro de que los Magistrados habrían concluido en
sentido totalmente opuesto al que resolvieron.

Y es que el análisis de las mencionadas leyes deviene obligatorio por las particulares
características del caso en estudio.

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La pregunta central a esta cuestión es ¿cómo llega esta querella a concluir que el Sr.
........................................................................... resulta penalmente responsable por el delito de
trata de personas llevado a cabo en talleres de terceros?

Justamente la respuesta está en las Leyes que por error han sido omitidas. En ese sentido,
no podemos olvidar que el artículo 30 de la ley 20.744, dispone que "Quienes cedan total o
parcialmente a otros el establecimiento o explotación habilitado a su nombre, o contraten o
subcontraten, cualquiera sea el acto que le dé origen, trabajos o servicios correspondientes a la
actividad normal y específica propia del establecimiento, dentro o fuera de su ámbito, deberán
exigir a sus contratistas o subcontratistas el adecuado cumplimiento de las normas relativas al
trabajo y los organismos de seguridad social.

Los cedentes, contratistas o subcontratistas deberán exigir además a sus cesionarios o

subcontratistas el número del Código Único de Identificación Laboral de cada uno de los
trabajadores que presten servicios y la constancia de pago de las remuneraciones, copia firmada
de los comprobantes de pago mensuales al sistema de la seguridad social, una cuenta corriente
bancaria de la cual sea titular y una cobertura por riesgos del trabajo. Esta responsabilidad del
principal de ejercer el control sobre el cumplimiento de las obligaciones que tienen los
cesionarios o subcontratistas respecto de cada uno de los trabajadores que presten servicios, no
podrá delegarse en terceros y deberá ser exhibido cada uno de los comprobantes y constancias
a pedido del trabajador y/o de la autoridad administrativa. El incumplimiento de alguno de los
requisitos harán responsable solidariamente al principal por las obligaciones de los cesionarios,
contratistas o subcontratistas respecto del personal que ocuparen en la prestación de dichos
trabajos o servicios y que fueren emergentes de la relación laboral incluyendo su extinción y
de las obligaciones de la seguridad social".

Y es que el artículo citado no solo resulta por demás claro como para ser ignorado, sino que
además se adecua perfectamente a la plataforma fáctica que hace a la situación procesal del
imputado ............................................................................

En ese sentido, buscando la plena armonía entre hechos y derecho hemos señalado que a
........................................................................... le cabe responsabilidad penal por la omisión de
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controlar aquello que la Ley manda.

Resumidamente, ........................................................................... como principal

responsable de ........................................................................... tercerizó la producción de
............................................................................ Estas tercerizaciones tienen características
que es importante destacarlas. En primer lugar, esta falta de control no es un mero descuido,
sino que es adrede, no se quiso controlar, ello en razón de que a
........................................................................... le significaba una ganancia que la producción
sea hecha de ese modo, porque de lo contrario, y de haber ejercido el control que manda la
Ley, se incrementa notablemente el costo laboral.

En este punto, considero que no tiene ningún valor las afirmaciones realizadas por la defensa
en cuanto a que ........................................................................... no se vio beneficiada por esta
circunstancia dado que la esencia de ........................................................................... es
justamente ser una empresa rentable y generadora de riqueza, no es una asociación sin fines de
lucro.

Entonces, esto que se desarrolló resumidamente en estos párrafos pero que si se profundizó
tanto en los distintos recursos interpuestos como también en el recurso extraordinario federal
denegado, resume de alguna manera tanto la cuestión federal existente en el caso concreto
como también la arbitrariedad de la sentencia ya que como he mencionado con anterioridad la
Sala ........................................................................... de la Casación Federal no ha ni
considerado todo esto, ni ha dedicado un párrafo de su resolución a explicar porque no le asiste
razón a esta querella en sus planteos.

Por lo expuesto, en cuanto al presente recurso, voy a solicitar se lo declare admisible y se

revoque el sobreseimiento dispuesto, toda vez que resulta contrario a derecho.

VI. CUMPLIMIENTO DEL DEPÓSITO ESTABLECIDO EN EL ART. 286 CPCCN

El art. 286 del CPCCN, dispone que los casos en donde se interponga recurso de queja por
ante la C.S.J.N., por denegación del recurso extraordinario, se debe realizar un depósito a la
orden del Tribunal. Se deja expresa constancia que
............................................................................
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VII. PETITORIO
Por todo lo expuesto, de V.E. solicito:

1) Tenga por planteado el recurso de queja.

2) Tenga cumplidos los restantes presupuestos formales y sustanciales de admisibilidad,

copias y por cumplimentada la Acordada 38/2011 de la CSJN.

3) Haga lugar a la queja intentada, pronunciándose sobre el fondo del asunto.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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FORMULA OPOSICIÓN A LA SUSPENSIÓN DEL JUICIO A PRUEBA

Excmo. Tribunal:

(Encabezado), ante V.S respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Habiendo sido notificada de la audiencia fijada para evaluar la posibilidad de suspender el
presente juicio a prueba, vengo por intermedio del presente a oponerme a la aplicación de dicho
instituto en virtud de los argumentos que a continuación expondré.

II. GRAVEDAD HECHO

No puede negarse que la conducta de ........................................................................... se
presenta como una realidad merecedora de una respuesta inmediata. El delito por el cual se
dictó procesamiento, prevé una pena máxima que supera los 3 años de prisión; al respecto se
ha dicho: "...........................................................................".

En este sentido, la Corte Suprema de Justicia tiene un reiterativo criterio, que es el principio
de igualdad, igual trato a los iguales. El máximo tribunal ha dicho que: "el principio de la
igualdad de todas las personas ante la ley, según la ciencia y el espíritu de nuestra Constitución,
no es otra cosa que el derecho a que no se establezcan excepciones o privilegios que excluyan
a unos de lo que se concede a otros en iguales circunstancias, de donde se sigue forzosamente
que la verdadera igualdad consiste en aplicar en los casos ocurrentes la ley según las diferencias
constitutivas de ellos y que cualquiera otra inteligencia o acepción de este derecho es contraria
a su propia naturaleza e interés social". Y aquí, lo que sucede es que
............................................................................

Es decir, no es "desigualdad" tratar distinto al que no es igual. Por lo que, únicamente podría
hablarse de una violación a este principio en la medida que existiese una diferenciación de los
imputados sancionados por la misma conducta. Lo que claramente no ocurre, puesto que la
prohibición de la suspensión del juicio a prueba abarca a todos los delitos tributarios, sin
distinción.
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Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se transcribe el voto del Dr. Eduardo R. Riggi ante un
planteo similar efectuado en la causa CPE 1584/2014/TO2, caratulada: "LIOTTI, MARCELO
JULIÁN y otros s/ inf. Ley 24.769" (interno 2974/18), del registro de este Tribunal Oral en lo
Penal Económico N°1, ocasión en la que sostuvo -con total elocuencia- que "... el principio de
igualdad no impide a que el legislador contemple de diferente manera situaciones que considere
distintas, con tal que la discriminación no sea arbitraria ni importe ilegítima persecución o
indebido privilegio de personas o grupos de ellas aunque su fundamento sea opinable (Conf.
C.S. Fallos: 299:146; 300:1049 y 1087; 301:1185; 302:192 y 457)".

"A ello se agrega que dicha potestad se encuentra respaldada por ser una disposición del
orden sustantivo. Lo cual equivale a afirmar que la garantía de igualdad consagrada en la
Constitución Nacional no se halla afectada por la exclusión del beneficio de la probation en los
casos de los delitos tributarios, toda vez que la garantía en cuestión consiste en aplicar la ley a
todos los casos concurrentes según sus diferencias constitutivas, de tal suerte que no se trata
de la igualdad absoluta o rígida sino de la igualdad para todos los casos idénticos, lo que
importa la prohibición de establecer excepciones que excluyan a unos de lo que se concede a
otros en las mismas circunstancias (C.S. Fallos: 123:106; 180:149); pero no impide que el
legislador establezca distinciones valederas entre supuestos que estime diferentes, en tanto
aquellas no sean arbitrarias, es decir, que no obedezcan a propósitos de injusta persecución o
indebido privilegio, sino a una objetiva razón de desincriminación (C.S. Fallos: 301:381, 1094;
304:390)".

..."En ese entendimiento, somos de la opinión que el diferente tratamiento dado por la ley a
aquellas personas que habrían infringido la ley penal tributaria, se justifica en la gravedad que
esa clase de delitos implican para el erario público ya que con ellos se profundizan las carencias
del Estado Nacional al verse disminuida la recaudación fiscal, y por lo tanto, si "...existe un
fundamento razonable para hacer tal distinción, el legislador se encuentra facultado para
establecer, dentro del amplio margen que le ofrece la política criminal, las consecuencias
jurídicas que estime convenientes para cada caso." (cfr. C.S. Fallos: 311:1451 "L'Eveque,
Ramón Rafael p/robo" rta. el 16/B/88)".

Siguiendo estos lineamientos, el Dr. Diego García Berro indicó que: "cabe recordar que la
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suspensión del juicio a prueba no es un beneficio excluido únicamente para los delitos previstos
por la ley N° 24.769 sino que aquél ha sido expresamente excluido para otros casos, como ser
los delitos cometidos por funcionarios públicos, los reprimidos con pena de inhabilitación y
los tipificados por la ley 22.415".

Finalmente el Dr. Concluyó que: "si la posibilidad de La suspensión de juicio a prueba ha

sido excluida expresamente por la ley para determinados delitos con independencia de la
gravedad de la pena que tienen prevista... y ha también sido considerada improcedente por el
más Alto Tribunal de la República en relación a otros delitos sin perjuicio de la pena prevista
para aquellos (Confr. El fallo "Góngora, G.A. s/ causa n° 14.092", del 23/4/2013 —La ley
online: TR LALEY AR/JUR/9194/2013) no cabe sino concluir que aquél (el de la pena) no es
un parámetro suficiente, ni desde el punto de vista de la ley, ni desde el punto de vista del
máximo intérprete de la Constitución Nacional, para establecer "per se" si resulta razonable o
no la aplicación del régimen de que se trata, sino que, en cambio, debería estarse a lo que
resulta de un examen integral de todas las particularidades del ilícito cuya imputación sustente
el desarrollo del proceso que se pretende suspender".

Por otra parte, tampoco es posible sostener que el nuevo Régimen Penal Tributario ha
implicado un cambio de postura del legislador al respecto. Es que, aún con la sanción de la Ley
27.430; la prohibición de la suspensión de juicio a prueba continúa totalmente vigente. Mal
puede sostenerse que el legislador ha pretendido derogar la prohibición instituida por la Ley
26.735, puesto que -en primer término — ello no surge del debate parlamentario.

En este sentido tampoco consideramos apropiado señalar que dicho nuevo régimen Penal
haya implicado la despenalización de las conductas delictivas incurridas antes de la reforma
legal, toda vez que en la misma ley que derogó la 24.769 se instituyó el Régimen Penal
Tributario (a través del Título IX de la Ley 27.430).

Así las cosas, del análisis del art. 9 de la Ley 24.769 y el art. 7 de la Ley 27.430, observamos
que la nueva normativa no desincriminó los comportamientos de la figura penal bajo análisis
sino que solamente aumentó el monto de la condición objetiva de punibilidad.

Siguiendo este lineamiento, entendemos que la ley 27.430 también se encuentra alcanzada
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por la prohibición establecida en el art. 76 bis in fine del Código Penal, no dando lugar a la
aplicación por principio de ley más benigna.

Por último, debemos poner en resalto que para el caso de que exista una oposición
formulada por el Sr. Fiscal, en la medida que la misma resulte ser razonada y justificada con
el derecho aplicable al caso; dicha situación implicaría un impedimento para el Tribunal para
otorgar el beneficio del instituto del art. 76 bis del CP; por lo que en dicho caso no cabría más
que el rechazo de la suspensión del juicio a prueba.

III. PETITORIO
Por todos los motivos expuestos, se solicita a V.S. que:

A. Se tenga por presentada la presente oposición en legal tiempo y forma.

B. Decrete la inaplicabilidad del instituto de suspensión de juicio a prueba.

Proveer de conformidad que,

SERÁ JUSTICIA.

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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 244

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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FORMULA OPOSICIÓN AL OFRECIMIENTO DE REPARACIÓN

Señor Juez:

(Encabezado) a V.S. respetuosamente digo:

I. OBJETO
Que atento la vista conferida de vuestra resolución del
........................................................................... -notificada el
...........................................................................-, vengo en legal tiempo y forma a contestar.

II. FUNDAMENTOS
En su presentación, la defensa solicitó acogerse a los beneficios de la suspensión del juicio
a prueba normados en los artículos 76 y 76 bis del Código Penal.

Argumentó que "...........................................................................". Y ofreció como

reparación del daño -en razón que la edad del imputado le impide realizar tareas comunitarias-
donaciones de alimentos en forma mensual a algún comedor comunitario de su zona.

La oposición al ofrecimiento de reparación efectuado por el imputado se fundamenta en la

total insuficiencia en relación a las pautas establecidas en el art. 76 bis del Código Penal. En
efecto, la regla establecida por la mencionada norma impone que, al momento de solicitar la
suspensión del juicio a prueba o probation, el imputado ofrezca al damnificado, por el delito
presuntamente cometido, una reparación que debe guardar por un lado relación de
proporcionalidad con el daño irrogado por su conducta, y por el otro resultar acorde a las
posibilidades objetivas y subjetivas de reparación. Literalmente: "Al presentar la solicitud, el
imputado deberá ofrecer hacerse cargo de la reparación del daño en la medida de lo posible,
sin que ello implique confesión ni reconocimiento de la responsabilidad civil correspondiente".

La frase "en la medida de lo posible" alude a una doble condición que debe reunir la
reparación del daño ofrecida. La primera, de carácter objetivo, se vincula a la magnitud del
daño causado por la conducta que se atribuye al imputado y las posibilidades materiales de
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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 245

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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resarcirlo. La segunda, de carácter subjetivo, alude a los medios con los que el imputado cuente
para, según sus particulares condiciones personales, afrontar dicha reparación. En este sentido,
se ha sostenido que "aunque es cierto que la reparación exigible no debe ser necesariamente
equiparable al daño causado, pues no puede soslayarse la proporción con las reales
posibilidades del encartado; en los casos en que no pueda lograrse la satisfacción total del
damnificado, al menos ha de procurarse el máximo esmero en tal sentido por parte de quien
solicita la suspensión" (Cámara de Apelaciones y Garantías en lo Penal de San Martín, Sala
III, en autos "Urbieta, Carolina", resolución de fecha 8/2/2006 publicada en LLBA 2006, pág.
967).

Pues bien, esta parte desconoce, cabalmente, cuál es el ofrecimiento de reparación que, en
la medida de sus posibilidades, ha efectuado el imputado en estos autos al solicitar la
suspensión del juicio a prueba. Solo cuenta con lo manifestado en su escrito, que no expresa
una voluntad concreta de reparación del daño irrogado.

Sin perjuicio de ello, el mismo debe guardar una reparación suficiente del daño en los
términos del art. 76 bis del Código Penal, desde un punto de vista objetivo -vinculado al daño
ocasionado al erario público por el delito que se imputa al acusado-, y desde la consideración
subjetiva de sus efectivas posibilidades de pago.

De modo que el ofrecimiento de reparación efectuado no puede considerarse suficiente en

los términos del art. 76 bis del Código Penal, desde que objetivamente no importa la
............................................................................ Por tal motivo, no sólo esta parte se ve
obligada al rechazo del ofrecimiento de reparación en cuestión, sino que además entiende que
la solicitud de suspensión de juicio a prueba deviene improcedente.

Como decíamos anteriormente las posibilidades de reparación del daño a través de la

aplicación del instituto de la probation deben ser evaluadas desde una doble perspectiva, como
posibilidad de reparación material del daño -cuestión que ya hemos visto no se cumple en el
caso- y como posibilidad de repararlo en el caso concreto de conformidad con la situación
particular del acusado.

En esta inteligencia, podría hipotéticamente aceptarse una reparación del daño que no sea
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© Thomson Reuters Información Legal 246

 Colección Modelos - Volumen VII: Penal

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integral, en la medida en que quien la ofrece demuestre que es el máximo esfuerzo al que se
puede comprometer sin afectar sus posibilidades de subsistencia, lo cual no queda acreditado
en su presentación.

Lo cierto es que esta no ha probado en autos que la reparación ofrecida implique el máximo
esfuerzo al que se puede comprometer en pos de la reparación del daño causado por el delito
que se le imputa.

El Sr. ........................................................................... no ha ofrecido ninguna prueba

respecto de su patrimonio que lleve a concluir que lo que ofrece como reparación del daño que
su conducta ha causado implica el mayor esfuerzo que este puede hacer para reparar el daño
causado.

En la presentación de la defensa solo se alude a la situación de

..........................................................................., que no ha sido acreditado en su presentación.

En conclusión, el acusado no ha ofrecido de modo alguno una reparación del daño causado
que cumpla con los requisitos establecidos por el art. 76 bis del Código Penal, motivo por lo
que, no sólo corresponde la oposición a la oferta efectuada, sino que además se impone el
rechazo de la solicitud de suspensión del juicio a prueba formulada.

III. PETITORIO