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Cuadernillo LI - TECNICAS DE TRADUCCIÓN

Este documento presenta un cuadernillo de técnicas de traducción de inglés a español y viceversa para estudiantes del IV semestre del Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Quintana Roo. Incluye un directorio de autoridades educativas, una presentación del director general dando la bienvenida a los estudiantes, y un índice con tres bloques principales sobre técnicas de traducción, fuentes de consulta en inglés, y tipos de textos a traducir en inglés, con varias actividades en cada bloque. El objetivo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% encontró este documento útil (0 votos)
295 vistas76 páginas

Cuadernillo LI - TECNICAS DE TRADUCCIÓN

Este documento presenta un cuadernillo de técnicas de traducción de inglés a español y viceversa para estudiantes del IV semestre del Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Quintana Roo. Incluye un directorio de autoridades educativas, una presentación del director general dando la bienvenida a los estudiantes, y un índice con tres bloques principales sobre técnicas de traducción, fuentes de consulta en inglés, y tipos de textos a traducir en inglés, con varias actividades en cada bloque. El objetivo
Derechos de autor
© © All Rights Reserved
Nos tomamos en serio los derechos de los contenidos. Si sospechas que se trata de tu contenido, reclámalo aquí.
Formatos disponibles
Descarga como PDF, TXT o lee en línea desde Scribd

CUA DERN ILLO DE

Té c n i c a s d e Tr a d u c c i ó n

IV
S EMESTRE
Directorio
Dr. Rafael Ignacio Romero Mayo
Director General

Mtra. Yolanda del Rosario Loria Marín


Directora Académica

Lic. Mario Velázquez George


Subdirector Académico

Mtra. Cindy Jazmín Cuellar Ortiz


Jefa del Departamento de Docencia y Apoyo Académico

Elaboraron:

M.C.E, Dinorah Guadalupe Olivas González, Docente del Plantel Cancún Uno
M.E. Celia Teresa Bello Angulo, Docente del Plantel Cancún Uno
Lic. Adrián Manuel Martínez Lozano, Docente del Plantel Chetumal Dos
Lic. Ana Jazmín Cruz García, Jefa de Materia del Área de Inglés, Dirección General

Revisión y aprobación:

Lic. Ana Jazmín Cruz García


Jefe de Materia del Área de Inglés

Derechos reservados
© 2021, Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Quintana Roo
Avenida Héroes #310 entre Justo Sierra y Bugambilias
Col. Adolfo López Mateos
Chetumal, C.P. 77010, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo

2
PRESENTATION

Estimada y estimado estudiante:

Me es grato darte la bienvenida al nuevo semestre que estás por iniciar. En la Dirección General del
Colegio de Bachilleres de Quintana Roo, somos conscientes de las circunstancias que te rodean y que
han afectado al mundo desde hace más de año y medio; por ello, el cuadernillo que ahora posees, es
producto de un esfuerzo y trabajo conjuntos entre los docentes y los responsables de las áreas
académicas de nuestras oficinas centrales.
Si bien es cierto la pandemia continúa, ello no representa un impedimento para no cumplir con
nuestra labor educativa, razón esencial de nuestra gran institución. Por ello, hoy más que nunca, la labor
académica es vital para alcanzar nuestro principal objetivo: tu formación escolar que contribuya a
consolidar tu proyecto de vida.
El contenido de este Material didáctico del estudiante, te permitirá continuar con tu proceso de
enseñanza-aprendizaje desde casa. Por supuesto, estarás respaldado por la asesoría y seguimiento de
cada uno de tus docentes y autoridades educativas.
Cada una de las personas que laboramos en el Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Quintana
Roo ponemos lo mejor de nosotros para seguir caminando juntos, aun en la pandemia, generando
resiliencia y fortaleciendo las competencias académicas y socioemocionales que nos permitan salir
adelante.
Te invito a no bajar la guardia en lo académico y en el cuidado de tu salud. Trabaja intensamente,
con compromiso y con responsabilidad; sé responsable y perseverante, ello te llevará al éxito y a cumplir
tus metas. Te deseo lo mejor para este semestre que inicia.

Dr. Rafael Ignacio Romero Mayo


Director General

3
INDEX

Introduction….………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6
Block I Técnicas de traducción de inglés a español y viceversa.………………………… 7
Activity 1………………………………………………………………………………... 12
Activity 2………………………………………………………………………………... 12
Activity 3 ………………………………………………………………………………... 13
Activity 4………………………………………………………………………………... 14
Activity 5………………………………………………………………………………... 15
Activity 6………………………………………………………………………………... 16
Activity 7………………………………………………………………………………... 18
Activity 8………………………………………………………………………………... 19
Activity 9 ………………………………………………………………………………... 19
Activity 10………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Activity 11………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Activity 12 ………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Activity 13 ………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Activity 14 ………………………………………………………………………………. 24
Activity 15 ………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Activity 16 ………………………………………………………………………………. 26
Block II Fuentes de Consulta en Inglés.……………………………………………………….. 27
Activity 1………………………………………………………………………………... 30
Activity 2………………………………………………………………………………... 30
Activity 3 ………………………………………………………………………………... 32
Activity 4………………………………………………………………………………... 34
Activity 5 ………………………………………………………………………………... 34
Activity 6 ……………………………………………………………………………… 35
Activity 7 ………………………………………………………………………………... 35

4
Block III Tipos de Textos a Traducir en Inglés………………………………………………… 40
Activity 1………………………………………………………………………………... 44
Activity 1.1……………………………………………………………………………… 44
Activity 1.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 45
Activity 2……………………………………………………………………………… 45
Activity 2.1……………………………………………………………………………… 46
Activity 2.2……………………………………………………………………………… 46
Activity 3………………………………………………………………………………... 47
Activity 3.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 47
Activity 3.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 48
Activity 4 ………………………………………………………………………………... 48
Activity 4.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 49
Activity 4.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 49
Activity 5 ………………………………………………………………………………... 50
Activity 5.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 50
Activity 5.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 51
Activity 6 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 51
Activity 6.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 52
Activity 6.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 52
Activity 7 ………………………………………………………………………………... 53
Activity 7.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 53
Activity 7.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 54
Activity 8 ………………………………………………………………………………... 54
Activity 8.1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 55
Activity 8.2 ……………………………………………………………………………… 55
Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………. 56
Test´s Answer Key (Block III) ………………………………………………………. 70
Exercises´Answer (Block III) ………………………………………………………… 71
References ……………………………………………………………………………… 75
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………… 76

Y Traducción De Textos y/o Correspondencia

5
INTRODUCTION

El propósito general de la capacitación de Lengua Inglesa es estructurar traducciones generales de


inglés a español y viceversa, eligiendo los métodos, técnicas e instrumentos pertinentes en cada texto o
discurso lingüístico que elabore para favorecer una comunicación asertiva y pensamiento crítico en el
idioma inglés, en situaciones de su vida cotidiana.

La capacitación de Lengua Inglesa que se encuentra en el componente de formación para el trabajo y


que forma parte del campo disciplinar de comunicación, busca que el estudiantado cuente con las
herramientas necesarias que le permita emplear técnicas de lectura, escritura, expresión oral y escrita
de manera efectiva con la finalidad de que posteriormente pueda realizar traducciones e
interpretaciones asertivas en el idioma inglés en diversos contextos.

Además de contar con una base de conocimientos y habilidades que les permita egresar con las
competencias profesionales básicas que enmarca el perfil del nivel medio superior y el cual propiciará
su ingreso a la educación terciaria. Derivado de lo anterior, esta capacitación está integrada por cuatro
módulos.

En el Módulo II se pretende que el alumno aplique las normas y procedimientos de redacción en la


elaboración de diferentes tipos de textos y/o correspondencia, que elabore resúmenes y síntesis de
textos variados, aplique estrategias de comprensión e interpretación en diferentes tipos de
correspondencia, redacte y traduzca textos y/o correspondencia, que utilice adecuadamente las fuentes
de documentación, que realice traducciones de segmentos breves.

6
Block I. Técnicas de Traducción de Inglés a Español y Viceversa

 Aprendizaje Esperado: Usa técnicas de traducción en inglés, mediante el análisis reflexivo de


lecturas de diversas disciplinas relacionadas a su contexto, tomando decisiones de manera
consciente e informada, asumiendo las consecuencias de sus actos para propiciar una traducción
fidedigna.
 Atributo (s): CG6.1 Elige las fuentes de información más relevantes para un propósito específico y
discrimina entre ellas de acuerdo con su relevancia y confiabilidad.
 Conocimiento (s): Conoce y emplea las técnicas de traducción en inglés (Directas: Literal, Calco,
Préstamo e Indirectas: Omisión e Inserción, Transposición, Modulación, Adaptación y
Reformulación

7
Previous Reading
When we talk about translation, we refer to an art that has been passed from generation to generation of
translators since the Old Egypt (196 B.C.). Translation started very rough around the edges, with very
minimal composition and structure. However, with the passing of time, this art has become into a key
and binding necessity nowadays thanks to globalization and social networking. Translation helps us
understand people all around the world — from the very basics of communication to research and
developing of new technologies and studies.
Cuando hablamos de traducción, nos referimos a un arte que ha pasado de generación en generación de traductores
desde el Antiguo Egipto. La traducción comenzó de forma muy aproximada, con una composición y estructura
mínimas. Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo, este arte se ha convertido en la actualidad en una necesidad clave y
vinculante gracias a la globalización y las redes sociales. La traducción nos ayuda a comprender a las personas de
todo el mundo, desde los conceptos básicos de la comunicación hasta la investigación y el desarrollo de nuevas
tecnologías y estudios.

Translation can be separated into two main categories: Literal Translation and Free Translation —the
former being more suited for technical translation of legal, technical, or scientific texts whereas the
ladder is ideal for literary translations. Like with everything in this world, we need to find the proper
tools for the job we are going to do. This means we must first understand what type of text we are going
to work with and then pick the right translation method. Afterward, we will find that there are
techniques we can apply to our translation to make it sound more natural for our target audience.
La traducción se puede dividir en dos categorías principales: traducción literal y traducción libre; la primera es
más adecuada para la traducción técnica de textos legales, técnicos o científicos, mientras que la escalera es ideal
para traducciones literarias. Como con todo en este mundo, necesitamos encontrar las herramientas adecuadas
para el trabajo que vamos a hacer. Esto significa que primero debemos entender con qué tipo de texto vamos a
trabajar y luego elegir el método de traducción correcto. Posteriormente, descubriremos que existen técnicas que
podemos aplicar a nuestra traducción para que suene más natural para nuestro público objetivo.

This time, we will be focusing on Literal Translation, also known as direct translation. This category
involves three major techniques: Calque, Borrowing, and Literal Translation. Each of the techniques
have a specific theory and application that requires research or previous knowledge of the expression
or idea from the target language. That is, the translator must be able to investigate the idea from the
source text while comparing it from other texts from the target language

8
Literal translation is the rendering of a text from one language to another one word at a time without
considering the meaning of the text. Literal translation is also known as direct translation or word-to-
word translation. In translation studies, translators use literal translations for technical translations of
legal, scientific, or technical texts.
La traducción literal es traducir un texto de un idioma a otro, una palabra a la vez, sin considerar el significado
completo del texto como tal. Esta técnica se conoce como traducción directa o palabra-por-palabra. En estudios de
la traducción, los traductores la utilizan para traducciones técnicas de documentos especializados, legales y legales.

Literal translation involves word to word translation, and there are no additions or deletions from the
original text, but free translations consider the meaning in general and may involve additions and
deletions to keep the flow of language fluent and natural.
La traducción literal implica traducir palabra por palabra y no hay adiciones u omisiones del texto original. La
traducción libre, a diferencia de esta, considera el significado general y puede involucrar adiciones y omisiones
para mantener en constante flujo y con naturalidad el lenguaje.

Then, we have Calques. These are words or phrases borrowed from another language by literal
translation, usually from a source language that has a certain connection, either direct or indirect, to our
target language. To prove our word or phrase is a calque, we need to compare it with the untranslated
term. A similar phrase may be created and used nonchalantly in either language. However, it is most
often than not a literal translation of an exact idea, concept, or structure, independently to the rest of the
sentence or paragraph.
Luego, tenemos Calques. Estas son palabras o frases tomadas de otro idioma por traducción literal, generalmente
de un idioma de origen que tiene una cierta conexión, ya sea directa o indirecta, con nuestro idioma de destino.
Para probar que nuestra palabra o frase es un calco, debemos compararla con el término no traducido. Se puede
crear una frase similar y usarla con indiferencia en cualquier idioma. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las veces es una
traducción literal de una idea, concepto o estructura exactos, independientemente del resto de la oración o párrafo.

Finally, but not less importantly, we have Borrowings. This technique is one of the most common
ones since it’s not as complicated to use as others. A borrowing is basically a conscious decision
made by the translator to not translate a word from the source text, applying it to our target
text. This also grants the translator the ability to put a text into a particular context to prevent

9
loss of information and register. It is used quite often for scientific terminology, translations
from Latin, and very specific vocabulary that just doesn’t exist in our target language.
Finalmente, pero no menos importante, tenemos Préstamos. Esta técnica es una de las más comunes, ya
que no es tan complicada de usar como otras. Un préstamo es básicamente una decisión consciente tomada
por el traductor de no traducir una palabra del texto de origen, aplicándola en nuestro texto de destino.
Esto también le otorga al traductor la capacidad de poner un texto en un contexto particular para evitar
la pérdida de información y el registro. Se utiliza con bastante frecuencia para terminología científica,
traducciones del latín y vocabulario muy específico que simplemente no existe en nuestro idioma de
destino.
In the same fashion we have our direct translation techniques, we also have indirect ones. These
other techniques are also called Free Translation techniques, since they give the translator free
reign to do their work. This category has more techniques than its sibling, the direct translation.
De la misma manera tenemos nuestras técnicas de traducción directa, también tenemos las indirectas.
Estas otras técnicas también se denominan técnicas de traducción libre, ya que le dan al traductor libertad
para hacer su trabajo. Esta categoría tiene más técnicas que su hermana, la traducción directa.
These include:
Omission, in which one ignores a word or a few words from the Source Text on the translation.
This can happen by accident in some cases. For example, when the source language has not the
same structure or idea as the target language, we usually omit words to make it sound more
natural, without altering the context overall.
Omisión, en la que uno ignora una palabra o algunas palabras del Texto Fuente en la traducción. Esto
puede suceder por accidente en algunos casos. Por ejemplo, cuando el idioma de origen no tiene la misma
estructura o idea que el idioma de destino, generalmente omitimos palabras para que suene más natural,
sin alterar el contexto en general.
Transposition; one of the most important and relevant translation techniques since it’s the
guideline towards oblique translation (free translation). This technique allows the translator to
exert their freedom of modifying the idea but keeping the focal point the same. This replaces a
word class with another one without changing the meaning of the idea as a whole.
Transposición; una de las técnicas de traducción más importantes y relevantes, ya que es la guía para la
traducción oblicua (traducción libre). Esta técnica permite al traductor ejercer su libertad de modificar

10
la idea pero manteniendo el mismo punto focal. Esto reemplaza una clase de palabras por otra sin cambiar
el significado de la idea como un todo.
Modulation is the process of translation in which there is a chance on the concept or a term
(Point of view or perspective) without modifying the intend. It expresses the difference
between literal translation and coherent meaning translation (the idea remains the same, but
the wording of it changes to match the target language). There are expressions in our source
language that people can literal translate and will still make sense grammatically — It is not
difficult to express – Eso no es difícil de expresar.” However, in some cases you can modulate
it to make it sound better on our target language. It works mostly with concrete and abstract
concepts and passive to active voice.
La modulación es el proceso de traducción en el que existe una posibilidad sobre el concepto o un término
(punto de vista o perspectiva) sin modificar la intención. Expresa la diferencia entre traducción literal y
traducción de significado coherente (la idea sigue siendo la misma, pero la redacción cambia para
adaptarse al idioma de destino). Hay expresiones en nuestro idioma de origen que las personas pueden
traducir literalmente y aún tendrán sentido gramaticalmente. No es difícil de expresar. Eso no es difícil
de expresar ”. Sin embargo, en algunos casos puede modularlo para que suene mejor en nuestro idioma
de destino.
Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural
element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture
of the target language. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text.
La adaptación, también llamada sustitución cultural o equivalente cultural, es un
elemento que reemplaza el texto original con uno que se adapta mejor a la cultura
del idioma de destino. Esto logra un texto más familiar y completo.
Equivalence or Reformulation. This is a translation technique which uses a completely
different expression to transmit the same reality. Through this technique, names of institutions,
interjections, idioms or proverbs can be translated.
Equivalencia o reformulación. Se trata de una técnica de traducción que utiliza una expresión
completamente diferente para transmitir la misma realidad. Mediante esta técnica se pueden traducir
nombres de instituciones, interjecciones, modismos o refranes.

11
Activity 1.- Underline which of the following words is a calque.

Calques

 Balonmano.
 Baseball.
 Boulevard.
 Hot-dog.
 Doctor.

 Handball.
 Béisbol.
 Boulevard.
 Hot-dog.
 Doctor.

 Cancún.
 Hotel.
 Cabaña.
 Luna de miel.

 Microondas.
 Televisión.
 Libros.
 Croquetas.

 Jardín de niños.
 Teclado.
 Computadora.
 Juegos.

Activity 2. Underline which of the following words is a borrowing.

Borrowings

 Food truck.
 Bulevar.
 Autopista.
 Banqueta.

12
 Bluetooth.
 Dienteazul.
 Hamburguesa.
 Taladro.

 Burger.
 Mondadientes.
 Conexión.
 Consola.

 Bistec.
 Espagueti.
 Lasaña.
 Croissant.

 Bistec.
 Espagueti.
 Lasaña.
 Croissant.

Activity 3. Use Literal Translation on the following sentence:

Literal Translation

 “I saw a bird on the window.”


Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “Paolo is fine with that.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “I ate pizza with my friends.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “She lives with her parents.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “Susana Campusana enjoys the fresh air of the morning.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “Anita washes the bathtub.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “Yo amo las películas de horror.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “Los dulces de piña son muy ricos.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “The Literal Translation is Word-for-word.”

13
Answer: ____________________________________________.
 “The Legend of Zelda is the greatest video game saga.”
Answer: ____________________________________________.

Activity 4. Identify if the following sentences are correct examples of Literal Translation.

“I travelled to Spain on Christmas.” — “Yo viajé a España en Navidad.”


Correct / Incorrect

“José lives in London.” — “Londres es donde José vive.”


Correct / Incorrect

“She likes salty popcorn.” — “A ella le gustan las palomitas saladas.”


Correct / Incorrect

“My friends and I drive by the Boulevard.”



“Mis amigos y yo manejamos por el Boulevard.”
Correct / Incorrect

“We saved two hours using the highway.” — “Ahorramos dos horas usando la autopista.”
Correct / Incorrect

“Los Video Juegos son más favorables que contraproducentes.”



“The video games are favorable than counterproductive.”
Correct / Incorrect

“Friday The Thirteen has many films.” — “Viernes 13 tiene muchas películas.”
Correct / Incorrect

“Bacalar has the best lagoon in the world.” — “La mejor laguna del mundo es la de Bacalar.”
Correct / Incorrect

“The Fourth of July is an special celebration for Americans.”



“El Cuatro de Julio es una celebración especial para los Americans.”
Correct / Incorrect

“Avocado goes well on toast.” — “El aguacate va bien en tostadas.”


Correct / Incorrect

14
“Pucker, my dog, has not found a way to climb up the sofa.” — “Pucker, mi perro, aún no
descubre cómo subirse al sofá.”
Correct / Incorrect

“You made the bed with the sheets you weaved.”



“Tendiste la cama con las sábanas que tejiste.”
Correct / Incorrect

Activity 5. Find and circle the calques and find and underline the borrowings on each sentence.

o Compré un perro caliente en el Boulevard.

o El software de mi computadora se eliminó.

o Tamal leaves are deep green.

o El juego de baloncesto se canceló por las lluvias.

o El microondas explotó mi lasaña.

o Juanito comió pizza y una Burger.

o My daughter’s quinceañera was on November.

o La luna de miel de mi tía fue en Hawaii.

o Compramos un kilo de rib eye y mi perro se lo comió.

o I live my nachos like I like my friends; cheesy.

o Living in Chetumal is peaceful.

o Tuve que cambiar el hardware de mi laptop.

o Naruto and Dragon Ball Z are famous animes.

o Final Fantasy has always had an amazing story every time.

o Comimos cruasanes en Marseille.

o A él le gustó el tiramisú que le compró su abuela.

15
o I had a great evening with you, monseiur.

o We visited El Paso, Texas, last week.

o Visitamos New Hampshire cuando viajamos a los United States.

Activity 6. Translate the following sentences.

 [Link] casa es vieja.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 2. Ese coche no es muy caro.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 3. Esta pregunta es muy fácil.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 4. ¿Qué es ese ruido?


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 5. ¿Dónde está el servicio?


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 6. ¿Está la ventana abierta?


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 7. Mi casa es muy pequeña.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 8. ¿Cómo es ella?
Answer: ____________________________________________.

 9. Mi teléfono no es muy bueno.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 10. ¿Cuál es la respuesta?


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 11. No recuerdo dónde dejé mi cartera.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 12. ¿Te apetece un bebida?


Answer: ____________________________________________.

16
 13. ¿Estás escuchando música ahora?
Answer: ____________________________________________.

 14. El final del libro fue decepcionante.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 15. En cuanto me haya duchado me sentiré mejor.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 16. Ojalá no me hubiera olvidado el pasaporte.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 17. No voy a llamarlo hasta que no se disculpe.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 18. Ojalá me hubiera quedado. Se lo pasaron bien.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 19. Me decepcioné con el regalo.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 20. Es probable que ellos te visiten así que, si yo fuera tú, haría un pastel.
Answer: ____________________________________________________________.

 21. Diles que pueden preparar la cena.


Answer: ____________________________________________________________.

 22. Los zapatos hubieran sido más baratos.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

 23. Agarra algo de dinero para tu bebida.


Answer: ____________________________________________.

17
Activity 7. Match the calques on the left with their respective original word on the right.

Kindergarten Rascacielos

Ciencia
Cuenta atrás ficción

Fin de
guardacostas semana

Skyscraper Countdown

Weekend Vagabundo

Science Fiction Autoservicio

Jardín de
Homeless niños

Self-service Coastguard

Unemployment Desempleo

18
Activity 8. Match the borrowings on the left with their respective language on the right.

Bypass
Camping
Hamaca English
Boutique
Software
Chef French
Gouda
Barman
Aduana Italian
Blog
Gourmet
Paparazzi German
Algebra
Manager
Chat Spanish
Mozzarella
Test
Best-seller Arabic

Activity 9. State if the following sentences about Direct Translation are True or False.

1. Borrowings are only words from English into Spanish.


True / False

2. Calques change the meaning of the word.


True / False

3. Literal Translation is the most commonly used translation technique.


True / False

4. Literal Translation is the most recommended technique to use for every type of
translation.
True / False

19
5. Literal Translation is mostly used for the technical translation of legal, scientific, or
technical texts.
True / False

6. Borrowings are new words that came from another language.


True / False

7. Borrowings are words borrowed from another language into our target language.
True / False

8. Calques are words borrowed from another language into our target language.
True / False

9. A calque is a word taken from a source language and translated into the target
language keeping the original meaning but altering the structure. It’s usually les than
three words.
True / False

10. Calques and Borrowings are the same.


True / False

20
Activity 10. Write a sentence in Spanish using the word in parenthesis as Borrowings.
(Chef): _____________________________________________________________.

(Chance): ___________________________________________________________.

(Software): _________________________________________________________.

(Stalking): __________________________________________________________.

(Golf): ______________________________________________________________.

(Gangster): __________________________________________________________.

(Closet): ____________________________________________________________.

(Amateur): __________________________________________________________.

(Hobby): ____________________________________________________________.

(Sandwich): _________________________________________________________.

(Tour): ______________________________________________________________.

(Boy-scout): _________________________________________________________.

(Ping-pong): _________________________________________________________.

(Kayak): _____________________________________________________________.

(Pony): ______________________________________________________________.

(Scanner): ___________________________________________________________.

Activity 11. Write a sentence in Spanish using the word in parenthesis as Calques.

(Weekend): _______________________________________________________________.

(Countdown): _____________________________________________________________.

(Skyscraper): ______________________________________________________________.

(Money Laundrying): ______________________________________________________.

(Green house effect): _______________________________________________________.

21
(High voltage): __________________________________________________________.

(Light year): ______________________________________________________________.

(Homeless): ______________________________________________________________.

(Coastguard): ____________________________________________________________.

(Self-service): ____________________________________________________________.

(Compact Disc): ___________________________________________________________.

(Blue-blood): _____________________________________________________________.

(Kindergarten): ____________________________________________________________.

(Motherboard): ____________________________________________________________.

(Broadband): ______________________________________________________________.

Activity 12. Write a sentence on each of the lines using either a calque or a borrowing as you
see fit. The sentences must have at least 10 words.

1. __________________________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________________________________.

3. __________________________________________________________________.

4. __________________________________________________________________.

5. __________________________________________________________________.

6. __________________________________________________________________.

7. __________________________________________________________________.

8. __________________________________________________________________.

9. __________________________________________________________________.
10. __________________________________________________________________.

22
Activity 13. The next words are considered false calques. Write the false calque of each of
them followed by the true calque.
Example: Severe / Severo.

Severe actually means “Riguroso” or “Áspero”.

Library:

False calque: _________________.

True calque: __________________.

Actual:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Exit:

False calque: _________________.

True calque: __________________.

Injury:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Sensible:

False calque: _________________.

True calque: __________________.

23
Assume:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Embarrassed:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

El Papa:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Management:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Discontinue:

False calque: __________________.

True calque: __________________.

Activity 14. Apply the Omission technique to the following sentences:

1.- “She studied English for years.” _____________________________.

2.- “We know who is speaking.” _______________________________.

3.- “The professor has said that we are good to go.” _____________________________.

4.- “Cats and dogs don’t get along, says the old woman.” _____________________________.

5.- “Someone has got to think about the future.” _____________________________.

6.- “Omission of a word is very simple.” _____________________________.

24
7.- “You have to think how you say something naturally in your language.”

_______________________________________________.

8.- “Then, you will know the answer to your question.” _____________________________.

9.- “Once you understand how to get it working.” _____________________________.

10.- “It will be as easy as breathing in and breathing out.” _____________________________.

Activity 15. Apply the Modulation technique to the following sentences:

1.- “Something is getting closer. It’s almost within earshot.”


______________________________________________________________.
2.- “He’s found himself in a hand-to-hand combat.”
______________________________________________________________.
3.- “There is around 200 pounds inside that bag. It’s very heavy.”
______________________________________________________________.
4.- “I had to travel many miles to see him.”
______________________________________________________________.
5.- “The art piece has been painted by that artist over there.”
______________________________________________________________.
6.- “The topic was taught by the professor in charge.”
______________________________________________________________.
7.- “They knew what they were getting into.”
______________________________________________________________.
8.- “The exam was presented by the students.”
______________________________________________________________.
9.- “It is something new to be worked by.”
______________________________________________________________.
10.- “The ball was kicked by the kid.”
______________________________________________________________.

25
Activity 16. Apply the Adaptation technique to the following sentences:

1.- “Would you like a cup of tea?” ¿Te gustaría una taza de café?.
2.- “He lives several miles away from me.” __________________________.
3.- “If you can feel it, you know it’s true.” ___________________________.
4.- “She’s having a ball.” _________________________.
5.- “Pedro is having the time of his life!” ____________________________.
6.- “Juana is having a laugh at this.” ___________________________.
7.- “This is alright.” ___________________________.
8.- “I’m pissed off! Don’t talk to me.” ___________________________.
9.- “He’s being a little cheeky today.” __________________________.
10.- “It’s very cold. Isn’t it?” _____________________.

26
Block II. Fuentes de Consulta en Inglés

 Aprendizaje Esperado: Establece las normas de redacción que debe emplear al momento de
redactar textos, resúmenes y síntesis en el idioma inglés, haciendo uso de técnicas, fuentes e
instrumentos para favorecer un pensamiento crítico en la traducción de diversos textos que abordan
situaciones de su entorno.
 Atributo (s): 4.1 Expresa ideas y conceptos mediante representaciones lingüísticas, matemáticas o
gráficas. 4.3 Identifica las ideas clave en un texto o discurso oral e infiere conclusiones a partir de
ellas. y 6.1Elige las fuentes de información más relevantes para un propósito específico y discrimina
entre ellas de acuerdo a su relevancia y confiabilidad.
 Conocimiento (s): Fuentes de Consulta en Inglés (Primarias y Secundarias)
Previous Reading

Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the author’s
own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in. Examples of primary
resources include scholarly research articles, books, and diaries. Primary sources such as
research articles often do not explain terminology and theoretical principles in detail. Thus,
readers of primary scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the subject area.
Use primary resources to obtain a first-hand account to an actual event and identify original
research done in a field. For many of your papers, use of primary resources will be a
requirement.

Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally presented


in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate in the event. This type
of source is written for a broad audience and will include definitions of discipline specific
terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and principles, and summaries of major
studies/events as related to the topic. Use secondary sources to obtain an overview of a topic
and/or identify primary resources. Refrain from including such resources in an annotated
bibliography for doctoral level work unless there is a good reason.

27
Primary and secondary sources

Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to
be authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can
share new information. Often these sources are created at the time the events occurred but they
can also include sources that are created later. They are usually the first formal appearance of
original research.

Secondary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources.


They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

Scholarly journals, although generally considered to be secondary sources, often contain


articles on very specific subjects and may be the primary source of information on new
developments.

Primary and secondary categories are often not fixed and depend on the study or research you
are undertaking. For example, newspaper editorial/opinion pieces can be both primary and
secondary. If exploring how an event affected people at a certain time, this type of source would
be considered a primary source. If exploring the event, then the opinion piece would be
responding to the event and therefore is considered to be a secondary source.

Primary sources

Examples of primary resources include:

 Diaries
 Correspondence
 ships' logs
 original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial transcripts
 biographies
 autobiographies
 manuscripts
 interviews

28
 speeches
 oral histories
 letters
 clinical reports
 interviews
 case law / case studies
 dissertations
 legislation
 regulations
 constitutions
 government documents
 statistical data
 research articles
 research reports
 a journal article reporting NEW research or findings
 creative art works (poetry, music, video, photography)
 literature
 newspaper advertisements and reportage and editorial/opinion pieces.

Primary sources can be found using:

 Library collection
 Primary sources for history subject guide

Secondary sources

Secondary sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and


are considered to be persuasive. They often involve generalization, synthesis, interpretation,
commentary or evaluation in an attempt to convince the reader of the creator's argument.
They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

Examples of secondary sources include:

29
 Almanacs
 journal articles that comment on or analyze research
 textbooks
 dictionaries and encyclopedias
 books that interpret, analyze
 book reviews
 commentaries
 political commentary
 biographies
 dissertations
 magazine articles
 newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
 criticism of literature, art works or music

Activity 1. Underline the correct definition for each Source of Research category:
Primary Sources are:
 Firsthand accounts of actual events written by an eyewitness or original literary or
artistic works.
 Discussions, evaluations, syntheses, and analyses of primary- and secondary-source
information.

Secondary Sources are:


 Firsthand accounts of actual events written by an eyewitness or original literary or
artistic works.
 Discussions, evaluations, syntheses, and analyses of primary- and secondary-source
information.
Activity 2. Circle the correct category of Source of Research for each example:
Grammar dictionary
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research

30
The comment section on an official Web Site:
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
Creative works like novels and comics
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A biography of George W. Bush
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
Photographs of World War 2 soldiers during the war
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
Letters written by Edgar Alan Poe
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A documentary on PTSD
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A newspaper article about the massive earthquake of the ‘85
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
The speech “I Have a Dream”
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A personal interview done to WW II veterans
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A magazine article about the importance of exercise
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research

31
A news report about the anniversary of the 9/11
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
A newspaper article about the Pearl Harbor attack
 Primary source of research
 Secondary source of research
Activity 3. Underline which of the following is an example of the Source of Research
requested:
Primary Source of Research:
 Ship’s log.
 Almanacs
 Newspaper editorial opinion pieces
Secondary Source of Research:
 Speeches
 Interviews
 Clinical reports
Primary Source of Research:
 Dissertations
 Regulations
 Magazine articles
Secondary Source of Research:
 Books that interpret / analyze
 Literature
 Research articles
Primary Source of Research:
 Research reports
 Book reviews

32
 Commentaries
Secondary Source of Research:
 Government documents
 Textbooks
 Case studies
Primary Source of Research:
 Journal articles that comment on or analyze research
 Constitutions
 Criticism of literature
Secondary Source of Research:
 Biographies
 Letters
 Research reports
Primary Source of Research:
 Regulations
 Dictionaries
 Encyclopedias
Secondary Source of Research:
 Political commentary
 Case law
 Ship’s log

33
Activity 4. Complete the following chart on the left by categorizing the sources of research
from the right.

Primary Secondary Diaries Photography

Comic books Manga


Letters Summaries
Grammarly Thesaurus
Official Journal articles
documents
Dissertations Book reviews
Literature A plane’s black
box

Activity 5. Write P (for Primary) or S (for Secondary) on the lines to categorize each example.

1) A play showing how Benjamin Franklin flew a kite during a lightning storm. ____________

2) A short story describing Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla's 'electrical' battle. ____________

3) Anne Frank's diary describing her life during World War 2. ___________

4) A cartoon showing how Pocahontas met John Smith. __________

5) A textbook describing the civil rights movement. ___________

6) A news report about the opening of a power plant. _________

7) A scientist explaining what it was like for Buzz Aldrin to walk on the moon. ______

8) A YouTube video describing how the pyramids were built. ________

9) An interview with Alexander Graham Bell about how he invented the telephone. _______

10) A radio broadcast from the day the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. _______

11) An autobiography about the 40th president, Ronald Reagan. _______

12) A book describing Christopher Columbus sailing to America. ______

34
13) A famous artist's painting of what cowboy life was probably like. ______

14) A journal by a cowboy about the cattle drives from Texas to Kansas. ________

Activity 6. Fill in the blanks with “Primary Source of research” or “Secondary Source of research”
accordingly to complete the idea.
 A ___________________________________ is a first-hand perspective in which a person
describes an experience.
 A ___________________________________ is a second-hand perspective in which a person
describes an experience someone else lived.
 A ___________________________________ is better to find facts and for research.
 A ___________________________________ is better to find more detailed information.
 In ___________________________________ are easier to corroborate their authenticity.
 In ___________________________________ are harder to corroborate their authenticity.
 A ___________________________________ are often empirical studies / research where an
experiment was performed or a direct observation was made.
 A ___________________________________ are usually studies or research in which an
experiment was reviewed or analyzed indirectly.
 ___________________________________ are created during the time or period in which they
took place or created not far later by a direct witness or witnesses.
 A ___________________________________ summarize, evaluate, and analytically interpret
primary material, often by offering a personal perspective.

Activity 7. Answer the questions below each image using the information you can find in them.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

35
Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: Do you think this information is from a new or an old document?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of
Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of
Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

36
Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

37
Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: Do you think this information is from a new or an old
document?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

38
Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

Question 1: What type of Source of Research is this?


Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 2: What is the name of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 3: What is the purpose of this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 4: Where can you find this Source of Research?
Answer: ______________________________________.
Question 5: How common it is to find it?
Answer: ______________________________________.

39
Block III. Tipos de Textos a Traducir en Inglés

 Aprendizaje Esperado: Produce tipos de textos a traducir en inglés, a partir de ejercicios de


redacción de diversa índole en su contexto, escuchando y respetando diferentes puntos de vista
promoviendo el bien común para el desarrollo de las habilidades de egreso requeridas en su
formación académica.

 Atributo (s): 4. Escucha, interpreta y emite mensajes pertinentes en distintos contextos mediante
la utilización de medios, códigos y herramientas apropiados/4.1 Expresa ideas y conceptos
mediante representaciones lingüísticas, matemáticas o gráficas. / 4.3 Identifica las ideas clave
en un texto o discurso oral e infiere conclusiones a partir de ellas.

 Conocimiento (s): Produce tipos de textos a traducir en inglés, a partir de ejercicios de redacción
de diversa índole en su contexto, escuchando y respetando diferentes puntos de vista
promoviendo el bien común para el desarrollo de las habilidades de egreso requeridas en su
formación académica.

Topic: TYPES OF WRITTEN TEXTS

Previous to join the training course Capacitación Lengua Inglesa, in the subject Lectura y Redacción,
you were able to study different types of texts and its conventionalisms. In this module, you will study
the English written texts its norms; so your prior knowledge on Spanish texts is very important.

We come across to many types of texts which depending on the different disciplines they must meet
different criteria and intentions in order to convey the authors message. They have been categorized in
four main types:

INFORMATIONAL
NARRATIVE
OR
EXPOSITORY

TYPES OF
WRITTEN TEXTS

OFFICIAL DESCRIPTIVE

INFORMATIONAL TEXTS:
The writer's purpose is to inform the readers about a topic of interest. The author uses a wide variety of
structures to convey facts and information that might be: titles, headers, subtitles, table of contents, bold
of italicized text, glossaries, etc. This type of texts is also called non-fictional or expository.

40
Characteristics: Examples of this type of texts are:
1. Delivers information as clearly,
comprehensively and accurately  Business writings.
possible.  Expository essays.
2. Uses an objective style and impersonal  News writing/journalism.
expressions.  Recipes.
3. Generally, uses facts, examples,  Scientific reports.
explanations, analogies and sometimes  Text books.
statistical information, quotations and
references as evidence.
4. Chooses descriptive language, structure
and sequence to make the message clear
and unambiguous, so the sequencing of
information is usually logical. Probably
uses few adjectives, adverbs and
images, except as examples or analogies
in explanation.

To grow your own plants,


you'll need seeds, potting
soil, a small container, and
water. Fill the container with
potting soil. Use your finger
to create a few small holes.
Place one seed in each hole,
then lightly cover with soil.
Lightly water the soil and
place in a sunny location.
Fig. 1 Informational text, taken from [Link] Water every few days.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS:
In these type of texts, the author shares his/her perspective with the reader, creating a picture for the
reader using descriptive words (adjectives). The author’s aim is to make the reader feel what he
experienced through his/her choice of words, which are vivid, colourful and detailed.

41
Traffic on the interstate seemed
heavier than usual. There was a
line of cars filling both lanes
ahead as far as the eye could
see. There were cars behind her
vehicle as well, stretching out
as far as was visible. Traffic was
moving steadily, though below
the speed limit.

Characteristics: Examples:
1. Provides concrete information.  Freewriting.
2. It often uses figurative language.  Journals.
3. Uses first or third person writing style.  Poetry.
4. Use of simple present tense: The sentence  Travel writing .
pattern used is simple present because it  Diaries.
tells the fact of the object described.  Product descriptions.
5. Action verb: verbs that show an activity
(for example, run, sleep, walk, cut etc….

OFFICIAL TEXTS:
This type of text, helps people in a working environment, unfamiliar environment or governmental
situations; to communicate in in a clear way, using formal language and conventions which indicate
dignified and deferential regarding for the reader. They are used for academic, professional and/or
legal purposes.

42
Characteristics: Examples:
 Language chosen based on the target  Business proposals.
audience.  Power of attorney.
 It has an objective approach.  Request letter.
 Complex structure, following the  Employment application.
conventions of the type of document.  Official documents.
 Formal language is used, use of full  Reference letter.
words, avoid contractions.
 Points are clearly introduced, explained
and concluded.
 They are carefully planned, revised and
reviewed to be as clear as possible.

NARRATIVE TEXTS:

This type of text, tells a story and makes a point. The story involves creating character and describing
settings to make the story more realistic. This type of writing includes descriptive details to state what
happens in the story.

Characteristics: Examples:
 Language chosen based on the target  Anecdotes
audience.  Novels
 Use of structure and sequencing –  Oral story
beginning, node, ending, plot, characters,  Poems
settings, climax- to complete the story.  Short stories
 Narrated chronologically.
 It may use dialogues.
 Uses sensory details and vivid
descriptions to involve the reader.

The little dog looked suspiciously at the


dog door. She had never seen such a
thing. Being a shelter rescue she was
accustomed only to the bars of a crate,
with a door fully opened or fully closed,
with no ability to move about freely. The
pup pushed the flap gently with her nose
but did not know what to do.

43
ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Analyse the following extract of a text and make a graphic organizer.

THE AMAZING BRAIN by Cheryl Reyfsnyder

Maintain Your Brain


Your brain is an amazing machine, and, like a machine, it operates best with proper care. How do you
keep your brain in top condition?

For starters, use it! Exercising your brain helps it grow in the same way that muscles grow with physical
exercise. Take violin players: they learn complicated finger movements for the left hand, and the brain
area controlling that hand is larger than most people who haven’t practiced those finger movements.

Don’t play the violin? Try puzzles and games you are not good at. It sounds weird, but if you are
already good at a particular game or activity, your brain won’t create new neural connections. If you
are a language person, try number or logic puzzles like sudoku; if you are good with numbers, try
learning to draw—hands are especially difficult to get just right. These activities will keep your brain
healthy and strong.

Also, remember to feed your brain what it needs to keep working for you. Blueberries and walnuts have
lots of the right nutrients to keep your brain working smoothly.

Activity 1.1. Complete the chart with information from the previous extract.

Type of text Characteristics Write at least three examples of


vocabulary or sentences that
exemplify the type of text.

44
Activity 1.2 Translate the previous text into Spanish.
Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a mind map.

Dragon Daughter, by Liz Flanagan (2018).


CHAPTER ONE

Milla was hiding in an orange tree on the day the dragons returned to Arcosi. She was busy ignoring anyone
who called for her, just as stubbornly as she ignored the twigs that were poking into her back or scratching her
arms or tangling her curly black hair. She was small enough to be completely hidden by the dense green foliage,
making it the ideal hiding place right there in the middle of it all, between the main building of the Yellow
House and its kitchen block.

If she turned her head she could gaze down over the garden wall to the city rooftops below, and count the ships
approaching the harbour. She breathed in the hot busy smell of Arcosi, the city she loved: dusty stone, foul
drains, rotting fish, salt, spice and blossom.

Being hidden brought Milla the first rest of the day. She felt the wobble in her legs and an airy, untethered
feeling that told her she’d missed a meal. She reached out and picked a sun-warmed orange, peeling it with her
dirty 2.1
Activity nailsComplete
and suckingthethe juicemap
mind fromwith
the flesh till it ran down
information her
about chin,is,
what before throwing the evidence
its characteristics over the
and which
garden wall.
words or sentences indicated it, provide at least 3 examples.

45
Activity 2.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

Type of text

Characteristics

3 Examples

Mind map.

Activity 2.2 Translate the previous text into Spanish.


Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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46
Activity 3. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

.
Activity 3.1 Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3
examples.

Type
of Characteristics Examples
text

47
Activity 3.2 Translate the previous text into Spanish.
Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

The Third Policeman by Flann O’Brien


I opened the iron gate and walked as softly as I could up the weed-tufted gravel drive. My mind was
strangely empty. I felt no glow of pleasure and was unexcited at the prospect of becoming rich. I was
occupied only with the mechanical task of finding a black box.

The front door was closed and set far back in a very deep porch. The wind and rain had whipped a coating
of gritty dust against the panels and deep into the crack where the door opened, showing that it had been
shut for years. Standing on a derelict flower-bed, I tried to push open the first window on the left. It yielded
to my strength, raspingly and stubbornly. I clambered through the opening and found myself, not at once
in a room, but crawling along the deepest window-ledge I had ever seen. After I had jumped noisily down
upon the floor, I looked up and the open window seemed very far away and much too small to have
admitted me.

The room where I found myself was thick with dust, musty and empty of all furniture. Spiders had erected
great stretching of their web about the fireplace. I made my way quickly to the hall, threw open the door of
the room where the box was and paused on the threshold. It was a dark morning and the weather had
stained the windows with blears of grey wash which kept the brightest part of the weak light from coming
in. The far corner of the room was a blur of shadow. I had a sudden urge to have done with my task and be
out of this house forever.

48
Activity 4.1 Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3
examples

Type
of Characteristics Examples
text

Activity 4.2 Translate the previous text into Spanish.


Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________

49
Activity 5. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

Los detectives salvajes, 1998. Roberto Bolaño

Los detectives salvajes

9 de noviembre
He decido volver al Encrucijada Veracruzana, no porque espere encontrar a los reales visceralistas sino
por ver una vez más a Rosario.
Le he escrito unos versitos. Hablo de sus ojos y del interminable horizonte mexicano, de las iglesias
abandonadas y de los espejismos de los caminos que conducen a la frontera. No sé por qué, creo que
Rosario es de Veracruz o de Tabasco, incluso puede que de Yucatán. Acaso lo mencionó ella. Puede
que sólo sea imaginación mía. Tal vez la confusión esté propiciada por el nombre bar y Rosario no sea
no veracruzana ni yucateca sino del DF.

En todo caso, he creído que unos versos que evoquen tierras diametralmente distintas de las suyas (en el supuesto de que sea
veracruzana, algo de lo que estoy cada vez más dudoso) resultarán más prometedores, al menos en lo que a mis
Activity [Link].
intenciones Complete the chart
Después with
pasará information
lo que tenga que from
[Link] previous extract.

Type of text Characteristics Write at least three examples of


vocabulary or sentences that
exemplify the type of text.

50
Activity 5.2 Translate the previous text into English.
Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 6. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

Receta de salmorejo

Ingredientes:
1. 1 Kg de tomates
2. 200 gr de pan
3. 100 gr de aceite de oliva
4. 1 diente de ajo
5. Una pizca de sal

Elaboración:
1. Lava y tritura los tomates
2. Añade el pan en trozos
3. Añade el diente de ajo y la sal
4. Bate la mezcla con una batidora o
trituradora
5. Añade el aceite a medida que se va batiendo
6. Déjalo enfriar. Puedes acompañarlo con
huevo cocido y jamón.

51
Type of
text

Characteristics

3
Examples

Mind map.

Activity 6.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

Activity 6.2 Translate the previous text into English.


Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

52
Activity 7. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

Activity 7.1 Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3
examples

Type
of Characteristics Examples
text

53
Activity 7.2 Translate the previous text into English.
Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 8. Analyse the following extract of a text and create a graphic organizer.

El ceibo

El Ceibo es un árbol originario de Sudamérica. Este árbol puede llegar a medir entre 5 y
10 metros de alto. En ciertas ocasiones se han hallado árboles de Ceibo de hasta 20
metros.

Actualmente se puede encontrar el Ceibo en los países de Paraguay, Brasil, Bolivia,


Uruguay y Argentina. Mayormente crece en lugares que se inundan con facilidad.

El Ceibo no se encuentra en bosques o en zonas que no sean fácilmente


inundables. Posee una flor (la flor del Ceibo) que ha sido declarada como la flor nacional
para los países de Argentina y Uruguay.

54
Type of
text

Characteristics

3 Examples

Mind map.

Activity 8.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

Activity 8.2 Translate the previous text into Spanish.


Write your translation here:

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

55
TESTS (BLOCK I TO III)
TESTS BLOCK I.- 1. Circle “T” for True or “F” for “False” according to the following statements:
The most common translation techniques are Literal Translation and Calques:
T/F
1. Borrowings can only come from English into another language.
T/F
2. Calque is the most used Direct Translation technique.
T/F
3. Borrowings are used in many languages and for many reasons.
T/F
4. Literal Translation is the most recommended technique.
T/F
5. Adaptation makes you lower the register of an idea to make it sound more appealing to the
source language.
T/F
6. Borrowings come from many languages, used just the way they are on the source language into
the target language.
T/F
7. Literal Translation is the best option when translating from English into Spanish since the
grammar of both languages is the same.
T/F
8. Many Borrowings come from Latin, German, French, and other variations of the same.
T/F
9. One should only use Adaptation when speaking about idioms, colloquialisms, and the like.
T/F
10. Which of the following translations are done correctly? Circle or underline them.
“She really liked her shirt”
A) A ella le gusto su blusa.
B) La niña adoró su camiseta.
C) Le gustó mucho su playera.

56
11. “I’m dying of embarrassment!”
A) ¡Me muero de la pena!
B) ¡Me está matando este embarazo!
C) ¡Me muero del embarazo!
12. “If only you had seen them.”
A) Si tan solo los hubieras visto.
B) Ojalá la hayas visto.
C) Si solo tú hubieras visto ellos.
13. “I know you know what we all know.”
A) Sé que sabes lo que todos sabemos.
B) Sabes lo que sé que todos sabemos.
C) Yo sé tú sabes que nosotros todos sabemos.
14. “Patricia saw you leaving him.”
A) Patricia te vio dejándole.
B) Patricia vio tú dejando él.
C) Patricia te vio abandonándolos
15. “The school sent an advertisement this morning.”
A) La escuela emitió una amenaza.
B) La escuela envió una advertencia esta mañana.
C) La escuela emitió un anuncio esta mañana.”
16. “She assisted the Hospital.”
A) Ella asistió al hospital.
B) Ella apoyó al hospital.
C) Ella hizo un hospital.
17. “The carpet is dirty.”
A) La carpeta está sucia.
B) La carpeta es malpensada.
C) La alfombra está sucia.
18. “The code is on the table.”
A) El código está en la mesa.
B) El codo está en la mesa.
C) El codito es en la tableta.

57
19. “I am very constipated.”
A) Yo estoy muy estreñido.
B) Estoy constipado.
C) Yo soy muy constipado.

20. Which of the following translations are done correctly? Circle or underline them.
“I saw a nude on the beach!”
A) ¡Vi a un desnudo en la playa!
B) ¡Vi un nudo en la playa!
C) ¡Yo vi un desnudo sobre la playa!

21. “You must bring your parents to the meeting.”


A) Debes traer a tus padres a la reunión.
B) Tú debes traer tus padres para la reunión.
C) Debes traer a tus parientes a la reunión.

22. “I love pies!”


A) ¡Amo los pies!
B) ¡Yo amo los pies!
C) ¡Amo los pays!

23. “I just realized something!”


A) ¡Me acabo de dar cuenta de algo!
B) ¡Yo acabo de realizar algo!”
C) ¡I justo realicé algo!”

24. “I have to record that.”


A) Debo recordar eso.
B) Debo grabarlo.
C) Yo tengo que recordar eso.

58
25. “My aunt is dressed in red.”
A) Mi tía está vestida en redes.
B) Mi tía se vistió de mallas.
C) Mi tía está vestida de rojo.

26. “I have to eat more salad.”


A) Debo comer más ensalada.
B) Debo comer más salado.
C) Yo tengo que comer más ensalada.

27. “He is very sensible.”


A) Él es muy sencible.
B) Él es muy prudente.
C) Él es muy sensitivo.

28. “We have to get more soap.”


A) Debemos conseguir más jabón.
B) Nosotros temenos que conseguir más jabón.
C) Debemos conseguir más sopa.

29. “Did you take notes of that success?”


A) ¿Hiciste tú toma notas de ese suceso?
B) ¿Tomaste nota de ese éxito?
C) ¿Tomaste nota de ese suceso?

30. Underline the calque in each sentence:


- Almorcé un hot-dog y un baget.
- Pedí un saco de azúcar.
- Tuvimos que viajar en aerobús.
- Mis amigos estaban jugando balonpié anoche.
- Nos encontramos a un cazatalentos en Broadway.
- Los libros de ciencia ficción son lo major.
- Las bolsas ecoamigables son lo de hoy.

59
- No tienes por qué portarte condescendiente conmigo.
- Un delfín nariz de botella pasó por nuestro bote.
- La gente categoriza a cualquier mujer empoderada como feminazi.

32. Underline the borrowings you can find on the following sentences:
- She ordered a chalupa for her birthday.
- Si consigues una bolsa eco-friendly, puedes comprar con nosotros.
- I bought some quesadillas for lunch.
- Let’s roll at the boulevard with my friends later on.
- My family ordered pizza for dinner.
- We went to Chichen Itza last week.
- He had a Mexican Cuenta-cuentos with us tonight.
- We left our youngling at the Kidergarten.
- I got me a pair of Jeans last week.
- We saw El Chavo del Ocho on the TV.
Which of the following translations are done correctly? Circle or underline them.
33. “You better contest that!”
A) ¡Será major que respondas!
B) ¡Será major que compitas!
C) ¡Tú major competir eso!

34. “She has a face of delight.”


A) Tiene cara de delito.
B) Tiene cara de deleite.
C) Ella tiene una cara de delito.

35. “Don’t envy me!”


A) ¡No me envies!”
B) ¡No me envidies!
C) ¡No enviar yo!”

60
36. “The exit is right there.”
A) El éxito está justo ahí.
B) El éxito está derecha ahí.
C) La salida está ahí.

37. “We bought many fabrics to work with.”


A) Compramos muchas fábricas para trabajar.
B) Conseguimos muchas telas para trabajar.
C) Nosotros compramos muchas fábricas para trabajar con.

38. “She seems very familiar to me.”


A) Se me hace muy familiar.
B) Ella parece muy de familia.
C) Ella parece mucho familiar para mí.

39. “Allow me to introduce myself!”


A) ¡Permíteme presentarme!”
B) ¡Deja que me introduzca!
C) ¡Deja a mi para introducer yo mismo!”

40. “The building is so large!”


A) ¡El edificio es muy largo!
B) ¡El construyendo es muy largo!
C) ¡El edificio es muy grande!

41. “I’m going to the library to read some.”


A) Iré a la biblioteca para leer algo.
B) Iré a la librería para leer algo.
C) Estoy yendo a la librería para leer algo.
42. “He’s the mayor of this city.”
A) Él es el alcalde de la ciudad.
B) Él es el más grande de la ciudad.
C) Es el mayor de esta ciudad.

61
Complete the following chart about translation techniques categorizing them by group.
Literal, Adaptation, Modulation, Calque, Borrowing, Omission, Equivalence, Transposition.

Direct Translation Free Translation


1.- 1.-
2.-
2.- 3.-
4.-
3.- 5.-
6.-

62
TESTS BLOCK II (Sources of Research)
Circle “T” for True or “F” for “False” according to the following statements regarding Primary
Sources of Information:
1. Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the author’s
own account on a specific topic or event that s/he known from another person.
T/F
2. Primary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally

presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate in
the event.
T/F
3. Readers of primary scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the

subject area.
T/F
4. Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the

author’s own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in.
T/F
5. This type of source is written for a narrow audience and does not include definitions of

discipline specific terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and
principles, and summaries of major studies/events as related to the topic.
T/F
6. Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period.
T/F
7. Use primary resources to obtain a first-hand account to an actual event and identify

original research done in a field.


T/F
8. Primary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of Secondary

sources.
T/F
9. Utilize such resources in an annotated bibliography for doctoral level work for any

reason.
T/F

63
10. Newspaper editorial/opinion pieces can be both primary and secondary.
T/F

Circle “T” for True or “F” for “False” according to the following statements regarding Secondary
Sources of Information:

T/F
1. This type of source is written for a broad audience and will include definitions of
discipline specific terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and
principles, and summaries of major studies/events as related to the topic.
T/F
2. Scholarly journals, often contain articles on very specific subjects.

T/F
3. Secondary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the author’s
own account on a specific topic or event that s/he known from another person.
T/F
4. Secondary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period.
T/F
5. Secondary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the
author’s own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in.
T/F
6. Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally
presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate in
the event.
T/F
7. Use secondary resources to obtain a first-hand account to an actual event and identify
original research done in a field.
T/F
8. Readers of primary scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the
subject area.

64
T/F
9. Refrain from including such resources in an annotated bibliography for doctoral level
work unless there is a good reason.
T/F
Fill in the following chart with examples of Primary Sources of Information:
PRIMARY SOURCES
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
6.-
7.-
8.-
9.-
10.-

Fill in the following chart with examples of Secondary Sources of Information:


SECONDARY SOURCES
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
6.-
7.-
8.-
9.-
10.-

65
Write one example for each of the following Primary Sources of Information:

Diary: The diary of a Vietnam War veteran_____________________.

Letter: __________________________________________________.

Speech: __________________________________________________.

Interview: ________________________________________________.

Autobiography: ___________________________________________.

Research: _________________________________________________.

Literature: ________________________________________________.

Poetry: ____________________________________________________.

Constitution: ______________________________________________.

Correspondence: __________________________________________.

Write one example for each of the following Secondary Sources of Information:

Dictionary: _______________________________________________.

Criticism of Literature: _____________________________________.

Almanac: ________________________________________________.

Textbook: _________________________________________________.

Comment: _________________________________________________.

Opinion piece: ______________________________________________.

Newspaper editorial: _______________________________________.

Magazine article: ___________________________________________.

Biography: __________________________________________.

66
Draw a ✓ or an X on the following examples regarding Primary Sources of Information to state if
they are correct of incorrect:
Poem to a loved one: [ ]
The diary of a kid: [ ]
A research on ectoplasm: [ ]
The autobiography of a new born baby: [ ]
Annual review of an article: [ ]
A case study of Speech impediment: [ ]
Photos taken during a riot: [ ]
A Mathematics textbook: [ ]
Referencing books for a research: [ ]
Video evidence of Big Foot: [ ]

Draw a ✓ or an X on the following examples regarding Secondary Sources of Information to state if


they are correct or incorrect:

Poem to a loved one: [ ]


The diary of a kid: [ ]
The comment section on a research about ectoplasm: [ ]
The biography of a new born baby: [ ]
Analysis on the lyrics of a song: [ ]
The lyrics of a song: [ ]
The comments section on an online forum: [ ]
The review of a literature book: [ ]
Facebook comments section: [ ]
Article about sealions: [ ]

67
TEST BLOCK III.

I. Read carefully and choose the correct answer.

1. What is an informational text?


a) It’s a text which describes an object.
b) It’s a text which try to convince and idea.
c) It’s a text that displays information.
2. What is a descriptive text?
a) It’s a text that tell us a story through scenes.
b) It’s a text that describe a subject or an object.
c) It’s a text that aims to convince an opinion through arguments
3. What is a narrative text?
a) It’s a text that tells a story, real or fictional-, that has happened to some characters.
b) It’s a text that argue the reasons for and against telling stories.
c) It’s a text that presents instructions, tips or useful information to the reader.
4. What is a persuasive text?
a) It’s a text that describe the positive traits of a subject or person.
b) It’s a text that tries to convince an opinion through arguments.
c) It’s a text that pretend to tell a story through scenes.
5. In what kind of text do we find more action verbs?
a) Narrative text
b) Argumentative text
c) Informational text
6. In what type of text do we find more adjectives?
a) Descriptive text
b) Narrative text
c) Informational text

7. In what kind of text do we find a sequence of events?


a) Argumentative text
b) Narrative text
c) Informational text

8. In what type of text do we find facts and statistical information?


a) Informational text
b) Descriptive text
c) Narrative text

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II. Complete the missing gaps with words from the box.

Persuasive Informational Narrative Descriptive

9. _________________ texts use a wide variety of structures to convey facts and information as:
titles, headers, subtitles, table of contents, etc.

10. _________________ texts, the author’s aim is to make the reader feel what he experienced
through his/her choice of words, which are vivid, colourful and detailed.

11. __________________ texts show the author’s reasoning and understanding through arguments
and supportive facts.

12. ___________________ texts, include descriptive details to state what happens in the story.

III. Match the columns

1 Descriptive Text A Business writings, expository essays, text


books
2 Narrative Text B Journals, poetry, product descriptions
3 Persuasive Text C Advertisements, opinion/editorial
articles, product reviews
4 Informational Text D Novels, oral stories, poems, short stories

69
Block III . Test´s answer key
1. What is an informational text?
c)It’s a text that displays information.
2. What is a descriptive text?
b)It’s a text that describe a subject or an object.
3. What is a narrative text?
a)It’s a text that tells a story, real or fictional-, that has happened to some characters.
4. What is a persuasive text?
c) It’s a text that tries to convince an opinion through arguments.
5. In what kind of text do we find more action verbs?
a)Narrative text
6. In what type of text do we find more adjectives?
a)Descriptive text
7. In what kind of text do we find a sequence of events?
b)Narrative text
8. In what type of text do we find facts and statistical information?
a)Informational text

I. Complete the missing gaps with words from the box.

9. ____ Informational _____________ texts use a wide variety of structures to convey facts and
information as: titles, headers, subtitles, table of contents, etc.

10. _________ Descriptive ________ texts, the author’s aim is to make the reader feel what he
experienced through his/her choice of words, which are vivid, colourful and detailed.

11. ___________ Persuasive _______ texts show the author’s reasoning and understanding through
arguments and supportive facts.

12. ________ Narrative _________ texts, include descriptive details to state what happens in the
story.

II. Match the columns


1. Descriptive text::::: b)
2. Narrative text ::::: d)
3. Persuasive text ::::::c)
4. Informational text ::::: a)

70
Exercises´Answer Key

ACTIVITY 1.1. Complete the chart with information from the previous extract.
Type of text Characteristics Examples of vocabulary or
sentences
Informational 1. Information is clear, 1. Your brain is an amazing
comprehensively and machine.
accurately. 2. Exercising your brain
2. Uses an objective style helps it grow.
and impersonal 3. …if you are already good
expressions. at a particular game or
3. Uses facts, examples, activity, your brain won’t
explanations, analogies create new neural
and sometimes connections.
statistical information, 4. Blueberries and walnuts
quotations and have lots of the right
references as evidence. nutrients to keep your
4. Uses few adjectives, brain working smoothly.
adverbs and images,
except as examples or
analogies in explanation

Activity 2.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

Type of • Narrative
text

• Use of structure and sequencing –


beginning, node, ending, plot,
characters, settings, climax- to
complete the story.
Characteristic • Narrated chronologically.
• It may use dialogues.
• Uses sensory details and vivid
descriptions to involve the reader.

• Milla was hiding in an orange tree


on the day the dragons returned to
Arcosi
Examples • She breathed in the hot busy smell
of Arcosi, the city she loved: dusty
stone, foul drains, rotting fish, salt,
spice and blossom.

71
Activity 3.1Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3 examples.

Type
Characteristics Examples
of
text Language chosen
based on the target Address and general
audience. data of the recipient.
Official
It has an objective
approach. I am writing to recommend
Mr. Kelsey Mills for
Complex structure, consideration in his
following the conventions application for a
of the type of document. scholarship.
Formal language is
used, use of full words, If in case you have
avoid contractions. additional inquiresor
concerns, you mmigh
They are carefully contact me via email.
planned, revised and
reviewed to be as clear
as possible.

Points are clearly Signature and general data


introduced, explained of the sender.
and concluded.

Activity 4.1 Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3

Type
of Characteristics Examples
text

Use of structure and


I opened the iron gate and
sequencing –beginning, Uses sensory details and I was occupied only with
walked as softly as I could My mind was strangely
Narrative Narrated chronologically. node, ending, plot, vivid descriptions to involve the mechanical task of
up the weed-tufted gravel empty.
characters, settings, climax- the reader. finding a black box.
drive
to complete the story.

examples.

72
Activity 5.1. Complete the chart with information from the previous extract.

Type of text Characteristics Write at least three examples of


vocabulary or sentences that
exemplify the type of text.
• Narrative  Use of structure and
sequencing –beginning,  9 de noviembre
node, ending, plot,  He decido volver al
characters, settings, Encrucijada
climax- to complete the Veracruzana, no porque
story. espere encontrar a los
 Narrated reales visceralistas sino
chronologically. por ver una vez más a
 It may use dialogues. Rosario.
 Uses sensory details and  Hablo de sus ojos y del
vivid descriptions to interminable horizonte
involve the reader. mexicano, de las iglesias
abandonadas y de los
espejismos de los
caminos que conducen a
la frontera.

Type of text • Informational

• Information is clear,
comprehensively and
accurately.
• Uses an objective style
and impersonal
Characteristics expressions.
• Uses facts, examples,
explanations, analogies
and sometimes statistical
information, quotations
and references as
evidence.
1. Lava y tritura los tomates
2. Añade el pan en trozos
3 Examples
3. Añade el diente de ajo y la
sal

Mind map.

Activity 6.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

73
Activity 7.1 Complete the graphic organizer with the requested information. Provide at least 3
examples

Type
of Characteristics Examples
text

Language chosen Ante la necesidad de


based on the target Complex structure, Formal language is They are carefully existencias nos
audience. General data of the Esperamos la
following the used, use of full planned, revised and dirigimos a usted
Official recipient, sender and informacion solicitda
conventions of the words, avoid reviewed to be as rogándole nos facilite
type of document contractions. clear as possible. . date. antes del 12 de julio.
It has an objective las condiciones
approach. comerciales...

• Descriptive
Type of text

1. Provides concrete
information.
Characteristics
2. Provides concrete
information.

• Este árbol puede llegar a medir


entre 5 y 10 metros de alto.
• Mayormente crece en lugares que
se inundan con facilidad.
3 Examples
• Posee una flor (la flor del Ceibo)
que ha sido declarada como la flor
nacional para los países de
Argentina y Uruguay.
Mind map.

Activity 8.1 Complete the mind map with the requested information from the previous text.

74
REFERENCES

ELECTRÓNICA
University of Maine. Informational texts. Recuperado el 15 de octubre de 2021.
[Link]
award/what-is-informational-text/
Writing Center Highline. Recuperado el 15 de octubre de 2021.

[Link]. recuperado el 16 de octubre de 2021.


[Link]

British Course. Text definitions. Recuperado el 17 de octubre de 2021.


[Link]
[Link]

[Link]. Cheryl Reyfsnyde The Amazing Brain. Recuperado el 18 de octubre de 2021.


[Link]

[Link] Liz Flanagan. Dragon Daughter book. Recuperado el 18 de octubre de 2021.


[Link] [Link]
[Link]

[Link]. Coral Reefs by Paula Schricker. Recuperado el 18 de octubre de 2021.


[Link]

Manuel, Tomas. Ejemplos de textos narrativos. Recuperado el 19 de octubre 2021


[Link]
AboutEspañol. Ejemplos de textos persuasivos. Maybeline superstay. Recuperado el 19 de octubre de
2021. [Link]

Fuente: [Link]

75
BIBLIOGRAPHY

University of New South Wales Library. (7 de Septiembre de 2021). Obtenido de


[Link]
secondary-sources

Hasa. (26 de Agosto de 2021). [Link]. Obtenido de [Link]


between-literal-and-free-translation/

Northerncentral University Library. (7 de Diciembre de 2021). Obtenido de


[Link]

Waliński, J. T. (Enero de 2015). ResearchGate. Obtenido de


[Link]

76

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