Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected]
Cliente: Desarrollos TRE, S.A. de C.V. Fecha: 04/05/2023
Attn: Ing. David Castillo Proyecto: Torre Trelum
Presentamos el reporte de control de calidad de soldaduras realizadas por medio de los
métodos de inspección visual, líquidos penetrantes y ultrasonido técnica de ángulo en
proyecto “Torre Trelum" ubicado sobre calle y colonia La Mascota, para Desarrollos TRE,
S.A. de C.V., realizadas el día 3 de mayo del 2023. Las inspecciones de soldaduras
fueron realizadas bajo las siguientes normas:
• AWS D1.1 “Soldadura en acero estructural”.
• ASTM E-1417 “Práctica estándar para la inspección con líquidos penetrantes”.
• ASTM E797/E797M “Practica estándar para la medición de espesores por el método
de ultrasonido de contacto pulso-eco”.
• ASTM E-587 “Práctica estándar para la inspección ultrasónica con el método de
ángulo”.
• SNT-TC-1A “Practica recomendada para la calificación y certificación de personal de
pruebas no destructivas”.
Terminología de ensayos no destructivos:
Indicación: Es la respuesta que se obtiene al aplicar una prueba no destructiva.
Discontinuidad: Una falta de continuidad o cohesión; una interrupción o variación en la
estructura o configuración física normal de un material o componente.
Discontinuidad inherente: Se crea durante la producción inicial desde el estado de
fusión de la pieza, por ejemplo: laminación.
Discontinuidad de proceso: Se produce durante procesos posteriores de fabricación o
terminado.
Discontinuidad de servicio: Se producen durante el uso del producto debido a
circunstancias ambientales, o de carga, o ambas.
Discontinuidad no relevante: Son aquellas indicaciones que no afectan la aptitud para
el servicio de la pieza.
Discontinuidad relevante: Son aquellas provenientes de fallas suficientemente serias
como para afectar la aptitud para el servicio de la pieza y que por alguna de sus
características (longitud, diámetro, ubicación, forma, etc.) deben ser interpretadas,
evaluadas y reportadas.
Indicaciones falsas: Son aquellas indicaciones causadas por falta de limpieza,
superficies muy rugosas etc.
Defecto: Es una o más discontinuidades cuyo tamaño agregado, forma, orientación,
localización o propiedades no cumple con un criterio de aceptación especificado y que
es rechazada y debe ser reparada.
Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected]Inspección con líquidos penetrantes:
Se efectuaron inspecciones superficiales con líquidos penetrantes en seis uniones de
soldadura de campo. La soldadura examinada no mostro discontinuidades relevantes
que ameritasen reparación, dándose por aceptada
Los pasos por seguir durante la inspección con líquidos penetrantes son:
1. Limpieza de la superficie.
2. Aplicación de penetrante (color rojo).
3. Limpieza de penetrante.
4. Aplicación de revelador (color blanco).
Se efectuaron las inspecciones superficiales utilizando líquidos penetrantes marca
Cantesco removibles con solvente. Las pruebas se realizaron, de acuerdo con lo
establecido en la tabla 8.1 capítulo 8 “Inspección” del código AWS D1.1. Una copia de
esta tabla se encuentra en los criterios de aceptación de este informe.
Todas las superficies examinadas estarán libres de:
a) Fisuras.
b) Falta de Fusión
c) Poros agrupados o en línea
d) Socavaciones mayores a 1 mm de profundidad
A continuación, el detalle de las inspecciones.
Fecha # Elemento Eje Resultado Observaciones
1 Viga-viga CXT-1 Y-4 Aceptada Socavaciones < 1 mm profundidad
2 Viga-columna CXT-10 Y-2/3 Aceptada Sin discontinuidades relevantes
3 Viga-placa CXT-3 Aceptada Sin discontinuidades relevantes
03/05/23
4 Viga-columna CXT-9/11 Aceptada Sin discontinuidades relevantes
5 Tubo-columna pérgola CXT-9 Aceptada Sin discontinuidades relevantes
6 Tubo-placa pérgola CXP-2 Aceptada Sin discontinuidades relevantes
Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected] Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected] Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected]Ultrasonido:
En las inspecciones con el método de ultrasonido se utilizaron dos equipos. Un medidor
de espesores de lectura directa con transductor dual de ⅜” de diámetro marca Mitech
modelo M-190 con técnica recta para medición de espesores y un ultra sonógrafo
calibrado de fábrica, marca Dakota Ultrasonics DFX-635 con técnica de ángulo para
revisar la soldadura.
El transductor de ángulo utilizado es del tipo AWS con un ángulo de incidencia de 70°
marca Panametrics de 2.25 Mhz. El ajuste del equipo se realiza con un bloque de
calibración normado del tipo DSC (Bloque de Calibración de Distancia y Sensibilidad)
para un rango de pantalla de 0” a 10”.
Las soldaduras examinadas son de tipo CJP (penetración completa). Los parámetros del
procedimiento utilizado se muestran a continuación:
Procedimiento: IJS-UT-Angulo, última revisión marzo 2018
Fecha de inspección 3 de mayo del 2023
Equipo: Dakota Ultrasonics DFX-635
Palpador: Panametrics de 2.25 Mhz 0.32”x0.35"
Zapata de ángulo: 70° Material de acople: Acoplante Magnaflux UT-X
Cable: conector BNC, longitud 0.70 mts Block de calibración: DSC
Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected] Nivel de referencia: 20% de pantalla para una discontinuidad de 1/32"
Ganancia de calibración: 48 db Ganancia de busqueda: 54 db
Ajuste mínimo de ganancia: 1 db
Elemento: Perfiles W de acero al carbono
Superficie: plana y lisa.
Espesores: Variables
Se inspeccionaron dos uniones de columnas a base pedestal. Durante el desarrollo de
las inspecciones se observaron discontinuidades menores clase “D” en las soldaduras,
las cuales por su tamaño se encuentran dentro de los criterios de aceptación.
A continuación, el detalle de las inspecciones:
Fecha # Elemento Eje Resultado Observaciones
1 Pedestal columna PLB-4 CXT- Aceptado Discontinuidades clase D
03/05/23
2 Pedestal columna PLB-1 CXT-10 Aceptado Discontinuidades clase D
Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected]Se adjuntan los criterios de inspección utilizados en el apartado de información técnica.
Atentamente,
CWI:
https://cloudweb2.aws.org/Certifications/Search/
Nivel II PT, UT SNT-TC-1A.
Consultoría e inspecciones no
destructivas de soldadura
Tel. 8768-7325, +503 7579-0941/7532-6764
[email protected]Información técnica
AWS D 1 . 1 /D1 . 1 M:2020 PARTS B & C CLAUSE 8. INSPECTION
Part B
Contractor Responsibilities
8.6 Obligations of the Contractor
.8_.6.1 Contractor Responsibilities. The Contractor shall be responsible for visual inspection and necessary correction
of all deficiencies in materials and workmanship in conformance with the requirements of this code .
.8_.6.2 Inspector Requests. The Contractor shall comply with all requests of the Inspector(s) to correct deficiencies in
materials and workmanship as provided in the contract documents .
.8_.6.3 Engineering Judgment. In the event that faulty welding, or its removal for rewelding, damages the base metal
so that in the judgment of the Engineer its retention is not in conformance with the intent of the contract documents, the
Contractor shall remove and replace the damaged base metal or shall compensate for the deficiency in a manner approved
by the Engineer.
.8_.6.4 Specified NDT Other than Visual. When NDT other than visual inspection is specified in the information
furnished to bidders, it shall be the Contractor's responsibility to ensure that all specified welds shall meet the quality
requirements of Clause .8_, Part C or Clause 10, Part F for tubulars, whichever is applicable .
.8_.6.5 Nonspecified NDT Other than Visual. If NDT other than visual inspection is not specified in the original
contract agreement but is subsequently requested by the Owner, the Contractor shall perform any requested testing or
shall allow any testing to be performed in conformance with .8_. 14. The Owner shall be responsible for all associated costs
including handling, surface preparation, NDT, and repair of discontinuities other than those described in .8_.9, whichever
is applicable, at rates mutually agreeable between Owner and Contractor. However, if such testing should disclose an
attempt to defraud or gross nonconformance to this code, repair work shall be done at the Contractor's expense.
Part C
Acceptance Criteria
8.7 Scope
Acceptance criteria for visual and NDT inspection of statically and cyclically loaded nontubular connections are described
in Part C. The extent of examination and the acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contract documents in the infor
mation furnished to the bidder.
8.8 Engineer 's Approval for Alternate Acceptance Criteria
The fundamental premise of the code is to provide general stipulations applicable to most situations. Acceptance criteria
for production welds different from those described in the code may be used for a particular application, provided they
are suitably documented by the proposer and approved by the Engineer. These alternate acceptance criteria may be based
upon evaluation of suitability for service using past experience, experimental evidence or engineering analysis consider
ing material type, service load effects, and environmental factors.
8.9 Visual Inspection
All welds shall be visually inspected and shall be acceptable if the criteria of Table .8_. 1 , or Table 10. 1 5 (if tubular) are
satisfied.
8.10 Penetrant Testing (PT) and Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
Welds that are subject to PT and MT, in addition to visual inspection, shall be evaluated on the basis of the acceptance
criteria for visual inspection. The testing shall be performed in conformance with .8_. 14.4 or .8_. 1 4.5, whichever is applicable.
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AWS D 1 . 1 /D1 . 1 M:2020 CLAUSE 8. INSPECTION
Table a.1
Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria (see a.9)
Statically Loaded Cyclically Loaded
Nontubular Nontubular
Discontinuity Category and Inspection Criteria Connections Connections
(1) Crack Prohibition
x x
Any crack shall be unacceptable, regardless of size or location.
(2) Weld/Base Metal Fusion
Complete fusion shall exist between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld x x
metal and base metal.
(3) Crater Cross Section
All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the ends of x x
intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
(4) Weld Profiles
x x
Weld profiles shall be in conformance with 1.23.
(5) Time of Inspection
Visual inspection of welds in all steels may begin immediately after the completed welds
have cooled to ambient temperature. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A5 14, A5 17, and x x
A 709 Grade HPS l OOW [HPS 690W] steels shall be based on visual inspection
performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the weld.
(6) Undersized Welds
The size of a fillet weld in any continuous weld may be less than the specified nominal
size (L) without correction by the following amounts (U):
L, U,
specified nominal weld size, in [mm] allowable decrease from L, in [mm]
'.0 3/16 [5] :S 1/16 [2] x x
1/4 [6] :S 3/32 [2.5]
:::". 5/16 [8] :S 1/8 [3]
In all cases, the undersize portion of the weld shall not exceed 1 0% of the weld length.
On web-to-flange welds on girders, underrun shall be prohibited at the ends for a length
equal to twice the width of the flange.
(7) Undercut
(A) For material less than 1 in [25 mm] thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in [ l mm],
with the following exception: undercut shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm] for any accumulated x
length up to 2 in [50 mm] in any 1 2 in [300 mm]. For material equal to or greater than 1 in
[25 mm] thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm] for any length of weld.
(B) In primary members, undercut shall be no more than 0.01 in [0.25 mm] deep when
the weld is transverse to tensile stress under any design loading condition. Undercut shall x
be no more than 1/32 in [ l mm] deep for all other cases.
(8) Porosity
(A) CJP groove welds in butt j oints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress
shall have no visible piping porosity. For all other groove welds and for fillet welds, the
x
sum of the visible piping porosity 1/32 in [ l mm] or greater in diameter shall not exceed
3/8 in [10 mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any 1 2
i n [300 mm] length of weld.
(B) The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds shall not exceed one in each 4 in [ 1 00
mm] of weld length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32 in [2.5 mm].
Exception: for fillet welds connecting stiffeners to web, the sum of the diameters of x
piping porosity shall not exceed 3/8 in [ 1 0 mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall not
exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any 1 2 in [300 mm] length of weld.
(C) CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress
shall have no piping porosity. For all other groove welds, the frequency of piping porosity
x
shall not exceed one in 4 in [ 1 00 mm] of length and the maximum diameter shall not
exceed 3/32 in [2.5 mm].
Note: An "X" indicates applicability for the connection type; a shaded area indicates non-applicability.
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AWS D1.1/D1 .1 M:2020 CLAUSE 1 0. TUBULAR STRUCTURES
Table 1 0.1 5
Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria (see 1 0.24)
Discontinuity Category and Inspection Criteria Tubular Connections (All Loads)
(1) Crack Prohibition
x
Any crack shall be unacceptable, regardless of size or location.
(2) Weld/Base Metal Fusion
Complete fusion shall exist between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal and x
base metal.
(3) Crater Cross Section
All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the ends of intermittent x
fillet welds outside of their effective length.
(4) Weld Profiles
x
Weld profiles shall be in conformance with 1.23.
(5) Time of Inspection
Visual inspection of welds in all steels may begin immediately after the completed welds have
cooled to ambient temperature. Acceptance criteria for ASTM A5 14, A5 17, and A709 Grade x
HPS 1 OOW [HPS 690W] steels shall be based on visual inspection performed not less than 48
hours after completion of the weld.
(6) Undersized Welds
The size of a fillet weld in any continuous weld may be less than the specified nominal size (L)
without correction by the following amounts (U):
L, U,
specified nominal weld size, in [mm] allowable decrease from L, in [mm]
:": 3116 [5] ::: 1/16 [2] x
1/4 [6] ::: 3/32 [2.5]
::". 5/1 6 [8] ::: 1/8 [3]
In all cases, the undersize portion of the weld shall not exceed 1 0% of the weld length. On
web-to-flange welds on girders, underrun shall be prohibited at the ends for a length equal to
twice the width of the flange.
(7) Undercut
(A) For material less than 1 in [25 mm] thick, undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in [1 mm], with
the following exception: undercut shall not exceed 1 1 1 6 in [2 mm] for any accumulated length
up to 2 in [50 mm] in any 1 2 in [300 mm]. For material equal to or greater than 1 in [25 mm]
thick, undercut shall not exceed 1 / 1 6 in [2 mm] for any length of weld.
(B) In primary members, undercut shall be no more than 0.01 in [0.25 mm] deep when the
weld is transverse to tensile stress under any design loading condition. Undercut shall be no x
more than 1/32 in [1 mm] deep for all other cases.
(8) Porosity
(A) CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no visible piping porosity. For all other groove welds and for fillet welds, the sum of the
visible piping porosity 1 /32 in [1 mm] or greater in diameter shall not exceed 3/8 in [ I O mm] in
any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any 12 in [300 mm] length of
weld.
(B) The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds shall not exceed one in each 4 in [ 1 00 mm]
of weld length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32 in [2.5 mm]. Exception: for
fillet welds connecting stiffeners to web, the sum of the diameters of piping porosity shall not x
exceed 3/8 in [ 1 0 mm] in any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any
1 2 in [300 mm] length of weld.
(C) CJP groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed tensile stress shall
have no piping porosity. For all other groove welds, the frequency of piping porosity shall not
x
exceed one in 4 in [ 10 0 mm] of length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32 in
[2.5 mm] .
Note: An "X" indicates applicability for the connection type; a shaded area indicates non-applicability.
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CLAUSE 8. INSPECTION AWS D 1 . 1 /D1 . 1 M:2020
Table 8,.2
UT Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections and Cyclically
Loaded Nontubular Connections in Compression) (see 8,.1 3.1 , 8,.1 3.2(2), and C-8,.25.6)
Weld Size" in inches [mm] and Search Unit Angle
5/1 6 > 3/4
through through
3/4 1-112 > 1-1/2 through 2-1/2 > 2-1/2 through 4 > 4 through 8
Discontinuity [8-20] [20-38] [38-65] [65-100] [ 100-200]
Severity Class 70° 70° 70° 60° 45° 70° 60° 45° 70° 60° 45°
+5 & +2 & -2 & +l & +3 & -5 & -2 & O& -7 & -4 & -1 &
Class A
lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower
+6 +3 -1 +2 +4 -4 -1 +l -6 -3 0
Class B
0 +3 +5 -3 0 +2 -5 -2 +l
+7 +4 +l +4 +6 -2 to +l +3 -4 to -1 to +2
Class C
+2 +5 +7 +2 +2 +4 +2 +2 +3
+8 +5 +3 +6 +8 +3 +3 +5 +3 +3 +4
Class D
& up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up
" Weld size in butt joints shall be the nominal thickness of the thinner of the two parts being joined.
Notes:
I . Class B and C discontinuities shall be separated by at least 2L, L being the length of the longer discontinuity, except that when two or more such
discontinuities are not separated by at least 2L, but the combined length of discontinuities and their separation distance is equal to or less than the
maximum allowable length under the provisions of Class B or C, the discontinuity shall be considered a single acceptable discontinuity.
2. Class B and C discontinuities shall not begin at a distance less than 2L from weld ends carrying primary tensile stress, L being the discontinuity
length.
3. Discontinuities detected at "scanning level" in the root face area of CJP double groove weld joints shall be evaluated using an indication rating 4 dB
more sensitive than described in ll,.25.6.5 when such welds are designated as "tension welds" on the drawing (subtract 4 dB from the indication rating
"d"). This shall not apply if the weld joint is backgouged to sound metal to remove the root face and MT used to verify that the root face has been
removed.
4. ESW or EGW: Discontinuities detected at "scanning level" that exceed 2 in [50 mm] in length shall be suspected as being piping porosity and shall
be further evaluated with radiography.
5. For indications that remain on the display as the search unit is moved, refer to ll,. 1 3 . 1 .
Class A (large discontinuities)
Any indication in this category shall be rejected (regardless of length). Scanning Levels
Class B (medium discontinuities) Sound pathb in inches [mm] Above Zero
Any indication in this category having a length greater than 3/4 in Reference, dB
[20 mm] shall be rejected.
through 2-112 [65 mm] 14
Class C (small discontinuities) 19
> 2-1/2 through 5 [65- 1 25 mm]
Any indication in this category having a length greater than 2 in
[50 mm] shall be rejected.
> 5 through 10 [ 125-250 mm] 29
> 10 through 15 [250- 380 mm] 39
Class D (minor discontinuities)
Any indication in this category shall be accepted regardless of length or b This column refers to sound path distance; NOT material thickness.
location in the weld.
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AWS D 1 . 1 /D1 . 1 M:2020 CLAUSE 8. INSPECTION
Table 8..3
UT Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections in Tension)
(see 8..1 3.2 and C-8..25.6)
Weld Sizea in inches [mm] and Search Unit Angle
5/16 > 3/4
through through
3/4 1-1/2 > 1-1/2 through 2-1/2 > 2-1/2 through 4 > 4 through 8
Discontinuity [8-20] [20-38] [38-65] [65-100] [ 100-200]
Severity Class 70° 70° 70° 60° 45° 70° 60° 45° 70° 60° 45°
+10 & +8 & +4 & +7 & +9 & +l & +4 & +6 & -2 & +l & +3 &
Class A
lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower lower
+5 +8 +10 +2 +5 +7 -1 +2 +4
Class B +11 +9
+6 +9 +11 +3 +6 +8 0 +3 +5
+7 + 10 +12 +4 +7 +9 +l +4 +6
Class C +12 +10
+8 +11 +13 +5 +8 +10 +2 +5 +7
+13 +11 +9 +12 +14 +6 +9 +11 +3 +6 +8
Class D
& up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up & up
" Weld size in butt joints shall be the nominal thickness of the thinner of the two parts being joined.
Notes:
I . Class B and C discontinuities shall be separated by at least 2L, L being the length of the longer discontinuity, except that when two or more such
discontinuities are not separated by at least 2L, but the combined length of discontinuities and their separation distance is equal to or less than the
maximum allowable length under the provisions of Class B or C, the discontinuity shall be considered a single acceptable discontinuity.
2. Class B and C discontinuities shall not begin at a distance less than 2L from weld ends carrying primary tensile stress, L being the discontinuity
length.
3. Discontinuities detected at "scanning level" in the root face area of CJP double groove weld joints shall be evaluated using an indication rating 4 dB
more sensitive than described in ll_.25.6.5 when such welds are designated as "tension welds" on the drawing (subtract 4 dB from the indication rating
"d"). This shall not apply if the weld joint is backgouged to sound metal to remove the root face and MT used to verify that the root face has been
removed.
4. For indications that remain on the display as the search unit is moved, refer to ll_. 1 3 .2 . 1 .
Class A (large discontinuities)
Any indication in this category shall be rejected (regardless of length). Scanning Levels
, Class B (medium discontinuities)
Any indication in this category having a length greater than 3/4 in Above Zero
[ 20 mm] shall be rejected. Sound pathb in [mm] Reference, dB
Class C (small discontinuities)
Any indication in this category having a length greater than 2 in through 2-1/2 [65 mm] 20
[50 mm] in the middle half or 3/4 in [20 mm] length in the top or > 2-1/2 through 5 [65-1 25 mm] 25
bottom quarter of weld thickness shall be rejected. > 5 through 10 [ 125-250 mm] 35
Class D (minor discontinuities) > 10 through 15 [250-380 mm] 45
Any indication in this category shall be accepted regardless of length or
location in the weld. b This column refers to sound path distance; NOT material thickness.
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