Texto Parcial Tesis Pellejero, G.
Texto Parcial Tesis Pellejero, G.
En el Valle Inferior del río Negro (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina), se producen
30.000 t de cebolla en una superficie aproximada de 500 ha. Más del 50 % se
procesan bajo Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (BPA) y bajo Buenas Prácticas de
Manufactura (BPM). El acondicionamiento para la comercialización en las plantas
procesadoras produce enormes volúmenes de residuos, que deben manejarse
según normas de calidad. Estos están compuestos por catáfilas, raíces y hojas
secas con alta relación C:N. En el presente trabajo se estudió el proceso de
compostaje, como una vía ecológica y económica para reciclar los residuos de
cebolla y minimizar así, el impacto ambiental ocasionado por los mismos. Los
residuos de cebolla se mezclaron con estiércol vacuno y alfalfa, se determinaron las
proporciones, mezclas y procesos idóneos para obtener mediante el compostaje, un
producto orgánico de alto valor agronómico. Para cumplir con los objetivos
planteados, el compostaje se llevó a cabo en dos años consecutivos, 2009 y 2010.
Durante el proceso se evaluaron los principales parámetros de seguimiento y se
analizaron las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del producto final obtenido.
Posteriormente se llevó a cabo la evaluación agronómica del compost, para su uso
como componente de sustrato en la producción de plantines hortícolas, para lo cual
se utilizaron bandejas de germinación con dos volúmenes de celdas. Para la
evaluación de su uso como abono orgánico, se realizaron ensayos en macetas y
parcelas, bajo condiciones de invernadero. En ambas experiencias se empleó
lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) como cultivo indicador. Estos ensayos pusieron de
manifiesto que el compostaje resulta una tecnología adecuada para degradar y
reutilizar el residuo de cebolla, que permite obtener un producto final de calidad
agronómica, especialmente el preparado a partir de residuos de cebolla y estiércol
vacuno (CE). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el compost elaborado con esta
mezcla podría utilizarse con éxito como componente de sustrato en la producción de
plantines de lechuga, en proporciones de hasta el 70 % en volumen, con resultados
similares al producto comercial. Asimismo, el compost CE, podría emplearse como
abono orgánico en suelos con bajos contenidos de nutrientes, logrando rendimientos
comparables a los obtenidos con la fertilización mineral.
V
SUMMARY
In an area of approximately 500 ha, situated in the lower valley of the Rio Negro
(Black River), 30.000 tonnes of onions are produced. Over 50% of onions are
processed under Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and under Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMP). The packaging for marketing in processing plants has produced
huge volumes of waste that must be managed according to quality standards. These
are composed by scales, roots and leaves, with high C/N ratio. In this paper the
composting process was studied as a way to recycle ecological and cheap onion
waste in order to minimize the environmental impact caused by them. The onion
residues were mixed with alfalfa and cattle manure. An experiment was carried out in
order to determine proportions, The suitable quality compost (organic product high
agronomic value) was obtained by several mixtures and processes. In order to
achieve the objectives, composting processes were carried out in two consecutive
years, 2009 and 2010. During the process some physical, chemical and biological
properties of the final product were analysed and evaluated. Subsequently, an
evaluation was conducted to identify the agronomic compost to use it as a substrate
component in the production of horticultural seedlings, which were used for
germination trays with two volumes of cells. For the evaluation of its use as mulch,
tests were conducted in pots and plots under greenhouse conditions. In both
experiences lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was used as the indicator crop. These tests
showed that composting is a suitable technology to degrade onion residue, giving a
final product of agronomic quality, especially from the waste preparation of onion and
bovine manure (CE). These results indicate that the compost produced with this
mixture could be successfully used as a substrate component in the production of
lettuce seedlings, in proportions of up to 70% by volume, with results similar to the
commercial product. Likewise, the EC compost may be used as manure in soils with
low nutrient contents, achieving yields comparable to those obtained with mineral
fertilization.
VI
VI
Bibliografía
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