Microeconomía-Tipos de Mercado
Microeconomía-Tipos de Mercado
TUTOR:
PROFESORA ROXANA ESQUIVEL
GRUPO 1II123
REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ
2022
1
ÍNDICE
Índice............................................................................................................................... 2
Introducción..................................................................................................................... 3
Competencia perfecta ..................................................................................................... 4
Monopolio........................................................................................................................ 7
Oligopolio ...................................................................................................................... 10
Competencia monopolística .......................................................................................... 14
Cuadro comparativo ...................................................................................................... 17
Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 18
Bibliografía .................................................................................................................... 19
2
INTRODUCCIÓN
El cuerpo principal del mercado está compuesto por compradores y vendedores. Ambas
partes son iguales e indispensables. La estructura del mercado determina el método de
formación de precios del mercado, en donde compradores y vendedores intentarán
encontrar un precio que ambas partes puedan aceptar.
Con base en los factores que deciden la estructura del mercado, las principales formas
de estructura del mercado son las siguientes:
o Competencia perfecta
o Monopolio
o Oligopolio
o Competencia monopolística
Los criterios principales por los cuales uno puede distinguir entre diversas estructuras
del mercado son: el número y tamaño de productores y consumidores en el mercado, el
tipo de mercancías, la transparencia de la información contenida en los productos, los
costos de transacción, etc.
3
COMPETENCIA PERFECTA
1. DEFINICIÓN
2. CARACTERÍSTICAS PRINCIPALES
4. TOMADORES DE PRECIOS
4
5. ENTRADA Y SALIDA DE EMPRESAS
CANTIDAD
5
PRECIO
CANTIDAD
6
MONOPOLIO
1. DEFINICIÓN
2. CARACTERÍSTICAS CLAVES
3. BARRERAS DE ENTRADA
7
5. CURVA DE DEMANDA (DEFINICIÓN Y GRÁFICO)
CANTIDAD
Por ello, si el monopolio quiere incrementar sus ventas tiene que bajar el precio.
Esta disminución del precio no sólo afecta a la última unidad, sino que afecta a la
totalidad de sus ventas (ya que todas las ventas se realizan al mismo precio).
6. INGRESOS DE UN MONOPOLIO
8
Cuando un monopolio produce unidad más, debe reducir el precio que establece
por cada una de las unidades que vende, y esta disminución del precio causa una
reducción del ingreso generado por las unidades que ya vendía.
9
OLIGOPOLIO
1. DEFINICIÓN
2. CARACTERÍSTICAS PRINCIPALES
(Q, P)
PRECIO
CANTIDAD
10
A precios por arriba de 𝑃, un pequeño aumento de precio da lugar a una gran
disminución en la cantidad vendida. Si una empresa aumenta sus precios, las
demás empresas mantienen sus precios constantes y la empresa que hizo el
aumento ahora tiene el precio más alto por el artículo, por lo que pierde participación
de mercado.
A precios por debajo de 𝑃, incluso una gran reducción en el precio provoca sólo un
pequeño aumento en la cantidad vendida. En este caso, si una empresa baja su
precio, las demás empresas igualan la rebaja del precio, por lo que la empresa que
inició los cambios de precio no obtiene ventaja alguna sobre sus competidores.
4. BARRERAS DE ENTRADA
11
6. DILEMA DEL PRISIONERO
8. COLUSIÓN
9. DUMPING
12
Dos agencias gubernamentales cooperan para vigilar el cumplimiento de las leyes
antimonopolio:
o Ley Clayton de 1914: Aprobada en respuesta a una ola de fusiones que tuvo
lugar a principios del siglo XX, ya que definió el concepto de “intento de
monopolizar”.
13
COMPETENCIA MONOPOLÍSTICA
1. DEFINICIÓN
2. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES
CANTIDAD
14
Si la demanda es tan baja en relación con los costos que las empresas incurren en
pérdidas económicas, tendrá lugar una salida de empresas. A medida que las
empresas salen de una industria, la demanda por los productos de las empresas
restantes aumenta y sus curvas de demanda se desplazan hacia la derecha.
Una empresa que logra introducir un producto nuevo y diferenciado enfrenta una
demanda menos elástica y puede subir su precio para obtener utilidades. A la larga,
los imitadores fabricarán sustitutos cercanos del producto innovador y esta
competencia eliminará las utilidades económicas surgidas de esta ventaja inicial.
Por lo tanto, para recuperar las utilidades, la empresa tiene que innovar
nuevamente.
PRECIO
D1 D2
CANTIDAD
15
PRECIO
CANTIDAD
Para poderlo hacer, debe anunciar y presentar su producto de tal manera que
convenza a los compradores de que gracias al precio mayor que están pagando
pueden obtener una calidad más alta.
16
CUADRO COMPARATIVO
17
CONCLUSIONES
18
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Mankiw, G. (2012). Principios de economía (Sexta ed.). (M. G. Meza y Staines, & M. d.
Carril Villarreal, Trans.) Ciudad de México: Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
https://clea.edu.mx/biblioteca/files/original/bd2711c3969d92b67fcf71d844bcbaed
.pdf
Parkin, M., & Loría, E. (2010). Microeconomía. Versión para Latinoamérica (Novena ed.).
Ciudad de México: Pearson Education. Retrieved from
https://ecotec.edu.ec/material/material_2017X1_ECO513_01_84479.pdf
19
In perfect competition, firms are price takers and maximize profits by equating marginal cost (MC) with marginal revenue (MR), which equals the price. In monopoly, the firm is a price maker, maximizing profit by setting MR equal to MC but recognizing a downward-sloping demand curve, allowing for price setting above MC . In an oligopoly, firms are interdependent, and strategic interaction is key, often guided by game theory; profit maximization involves considering competitors' reactions . Monopolistic competition has elements of both; firms face a downward-sloping demand curve due to product differentiation , enabling some pricing power, but in the long run, firms earn normal profits as new entries erode any economic profits .
In perfect competition, the price elasticity of demand for an individual firm's product is perfectly elastic, meaning the demand curve is horizontal at the market price indicating that consumers would purchase an infinite quantity at that price and none if the price changes . In contrast, in a monopoly, the demand curve for the firm's product is the market demand curve, which is downward-sloping. This indicates that the quantity demanded decreases as the price increases, reflecting a less elastic demand . Thus, in monopolistic markets, firms can exert more control over pricing without losing all of their sales, compared to perfect competition.
In oligopolies, barriers such as resource control by a few firms, governmental regulations, or economies of scale prevent new competitors from entering the market . These barriers preserve market power among the existing firms and allow them to maintain higher prices than in more competitive markets. In monopolies, similar barriers exist, but they create even stronger market control by a single firm. This firm becomes the price maker in the market, able to dictate prices without competition . The implications are that both structures limit competition, but monopolies do so to a greater extent, potentially leading to higher prices and lower outputs than oligopolies.
A firm in a monopolistically competitive market engages in continuous product differentiation and advertising to maintain its competitive advantage. Since products are not identical, firms try to distinguish their products through innovative features, quality, branding, or advertising so that they can command higher prices and maintain customer loyalty . Continuous differentiation ensures that the firm stays ahead of competitors by providing unique value propositions, while advertising reinforces perceived differences and attracts consumers, which helps in sustaining demand elasticity at the desired price levels.
In perfectly competitive markets, social welfare is maximized as prices reflect the marginal cost of production, ensuring resources are allocated efficiently, and consumer surplus is maximized. No firm can influence prices, promoting optimal distribution of goods. Conversely, in monopolistic markets, the monopoly sets prices above marginal costs, leading to reduced output and higher prices, resulting in a deadweight loss to society. This inefficiency reduces the total welfare, as the consumer surplus and economic welfare are both diminished compared to the allocative efficiency in perfect competition .
In an oligopolistic market, competitors might respond to a firm's price cut by also lowering their prices to maintain market share, reflecting the kinked demand curve model where price decreases lead to minimal quantity sold gains. Alternatively, some firms might differentiate their products further through increased advertising or innovation to avoid competing on price alone. They might also form strategic alliances or engage in tacit collusion to stabilize prices indirectly. Additionally, non-price competition strategies such as enhancing customer service or adding product features could be utilized to mitigate the effects of the initial price cut .
Governmental regulations play a significant role in establishing and maintaining monopolies by granting exclusive rights or licenses to a single firm to provide certain products or services, thereby legally preventing other firms from entering the market. This can occur in cases where providing a service or product is deemed a natural monopoly, where economies of scale are enormous relative to market demand. Regulations can also be due to strategic resources or inventions protected by patents, effectively barring competition to encourage investment and innovation. These regulatory barriers ensure the monopoly's position and control over pricing and supply .
If all firms in a monopolistically competitive market increase their advertising expenditure simultaneously, the demand for each firm's product becomes more elastic. While advertising can shift the demand curve outward by increasing consumer preference or awareness, if all firms advertise, they effectively cancel out each other's efforts in capturing a larger market share. This makes consumers more responsive to price changes, as they have increased options and information, leading to an overall higher elasticity of demand but not necessarily a change in the relative market shares among firms .
The kinked demand curve model suggests that in oligopolistic markets, firms face a demand curve that is more elastic for price increases and less elastic for price decreases. If a firm raises prices, others do not follow, leading to a significant loss of market share. Conversely, if a firm lowers prices, competitors match the price reduction, resulting in only a minor gain in market share. This creates a kink at the prevailing price, leading to a discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve, and firms are deterred from changing prices because it would not lead to a significant increase in their profits . This explains why prices tend to be rigid in oligopolistic markets.
The 'prisoner's dilemma' is significant in oligopolistic markets as it illustrates the conflict between cooperation and competition. Although firms could achieve higher profits through collusion, similar to cooperation in the dilemma, individual incentives often lead firms to act non-cooperatively. Each firm, considering its self-interest, may deviate from collusive agreements to gain a larger market share or profit, leading to outcomes where all firms are worse off compared to if they had cooperated fully . This strategic interaction highlights the instability of cooperative arrangements in oligopolies, as firms struggle with trust and credible commitments.