Prepositions of Place

on (on) sobre, en, encima de

upon (apón) sobre, en, encima de(formal)
in (in) en, dentro de
at (at) en
inside (insáid) dentro de, en
outside (áutsáid) afuera, fuera, fuera de
above (abáv) encima de, sobre, arriba
below (bilóu) debajo de
over (óuver) encima de, sobre
under (ánder) debajo de, bajo
beneath (biníiz) bajo, debajo de
underneath (anderníiz) bajo, debajo de
by (bái) al lado de, junto a
near (níar) cerca de
close to (clóus tchu) cerca de
across (acrós) a lo ancho de, a través de, al otro lado de
along (alóng) a lo largo de
around (aráund) alrededor de, cerca de, por
round (ráund) alrededor de, en torno a, por
against (eguénst) contra, en contra de
on top of (on tóp ov) encima de, sobre, arriba de
at the bottom of (at de bótom ov) en la base de, debajo de, en el fondo de
in front of (in frónt ov) enfrente de
opposite (óposit) enfrente de, frente a
behind (bijáind) detrás, detrás de
beside (bisáid) al lado de, junto a
next to (néxt tchu) al lado de, junto a
within (uidín) dentro de, a menos de
beyond (bi-iónd) más allá de
between (bituín) entre
among (amóng) entre, en medio de
amid (amíd) entre, en medio de
before (bifór) delante de, ante
after (áfter) después de, tras
throughout (zruáut) por todo, a través de todo
Prepositions of Direction
up (áp) por, hacia arriba
down (dáun) por, hacia abajo
into (íntchu) dentro de, al, hacia adentro
out of (áurov) de, afuera de, fuera de
on / onto (ón / óntchu) sobre, al
off (off) de, fuera de
over (óuver) sobre, por encima de
under (ánder) debajo de, bajo
to (tchú) a, hacia
from (fróm) de, desde
toward/s (tóuard/s) hacia
away from (euéi from) fuera de, alejándose de
along (alóng) a lo largo de, por
across (acrós) a través de, cruzando
through (zrú) a través de
around (arráund) alrededor de, por
by (bái) por, cerca de, junto a
past (pást) más allá de, por delante de
after (áfter) después de, detrás de, tras

Usamos "at" para: Usamos "on" para:
At + hora del día On + día
At 6:30 - A las 6:30 On Monday - El lunes
At 7 o'clock - A las siete On Tuesday - El martes
At dawn - Al amanecer On Wednesday - El miércoles
At lunchtime - Al mediodía On Thursday - El jueves
At midnight - A la medianoche On + día + parte del día
At + día festivo On Friday morning - El viernes por la mañana
At Christmas - En Navidad On Saturday afternoon - El sábado por la tarde
At Easter - En Pascuas On Sunday evening - El domingo a la noche
At New Year - En Año Nuevo
At Lent - En Cuaresma On + fechas
At Holy Week - En Semana Santa On Christmas Day - El día de Navidad
At + ciertas expresiones On July 4th - El 4 de Julio
At the moment - En este momento On December 31st 1966 - El 31 de diciembre de 1966
At the weekend - El fin de semana
At that time - En ese tiempo Usamos "on" para:
At night - A la noche On + superficies
At noon - Al mediodía In winter - En invierno
At the age of ten In the early summer - El comenzar el verano
On the floor - En el piso
Usamos "at" para: On the ceiling - En el techo
At + lugares comunes On the table - En la mesa
At home - En casa On the chair - En la silla
At school - En la escuela On the list - En la lista
At work - En el trabajo On the map - En el mapa
At university - En la universidad On the beach - En la playa
At the dentist's - En el dentista On the shelf - En el estante
At the movies - En el cine On + medios de transporte
At the theater - En el teatro I will be there in two days - Estaré allí en dos días
 At the airport - En el aeropuerto In nine months - En nueve meses
At the library - En la biblioteca On a ship - En un barco
At the doctor's - En el doctor On a train - En un tren
At the bank - En el banco On a plane - En un avión
At a concert - En el concierto On a bus - En un autobús
At a meeting - En la reunión On a bicycle - En una bicicleta
At a party - En la fiesta On a motorcycle - En una motocicleta
At John's - En lo de John On a horse - A caballo
At Laura's - En lo de Laura On a ferry - En un transbordador
At + lugares específicos On + partes del cuerpo
At Madison Square Garden On my leg - En mi pierna
At Kennedy Airport On your arm - En tu brazo
At Buckingham Palace On his shoulder - En su hombro
At the University of Florida On the lives of people
At + direcciones y domicilios On + direcciones
At 2354 Rivadavia Avenue On the left - A la izquierda
At 3456 Belgrano Street On the right - A la derecha
At + ciertas cosas o posiciones On the way - En el camino
At the top - En la cima / arriba de todo On + ciertas cosas y lugares
At the bottom - En el fondo / debajo de todo On the radio - En la radio
At the side - A un lado/costado On television - En la TV
At the front - En el frente On a farm - En una granja
At the back - En la parte de atrás
At the end - Al final
At the door - En la puerta
At the window - En la ventana
At the reception - En la recepción
At last - Por fin
At first - Al principio
Prepositions of Time
about (abáut) aproximadamente, alrededor de
around (aráund) aproximadamente, alrededor de
before (bifór) antes de
after (áfter) después de
during (diúring) durante
over (óuver) durante
for (for) durante, por
throughout (zruáut) durante todo
since (síns) desde
until (antíl) hasta
to (tchú) para, hacia
past (past) pasado
between...and... (bituín...and...) entre...y...
within (uidín) entre, en no más de
from...to / till / until... (from...tchú/til/antíl...) desde...hasta...
as from / as of (as from / as ov) a partir de
by (bái) para, antes de
beyond (bi-iónd) - más allá de
on (on) en (para los días - On Monday, On Tuesday,...etc.)
at (at) a (se usa para la horas)
in (in) en (para meses, estacions, años y partes del día)

Usamos "in" para:
In + partes del día
In the morning - Por la mañana
In the afternoon - Por la tarde
In the evening - Por la noche
In + meses
In January - En enero
In February - En febrero
In May - En mayo
In + años
In 1966 - En 1966
In 1845 - En 1845
In the 1960s - En los sesenta
In + estaciones del año
In summer - En verano
In spring - En primavera
In fall / autumn - En otoño
In + largos períodos
In the 19th century - En el siglo 19
In the past - En el pasado
In the future - En el futuro
In the Middle Ages - En la Edad Media
In the Stone Age - En la Edad de piedra
In + referencia al futuro
In five minutes - En cinco minutos
In three years - En tres años
In seven hours - En siete horas

Usamos "in" para:

In + países
 In Argentina
In Spain
In Mexico
In + ciudades
In New York
In Madrid
In Mexico City
In + habitaciones
In the bathroom - En el baño
In the kitchen - En la cocina
In the bedroom - En el dormitorio
In + cuerpos de agua
In the sea - En el mar
In the water - En el agua
In a river - En un río
In the ocean - En el océano
In + clima/tiempo
In the rain - En la lluvia Thoughty2
In the sun - En el sol rob dyke
In the wind - En el viento crash course
In the fog - En la neblina BuzzFeed
In + ciertos lugares y expresiones Top10
In prison - En prisión Watch mojo
In hospital - En el hospital
In bed - En la cama
In Oak Street - En la calle Oak
In a line - En una cola
In a row - En fila
In a queue - En una cola
In the sky - En el cielo
In a book - En libro
In a magazine - En una revista
In a letter - En una carta
In a mirror - En un espejo
In a car - En un auto
In a taxi - En un taxi
In a helicopter - En un helicóptero
In an election
In the months before his death
In other words,
crash course

Watch mojo
Determiners
this (dis) este, esta, esto (singular)
that (dat) ese, esa, eso; aquel, aquella/o (singular)
these (díis) estos, estas (plural)
those (dóus) esos, esas; aquellas/os (plural)

all (ól) todo/a, todos/as

every (évri) cada (significando todos)
each (ích) cada (tomados en particular)
both (bóuz) ambos, los dos
either (íder o áider) cualquiera (de dos), ambos; ninguno (al negar)
neither (níder o náider) ninguno de los dos, ni el uno ni el otro

another (anóder) otro/a

other (óder) otro/a, otros/as
the other (di óder) el otro, la otra, los otros, las otras
Quantitative Adjectives (Quantifiers) Intensifiers
How much? - ¿Cuánto? (con sustantivos incontables) very (véri)
10%, 20%, 100% ... of so (sóu)
one half (uán jáf) ½ too (tchú)
one fourth (uán forz) ¼ quite (kuáit)
three fourths (zríi forz) ¾ pretty (príti)
a great deal of (gréit díil óv) gran cantidad de fairly (férli)
a little (a lítl) un poco somewhat (sám-wat)
a lot of (a lót ov) un montón de rather (ráder)
a quantity of (a kuántiti óv) una cantidad de a little (a lítl)
an amount of (an amáunt ov) una cantidad enough (inóf)
enough (inóf) suficiente such (sách)
less (les) menos very (véri)
little (lítl) poco so (sóu)
more (móor) más too (tchú)
no (nóu) nada de
none of (nón ov) nada de
not much (not mách) no mucho
plenty of (plénti ov) un montón de
some (sám) algo de
the rest of (di rést óv) el resto de
muy
tan
demasiado
bastante, completamente
bastante
bastante
algo; un tanto
bastante; algo, un poco
un poco
suficiente(mente)
tal / tales / tan
muy
tan
demasiado
Personal Pronouns Accusative Pronouns
I (ái) yo me (mí)
you (iú) tú / usted you (iú)
he (jí) él him (jím)
she (shí) ella her (jér)
it (it) él /ello / ella (objeto) it (it)
we nosotros / nosotras us (as)
you ustedes / vosotros you (iú)
they (déi) ellos / ellas them (dém)

Relative Pronouns
who (ju) quien, quienes, que -se usa sólo para personas-
that (dat) que -se usa para cosas y personas-
which (juích) que, el/la cual, los/las cuales, lo que -se usa para cosas-
whom (jum) a quien, a quienes, al que
whose (jus) cuyo/a, cuyos/as, de quien, de quienes
what (uát) lo que

Reciprocal Pronouns
each other = one another se, nos, uno al otro, mutuamente, unos a otros.
We love each other.
We love one another. 
They hate each other. 
They hate one another. 
Jane and I write to each other. 
Jane and John see each other. 
I know her and she knows me. We know each other. 
The three brothers had not seen each other for decades. 
The two actors looked at each other and started laughing. 
We hated one another, but now we are good friends. 
We promised to love each other for ever.

Possesive Adjectives
my (mái) mi, mis
your (iór) tu, tus / su, sus (de usted)
his (jis) su, sus (de él)
her (jer) su, sus (de ella)
its (its) su, sus (de algo)
our (áuar) nuestro/a/os/as
your (iór) su, sus (de ustedes/vosotros)
their (dér) su, sus (de ellos/as)
 Possessive Pronouns
me, mi mine (máin) mío/a míos/as
te, ti yours (iórs) tuyo/a tuyos/as
le, lo, él his (jis) suyo/a suyos/as
le, la, ella hers (jers) suyo/a suyos/as
le, lo, él, ella, ello ours (áurs) nuestro/a, nuestros/as
nos, nosotros, nosotras yours (iórs) de ustedes
les, los, os, vosotros, vosotras, ustedes theirs (dérs) suyo/a suyos/as
les, los, las, ellos-as

Indefinite Pronouns
everyone (évri uán) everybody (évri bódi)
no one (nóuan) nobody (nóubódi)
sa para cosas- someone (sámoan) somebody (sám-bódi)

anyone (éni uan) anybody (éni bódi)

anyone (éni uan) anybody (éni bódi)
anyone (éni uan) anybody (éni bódi)

everything (évri zing)

nothing (názing)
something (sám zing)

anything (éni zing)

anything (éni zing)
anything (éni zing)
Reflexive Pronouns
myself (maisélf) me, yo mismo
yourself (iorsélf) te, se, tú mismo
himself (jimsélf) se, él mismo
herself (jersélf) se, ella misma
itself (itsélf) se, a sí mismo
ourselves (aorsélvs) nos, nosotros mismos
themselves (demsélvs) se, ellos mismos

todos/as, todo el mundo

nadie
alguien

alguien -al preguntar-

cualquiera -al afirmar-
nadie -al negar-

todo
nada
algo

algo -al preguntar-

cualquier cosa -al afirmar-
nada -al negar-
Would
We use would ('d) / wouldn't when we imagine a situation or action (=we think of something that is not real):
1 It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can't afford it.
2 I'd love to live by the sea.
3 A: Shall I tell Chris what happened?
B: No, I wouldn't say anything.
(= I wouldn't say anything in your situation).

We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (=things that didn't happen).
1 They helped us a lot. I don't know what we'd have done.
(=we would have done) without ther help.
2 I didn't tell Sam what happened. He wouldn't have been pleased.

Compare would (do) and would have (done):

1 I would phone Sue, but I haven't got her number. (now).
I would have phoned Sue, but I didn't have her number. (past).
2 I'm not going to invite them to the party. They wouldn't come anyway.
I didn't invite them to the party. They wouldn't have come anyway.

We often use would in sentences with if.

1 I would phone Sue if I had her number.
2 I would have phoned Sue if I'd had her number.

Sometime would / wouldn't is the past of will/won't. Compare:

Present Past
Tom: I'll phone you on Sunday. Tom said he'd phone me on Sunday.
Ann: I promise I won't be late. Ann promised that she wouldn't be late.
Liz: Damn! The car won't start. Liz was annoyed because her car wouldn't start.

Somebody wouldn't do something = he/she refused to do it:

1 I tried to warn him, but he wouldn't listen to me. (=he refused to listen).
2 The car wouldn't start. (= it "refused" to start).

You can also use would when you tal about things that happened regularly in the past:
When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go
Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room.

With this meaning, would is similar to used to:

Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out of the room.
would all get up early and go for a swin. (=we did this regularly).
INFINITIVO  PRETERITO  PARTICIPIO
To be  Was  Been 
ser, estar  fui, era sido, estado

El verbo 'To be' tiene una importancia especial en inglés. Se corresponde a los verbos españoles "ser" y "estar"

I am English / Soy inglés
I am in England / Estoy en Inglaterra

Tiene algunos usos especiales distintos a sus equivalentes españoles. 

- Sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por 'tener':

Mary is 20 years old / Maria tiene 20 años
I am 21 / Yo tengo 21 años
How old are you? / ¿Cuántos años tienes?

- Para expresar las sensaciones también se emplea el verbo 'to be' y equivale al 'tener' español.
Are you hungry? / ¿Tienes hambre?
He is thirsty / Tiene sed

- También para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosférico. En este caso se traduce por 'hacer'
It's windy / Hace viento
It's very cold / Hace mucho frío

PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO
FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) am I?
soy, estoy no soy, no estoy ¿soy yo?, ¿estoy yo?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
eres, estás no eres, no estás ¿eres tú?, ¿estás tú?
he is (he's) he is not (he's not) is he?
él es, está él no es, no está ¿es él?, ¿está él?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not) are we?
somos, estamos no somos, no estamos ¿somos?, ¿estamos?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
sois, estáis no sois, no estáis ¿sois?, ¿estáis?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not) are they?
ellos son, están ellos no son, no están ¿son, están ellos?

PRETERITO (se corresponde al pretérito indefinido y al pretérito imperfecto español)

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA
I was I was not (I wasn't)
fui, era / estuve, estaba no fui, no era / no estuve, no estaba
you were you were not (you weren't)
fuiste, eras / estuviste, estabas no fuiste, no eras / no estuviste, no estabas
he was he was not (he wasn't)
fue, era / estuvo, estaba no fue, no era / no estuvo, no estaba
we were we were not (we weren't)
fuimos, éramos, / estuvimos, estábamos no fuimos, no éramos, / no estuvimos, no estábamos
you were you were not (you weren't)
fuisteis, erais, / estuvisteis, estabais no fuisteis, no erais / no estuvisteis, no estabais
they were they were not (they weren't)
fueron, eran / estuvieron, estaban no fueron, no eran / no estuvieron, no estaban

En el Presente, las formas afirmativa y negativa se pueden contraer, mientras que en la forma interrogativa no.

Las formas contraidas suelen utilizarse en la conversación, pero no se usan de forma escrita salvo cuando el pro

TO BE + INFINITIVO
Cuando al verbo 'to be' le sigue un infinitivo adquiere una importancia especial:
- Es una forma de dar instrucciones u órdenes de manera impersonal.
She is to stay here till we return / Ella debe quedarse aquí hasta que volvamos
(en lugar de 'She must stay....')

- Sirve para establecer un plan

She is to be married next year / Ella va a casarse el año próximo

TO BE + GOING TO
Expresa una forma de futuro. Equivale a las expresiones españolas "ir a..., estar punto de... tener la intención d

We are going to the theatre tonight / Vamos al teatro esta noche

I am going to travel to Buenos Aires next Monday / Tengo la intención de viajar a Buenos Aires el próximo lune

That was a lot of money for the time.

He thought it was a waste of time.
He said that it was the most difficult and the most important.
There was no need for it.
It was called "The Great Train Robbery".
pañoles "ser" y "estar". Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deduciremos de cual de los dos se trata.

'tener' español.

FORMA INTERROGATIVA
was I?
¿fui?, ¿era? / ¿estuve?, ¿estaba?
were you?
¿fuiste?, ¿eras? / ¿estuviste?, ¿estabas?
 was he?
¿fue?, ¿era? / ¿estuvo?. ¿estaba?
were we?
s, no estábamos ¿fuimos?, ¿éramos? / ¿estuvimos?, estábamos
were you?
no estabais ¿fuisteis?, ¿erais?, /  ¿estuvisteis?, ¿estabais?
were they?
¿fueron?, ¿eran? / ¿estuvieron?, ¿estaban?

orma interrogativa no. En el pretérito solamente la forma negativa puede contraerse.

ita salvo cuando el propio escrito tiene un carácter informal o refleja una conversación.

e... tener la intención de..., etc."

Aires el próximo lunes.

 Verb Tense Structure
PRESENT SIMPLE am/are/is + pp
PRESENT CONTINUOUS   am/are/is being + pp
FUTURE (WILL) will be + pp
FUTURE (GOING TO) am/are/is going to be + pp
PAST SIMPLE was/were + pp
PAST CONTINUOUS was/were being + pp
PRESENT PERFECT have/has been + pp
PAST PERFECT had been + pp
FUTURE PERFECT will have been + pp

pp = Past Participle
 Example
Spanish is spoken here.
Your questions are being answered.
It’ll be painted by next week.
Terry is going to be made redundant next year.
We were invited to the party, but we didn’t go.
The hotel room was being cleaned when we got back from shopping.
The President of America has been shot.
When he got home he found that all of his money had been stolen.
Our baby will have been born before Christmas.
Simple Present [VERB] + s/es in third person

Use 1: Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby,
It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
1 I play tennis.
2 She does not play tennis.
3 Does he play tennis?
4 The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
5 The train does not leave at 9 AM.
6 When does the train usually leave?
7 She always forgets her purse.
8 He never forgets his wallet.
9 Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
10 Does the Sun circle the Earth?

Use 2: Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true i
It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or thi
1 Cats like milk.
2 Birds do not like milk.
3 Do pigs like milk?
4 California is in America.
5 California is not in the United Kingdom.
6 Windows are made of glass.
7 Windows are not made of wood.
8 New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

Use 3: Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future.
This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled even
1 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
2 The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
3 When do we board the plane?
4 The party starts at 8 o'clock.
5 When does class begin tomorrow?

Use 4: Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening no
This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
1 I am here now.
2 She is not here now.
3 He needs help right now.
4 He does not need help now.
5 He has his passport in his hand.
6 Do you have your passport with you?
can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens.

`Do or Does
Do and does are used when we want to ask yes/no questions.
We use do when the subject is I, you, we or they.
Do I know you?
Do you come from England?
Do we have to cut the grass?
Do they want to come with us?

ue now, and will be true in the future. We use does with third person singular pronouns i.e when the subject is he, she
tions about people or things. Does he work with you?
Does she have a car?
Does it snow in winter?

Negatives
The negative form of do is do not. In spoken English it is common to use the contracted f
I do not like sport.
I don't like sport.
The negative form of does is does not. Also, in spoken English we usually use the contrac
He does not like sport.
He does't like sport.

th other scheduled events as well.

g or is not happening now.

ject is he, she or it.

to use the contracted form of do not which is don't.

usually use the contracted form ofdoes not which is doesn't.

Present Continuous: [am/is/are + present participle]

Use 1: Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very m
1 You are learning English now.
2 You are not swimming now.
3 Are you sleeping?
4 I am sitting.
5 I am not standing.
6 Is he sitting or standing?
7 They are reading their books.
8 They are not watching television.
9 What are you doing?
10 Why aren't you doing your homework?

Use 2: Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in pr
1 I am studying to become a doctor.
2 I am not studying to become a dentist.
3 I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
4 I am not reading any books right now.
5 Are you working on any special projects at work?
6 Aren't you teaching at the university now?

Use 3: Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near futur
1 I am meeting some friends after work.
2 I am not going to the party tonight.
3 Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
4 Isn't he coming with us tonight?

Use 4: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "
1 She is always coming to class late.
2 He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
3 I don't like them because they are always complaining.
ening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

ger action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

happen in the near future.

at something irritating or shocking often happens.

t the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Simple Past: [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Use 1: Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
1 I saw a movie yesterday.
2 I didn't see a play yesterday.
3 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
4 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
5 Did you have dinner last night?
6 She washed her car.
7 He didn't wash his car.

Use 2: A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, an
1 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
2 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
3 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

Use 3: Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often i

1 I lived in Brazil for two years.

2 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
3 They sat at the beach all day.
4 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
5 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
6 A: How long did you wait for them?
7 B: We waited for one hour.

Use 4: Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "
To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never,
1 I studied French when I was a child.
2 He played the violin.
3 He didn't play the piano.
4 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
5 She worked at the movie theater after school.
6 They never went to school, they always skipped class.

Use 5: Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 a
1 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
2 He didn't like tomatoes before.
3 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
4 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
 Past Tense
Did is the past form of both do and does.
e in the past. Did he call you?
pecific time in mind. Did you enjoy it?

Negatives
The negative form of did is did not or when speaking, didn't.
I did not know you were coming.
I didn't know you were coming.

pen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

e the same meaning as "used to."

s, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

nger true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Simple Past Continuos: [was/were + present participle]

Use 1: Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a sho
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
1 I was watching TV when she called.
2 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
3 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
4 What were you doing when the earthquake started?
5 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
6 You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
7 While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
8 Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
9 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
10 A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
11 B: I was snowboarding.

Use 2: Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you
1 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
2 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
3 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

Use 3: Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions w
1 I was studying while he was making dinner.
2 While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
3 Were you listening while he was talking?
4 I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
5 What were you doing while you were waiting?
6 Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
7 They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

Use 4: Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was ye
One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the ba

Use 5: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or sho
The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "alwa
1 She was always coming to class late.
2 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
3 I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
erruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.

mple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

ar time in the past.

phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped.
each other about the bad service.

omething irritating or shocking often happened in the past.

er to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Past Perfect:
I Had He Had [had + past participle]
We Had She Had
They Had It Had
You Had

Use 1: Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show tha

1 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

2 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
3 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
4 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
5 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
6 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
7 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
8 Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
9 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
10 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska
11 You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
12 ad you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
13 George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
14 Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

Use 2: Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that s

1 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
2 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
3 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

he Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Past Perfect Continous:
I Had been + verb_ing He Had been + verb_ing [had been + present participl
We Had been + verb_ing She Had been + verb_ing
They Had been + verb_ing It Had been + verb_ing
You Had been + verb_ing

Use 1: Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time
"For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.
Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it sto

1 They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
2 She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
3 How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
4 Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
5 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
6 How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? I had not been studying Turkish very long.
7 The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it.
8 You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.
9 Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
10 Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
11 The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Use 2: Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

1 Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

2 Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
3 Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
4 He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
 [had been + present participle]

ontinued up until another time in the past.

Past Perfect Continuous.
es not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

en studying Turkish very long.

he moved to Paris.
rs before he moved to Paris.

show cause and effect.

Present Perfect:
I Have = I’ve He Has = He’s
We Have = We’ve She Has = She’s
They Have = They’ve It Has = It’s
You Have = You’ve Anybody Has =

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was
We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last w

Use 1: Cuando decimos que algo ha sucedido, esto es usualmente una nueva información:
1 Ow!. I’ve cut my finger.
2 The road is closed. There’s been an accident.
3 The road is closed. There has been an accident.
4 (from the news). Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
5 You have seen that movie many times.
6 Have you seen that movie many times?
7 You have not seen that movie many times.
8 I have seen that movie twenty times.
9 People have traveled to the Moon.
10 There have been many earthquakes in California.
11 People have not traveled to Mars.
12 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
13 Has there ever been a war in the United States?
14 Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
15 Many tourists have visited that castle.
16 That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Use 2: Cuando usamos el presente perfecto, hay una conexión con el ahora. La acción en el pasado tiene un resultado ah
1 Where’s your key? I don’t know. I’ve lost it. (I don’t have it now).
2 He told me his name, but I’ve forgotten it. (I can’t remember it now).
3 Is Sally here? No, she’s gone out. (She is out now).
4 I can’t find my bags. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?).
5 I think I have met him once before.
6 I think I have seen that movie before.
7 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
8 Bill has still not arrived.
9 The rain hasn't stopped.
10 Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.
11 Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She has broken her leg.
12 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. The bus fare has grown at 10 pence.

Use 3: Experiencie:
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can
The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
1 I have been to France.
2 I have been to France three times
3 I have never been to France.
4 He has never traveled by train.
5 Joan has studied two foreign languages.
 6 Have you ever met him?
7 No, I have not met him.
8 Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
9 I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
10 They have had three tests in the last week.
11 She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
12 My car has broken down three times this week.
13 Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
14 You have only seen that movie one time.
15 Have you only seen that movie one time?

Use 4: Change Over Time:

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
1 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
2 The government has become more interested in arts education.
3 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was estab
4 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

Use 5: Accomplishments (Logros).

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a sp
1 Man has walked on the Moon.
2 Our son has learned how to read.
3 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
4 Scientists have split the atom.

Use 6: Multiple Actions at Different Times.

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different ti
Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
1 The army has attacked that city five times.
2 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
3 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
4 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Use 7: Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that som
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfe
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Use 8: Puedes usar el Presente Perfecto con Just, already y yet:

Just = a short time ago:
1 Are you hungry? No, I’ve just had a lunch.
2 Hello. Have you just arrived?

Already
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected:
1 Don’t forget to send the letter. I’ve already sent it.
2 What time Mark is leaving? He’s already gone.

Yet = Until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negat
An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
1 Has it stopped raining yet?
2 I’ve written the letter, but I haven’t sent it yet.
3 Have you read the book yet?
4 James has not finished his homework yet.
 Has anybody ever told you that you're beautiful?

act time is not important.

, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.
several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
ore now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
ons such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

ado tiene un resultado ahora:

xperience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience.
t companies so far.

udies program was established.

You cannot mention a specific time.

in the past at different times.

Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.
d with the Present Perfect.

y in questions and negative sentences.

Afirmative Sentences Negative Sentences
I have studied. I have not eaten.
He has written a letter to María. You have not eaten.
We have been stranded for six days. He has not eaten.
Juan has paid the bills. We have not eaten.
Juan and Maria have traveled to Spain. You-all have not eaten.
I have been in Madrid for two weeks. They have not eaten.
Diego has been my friend for 20 years.
They have already eaten.
The maid has already cleaned the house.
Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister. Pablo has not given a lot of money to his sister.
I have brushed my teeth. I have not brushed my teeth.
I have [I’ve] talked to Peter. I haven’t talked to Peter.
She has [She’s] gone to work. She hasn’t gone to work.
We have [We’ve] been to London.  We haven’t been to London. 
They have [They’ve] learned English. They haven’t learned English.
I have walked I haven't walked
You have walked You haven't walked.
He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked
We have walked We haven't walked
You have walked You haven't walked
They have walked They haven't walked
I am sorry, she has already gone home.
The film has already started.
We've already had our breakfast. 
But I've already done it! 
No, thanks. I've already had one.
I have already had a swim in my swimming-pool.
I have already said my mathematics lesson.
I have already studied the English present tenses.
Interrogative Sentences
Have the women left yet?
Have you ever tried chocolate?
Haven't the women left yet?
Haven't you ever tried chocolate?

Have you talked to Peter?
Has she gone to work?
Have you been to London?
Have they learned English?
Have I walked?
Have you walked?
Has he, she, it walked?
Have we walked?
Have you walked?
Have they walked?
Have you already started studying?
Have you already paid them off?
Have you finished all that work already!? “Already” can also appear in interrogatives, but then its position is at the end of the sentence a
Have you already started?
Have you finished the work already?
Hadn't she already forgotten?
Had Bordeaux already taken possession of the ranch?
Have you already written to John?
Has she finished her homework already?
Have you already done that? Ejemplo del libro de ingles.
is at the end of the sentence and it has a different meaning: it indicates great surprise about the action bcause it took place before it was expected to.
ore it was expected to.
Present Perfect Continuos:
I have been + verb_ing = I’ve been + verb_ing He has been + verb_ing =
We have been + verb_ing = We’ve been + verb_ing She has been + verb_ing =
They have been + verb_ing = They’ve been + verb_ing It has been + verb_ing =
You have been + verb_ing = You’ve been + verb_ing

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Contin
it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you sm
Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someon

Use 1: Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until no
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Pe
1 They have been talking for the last hour.
2 She has been working at that company for three years.
3 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
4 James has been teaching at the university since June.
5 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
6 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
7 You have only been waiting here for one hour.
8 Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
9 You have been waiting here for two hours.
10 Have you been waiting here for two hours?
11 You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Use 2: Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the dura
We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
1 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
2 She has been watching too much television lately.
3 Have you been exercising lately?
4 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
5 Lisa has not been practicing her English.
6 What have you been doing?
7 Recently, John has been doing the work.
8 Recently, the work has been being done by John.

There is one more thing you must remember: some verbs usually do NOT have -ing. For example, we say I know you. We wou
Verbs that cannot have -ing are called stative verbs. Here is a list of stative verbs.
The words on the following list rarely have -ing. Therefore, they are rarely used with the present perfect progressive.

STATIVE VERBS
know possess
have* equal
tend believe
conclude like
understand be
belong resemble
perceive decide
prefer seem
owe
contain
suppose
love
*have with the meaning of possession: I have a pen.
+ verb_ing = He’s been + verb_ing has/have + been + present participle
+ verb_ing = She’s been + verb_ing
+ verb_ing = It’s been + verb_ing

e the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?",
?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person.
s possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

d has continued up until now.

e used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

wo weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately."

we say I know you. We would never say I am knowing you. That's because know canNOT have -ing.

erfect progressive.
Afirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences
She has been / She's been running. She hasn't been running. Has she been running?
I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
He, she, it has been living He hasn't been living Has she been living?
We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been living?
They have been living They haven't been living Have they been living?
I have been working I haven’t been working Have I been working?
You have been working You haven’t been working Have you been working?
He, she, it has been working He hasn’t been working Has she been working?
We have been working We haven’t been working Have we been working?
You have been working You haven’t been working Have you been working?
They have been working They haven’t been working Have they been working?
Interrogative negative
Hasn't she been running?
List of irregular verbs
Item Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
1 Act Acted Acted
2 Answer Answered Answered
3 Ask Asked Asked
4 Attend Attended Attended
5 Be was/were been
6 Beat Beat Beaten
7 Become Became Become
8 Begin Began Begun
9 Believe Believed Believed
10 Bend Bent Bent
11 Bet Bet Bet
12 Bite Bit Bitten
13 Blow Blew Blown
14 Break Broke Broken
15 Bring Brought Brought
16 Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast
17 Build Built Built
18 Burn Burned Burned
19 Burst Burst Burst
20 Buy Bought Bought
21 Call Called Called
22 Can Could
23 Catch Caught Caught
24 Cause Caused Caused
25 Choose Chose Chosen
26 Climb Climbed Climbed
27 Come Came Come
28 Cost Cost Cost
29 Creep Crept Crept
30 Cut Cut Cut
31 Deal Dealt Dealt
32 Develop Developed Developed
33 Die Died Died
34 Dig Dug Dug
35 Do Did Done
36 Draw Drew Drawn
37 Drink Drank Drunk
38 Drive Drove Driven
39 Eat Ate Eaten
40 Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed
41 Expand Expanded Expanded
42 Experiment Experimented Experimented
43 Fall Fell Fallen
44 Feed Fed Fed
45 Feel Felt Felt
46 Fight Fought Fought
47 Find Found Found
48 Flee Fled Fled
49 Fly Flew Flown
50 Forbid Forbade Forbidden
51 Forget Forgot Forgotten
52 Forgive Forgave Forgiven
53 Freeze Froze Frozen
54 Get Got Got
55 Give Gave Given
56 Go Went Gone
57 Grow Grew Grown
58 Hang Hung Hung
59 Have Had Had
60 Hear Heard Heard
61 Hide Hid Hidden
62 Hit Hit Hit
63 Hold Held Held
64 Hurt Hurt Hurt
65 Improve Improved Improved
66 Invent Invented Invented
67 Keep Kept Kept
68 Kneel Knelt Knelt
69 Know Knew Known
70 Lay Laid Laid
71 Lead Led Led
72 Leave Left Left
73 Lend Lent Lent
74 Let Let Let
75 Lie Lay Lain
76 Light Lit Lit
77 Like Liked Liked
78 Listen Listened Listened
79 Lose Lost Lost
80 Make Made Made
81 Mean Meant Meant
82 Meet Met Met
83 Need Needed Needed
84 Pass Passed Passed
85 Pay Paid Paid
86 Permit Permitted Permitted
87 Produce Produced Produced
88 Propose Proposed Proposed
89 Provide Provided Provided
90 Put Put Put
91 Read Read Read
92 Receive Received Received
93 Ride Rode Ridden
 94 Ring Rang Rung
95 Rise Rose Risen
96 Run Ran Run
97 Say Said Said
98 See Saw Seen
99 Seem Seemed Seemed
100 Seek Sought Sought
101 Sell Sold Sold
102 Send Sent Sent
103 Set Set Set
104 Sew Sewed Sewn/sewed
105 Shake Shook Shaken
106 Shine Shone Shone
107 Shoot Shot Shot
108 Show Showed Shown/Showed
109 Shrink Shrank Shrunk
110 Shut Shut Shut
111 Sing Sang Sung
112 Sink Sank Sunk
113 Sit Sat Sat
114 Sleep Slept Slept
115 Slide Slid Slid
116 Speak Spoke Spoken
117 Spend Spent Spent
118 Spit Spat Spat
119 Split Split Split
120 Spread Spread Spread
121 Spring Sprang Sprung
122 Stand Stood Stood
123 Start Started Started
124 Steal Stole Stolen
125 Stick Stuck Stuck
126 Sting Stung Stung
127 Stink Stank Stunk
128 Strike Struck Struck
129 Swear Swore Sworn
130 Sweep Swept Swept
131 Swin Swam Swum
132 Swing Swung Swung
133 Talk Talked Talked
134 Take Took Taken
135 Teach Taught Taught
136 Tear Tore Torn
137 Tell Told Told
138 Think Thought Thought
139 Throw Threw Thrown
140 Try Tried Tried
141 Undestand Understood Understood
142 Use Used Used
143 Walk Walked Walked
144 Wake Woke Woken
145 Wear Wore Worn
146 Weep Wept Wept
147 Will Would
148 Win Won Won
149 Work Worked Worked
150 Write Wrote Written
Definition

strike (a person or an animal) repeatedly and violently so as to hurt or injure them, usually with an implement such as a club or

risk something, usually a sum of money, against someone else's on the basis of the outcome of a future event, such as the res

move slowly and carefully, especially in order to avoid being heard or noticed.

Acordar. De acuerdo.

break up and move earth with a tool or machine, or with hands, paws, snout, etc.
Huir

refuse to allow (something).

fail to remember.
stop feeling angry or resentful toward (someone) for an offense, flaw, or mistake

suspend or be suspended from above with the lower part dangling free. kill (someone) by tying a rope attached from above aro

bring one's hand or a tool or weapon into contact with (someone or something) quickly and forcefully.
grasp, carry, or support with one's arms or hands.

Arrodillarse.

put down, especially gently or carefully.

cause (a person or animal) to go with one by holding them by the hand, a halter, a rope, etc., while moving forward.
15:40
14:40
14:00
13

12
11
moving the support from beneath (used as a form of capital punishment).