878 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.1 Ejemplo

Áreas debajo de la Pr (0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.96)  0.4750
distribución normal 0.4750
Pr (Z ≥ 1.96)  0.5 − 0.4750  0.025
estandarizada

Z
0 1.96

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4454 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990

Nota: Esta tabla da el área en la cola del lado derecho de la distribución (es decir, Z ≥ 0). Pero como la distribución normal es
simétrica alrededor de Z  0, el área en la cola del lado izquierdo es la misma que el área en la cola correspondiente del lado
derecho. Por ejemplo, P(−1.96 ≤ Z ≤ 0)  0.4750. Por consiguiente, P(−1.96 ≤ Z ≤ 1.96)  2(0.4750)  0.95.

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 879

TABLA D.2 Ejemplo

Puntos porcentuales de Pr (t > 2.086)  0.025
la distribución t
Pr (t > 1.725)  0.05 para gl  20 0.05
Fuente: De E. S. Pearson y H. O. Pr (|t| > 1.725)  0.10
Hartley (eds.), Biometrika Tables
for Statisticians, vol. 1, 3a. ed., t
tabla 12, Cambridge University 0 1.725
Press, Nueva York, 1966. Se re-
produce con autorización de los
editores y los fideicomisarios de Pr 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
Biometrika. gl 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010 0.002
1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.31
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.214
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173
5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893
6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297
10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144
11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787
15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733
16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579
20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552
21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467
25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450
26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396
30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385
40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090

Nota: La probabilidad más baja que aparece en el encabezado de cada columna es el área en una cola; la probabilidad más alta
es el área en ambas colas.

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 880 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.3 Puntos porcentuales superiores de la distribución F

Ejemplo
Pr (F > 1.59)  0.25
5% del área
Pr (F > 2.42)  0.10 para gl N1  10
1% del área
Pr (F > 3.14)  0.05 y N2  9
Pr (F > 5.26)  0.01
F
0 3.14 5.26

gl para
el deno- gl para el numerador N1
minador
N2 Pr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
.25 5.83 7.50 8.20 8.58 8.82 8.98 9.10 9.19 9.26 9.32 9.36 9.41
1 .10 39.9 49.5 53.6 55.8 57.2 58.2 58.9 59.4 59.9 60.2 60.5 60.7
.05 161 200 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244
.25 2.57 3.00 3.15 3.23 3.28 3.31 3.34 3.35 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.39
2 .10 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41
.05 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4
.01 98.5 99.0 99.2 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4
.25 2.02 2.28 2.36 2.39 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.45 2.45
3 .10 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.22
.05 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74
.01 34.1 30.8 29.5 28.7 28.2 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.1
.25 1.81 2.00 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08
4 .10 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90
.05 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91
.01 21.2 18.0 16.7 16.0 15.5 15.2 15.0 14.8 14.7 14.5 14.4 14.4
.25 1.69 1.85 1.88 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
5 .10 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27
.05 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.71 4.68
.01 16.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.96 9.89
.25 1.62 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77
6 .10 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90
.05 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00
.01 13.7 10.9 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72
.25 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.68
7 .10 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67
.05 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57
.01 12.2 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47
.25 1.54 1.66 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.62
8 .10 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
.05 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28
.01 11.3 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67
.25 1.51 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.58
.10 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38
9
.05 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07
.01 10.6 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11

(continúa)
Fuente: De E.S. Pearson y H.O. Hartley (eds.), Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. 1, 3a. ed., tabla 18, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York, 1966.
Se reproduce con autorización de los editores y los fideicomisarios de Biometrika.

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 881

(continuación)

gl para
gl para el numerador N1 el deno-
minador
15 20 24 30 40 50 60 100 120 200 500 ∞ Pr N2
9.49 9.58 9.63 9.67 9.71 9.74 9.76 9.78 9.80 9.82 9.84 9.85 .25
61.2 61.7 62.0 62.3 62.5 62.7 62.8 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.3 .10 1
246 248 249 250 251 252 252 253 253 254 254 254 .05
3.41 3.43 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.48 3.48 3.48 .25
9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.48 9.49 9.49 9.49 .10
2
19.4 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 .05
99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 .01
2.46 2.46 2.46 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 .25
5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.15 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.13 .10
3
8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.58 8.57 8.55 8.55 8.54 8.53 8.53 .05
26.9 26.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.1 .01
2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.08 .25
3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.76 .10
4
5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.70 5.69 5.66 5.66 5.65 5.64 5.63 .05
14.2 14.0 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 .01
1.89 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 .25
3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.13 3.12 3.12 3.11 3.10 .10
5
4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.43 4.41 4.40 4.39 4.37 4.36 .05
9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.20 9.13 9.11 9.08 9.04 9.02 .01
1.76 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 .25
2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.75 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.72 .10
6
3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.74 3.71 3.70 3.69 3.68 3.67 .05
7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.09 7.06 6.99 6.97 6.93 6.90 6.88 .01
1.68 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 .25
2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.49 2.48 2.48 2.47 .10
7
3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.27 3.25 3.24 3.23 .05
6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.86 5.82 5.75 5.74 5.70 5.67 5.65 .01
1.62 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 .25
2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 .10
8
3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 2.02 3.01 2.97 2.97 2.95 2.94 2.93 .05
5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.07 5.03 4.96 4.95 4.91 4.88 4.86 .01
1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 .25
2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 .10
9
3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.79 2.76 2.75 2.73 2.72 2.71 .05
4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.48 4.42 4.40 4.36 4.33 4.31 .01

(continúa)

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 882 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.3 Puntos porcentuales superiores de la distribución F (continuación)

gl para
el deno- gl para el numerador N1
minador
N2 Pr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
.25 1.49 1.60 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.54
.10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.28
10
.05 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91
.01 10.0 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71
.25 1.47 1.58 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51
.10 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21
11
.05 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79
.01 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40
.25 1.46 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.50 1.49
.10 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15
12
.05 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69
.01 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16
.25 1.45 1.55 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47
.10 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.10
13
.05 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60
.01 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96
.25 1.44 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.45
.10 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05
14
.05 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53
.01 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80
.25 1.43 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.44
.10 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02
15
.05 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48
.01 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67
.25 1.42 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.43
.10 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99
16
.05 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42
.01 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55
.25 1.42 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.42 1.41
.10 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96
17
.05 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38
.01 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46
.25 1.41 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.41 1.40
.10 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.93
18
.05 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34
.01 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37
.25 1.41 1.49 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40
.10 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.91
19
.05 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31
.01 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30
.25 1.40 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.39
.10 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.89
20
.05 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28
.01 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23

(continúa)

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 883

(continuación)

gl para
gl para el numerador N1 el deno-
minador
15 20 24 30 40 50 60 100 120 200 500 ∞ Pr N2
1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.48 .25
2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 .10
10
2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.55 2.54 .05
4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.08 4.01 4.00 3.96 3.93 3.91 .01
1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.45 .25
2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.97 .10
11
2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.40 .05
4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.81 3.78 3.71 3.69 3.66 3.62 3.60 .01
1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.42 1.42 .25
2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 .10
12
2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.30 .05
4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.57 3.54 3.47 3.45 3.41 3.38 3.36 .01
1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.40 .25
2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.85 .10
13
2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.30 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 .05
3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.27 3.25 3.22 3.19 3.17 .01
1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 .25
2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.80 1.80 .10
14
2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 .05
3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.22 3.18 3.11 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 .01
1.43 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 .25
1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.76 .10
15
2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 .05
3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.87 .01
1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 .25
1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 .10
16
2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.11 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 .05
3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.97 2.93 2.86 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 .01
1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 .25
1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.69 1.69 .10
17
2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 .05
3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.87 2.83 2.76 2.75 2.71 2.68 2.65 .01
1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.32 .25
1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 .10
18
2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.04 2.02 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.92 .05
3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.75 2.68 2.66 2.62 2.59 2.57 .01
1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.30 .25
1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.67 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 .10
19
2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.94 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.88 .05
3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.51 2.49 .01
1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.29 .25
1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.68 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 .10
20
2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.86 1.84 .05
3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.61 2.54 2.52 2.48 2.44 2.42 .01

(continúa)

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 884 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.3 Puntos porcentuales superiores de la distribución F (continuación)

gl para
el deno- gl para el numerador N1
minador
N2 Pr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
.25 1.40 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.37
.10 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.86
22
.05 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23
.01 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12
.25 1.39 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36
.10 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83
24
.05 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.18
.01 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03
.25 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35
.10 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.81
26
.05 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15
.01 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.96
.25 1.38 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34
.10 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79
28
.05 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12
.01 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.96 2.90
.25 1.38 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34
.10 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77
30
.05 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09
.01 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84
.25 1.36 1.44 1.42 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31
.10 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.71
40
.05 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00
.01 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66
.25 1.35 1.42 1.41 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29
.10 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.66
60
.05 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92
.01 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50
.25 1.34 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26
.10 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.60
120
.05 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83
.01 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.40 2.34
.25 1.33 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25
.10 2.73 2.33 2.11 1.97 1.88 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.57
200
.05 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.80
.01 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41 2.34 2.27
.25 1.32 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24
.10 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.55
∞
.05 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75
.01 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.18

(continúa)

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 885

(continuación)

gl para
gl para el numerador N1 el deno-
minador
15 20 24 30 40 50 60 100 120 200 500 ∞ Pr N2
1.36 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.28 .25
1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 .10
22
2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.78 .05
2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.53 2.50 2.42 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.31 .01
1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.26 .25
1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 .10
24
2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 .05
2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.40 2.33 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 .01
1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.25 .25
1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.51 1.50 .10
26
2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.82 1.80 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 .05
2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.36 2.33 2.25 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 .01
1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.24 1.24 .25
1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 .10
28
2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 .05
2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.30 2.26 2.19 2.17 2.13 2.09 2.06 .01
1.32 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.23 .25
1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.55 1.54 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.46 .10
30
2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 .05
2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.13 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.01 .01
1.30 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 .25
1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.47 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 .10
40
1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.59 1.58 1.55 1.53 1.51 .05
2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.94 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.80 .01
1.27 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.15 .25
1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.41 1.40 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.29 .10
60
1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.41 1.39 .05
2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.75 1.73 1.68 1.63 1.60 .01
1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10 .25
1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.34 1.32 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 .10
120
1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.46 1.43 1.37 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.25 .05
2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.66 1.56 1.53 1.48 1.42 1.38 .01
1.23 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.06 .25
1.52 1.46 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.17 1.14 .10
200
1.72 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.39 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.22 1.19 .05
2.13 1.97 1.89 1.79 1.69 1.63 1.58 1.48 1.44 1.39 1.33 1.28 .01
1.22 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.00 .25
1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.24 1.18 1.17 1.13 1.08 1.00 .10
∞
1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.35 1.32 1.24 1.22 1.17 1.11 1.00 .05
2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.52 1.47 1.36 1.32 1.25 1.15 1.00 .01

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 886 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.4 Ejemplo 25% del área

Puntos porcentuales Pr (χ 2 > 10.85)  0.95 95% del área
superiores de la distribu-
Pr (χ 2 > 23.83)  0.25 para gl  20
ción χ2
Pr (χ 2 > 31.41)  0.05
5% del área

χ2
0 10.85 23.83 31.41

Grados Pr
de libertad .995 .990 .975 .950 .900
−10 −9 −9 −8
1 392704 × 10 157088 × 10 982069 × 10 393214 × 10 .0157908
2 .0100251 .0201007 .0506356 .102587 .210720
3 .0717212 .114832 .215795 .351846 .584375
4 .206990 .297110 .484419 .710721 1.063623
5 .411740 .554300 .831211 1.145476 1.61031
6 .675727 .872085 1.237347 1.63539 2.20413
7 .989265 1.239043 1.68987 2.16735 2.83311
8 1.344419 1.646482 2.17973 2.73264 3.48954
9 1.734926 2.087912 2.70039 3.32511 4.16816
10 2.15585 2.55821 3.24697 3.94030 4.86518
11 2.60321 3.05347 3.81575 4.57481 5.57779
12 3.07382 3.57056 4.40379 5.22603 6.30380
13 3.56503 4.10691 5.00874 5.89186 7.04150
14 4.07468 4.66043 5.62872 6.57063 7.78953
15 4.60094 5.22935 6.26214 7.26094 8.54675
16 5.14224 5.81221 6.90766 7.96164 9.31223
17 5.69724 6.40776 7.56418 8.67176 10.0852
18 6.26481 7.01491 8.23075 9.39046 10.8649
19 6.84398 7.63273 8.90655 10.1170 11.6509
20 7.43386 8.26040 9.59083 10.8508 12.4426
21 8.03366 8.89720 10.28293 11.5913 13.2396
22 8.64272 9.54249 10.9823 12.3380 14.0415
23 9.26042 10.19567 11.6885 13.0905 14.8479
24 9.88623 10.8564 12.4011 13.8484 15.6587
25 10.5197 11.5240 13.1197 14.6114 16.4734
26 11.1603 12.1981 13.8439 15.3791 17.2919
27 11.8076 12.8786 14.5733 16.1513 18.1138
28 12.4613 13.5648 15.3079 16.9279 18.9392
29 13.1211 14.2565 16.0471 17.7083 19.7677
30 13.7867 14.9535 16.7908 18.4926 20.5992
40 20.7065 22.1643 24.4331 26.5093 29.0505
50 27.9907 29.7067 32.3574 34.7642 37.6886
60 35.5346 37.4848 40.4817 43.1879 46.4589
70 43.2752 45.4418 48.7576 51.7393 55.3290
80 51.1720 53.5400 57.1532 60.3915 64.2778
90 59.1963 61.7541 65.6466 69.1260 73.2912
100* 67.3276 70.0648 74.2219 77.9295 82.3581

(continúa)
√ √
* Para gl mayores que 100, la expresión 2χ −
2
(2k − 1)  Z sigue la distribución normal estandarizada, donde k representa
los grados de libertad.

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 887

(continuación)

.750 .500 .250 .100 .050 .025 .010 .005

.1015308 .454937 1.32330 2.70554 3.84146 5.02389 6.63490 7.87944
.575364 1.38629 2.77259 4.60517 5.99147 7.37776 9.21034 10.5966
1.212534 2.36597 4.10835 6.25139 7.81473 9.34840 11.3449 12.8381
1.92255 3.35670 5.38527 7.77944 9.48773 11.1433 13.2767 14.8602
2.67460 4.35146 6.62568 9.23635 11.0705 12.8325 15.0863 16.7496
3.45460 5.34812 7.84080 10.6446 12.5916 14.4494 16.8119 18.5476
4.25485 6.34581 9.03715 12.0170 14.0671 16.0128 18.4753 20.2777
5.07064 7.34412 10.2188 13.3616 15.5073 17.5346 20.0902 21.9550
5.89883 8.34283 11.3887 14.6837 16.9190 19.0228 21.6660 23.5893
6.73720 9.34182 12.5489 15.9871 18.3070 20.4831 23.2093 25.1882
7.58412 10.3410 13.7007 17.2750 19.6751 21.9200 24.7250 26.7569
8.43842 11.3403 14.8454 18.5494 21.0261 23.3367 26.2170 28.2995
9.29906 12.3398 15.9839 19.8119 22.3621 24.7356 27.6883 29.8194
10.1653 13.3393 17.1170 21.0642 23.6848 26.1190 29.1413 31.3193
11.0365 14.3389 18.2451 22.3072 24.9958 27.4884 30.5779 32.8013
11.9122 15.3385 19.3688 23.5418 26.2962 28.8454 31.9999 34.2672
12.7919 16.3381 20.4887 24.7690 27.5871 30.1910 33.4087 35.7185
13.6753 17.3379 21.6049 25.9894 28.8693 31.5264 34.8053 37.1564
14.5620 18.3376 22.7178 27.2036 30.1435 32.8523 36.1908 38.5822
15.4518 19.3374 23.8277 28.4120 31.4104 34.1696 37.5662 39.9968
16.3444 20.3372 24.9348 29.6151 32.6705 35.4789 38.9321 41.4010
17.2396 21.3370 26.0393 30.8133 33.9244 36.7807 40.2894 42.7956
18.1373 22.3369 27.1413 32.0069 35.1725 38.0757 41.6384 44.1813
19.0372 23.3367 28.2412 33.1963 36.4151 39.3641 42.9798 45.5585
19.9393 24.3366 29.3389 34.3816 37.6525 40.6465 44.3141 46.9278
20.8434 25.3364 30.4345 35.5631 38.8852 41.9232 45.6417 48.2899
21.7494 26.3363 31.5284 36.7412 40.1133 43.1944 46.9630 49.6449
22.6572 27.3363 32.6205 37.9159 41.3372 44.4607 48.2782 50.9933
23.5666 28.3362 33.7109 39.0875 42.5569 45.7222 49.5879 52.3356
24.4776 29.3360 34.7998 40.2560 43.7729 46.9792 50.8922 53.6720
33.6603 39.3354 45.6160 51.8050 55.7585 59.3417 63.6907 66.7659
42.9421 49.3349 56.3336 63.1671 67.5048 71.4202 76.1539 79.4900
52.2938 59.3347 66.9814 74.3970 79.0819 83.2976 88.3794 91.9517
61.6983 69.3344 77.5766 85.5271 90.5312 95.0231 100.425 104.215
71.1445 79.3343 88.1303 96.5782 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
80.6247 89.3342 98.6499 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
90.1332 99.3341 109.141 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169

Fuente: Compendio de E.S. Pearson y H.O. Hartley (eds.), Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. 1, 3a. ed., tabla 8, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York,
1966. Se reproduce con autorización de los editores y los fideicomisarios de Biometrika.

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 888 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.5A Estadístico d de Durbin-Watson: puntos de significancia de dL y dU en el nivel de significancia de 0.05

k 1 k 2 k 3 k 4 k 5 k 6 k 7 k 8 k 9 k  10

n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU

6 0.610 1.400 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
7 0.700 1.356 0.467 1.896 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
8 0.763 1.332 0.559 1.777 0.368 2.287 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
9 0.824 1.320 0.629 1.699 0.455 2.128 0.296 2.588 — — — — — — — — — — — —
10 0.879 1.320 0.697 1.641 0.525 2.016 0.376 2.414 0.243 2.822 — — — — — — — — — —
11 0.927 1.324 0.658 1.604 0.595 1.928 0.444 2.283 0.316 2.645 0.203 3.005 — — — — — — — —
12 0.971 1.331 0.812 1.579 0.658 1.864 0.512 2.177 0.379 2.506 0.268 2.832 0.171 3.149 — — — — — —
13 1.010 1.340 0.861 1.562 0.715 1.816 0.574 2.094 0.445 2.390 0.328 2.692 0.230 2.985 0.147 3.266 — — — —
14 1.045 1.350 0.905 1.551 0.767 1.779 0.632 2.030 0.505 2.296 0.389 2.572 0.286 2.848 0.200 3.111 0.127 3.360 — —
15 1.077 1.361 0.946 1.543 0.814 1.750 0.685 1.977 0.562 2.220 0.447 2.472 0.343 2.727 0.251 2.979 0.175 3.216 0.111 3.438
16 1.106 1.371 0.982 1.539 0.857 1.728 0.734 1.935 0.615 2.157 0.502 2.388 0.398 2.624 0.304 2.860 0.222 3.090 0.155 3.304
17 1.133 1.381 1.015 1.536 0.897 1.710 0.779 1.900 0.664 2.104 0.554 2.318 0.451 2.537 0.356 2.757 0.272 2.975 0.198 3.184
18 1.158 1.391 1.046 1.535 0.933 1.696 0.820 1.872 0.710 2.060 0.603 2.257 0.502 2.461 0.407 2.667 0.321 2.873 0.244 3.073
19 1.180 1.401 1.074 1.536 0.967 1.685 0.859 1.848 0.752 2.023 0.649 2.206 0.549 2.396 0.456 2.589 0.369 2.783 0.290 2.974
20 1.201 1.411 1.100 1.537 0.998 1.676 0.894 1.828 0.792 1.991 0.692 2.162 0.595 2.339 0.502 2.521 0.416 2.704 0.336 2.885
21 1.221 1.420 1.125 1.538 1.026 1.669 0.927 1.812 0.829 1.964 0.732 2.124 0.637 2.290 0.547 2.460 0.461 2.633 0.380 2.806
22 1.239 1.429 1.147 1.541 1.053 1.664 0.958 1.797 0.863 1.940 0.769 2.090 0.677 2.246 0.588 2.407 0.504 2.571 0.424 2.734
23 1.257 1.437 1.168 1.543 1.078 1.660 0.986 1.785 0.895 1.920 0.804 2.061 0.715 2.208 0.628 2.360 0.545 2.514 0.465 2.670
24 1.273 1.446 1.188 1.546 1.101 1.656 1.013 1.775 0.925 1.902 0.837 2.035 0.751 2.174 0.666 2.318 0.584 2.464 0.506 2.613
25 1.288 1.454 1.206 1.550 1.123 1.654 1.038 1.767 0.953 1.886 0.868 2.012 0.784 2.144 0.702 2.280 0.621 2.419 0.544 2.560
26 1.302 1.461 1.224 1.553 1.143 1.652 1.062 1.759 0.979 1.873 0.897 1.992 0.816 2.117 0.735 2.246 0.657 2.379 0.581 2.513
27 1.316 1.469 1.240 1.556 1.162 1.651 1.084 1.753 1.004 1.861 0.925 1.974 0.845 2.093 0.767 2.216 0.691 2.342 0.616 2.470
28 1.328 1.476 1.255 1.560 1.181 1.650 1.104 1.747 1.028 1.850 0.951 1.958 0.874 2.071 0.798 2.188 0.723 2.309 0.650 2.431
29 1.341 1.483 1.270 1.563 1.198 1.650 1.124 1.743 1.050 1.841 0.975 1.944 0.900 2.052 0.826 2.164 0.753 2.278 0.682 2.396
30 1.352 1.489 1.284 1.567 1.214 1.650 1.143 1.739 1.071 1.833 0.998 1.931 0.926 2.034 0.854 2.141 0.782 2.251 0.712 2.363
31 1.363 1.496 1.297 1.570 1.229 1.650 1.160 1.735 1.090 1.825 1.020 1.920 0.950 2.018 0.879 2.120 0.810 2.226 0.741 2.333
32 1.373 1.502 1.309 1.574 1.244 1.650 1.177 1.732 1.109 1.819 1.041 1.909 0.972 2.004 0.904 2.102 0.836 2.203 0.769 2.306
33 1.383 1.508 1.321 1.577 1.258 1.651 1.193 1.730 1.127 1.813 1.061 1.900 0.994 1.991 0.927 2.085 0.861 2.181 0.795 2.281
34 1.393 1.514 1.333 1.580 1.271 1.652 1.208 1.728 1.144 1.808 1.080 1.891 1.015 1.979 0.950 2.069 0.885 2.162 0.821 2.257
35 1.402 1.519 1.343 1.584 1.283 1.653 1.222 1.726 1.160 1.803 1.097 1.884 1.034 1.967 0.971 2.054 0.908 2.144 0.845 2.236
36 1.411 1.525 1.354 1.587 1.295 1.654 1.236 1.724 1.175 1.799 1.114 1.877 1.053 1.957 0.991 2.041 0.930 2.127 0.868 2.216
37 1.419 1.530 1.364 1.590 1.307 1.655 1.249 1.723 1.190 1.795 1.131 1.870 1.071 1.948 1.011 2.029 0.951 2.112 0.891 2.198
38 1.427 1.535 1.373 1.594 1.318 1.656 1.261 1.722 1.204 1.792 1.146 1.864 1.088 1.939 1.029 2.017 0.970 2.098 0.912 2.180
39 1.435 1.540 1.382 1.597 1.328 1.658 1.273 1.722 1.218 1.789 1.161 1.859 1.104 1.932 1.047 2.007 0.990 2.085 0.932 2.164
40 1.442 1.544 1.391 1.600 1.338 1.659 1.285 1.721 1.230 1.786 1.175 1.854 1.120 1.924 1.064 1.997 1.008 2.072 0.952 2.149
45 1.475 1.566 1.430 1.615 1.383 1.666 1.336 1.720 1.287 1.776 1.238 1.835 1.189 1.895 1.139 1.958 1.089 2.022 1.038 2.088
50 1.503 1.585 1.462 1.628 1.421 1.674 1.378 1.721 1.335 1.771 1.291 1.822 1.246 1.875 1.201 1.930 1.156 1.986 1.110 2.044
55 1.528 1.601 1.490 1.641 1.452 1.681 1.414 1.724 1.374 1.768 1.334 1.814 1.294 1.861 1.253 1.909 1.212 1.959 1.170 2.010
60 1.549 1.616 1.514 1.652 1.480 1.689 1.444 1.727 1.408 1.767 1.372 1.808 1.335 1.850 1.298 1.894 1.260 1.939 1.222 1.984
65 1.567 1.629 1.536 1.662 1.503 1.696 1.471 1.731 1.438 1.767 1.404 1.805 1.370 1.843 1.336 1.882 1.301 1.923 1.266 1.964
70 1.583 1.641 1.554 1.672 1.525 1.703 1.494 1.735 1.464 1.768 1.433 1.802 1.401 1.837 1.369 1.873 1.337 1.910 1.305 1.948
75 1.598 1.652 1.571 1.680 1.543 1.709 1.515 1.739 1.487 1.770 1.458 1.801 1.428 1.834 1.399 1.867 1.369 1.901 1.339 1.935
80 1.611 1.662 1.586 1.688 1.560 1.715 1.534 1.743 1.507 1.772 1.480 1.801 1.453 1.831 1.425 1.861 1.397 1.893 1.369 1.925
85 1.624 1.671 1.600 1.696 1.575 1.721 1.550 1.747 1.525 1.774 1.500 1.801 1.474 1.829 1.448 1.857 1.422 1.886 1.396 1.916
90 1.635 1.679 1.612 1.703 1.589 1.726 1.566 1.751 1.542 1.776 1.518 1.801 1.494 1.827 1.469 1.854 1.445 1.881 1.420 1.909
95 1.645 1.687 1.623 1.709 1.602 1.732 1.579 1.755 1.557 1.778 1.535 1.802 1.512 1.827 1.489 1.852 1.465 1.877 1.442 1.903
100 1.654 1.694 1.634 1.715 1.613 1.736 1.592 1.758 1.571 1.780 1.550 1.803 1.528 1.826 1.506 1.850 1.484 1.874 1.462 1.898
150 1.720 1.746 1.706 1.760 1.693 1.774 1.679 1.788 1.665 1.802 1.651 1.817 1.637 1.832 1.622 1.847 1.608 1.862 1.594 1.877
200 1.758 1.778 1.748 1.789 1.738 1.799 1.728 1.810 1.718 1.820 1.707 1.831 1.697 1.841 1.686 1.852 1.675 1.863 1.665 1.874

(continúa)

27_Maq. Ap. D_Gujarati.indd 888 12/19/09 [Link] PM

 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 889

(continuación)

k  11 k  12 k  13 k  14 k  15 k  16 k  17 k  18 k  19 k  20

n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU

16 0.098 3.503 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
17 0.138 3.378 0.087 3.557 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
18 0.177 3.265 0.123 3.441 0.078 3.603 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
19 0.220 3.159 0.160 3.335 0.111 3.496 0.070 3.642 — — — — — — — — — — — —
20 0.263 3.063 0.200 3.234 0.145 3.395 0.100 3.542 0.063 3.676 — — — — — — — — — —
21 0.307 2.976 0.240 3.141 0.182 3.300 0.132 3.448 0.091 3.583 0.058 3.705 — — — — — — — —
22 0.349 2.897 0.281 3.057 0.220 3.211 0.166 3.358 0.120 3.495 0.083 3.619 0.052 3.731 — — — — — —
23 0.391 2.826 0.322 2.979 0.259 3.128 0.202 3.272 0.153 3.409 0.110 3.535 0.076 3.650 0.048 3.753 — — — —
24 0.431 2.761 0.362 2.908 0.297 3.053 0.239 3.193 0.186 3.327 0.141 3.454 0.101 3.572 0.070 3.678 0.044 3.773 — —
25 0.470 2.702 0.400 2.844 0.335 2.983 0.275 3.119 0.221 3.251 0.172 3.376 0.130 3.494 0.094 3.604 0.065 3.702 0.041 3.790
26 0.508 2.649 0.438 2.784 0.373 2.919 0.312 3.051 0.256 3.179 0.205 3.303 0.160 3.420 0.120 3.531 0.087 3.632 0.060 3.724
27 0.544 2.600 0.475 2.730 0.409 2.859 0.348 2.987 0.291 3.112 0.238 3.233 0.191 3.349 0.149 3.460 0.112 3.563 0.081 3.658
28 0.578 2.555 0.510 2.680 0.445 2.805 0.383 2.928 0.325 3.050 0.271 3.168 0.222 3.283 0.178 3.392 0.138 3.495 0.104 3.592
29 0.612 2.515 0.544 2.634 0.479 2.755 0.418 2.874 0.359 2.992 0.305 3.107 0.254 3.219 0.208 3.327 0.166 3.431 0.129 3.528
30 0.643 2.477 0.577 2.592 0.512 2.708 0.451 2.823 0.392 2.937 0.337 3.050 0.286 3.160 0.238 3.266 0.195 3.368 0.156 3.465
31 0.674 2.443 0.608 2.553 0.545 2.665 0.484 2.776 0.425 2.887 0.370 2.996 0.317 3.103 0.269 3.208 0.224 3.309 0.183 3.406
32 0.703 2.411 0.638 2.517 0.576 2.625 0.515 2.733 0.457 2.840 0.401 2.946 0.349 3.050 0.299 3.153 0.253 3.252 0.211 3.348
33 0.731 2.382 0.668 2.484 0.606 2.588 0.546 2.692 0.488 2.796 0.432 2.899 0.379 3.000 0.329 3.100 0.283 3.198 0.239 3.293
34 0.758 2.355 0.695 2.454 0.634 2.554 0.575 2.654 0.518 2.754 0.462 2.854 0.409 2.954 0.359 3.051 0.312 3.147 0.267 3.240
35 0.783 2.330 0.722 2.425 0.662 2.521 0.604 2.619 0.547 2.716 0.492 2.813 0.439 2.910 0.388 3.005 0.340 3.099 0.295 3.190
36 0.808 2.306 0.748 2.398 0.689 2.492 0.631 2.586 0.575 2.680 0.520 2.774 0.467 2.868 0.417 2.961 0.369 3.053 0.323 3.142
37 0.831 2.285 0.772 2.374 0.714 2.464 0.657 2.555 0.602 2.646 0.548 2.738 0.495 2.829 0.445 2.920 0.397 3.009 0.351 3.097
38 0.854 2.265 0.796 2.351 0.739 2.438 0.683 2.526 0.628 2.614 0.575 2.703 0.522 2.792 0.472 2.880 0.424 2.968 0.378 3.054
39 0.875 2.246 0.819 2.329 0.763 2.413 0.707 2.499 0.653 2.585 0.600 2.671 0.549 2.757 0.499 2.843 0.451 2.929 0.404 3.013
40 0.896 2.228 0.840 2.309 0.785 2.391 0.731 2.473 0.678 2.557 0.626 2.641 0.575 2.724 0.525 2.808 0.477 2.892 0.430 2.974
45 0.988 2.156 0.938 2.225 0.887 2.296 0.838 2.367 0.788 2.439 0.740 2.512 0.692 2.586 0.644 2.659 0.598 2.733 0.553 2.807
50 1.064 2.103 1.019 2.163 0.973 2.225 0.927 2.287 0.882 2.350 0.836 2.414 0.792 2.479 0.747 2.544 0.703 2.610 0.660 2.675
55 1.129 2.062 1.087 2.116 1.045 2.170 1.003 2.225 0.961 2.281 0.919 2.338 0.877 2.396 0.836 2.454 0.795 2.512 0.754 2.571
60 1.184 2.031 1.145 2.079 1.106 2.127 1.068 2.177 1.029 2.227 0.990 2.278 0.951 2.330 0.913 2.382 0.874 2.434 0.836 2.487
65 1.231 2.006 1.195 2.049 1.160 2.093 1.124 2.138 1.088 2.183 1.052 2.229 1.016 2.276 0.980 2.323 0.944 2.371 0.908 2.419
70 1.272 1.986 1.239 2.026 1.206 2.066 1.172 2.106 1.139 2.148 1.105 2.189 1.072 2.232 1.038 2.275 1.005 2.318 0.971 2.362
75 1.308 1.970 1.277 2.006 1.247 2.043 1.215 2.080 1.184 2.118 1.153 2.156 1.121 2.195 1.090 2.235 1.058 2.275 1.027 2.315
80 1.340 1.957 1.311 1.991 1.283 2.024 1.253 2.059 1.224 2.093 1.195 2.129 1.165 2.165 1.136 2.201 1.106 2.238 1.076 2.275
85 1.369 1.946 1.342 1.977 1.315 2.009 1.287 2.040 1.260 2.073 1.232 2.105 1.205 2.139 1.177 2.172 1.149 2.206 1.121 2.241
90 1.395 1.937 1.369 1.966 1.344 1.995 1.318 2.025 1.292 2.055 1.266 2.085 1.240 2.116 1.213 2.148 1.187 2.179 1.160 2.211
95 1.418 1.929 1.394 1.956 1.370 1.984 1.345 2.012 1.321 2.040 1.296 2.068 1.271 2.097 1.247 2.126 1.222 2.156 1.197 2.186
100 1.439 1.923 1.416 1.948 1.393 1.974 1.371 2.000 1.347 2.026 1.324 2.053 1.301 2.080 1.277 2.108 1.253 2.135 1.229 2.164
150 1.579 1.892 1.564 1.908 1.550 1.924 1.535 1.940 1.519 1.956 1.504 1.972 1.489 1.989 1.474 2.006 1.458 2.023 1.443 2.040
200 1.654 1.885 1.643 1.896 1.632 1.908 1.621 1.919 1.610 1.931 1.599 1.943 1.588 1.955 1.576 1.967 1.565 1.979 1.554 1.991

Nota: n = número de observaciones, k  = número de variables explicativas, excluyendo el término constante.

Fuente: Esta tabla es una extensión de la tabla original de Durbin-Watson y se reproduce de N.E. Savin y K.J. White, “The Durbin-Watson Test for Serial Corre-
lation with Extreme Small Samples or Many Regressors”, Econometrica, vol. 45, noviembre de 1977, pp. 1989-1996, con las correcciones de R.W. Farebrother,
Econometrica, vol. 48, septiembre de 1980, p. 1554. Se reproduce con autorización de la Sociedad Econométrica.

EJEMPLO 1 Si n = 40 y k  = 4, dL = 1.285 y dU = 1.721. Si un valor d calculado es menor que 1.285, hay

evidencia de correlación serial positiva de primer orden; si es mayor que 1.721, no hay evidencia
de correlación serial positiva de primer orden; pero si d se encuentra entre el límite inferior y el
superior, hay evidencia inconclusa relacionada con la presencia o ausencia de correlación serial
positiva de primer orden.

27_Maq. Ap. D_Gujarati.indd 889 12/19/09 [Link] PM

 890 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.5B Estadístico d de Durbin-Watson: puntos de significancia de dL y dU en el nivel de significancia de 0.01

k 1 k 2 k 3 k 4 k 5 k 6 k 7 k 8 k 9 k  10

n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU

6 0.390 1.142 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
7 0.435 1.036 0.294 1.676 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
8 0.497 1.003 0.345 1.489 0.229 2.102 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
9 0.554 0.998 0.408 1.389 0.279 1.875 0.183 2.433 — — — — — — — — — — — —
10 0.604 1.001 0.466 1.333 0.340 1.733 0.230 2.193 0.150 2.690 — — — — — — — — — —
11 0.653 1.010 0.519 1.297 0.396 1.640 0.286 2.030 0.193 2.453 0.124 2.892 — — — — — — — —
12 0.697 1.023 0.569 1.274 0.449 1.575 0.339 1.913 0.244 2.280 0.164 2.665 0.105 3.053 — — — — — —
13 0.738 1.038 0.616 1.261 0.499 1.526 0.391 1.826 0.294 2.150 0.211 2.490 0.140 2.838 0.090 3.182 — — — —
14 0.776 1.054 0.660 1.254 0.547 1.490 0.441 1.757 0.343 2.049 0.257 2.354 0.183 2.667 0.122 2.981 0.078 3.287 — —
15 0.811 1.070 0.700 1.252 0.591 1.464 0.488 1.704 0.391 1.967 0.303 2.244 0.226 2.530 0.161 2.817 0.107 3.101 0.068 3.374
16 0.844 1.086 0.737 1.252 0.633 1.446 0.532 1.663 0.437 1.900 0.349 2.153 0.269 2.416 0.200 2.681 0.142 2.944 0.094 3.201
17 0.874 1.102 0.772 1.255 0.672 1.432 0.574 1.630 0.480 1.847 0.393 2.078 0.313 2.319 0.241 2.566 0.179 2.811 0.127 3.053
18 0.902 1.118 0.805 1.259 0.708 1.422 0.613 1.604 0.522 1.803 0.435 2.015 0.355 2.238 0.282 2.467 0.216 2.697 0.160 2.925
19 0.928 1.132 0.835 1.265 0.742 1.415 0.650 1.584 0.561 1.767 0.476 1.963 0.396 2.169 0.322 2.381 0.255 2.597 0.196 2.813
20 0.952 1.147 0.863 1.271 0.773 1.411 0.685 1.567 0.598 1.737 0.515 1.918 0.436 2.110 0.362 2.308 0.294 2.510 0.232 2.714
21 0.975 1.161 0.890 1.277 0.803 1.408 0.718 1.554 0.633 1.712 0.552 1.881 0.474 2.059 0.400 2.244 0.331 2.434 0.268 2.625
22 0.997 1.174 0.914 1.284 0.831 1.407 0.748 1.543 0.667 1.691 0.587 1.849 0.510 2.015 0.437 2.188 0.368 2.367 0.304 2.548
23 1.018 1.187 0.938 1.291 0.858 1.407 0.777 1.534 0.698 1.673 0.620 1.821 0.545 1.977 0.473 2.140 0.404 2.308 0.340 2.479
24 1.037 1.199 0.960 1.298 0.882 1.407 0.805 1.528 0.728 1.658 0.652 1.797 0.578 1.944 0.507 2.097 0.439 2.255 0.375 2.417
25 1.055 1.211 0.981 1.305 0.906 1.409 0.831 1.523 0.756 1.645 0.682 1.776 0.610 1.915 0.540 2.059 0.473 2.209 0.409 2.362
26 1.072 1.222 1.001 1.312 0.928 1.411 0.855 1.518 0.783 1.635 0.711 1.759 0.640 1.889 0.572 2.026 0.505 2.168 0.441 2.313
27 1.089 1.233 1.019 1.319 0.949 1.413 0.878 1.515 0.808 1.626 0.738 1.743 0.669 1.867 0.602 1.997 0.536 2.131 0.473 2.269
28 1.104 1.244 1.037 1.325 0.969 1.415 0.900 1.513 0.832 1.618 0.764 1.729 0.696 1.847 0.630 1.970 0.566 2.098 0.504 2.229
29 1.119 1.254 1.054 1.332 0.988 1.418 0.921 1.512 0.855 1.611 0.788 1.718 0.723 1.830 0.658 1.947 0.595 2.068 0.533 2.193
30 1.133 1.263 1.070 1.339 1.006 1.421 0.941 1.511 0.877 1.606 0.812 1.707 0.748 1.814 0.684 1.925 0.622 2.041 0.562 2.160
31 1.147 1.273 1.085 1.345 1.023 1.425 0.960 1.510 0.897 1.601 0.834 1.698 0.772 1.800 0.710 1.906 0.649 2.017 0.589 2.131
32 1.160 1.282 1.100 1.352 1.040 1.428 0.979 1.510 0.917 1.597 0.856 1.690 0.794 1.788 0.734 1.889 0.674 1.995 0.615 2.104
33 1.172 1.291 1.114 1.358 1.055 1.432 0.996 1.510 0.936 1.594 0.876 1.683 0.816 1.776 0.757 1.874 0.698 1.975 0.641 2.080
34 1.184 1.299 1.128 1.364 1.070 1.435 1.012 1.511 0.954 1.591 0.896 1.677 0.837 1.766 0.779 1.860 0.722 1.957 0.665 2.057
35 1.195 1.307 1.140 1.370 1.085 1.439 1.028 1.512 0.971 1.589 0.914 1.671 0.857 1.757 0.800 1.847 0.744 1.940 0.689 2.037
36 1.206 1.315 1.153 1.376 1.098 1.442 1.043 1.513 0.988 1.588 0.932 1.666 0.877 1.749 0.821 1.836 0.766 1.925 0.711 2.018
37 1.217 1.323 1.165 1.382 1.112 1.446 1.058 1.514 1.004 1.586 0.950 1.662 0.895 1.742 0.841 1.825 0.787 1.911 0.733 2.001
38 1.227 1.330 1.176 1.388 1.124 1.449 1.072 1.515 1.019 1.585 0.966 1.658 0.913 1.735 0.860 1.816 0.807 1.899 0.754 1.985
39 1.237 1.337 1.187 1.393 1.137 1.453 1.085 1.517 1.034 1.584 0.982 1.655 0.930 1.729 0.878 1.807 0.826 1.887 0.774 1.970
40 1.246 1.344 1.198 1.398 1.148 1.457 1.098 1.518 1.048 1.584 0.997 1.652 0.946 1.724 0.895 1.799 0.844 1.876 0.749 1.956
45 1.288 1.376 1.245 1.423 1.201 1.474 1.156 1.528 1.111 1.584 1.065 1.643 1.019 1.704 0.974 1.768 0.927 1.834 0.881 1.902
50 1.324 1.403 1.285 1.446 1.245 1.491 1.205 1.538 1.164 1.587 1.123 1.639 1.081 1.692 1.039 1.748 0.997 1.805 0.955 1.864
55 1.356 1.427 1.320 1.466 1.284 1.506 1.247 1.548 1.209 1.592 1.172 1.638 1.134 1.685 1.095 1.734 1.057 1.785 1.018 1.837
60 1.383 1.449 1.350 1.484 1.317 1.520 1.283 1.558 1.249 1.598 1.214 1.639 1.179 1.682 1.144 1.726 1.108 1.771 1.072 1.817
65 1.407 1.468 1.377 1.500 1.346 1.534 1.315 1.568 1.283 1.604 1.251 1.642 1.218 1.680 1.186 1.720 1.153 1.761 1.120 1.802
70 1.429 1.485 1.400 1.515 1.372 1.546 1.343 1.578 1.313 1.611 1.283 1.645 1.253 1.680 1.223 1.716 1.192 1.754 1.162 1.792
75 1.448 1.501 1.422 1.529 1.395 1.557 1.368 1.587 1.340 1.617 1.313 1.649 1.284 1.682 1.256 1.714 1.227 1.748 1.199 1.783
80 1.466 1.515 1.441 1.541 1.416 1.568 1.390 1.595 1.364 1.624 1.338 1.653 1.312 1.683 1.285 1.714 1.259 1.745 1.232 1.777
85 1.482 1.528 1.458 1.553 1.435 1.578 1.411 1.603 1.386 1.630 1.362 1.657 1.337 1.685 1.312 1.714 1.287 1.743 1.262 1.773
90 1.496 1.540 1.474 1.563 1.452 1.587 1.429 1.611 1.406 1.636 1.383 1.661 1.360 1.687 1.336 1.714 1.312 1.741 1.288 1.769
95 1.510 1.552 1.489 1.573 1.468 1.596 1.446 1.618 1.425 1.642 1.403 1.666 1.381 1.690 1.358 1.715 1.336 1.741 1.313 1.767
100 1.522 1.562 1.503 1.583 1.482 1.604 1.462 1.625 1.441 1.647 1.421 1.670 1.400 1.693 1.378 1.717 1.357 1.741 1.335 1.765
150 1.611 1.637 1.598 1.651 1.584 1.665 1.571 1.679 1.557 1.693 1.543 1.708 1.530 1.722 1.515 1.737 1.501 1.752 1.486 1.767
200 1.664 1.684 1.653 1.693 1.643 1.704 1.633 1.715 1.623 1.725 1.613 1.735 1.603 1.746 1.592 1.757 1.582 1.768 1.571 1.779

(continúa)

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 891

(continuación)

k  11 k  12 k  13 k  14 k  15 k  16 k  17 k  18 k  19 k  20

n dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU dL dU

16 0.060 3.446 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
17 0.084 3.286 0.053 3.506 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
18 0.113 3.146 0.075 3.358 0.047 3.357 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
19 0.145 3.023 0.102 3.227 0.067 3.420 0.043 3.601 — — — — — — — — — — — —
20 0.178 2.914 0.131 3.109 0.092 3.297 0.061 3.474 0.038 3.639 — — — — — — — — — —
21 0.212 2.817 0.162 3.004 0.119 3.185 0.084 3.358 0.055 3.521 0.035 3.671 — — — — — — — —
22 0.246 2.729 0.194 2.909 0.148 3.084 0.109 3.252 0.077 3.412 0.050 3.562 0.032 3.700 — — — — — —
23 0.281 2.651 0.227 2.822 0.178 2.991 0.136 3.155 0.100 3.311 0.070 3.459 0.046 3.597 0.029 3.725 — — — —
24 0.315 2.580 0.260 2.744 0.209 2.906 0.165 3.065 0.125 3.218 0.092 3.363 0.065 3.501 0.043 3.629 0.027 3.747 — —
25 0.348 2.517 0.292 2.674 0.240 2.829 0.194 2.982 0.152 3.131 0.116 3.274 0.085 3.410 0.060 3.538 0.039 3.657 0.025 3.766
26 0.381 2.460 0.324 2.610 0.272 2.758 0.224 2.906 0.180 3.050 0.141 3.191 0.107 3.325 0.079 3.452 0.055 3.572 0.036 3.682
27 0.413 2.409 0.356 2.552 0.303 2.694 0.253 2.836 0.208 2.976 0.167 3.113 0.131 3.245 0.100 3.371 0.073 3.490 0.051 3.602
28 0.444 2.363 0.387 2.499 0.333 2.635 0.283 2.772 0.237 2.907 0.194 3.040 0.156 3.169 0.122 3.294 0.093 3.412 0.068 3.524
29 0.474 2.321 0.417 2.451 0.363 2.582 0.313 2.713 0.266 2.843 0.222 2.972 0.182 3.098 0.146 3.220 0.114 3.338 0.087 3.450
30 0.503 2.283 0.447 2.407 0.393 2.533 0.342 2.659 0.294 2.785 0.249 2.909 0.208 3.032 0.171 3.152 0.137 3.267 0.107 3.379
31 0.531 2.248 0.475 2.367 0.422 2.487 0.371 2.609 0.322 2.730 0.277 2.851 0.234 2.970 0.196 3.087 0.160 3.201 0.128 3.311
32 0.558 2.216 0.503 2.330 0.450 2.446 0.399 2.563 0.350 2.680 0.304 2.797 0.261 2.912 0.221 3.026 0.184 3.137 0.151 3.246
33 0.585 2.187 0.530 2.296 0.477 2.408 0.426 2.520 0.377 2.633 0.331 2.746 0.287 2.858 0.246 2.969 0.209 3.078 0.174 3.184
34 0.610 2.160 0.556 2.266 0.503 2.373 0.452 2.481 0.404 2.590 0.357 2.699 0.313 2.808 0.272 2.915 0.233 3.022 0.197 3.126
35 0.634 2.136 0.581 2.237 0.529 2.340 0.478 2.444 0.430 2.550 0.383 2.655 0.339 2.761 0.297 2.865 0.257 2.969 0.221 3.071
36 0.658 2.113 0.605 2.210 0.554 2.310 0.504 2.410 0.455 2.512 0.409 2.614 0.364 2.717 0.322 2.818 0.282 2.919 0.244 3.019
37 0.680 2.092 0.628 2.186 0.578 2.282 0.528 2.379 0.480 2.477 0.434 2.576 0.389 2.675 0.347 2.774 0.306 2.872 0.268 2.969
38 0.702 2.073 0.651 2.164 0.601 2.256 0.552 2.350 0.504 2.445 0.458 2.540 0.414 2.637 0.371 2.733 0.330 2.828 0.291 2.923
39 0.723 2.055 0.673 2.143 0.623 2.232 0.575 2.323 0.528 2.414 0.482 2.507 0.438 2.600 0.395 2.694 0.354 2.787 0.315 2.879
40 0.744 2.039 0.694 2.123 0.645 2.210 0.597 2.297 0.551 2.386 0.505 2.476 0.461 2.566 0.418 2.657 0.377 2.748 0.338 2.838
45 0.835 1.972 0.790 2.044 0.744 2.118 0.700 2.193 0.655 2.269 0.612 2.346 0.570 2.424 0.528 2.503 0.488 2.582 0.448 2.661
50 0.913 1.925 0.871 1.987 0.829 2.051 0.787 2.116 0.746 2.182 0.705 2.250 0.665 2.318 0.625 2.387 0.586 2.456 0.548 2.526
55 0.979 1.891 0.940 1.945 0.902 2.002 0.863 2.059 0.825 2.117 0.786 2.176 0.748 2.237 0.711 2.298 0.674 2.359 0.637 2.421
60 1.037 1.865 1.001 1.914 0.965 1.964 0.929 2.015 0.893 2.067 0.857 2.120 0.822 2.173 0.786 2.227 0.751 2.283 0.716 2.338
65 1.087 1.845 1.053 1.889 1.020 1.934 0.986 1.980 0.953 2.027 0.919 2.075 0.886 2.123 0.852 2.172 0.819 2.221 0.786 2.272
70 1.131 1.831 1.099 1.870 1.068 1.911 1.037 1.953 1.005 1.995 0.974 2.038 0.943 2.082 0.911 2.127 0.880 2.172 0.849 2.217
75 1.170 1.819 1.141 1.856 1.111 1.893 1.082 1.931 1.052 1.970 1.023 2.009 0.993 2.049 0.964 2.090 0.934 2.131 0.905 2.172
80 1.205 1.810 1.177 1.844 1.150 1.878 1.122 1.913 1.094 1.949 1.066 1.984 1.039 2.022 1.011 2.059 0.983 2.097 0.955 2.135
85 1.236 1.803 1.210 1.834 1.184 1.866 1.158 1.898 1.132 1.931 1.106 1.965 1.080 1.999 1.053 2.033 1.027 2.068 1.000 2.104
90 1.264 1.798 1.240 1.827 1.215 1.856 1.191 1.886 1.166 1.917 1.141 1.948 1.116 1.979 1.091 2.012 1.066 2.044 1.041 2.077
95 1.290 1.793 1.267 1.821 1.244 1.848 1.221 1.876 1.197 1.905 1.174 1.934 1.150 1.963 1.126 1.993 1.102 2.023 1.079 2.054
100 1.314 1.790 1.292 1.816 1.270 1.841 1.248 1.868 1.225 1.895 1.203 1.922 1.181 1.949 1.158 1.977 1.136 2.006 1.113 2.034
150 1.473 1.783 1.458 1.799 1.444 1.814 1.429 1.830 1.414 1.847 1.400 1.863 1.385 1.880 1.370 1.897 1.355 1.913 1.340 1.931
200 1.561 1.791 1.550 1.801 1.539 1.813 1.528 1.824 1.518 1.836 1.507 1.847 1.495 1.860 1.484 1.871 1.474 1.883 1.462 1.896

Nota: n = número de observaciones.

k  = número de variables explicativas, excluyendo el término constante.
Fuente: Savin y White, op. cit., con autorización de la Sociedad Econométrica.

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 892 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas

TABLA D.6A Valores críticos de rachas en la prueba de rachas

N2
N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
6 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
7 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6
8 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
9 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8
10 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9
11 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
12 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10
13 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10
14 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11
15 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12
16 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12
17 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13
18 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13
19 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13
20 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 14

Nota: Las tablas D.6A y D.6B dan los valores críticos de n rachas para diversos valores de N1 (símbolo +) y N2 (símbolo −). Para una prueba de rachas de una
muestra, cualquier valor de n igual o menor que el que aparece en la tabla D.6A, o igual o superior al que aparece en la tabla D.6B, es significativo en el nivel
de 0.05.
Fuente: Sidney Siegel, Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 1956, tabla F, pp. 252-253. Siegel adaptó las tablas de la
fuente original: Frieda S. Swed y C. Eisenhart, “Tables for Testing Randomness of Grouping in a Sequence of Alternatives”, Annals of Mathematical Statistics,
vol. 14, 1943. Se reproducen con permiso de McGraw-Hill Book Company y de Annals of Mathematical Statistics.

TABLA D.6B Valores críticos de rachas en la prueba de rachas

N2
N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2
3
4 9 9
5 9 10 10 11 11
6 9 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 13
7 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15
8 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17
9 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18
10 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20
11 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21
12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 22 22
13 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24
15 15 16 18 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25
16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 25
17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26
18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 27
19 17 18 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27
20 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 28

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 Apéndice D Tablas estadísticas 893

EJEMPLO 2 En una sucesión de 30 observaciones consistentes en 20 signos + (  N1) y en 10 signos −

(  N2), los valores críticos de las rachas en el nivel de significancia de 0.05 son 9 y 20, como
indican las tablas D.6A y D.6B, respectivamente. Por consiguiente, si en una aplicación se en-
cuentra que el número de rachas es igual o menor que 9 o igual o mayor que 20, se rechaza la
hipótesis (en un nivel de significancia de 0.05) de que la secuencia observada es aleatoria.

TABLA D.7 Valores críticos Dickey-Fuller t ( = τ) a 1% y 5%, así como valores F para pruebas de raíz unitaria

tnc* tc* tct* F† F‡

Tamaño de
la muestra 1% 5% 1% 5% 1% 5% 1% 5% 1% 5%
25 −2.66 −1.95 −3.75 −3.00 −4.38 −3.60 10.61 7.24 8.21 5.68
50 −2.62 −1.95 −3.58 −2.93 −4.15 −3.50 9.31 6.73 7.02 5.13
100 −2.60 −1.95 −3.51 −2.89 −4.04 −3.45 8.73 6.49 6.50 4.88
250 −2.58 −1.95 −3.46 −2.88 −3.99 −3.43 8.43 6.34 6.22 4.75
500 −2.58 −1.95 −3.44 −2.87 −3.98 −3.42 8.34 6.30 6.15 4.71
∞ −2.58 −1.95 −3.43 −2.86 −3.96 −3.41 8.27 6.25 6.09 4.68

* Los subíndices nc, c y tc denotan, respectivamente, que no hay término constante, que hay término constante y que está presente un término constante y uno de ten-
dencia en la regresión (21.9.5).
†
Los valores críticos de F son para las hipótesis conjuntas en las que los términos constante y δ en (21.9.5) son al mismo tiempo cero.
‡
Los valores críticos de F son para las hipótesis conjuntas en las cuales los términos constante, de tendencia y δ en (21.9.5) son al mismo tiempo iguales a cero.
Fuente: Adaptado de W.A. Fuller, Introduction to Statistical Time Series, John Wiley & Sons, Nueva York, 1976, p. 373 (para la prueba τ), y D.A. Dickey y W.A. Fuller,
“Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, vol. 49, 1981, p. 1063.

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