Starter Gramática

unit
Modals and semi-modals Past simple and present perfect
Utilizamos los verbos modales y semimodales, en combinación Past simple
con otros verbos, para expresar necesidad, obligación, I / You / He / She / It / We / They went.
capacidad, permiso, etc.
didn’t go.
Obligación Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they go?
Presente have to, need to, must Present perfect
Pasado had to, needed to I / You / We / They have
Ausencia de obligación He / She / It has
been.
Presente don’t / doesn’t have to, don’t / doesn’t need to I / You / We / They haven’t
Pasado didn’t have to, didn’t need to He / She / It hasn’t
Capacidad y permiso Have I / you / we / they
been?
Presente can, is / am / are allowed to Has he / she / it
Pasado could, was / were allowed to Uso
Futuro will be able to, will be allowed to
El past simple se utiliza para referirse a acciones o situaciones
Prohibición que sucedieron y se completaron en un momento
Presente mustn’t concreto del pasado. Las frases en past simple suelen incluir
Consejo expresiones temporales que especifican ese momento.
Presente should, ought to   I went to London three years ago.
Can, could, must y should son verbos modales auténticos. Utilizamos el present perfect para describir acciones o
Sus características son las siguientes: situaciones que:
• – no tienen formas de infinitivo. •  aún no se han completado.
I’ve studied English since 2013.
can (NO to can)
(I started studying English in the past and I still study English
•  van seguidos del infinitivo sin to. now.)
We must go. (NO We must to go.) • se dieron en el pasado, pero no se sabe o no importa
• tienen una única forma, ya que no se les añade la -s de la cuándo.
tercera persona del singular. Daniel has been to London.
 e should do more exercise. (NO He shoulds do more
H (We don’t know when Daniel went to London.)
exercise.)
Otros verbos cumplen una función similar a la de los verbos Present simple and present
modales, pero no cumplen todas las normas arriba citadas. continuous
Se conocen como verbos semimodales: need to, have to,
had to, ought to, be allowed to, be able to. Uso
El present simple se utiliza para referirse a:
•  acciones que se repiten, hábitos y rutinas.
I play tennis.
Sally gets up at 7.30.
•  situaciones y hechos que se consideran ciertos.
I enjoy trail biking.
Utilizamos el present continuous para:
•  acciones que se están desarrollando ahora.
We’re watching a DVD at the moment.
I’m reading a great book.
Algunos verbos no se utilizan en present continuous: believe,
belong, hate, know, like, love, prefer, understand, want.
  I want to go home.

Gramática  Starter unit 97

 Starter Grammar practice
unit
Modals and semi-modals 4 Complete the text with the correct past simple or
present perfect form of the verbs in bold.
1 Match sentences 1–6 to functions A–F.
1 You shouldn’t eat so much fast food. Wakeboarding (1) (not exist)
for a long time, but interest in the sport
2 They didn’t have to do PE.
(2) (grow) dramatically
3 We had to do exercise 6 for homework. in recent years. It isn’t clear who originally
4 I’m allowed to borrow my sister’s bike. (3) (invent) wakeboarding.
5 When will I be able to drive? However, it (4) (start) to become
6 I must go home now. a recognized sport in 1985 when a surfer from
San Diego called Tony Finn (5)
A obligation in the present
(invent) the ‘Skurfer’, a cross between water
B no obligation in the past skis and a surfboard. Not many people
C ability in the future (6) (know) about the sport until
D advice in the present the late 1980s, when a water ski manufacturer
(7) (improve) the design. In
E permission in the present
2000, the first Wakeboard World Championships
F obligation in the past
(8) (take) place in Montpellier,
France. Since then, wakeboarding competitions
2 Complete the sentences with one word.
(9)
1 We have to pay to visit the museum. (become) important
Admission was free. international events and
2 Do you think cars be able to fly one day? the popularity of the sport
3 The speaker had a very quiet voice and no one (10) (not stop)
hear what she was saying. growing.
4 We put on our seatbelts. It’s illegal not to
wear one.
Present simple and present
5 That dress looks great on you. You to buy it.
continuous
Past simple and present perfect 5 Are the sentences correct (✓) or incorrect (✗)?
3 Choose the correct option. Correct the incorrect sentences.

1 Have you done / did your homework yet? 1 I’m eating cereal every morning.
2 I didn’t / haven’t sleep well last night.
3 Joe’s mum hasn’t / didn’t seen his tattoo yet. 2 Who is this coat belonging to?
4 What did / have you have for lunch today?
5 He broke / broken the world record in 1996. 3 Are you listen to a lot of reggaeton at the
moment?
6 Anna has spoke / spoken to Fiona recently.

4 He doesn’t understand this exercise.

5 Sarah wears a lovely dress today.

6 I really love this song.

98 Starter unit  Gramática
 Starter Vocabulario
unit
Technology: instruction verbs Health and fitness
browse (v)  / braʊz / accuracy (n)  / ˈækjərəsi /
charge (v)  / tʃɑːdʒ / balance (n)  / ˈbæləns /
plug in (v)  / ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn / beat (v)  / biːt /
press (v)  / pres / compete (v)  / kəmˈpiːt /
scroll (v)  / skrəʊl / coordination (n)  / kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn /
stream (v)  / striːm / draw (v)  / drɔː /
swipe (v)  / swaɪp / flexibility (n)  / ˌfleksəˈbɪləti /
switch on (v)  / ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn / improve (v)  / ɪmˈpruːv /
tap (v)  / tæp / speed (n)  / spiːd /
text (v)  / tekst / stamina (n)  / ˈstæmɪnə /
update (v)  / ˌʌpˈdeɪt / strength (n)  / streŋθ /
take the lead (v)  / ˌteɪk ðə ˈliːd /
Technology adjectives
automatic (adj)  / ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk / Shopping verbs
convenient (adj)  / kənˈviːniənt / afford (v)  / əˈfɔːd /
efficient (adj)  / ɪˈfɪʃnt / be worth (it) (v)  / bi ˈwɜːθ ɪt /
heavy (adj)  / ˈhevi / borrow (v)  / ˈbɒrəʊ /
high quality (adj)  / ˌhaɪ ˈkwɒləti / lend (v)  / lend /
impractical (adj)  / ɪmˈpræktɪkl / save up (v)  / ˌseɪv ˈʌp /
inconvenient (adj)  waste (v)  / weɪst /
/ ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt /
inefficient (adj)  / ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt / Functional language
light (adj)  / laɪt /
Time expressions
low quality (adj)  / ˌləʊ ˈkwɒləti /
at 
manual (adj)  / ˈmænjuəl /
during
practical (adj)  / ˈpræktɪkl /
from … to
reliable (adj)  / rɪˈlaɪəbl /
in
unreliable (adj)  / ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl /
until
useful (adj)  / ˈjuːsfl /
useless (adj)  / ˈjuːsləs /
Speaking strategy
Sports verbs and nouns Asking if someone has time to help
archery (n)  / ˈɑːtʃəri / Are you busy?
athletics (n)  / æθˈletɪks / Have you got a minute?
catch up (with) (v)  / ˌkætʃ ˈʌp wɪð / Asking for help with a specific problem
kayaking (n)  / ˈkaɪækɪŋ / Can you spell that for me?
miss out (on) (v)  / ˌmɪs ˈaʊt ɒn / Could you tell me what … means?
pick up (v)  / ˌpɪk ˈʌp / How do you pronounce it?
rock climbing (n)  / ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ / Would you mind translating that?
take up (v)  / ˌteɪk ˈʌp /
trail biking (n)  / ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ /
try out (v)  / ˌtraɪ ˈaʊt /
wakeboarding (n)  / ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ /

Vocabulario  Starter unit 99

 Starter Vocabulary practice
unit
1 Each word in the snake begins with the last letter 3 Complete the text with the words.
of the previous word. Complete the missing letters.
accuracy browse heavy high-quality
Then complete the definitions with the words.
improve press scroll take up unreliable useful
min f fo r  
c
s ta ra
igh  ex t
as c ti ca  There was a time when people worried that as
  ra
i

t
let

  fficien  a technology became more advanced, fewer people would

ath

(1) sport. Fortunately, that hasn’t happened.

 1 (adj): the opposite of heavy
In fact, you only need to (2) the apps
 2  (v): have enough money for available online to see how technology is helping athletes
 3  (adj): that makes good use of time or to (3) their performance. For example,
energy before smartphones, runners used pedometers to measure
 4 (adj): useful or suitable distance. Early pedometers were (4) as they
 5 (v): finish a game with the same score contained a metal pendulum which counted the steps
a person had taken. Even electronic pedometers weren’t
 6 (v): not use in a sensible way
as (5) as the running apps we have now.
 7  (n): the strength to do something (6) pedometers were expensive, while
difficult for a long period of time cheap ones were (7)  . They had very limited
 8 (v): send an SMS functions, too. They couldn’t tell you how much energy
 9  (n): sports including running and you’d burned with any (8) and they definitely
jumping couldn’t show you a map of your route. Now that we can
10 (v): hit quickly and lightly simply (9) a button and (10)
down a screen to get all this information instantly, there’s no
2 Choose one word from each of the boxes to excuse not to get outside and start getting fit.
complete the sentences.
be miss plug rock save switch take trail
4 Translate the sentences.
1 I want to try out wakeboarding, but I don’t know if
biking climbing in on out my coordination is good enough.
the lead up worth
1 If you try out  , you should
wear a helmet. 2 It’s very inconvenient that this software doesn’t
2 Now I know why my phone wasn’t charging: I forgot update itself automatically.
to it  .
3 Billy is catching up with Chris … and I think he’s
going to  ! 3 Gymnasts need exceptional balance and flexibility to
be able to compete in the Olympics.
4 How can those trainers possibly
€200?
5 I don’t enjoy at all. I’m
4 Kayaking is fun, but it’s impractical if you don’t live
afraid of falling.
near a river.
6 How was the party? What did I
on?
7 How long will it take you to 5 Thanks to his extraordinary speed and strength, he
for a new phone? beat the other runners easily.
8 Can I my phone now,
please? I need to check my messages.

100 Starter unit  Vocabulario

 Unit 1 Gramática

Past simple, past continuous and Present perfect continuous

used to I / You / We / They have / haven’t
been working.
He / She / It has / hasn’t
Past simple
Have I / you / we / they
I / You / He / She / It / We / They arrived / didn’t arrive. been working?
Has he / she / it
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they arrive?
Uso
Past continuous
El present perfect describe hechos que comenzaron en el
I / He / She / It was / wasn’t pasado pero tienen un efecto en el presente.
talking.
You / We / They were / weren’t
Utilizamos el present perfect simple para subrayar el
Was I / he / she / it resultado actual de una acción que se ha completado.
talking?
Were you / we / they  He’s broken his arm.
used to El present perfect continuous sirve para subrayar el
used to / didn’t resultado actual de una acción que no se ha completado, y
I / You / He / She / It / We / They go
use to sigue en la actualidad.
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to go?
 It’s been raining for hours.
Uso
Utilizamos el past simple para describir una acción que se Present perfect with already, still
completó en el pasado.
 I ate cereal for breakfast this morning.
and yet
El past continuous describe una acción que se estaba Uso
desarrollando en un momento concreto del pasado. Already, still y yet se utilizan con el present perfect.
  At half past seven, I was having breakfast. Already aparece en frases afirmativas para subrayar que algo
El past simple y el past continuous se combinan cuando ha sucedido antes de lo esperado.
una acción interrumpe otra. While suele acompañar al past   She’s only sixteen, but she’s already won a gold medal.
continuous, y when va con el past simple. Still y yet se incluyen en frases negativas para indicar que
  While we were walking to school, it started to snow. algo no ha cambiado.
 I was walking to school when it started to snow.  He still hasn’t arrived. = He hasn’t arrived yet.
Utilizamos just when con el past continuous para subrayar También utilizamos yet en la forma interrogativa para
que ambos hechos sucedieron exactamente en el mismo preguntar si algo ha sucedido.
momento.   Have you tidied your room yet?
 Just when I was paying for my friend’s birthday present,
he came into the shop! Present perfect with just, ever and
Used to + infinitivo hace referencia a hábitos (acciones
que se repiten) o estados del pasado que ya no se dan en la
never
actualidad. Uso
 I used to have blond hair.  I didn’t use to eat fish. Just + la forma afirmativa del present perfect significa “hace
muy poco tiempo”.
Present perfect simple and present   I’m not hungry, thanks. I’ve just eaten a sandwich.
perfect continuous Incluimos ever en preguntas relativas a experiencias.
  Have you ever been to the USA?
Present perfect simple
Ever también se utiliza en frases afirmativas, generalmente
I / You / We / They have / haven’t
left. detrás de only o de un superlativo.
He / She / It has / hasn’t
  He’s the most optimistic person I’ve ever met.
Have I / you / we / they
left? Utilizamos never + la forma afirmativa del present perfect
Has he / she / it para referirnos a experiencias que nunca hemos tenido.
 I’ve never seen an elephant in the wild.

Gramática  Unit 1 101

 Unit 1 Grammar practice

Past simple, past continuous and 3 My dad loves The Rolling Stones. He (see)
used to them in concert seven times!
4 You should have a break now. You
1 Choose the correct option. (work) since this morning.
1 I was browsing online when / while I found this cool 5 This traffic is awful. We (drive) for
video. hours and we’ve only travelled twenty kilometres.
2 Just when we got / were getting into a taxi, our bus
finally arrived. Present perfect with already, still
3 She didn’t use / used to think teenagers could make and yet
a difference to society.
4 While he travelled / was travelling in South Africa, 4 Add already, still and yet to the underlined
he visited Kruger National Park. sentences and phrases. Sometimes there is more
than one possible answer.
5 How are / did charities use to organize events before
the internet? 1 I started collecting money this morning and I’ve
raised €100.
2 Complete the text with the past simple or past
continuous form of the verbs in brackets or an
2 You’ve been reading that book for weeks. Have you
appropriate word. Write one word in each gap.
finished it?
One morning, when Craig Kielburger was twelve, he was 
(1) (look) at his parents’ newspaper when he 3 I told Adam to feed the dog, but he hasn’t done it.
(2) (see) a picture of a boy on the front page. The 
boy (3) (be) the same age as Craig and a victim of
4 We started an online petition yesterday and over 500
child labour. Craig (4)  (discover) that over 215
people have signed it.
million children in the world (5) working as slaves

in terrible conditions. Craig (6) (decide) to take
action. He founded the charity Free the Children and several of 5 I think I’m going to start volunteering, but I haven’t
his classmates (7) (agree) to get involved, too. They decided.
used to (8) (meet) regularly to write letters, make 
phone calls and sell lemonade. Adults often (9)
(tell) Craig that he was too young to make a difference, but Present perfect with just, ever and
he (10) use to listen. Free the Children is now an
never
international charity dedicated to showing people that no one is
too young to make a positive change to society. 5 Complete the sentences using just, ever or never
and the present perfect form of the bold verbs.
1 I don’t know New York. (visit)
Present perfect simple and present

perfect continuous
2 Simon got here a moment ago. (arrive)
3 Complete the sentences with the correct present Simon
perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs.
3 She doesn’t have experience of surfing. (try)
1 We (watch) this film for an hour She’s
and nothing interesting has happened yet.
4 Do you know what wasabi tastes like? (eat)
2 I can’t come to orchestra practice today.
Have you
I (forget) to bring my violin to
school. 5 I don’t know a kinder person than Tom. (meet)
Tom is the kindest person that
102 Unit 1  Gramática
 Unit 1 Vocabulario

1.1 Adjectives: personality 1.2 Learn it!

bitter (adj)  / ˈbɪtə(r) / used to
cruel (adj)  / ˈkruːəl / be used to
dedicated (adj)  / ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd / get used to
dependable (adj) 
/ dɪˈpendəbl / 1.2 Word builder
eager (adj)  / ˈiːɡə(r) / (bring) change 
enthusiastic (adj)  / ˌbrɪŋ ˈtʃeɪndʒ /
/ ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk / (cause) damage 
optimistic (adj)  / ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk / / ˌkɔːz ˈdæmɪdʒ /
outgoing (adj)  / ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ / (record) information 
supportive (adj)  / səˈpɔːtɪv / / rɪˌkɔːd ɪnfə ˈmeɪʃn /
sympathetic (adj)  (make) the decision 
/ ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk / / ˌmeɪk ðə dɪˈsɪʒn /
truthful (adj)  / ˈtruːθfl /
1.3 Extra vocabulary
1.1 Extra vocabulary habitat (n)  / ˈhæbɪtæt /
bully (n)  / ˈbʊli / National Park (n) 
/ ˌnæʃnəl ˈpɑːk /
founder (n)  / ˈfaʊndə(r) /
shade (n)  / ʃeɪd /
star (n)  / stɑː(r) /
the wild (n)  / ðə ˈwaɪld /
victims (n)  / ˈvɪktɪmz /

1.2 Collocations: get and make

1.4 Functional language
get better Requesting information
get involved I’d like some information about … .
get permission Could / Can you explain what … involves?
get the feeling Can you explain which … ?
get things done How can we help … ?
get used to Is it possible to … ?
make a difference Could you tell us (a bit more) about … ?
make an effort Giving information
make an impression Would you like me to tell you how it works?
make the most of it Let me explain how it works.
What you do is … .
1.2 Functional language Have a look on our website to see … .
Good idea! If you adopt / sponsor … , we can buy / save … .
I’m impressed!
That really is brilliant!
That sounds great!
That’s incredible!

Vocabulario  Unit 1 103

 Unit 1 Vocabulary practice

1 Write the bold letters in the correct order to 2 Complete the text with the words.
complete the school reports. Then match them to
better bullies cruel dedicate
the missing sentences A–E.
difference sympathetic victims
1
 She made hte omst of the school
trip to Paris to practise her French and it’s really made a
erdncfeife to her grades.

2 The world can seem like a (1) place when

He always makes an fteorf in
class and when he says he’ll get nsimtoheg neod you haven’t got anyone to talk to, especially if you’re a
 , he always does it. child. But since 1986, the UK charity ChildLine has given
young people the opportunity to discuss their problems
3 with a (2) adult. Children can phone,
She’s the rats of the school hockey email or chat online with the charity’s (3)
team, but she’s always eraeg to help and volunteers, who can then put them in contact with the
encourage the other players, too. appropriate professionals if necessary. ChildLine has
helped young people facing all kinds of difficulties, from
4
(4) of drug abuse to those dealing with
 He needs to get divoevln in discussions
and get eebttr at answering questions. school (5)  . Many say that their situations
started to get (6) after they called
ChildLine and that the charity has made a tremendous
5
When she tells me that she’s got omrpiessin (7) to their lives.
to miss PE, I often get eht lfeeign
that she’s lying.

A Richard is hard-working and dependable. 4 Translate the sentences.

B Elena is an enthusiastic language learner. 1 I still haven’t got used to having dinner so early.
C Joe isn’t very outgoing in class.

D Priya is a talented and supportive team player.
2 While we were walking in the national park, we saw
E Natasha isn’t always truthful.
kangaroos in the wild.
3 Complete the words in the sentences.
1 You’ll definitely m an i at
the party if you wear that dress! 3 She’s a dedicated volunteer who has made a
difference to hundreds of people’s lives.
2 My uncle is the f of a medical charity.
He started it after working as a doctor in Africa.
3 We haven’t raised much money today, but I’m
4 Have you ever wanted to get involved in charity
o that we’ll raise more tomorrow.
work?
4 We’ll get sunburnt if we sit here. Let’s sit under that
tree so we’re in the s  .
5 We’re only in Rome for three days so we really need 5 Could you tell us a bit more about the animals and
to m the m of it. their habitats?
6 Instead of feeling b about the
argument, why don’t you go and talk to him?

104 Unit 1  Vocabulario

 Unit 2 Gramática

Past simple and past perfect simple Cantidades grandes

Past perfect Utilizamos lots of y plenty of para referirnos a cantidades
grandes. Estas expresiones son algo menos formales que
I / You / He / She / It / We / They had / hadn’t eaten
a lot of.
Had I / you / he / she / it / we / they eaten?
Plenty of hace referencia a cosas positivas.
El past perfect simple se construye con had + participio
pasado. La forma es la misma para todas las personas del   Don’t worry! We’ve got plenty of time.
verbo. Lots of es una expresión neutral que puede describir cosas
buenas y malas.
Uso
El past perfect simple describe la relación entre dos acciones   I got lots of great presents for my birthday.
del pasado, es decir, que la acción en past perfect se produjo   There are lots of accidents on this road.
antes que la acción en past simple. Utilizamos a lot of en frases negativas para subrayar una
  When I arrived at the station, the train had left. cantidad pequeña; en general, lots of y plenty no se utilizan
 He bought the car because he’d seen an advert for it. de esta manera.
  I don’t eat a lot of meat.
enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, Cantidades excesivas
plenty of, too much, too many Utilizamos too much y too many para describir cantidades
grandes de forma negativa, es decir, para indicar que son
Con sustantivos en plural Con sustantivos incontables excesivas. Too much acompaña a sustantivos incontables, y
We have / haven’t got enough
There is / isn’t enough water.
too many va con sustantivos contables en plural.
glasses.
 There’s too much salt in this soup. It tastes horrible.
There were few cars on the There was little traffic on the
  I think there are too many advertisements on TV.
road. road.
I’ve got a few sweets. There’s a little ice cream.
Attitudinal adverbs
I met lots of / plenty of nice We’ve lots of / plenty of time
people. to relax. Utlizamos adverbios como certainly, maybe, obviously,
I’ve got too many things to do. I’ve got too much work. simply para expresar nuestra actitud hacia personas, cosas y
Uso acciones.
Cantidades suficientes e insuficientes  I’d certainly recommend this hotel. (= I’m sure that I’d
Utilizamos enough en frases afirmativas para referirnos a recommend this hotel.)
una cantidad suficiente de algo.  You can simply ask for a refund. (= I think it is simple to
ask for a refund.)
  There are enough chairs for everyone.
 There’s enough time.
Se utiliza enough en frases negativas para describir una Intensifiers
cantidad insuficiente. Los “adverbios intensificadores” refuerzan ciertos adjetivos
  There aren’t enough chairs for everyone. que pueden tener un significado más fuerte o más suave,
  There isn’t enough time. p. ej. big. Al añadir very, really o extremely, reforzamos dicho
Cantidades pequeñas significado.
Utilizamos few y little para referirnos a cantidades pequeñas  It’s very big. He’s extremely funny.
de forma negativa. Few acompaña a sustantivos contables Otros adjetivos, p. ej. enormous, cuyo significado es fuerte
en plural; y little, a sustantivos incontables. de por sí, también se pueden intensificar utilizando really,
  Few people shopped there so they made little money. absolutely, totally y completely.
El significado cambia al colocar el artículo indefinido  It’s absolutely enormous. I’m totally exhausted.
a delante; así, utilizamos a few y a little para describir Really se emplea con ambos tipos de adjetivos.
cantidades pequeñas de forma positiva.   I was really scared. I was really terrified.
  We saw a few good bands at the festival.
  There was a little sunshine at lunchtime.

Gramática  Unit 2 105

 Unit 2 Grammar practice

Past simple and past perfect simple Attitudinal adverbs

1 Underline the action which happened first. 4 Complete the mini-dialogues with the adverbs.
1 I saw the film that you’d recommended. certainly maybe obviously simply
2 We met a boy who had designed a really cool app.
1 A:  Do you enjoy shopping?
3 He’d lost the receipt so he couldn’t get a refund.
B: Not really. I buy what I need and
4 I took the 9.07 train because I’d missed the 8.37.
then go home.
5 Because we hadn’t brought a map, we got lost.
2 A:  What’s that poster advertising?
2 Write sentences. Use one past simple form and one B: I don’t know. A soft drink? Or it’s a
past perfect form in each sentence. perfume advert.
1 After / he / have / a shower / he / get / dressed. 3 A:  Why did the shop close down?
B: A big supermarket opened. It was cheaper so,
 , people started going there instead.
2 I / not try / croissants / until / I / go / to France.
4 A: Do you have any special offers on pay-as-you-go

phones?
3 By the time / I / arrive / at / the station / my train /
B: Yes,  . What kind of phone are you
already / leave.
interested in?

Intensifiers
4 I / forget / my camera / so / I / not take / any photos.
5 Choose the correct option to complete A–F.
Then match them to 1–6.
5 They / stop / broadcasting / the advert / because / A extremely / totally exhausted
people / complain / about it.
B very / really huge

C really / completely funny

D totally / very scared
enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, E really / absolutely pleased
F extremely / totally upset
plenty of, too much, too many
1 Don’t watch this horror film alone. I was  !
3 Choose the correct option to complete the text. 2 It’s a twenty-hour flight. We’ll be when we arrive.
(1) Lots of / Enough people say that there are too 3 I’m with my new shoes. They’re so comfortable.
(2) much / many advertisements directed at children these 4 He thinks he’s , but I don’t. His jokes are awful.
days. They argue that advertisers have too (3) many / much 5 I was when my new laptop stopped working.
influence on children, who have (4) little / a little power to
6 São Paulo has a population of almost 20 million. It’s
resist their sophisticated techniques. Although this is a common
a(n) city.
opinion, (5) a few / a little education experts disagree.
Martyn Hopkins, a primary school head teacher, believes that
children need (6) a little / plenty of opportunities to see
advertisements and learn from them. ‘It’s the only way to discover
how they work,’ says Mr Hopkins. ‘If children have (7) few / little
contact with advertising, they won’t have (8) enough / lots of
experience to resist it successfully as adults.’

106 Unit 2  Gramática

 Unit 2 Vocabulario

2.1 Advertising 2.2 Functional language

advertise  / ˈædvətaɪz / Expressing surprise and disappointment
appeal  / əˈpiːl / That was a surprise.
appear  / əˈpɪə(r) / That’s unbelievable!
broadcast  / ˈbrɔːdkɑːst / Oh wow!
claim  / kleɪm / That’s a shame.
convince  / kənˈvɪns / I don’t believe it!
exaggerate  / ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt / You’re kidding!
inform  / ɪnˈfɔːm /
promote  / prəˈməʊt / 2.3 Extra vocabulary
recommend  / ˌrekəˈmend / habitable  / ˈhæbɪtəbl /
ordinary  / ˈɔːdnri /
2.1 Extra vocabulary potential  / pəˈtenʃl/
image (n)  / ˈɪmɪdʒ / semi-detached 
media (n)  / ˈmiːdiə / / ˌsemi dɪˈtætʃt /
product (n)  / ˈprɒdʌkt / stunning  / ˈstʌnɪŋ /
slogan (n)  / ˈsləʊɡən / terraced  / ˈterəst /
slot (n)  / slɒt /
2.3 Word builder
2.2 Shopping old-fashioned  / ˌauld ˈfæʃənd /
bargain (n, v)  / ˈbɑːɡən / semi-detached 
bid (n, v)  / bɪd / / ˌsemi dɪˈtætʃt /
browse (v)  / braʊz / six-bedroomed 
/ ˌsɪks ˈbedrʊmd /
browser (n)  / ˈbraʊzə(r) /
charge (n, v)  / tʃɑːdʒ / 2.4 Functional language
consume (v)  / kənˈsjuːm /
consumer (n)  / kənˈsjuːmə(r) / Describing your personal qualities
purchase (n, v)  / ˈpɜːtʃəs / I do a lot of (+ -ing).
refund (n, v)  / ˈriːfʌnd /, I like to think I’m (+ adjective).
/ rɪˈfʌnd / I consider myself to be (+ adjective).
select (v)  / sɪˈlekt / I’m a dedicated (+ noun), and I absolutely love (+ noun).
selection (n)  / sɪˈlekʃn / I’m really (+ adjective), so … .
supplier (n)  / səˈplaɪə(r) / It’s my passion, so … really appeals to me.
supply (v)  / səˈplaɪ / I’ve got a good head for (+ noun), so … shouldn’t be a
problem for me.
2.2 Say it! I’ve picked up really valuable experience.
discount (v)  / dɪsˈkaʊnt / My managers have been impressed with how
(+ adjective) I am.
discount (n)  / ˈdɪskaʊnt /
increase (v)  / ɪnˈkriːs /
increase (n)  / ˈɪŋkriːs /

Vocabulario  Unit 2 107

 Unit 2 Vocabulary practice

1 The same letters are missing from each pair of 3 Complete the missing words.
words. Can you complete them? Then choose one
word from each pair to complete the definitions. BUSINESS WEEKLY / SHOPPING
F
1 Shops have tried many strategies to
BOGO
 w   er    adca   t
(1) con customers to hand over their
2 cash. However, few have been as successful
d g   as the ‘buy one get one free’ offer, known as
‘BOGOF’ in the marketing industry. These
3
 gan  t offers obviously (2) app to shoppers,
who believe they’re getting a (3) gain,
4 but what are the benefits for businesses? Well,
 v   r  firstly, BOGOF promotions generate bigger
profits than selling fewer (4) ducts
 m   -   e   ch   d more cheaply. Secondly, they encourage
(5) con to make extra – often
5
c   m potent  unnecessary – (6) pur  . And thirdly,
although shops (7) app to be selling
6   things for half price, this isn’t always true, as
inf  p    ote
they generally (8) cha more than the
usual price for one item.
1  : send out (TV or radio programmes)
2  : a picture P5
P5
3   : a memorable word or phrase used to
advertise something 4 Translate the sentences.
4 : with a shared wall on one side 1 The flat wasn’t habitable when they bought it, but
5  : say that something is true (although now it’s absolutely stunning.
other people might not believe it)
6 : help to sell something
2 I do a lot of reading, so I can recommend plenty of
2 Complete the table. Then tick (✓) the nouns that good books.
refer to people.
Verb Noun A person
(1) bid 3 When you said this shop was expensive, you weren’t
(2) consumer exaggerating!
(3) browser
(4) selection
4 Before they won the lottery, they’d lived in an
(5) supplier
ordinary terraced house.

5 The shop didn’t give me a refund for the shoes

because I’d already worn them.

108 Unit 2  Vocabulario

 Unit 3 Gramática

The passive – past, present and En inglés, los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan menos que
future en las lenguas romances. En muchos casos, no incluimos
el pronombre reflexivo aunque la acción sea algo que nos
Present simple passive hacemos a nosotros mismos.
sujeto + am / is / are + participio pasado   clean your teeth (NO clean yourself your teeth)
Energy is (isn’t) saved.   get dressed (NO get yourself dressed)
Past simple passive Los pronombres enfáticos tienen la misma forma que los
sujeto + was / were + participio pasado reflexivos. Se utilizan para subrayar que esta persona o cosa
Energy was (wasn’t) saved. realiza la acción, y no ninguna otra. No funcionan como
Future passive objeto del verbo, sino que suelen aparecer detrás de él.
sujeto + will be + participio pasado  He designed this app himself. (subject = he; object =
Energy will (won’t) be saved. this app)
am / is / are going Utilizamos by + un pronombre reflexivo con el significado
sujeto + + participio pasado de “solo, sin compañía” o “sin ayuda”.
to be
Energy is (isn’t) going to be saved.   I went on holiday by myself. (= without company)
Uso   We made this pizza by ourselves. (= without help)
La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando no está claro, o no es Each other y one another hacen referencia a acciones
importante, quién realiza la acción. recíprocas. A le hace algo a B, y B le hace lo mismo a A.
 According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented in  Pablo and Maite talk to each other / one another. =
around 3,500 BC. (We don’t know who invented it.) (Pablo talks to Maite, and Maite talks to Pablo.)
 Electricity is generated using wind turbines. (It isn’t Each other y one another significan lo mismo.
important who generates it.)
Sin embargo, a veces incluimos el complemento agente (la have something done
cosa o persona que hace algo) precedido por by. sujeto + have + objeto + participio pasado
 Solar-powered ovens will be used by people in She has her hair cut.
developing countries. (agente = people in developing Uso
countries) Utilizamos esta estructura (the causative) cuando le
  Hormones are released by the brain. (agente = the brain) pedimos a otra persona que haga algo por nosotros.
 We had our house painted. (= We asked someone to
Reflexive pronouns, emphatic paint our house. We didn’t paint it ourselves.)
pronouns, each other and one También describe algo desafortunado que nos ha ocurrido
another por culpa de otra persona.
 I’ve had my car stolen. (= Someone stole my car.)
Pronombres reflexivos / enfáticos
Se puede utilizar en distintos tiempos verbales cambiando
Singular Plural la forma del verbo have.
I myself we ourselves
you yourself you yourselves It is said that …
he himself they themselves Uso
she herself Utilizamos It is + algunos verbos en la voz pasiva (accept,
it itself believe, know (well), say, think) para decir lo que la gente
Uso piensa, sabe o cree. Esta estructura permite expresar las
Utilizamos un pronombre reflexivo como objeto del verbo si ideas de forma neutra, sin decir quién piensa, sabe o cree
el sujeto y el objeto son la misma persona o cosa. esas cosas, o si estamos de acuerdo.
 The body repairs itself. (subject = the body;   It is said that the Earth’s climate is changing rapidly.
object = the body)   It is well known that solar panels are very expensive.

Gramática  Unit 3 109

 Unit 3 Grammar practice

The passive – past, present and 2 Are you OK, Phil? Have you hurt  ?
future 3 I’ve never been to the cinema by  .
4  There are so many people here! We’ll never find
1 Write the agent (the person or thing responsible for if we get separated.
the action) in each sentence, or write X if the agent
5  I can’t believe your brother painted that picture
isn’t mentioned.
. It’s amazing!
1 Kinetic energy is converted into electricity by wind
6  The lights switch on when they
turbines.
detect movement.
2 Alternative energy sources are going to be needed
very soon. have something done
3 The light bulb was invented by many different
scientists. 4 Write sentences using the have something done
structure. Use the bold verbs and tenses. Then
4 The first home computers were introduced in the
answer the question below.
1970s.
5 What innovative devices will be developed before 1 I / my laptop / repair (present continuous)
the end of the century?
2 they / their eyes / test (going to)
2 Complete the text with the correct past, present or
future passive form of the verbs. 3 we / vandalize / our car / last night (past simple)

4 she / cut / her hair (present perfect continuous)

In which sentence didn’t the subject(s) ask another
We’ve all seen solar panels on houses, but did you know that
person to do something?
they (1) (find) in other places, too?
Here are just some of the innovative ways that solar panels
(2) (use) nowadays. It is said that …
The solar bikini: The iKini (3) (create) by 5 Rewrite the sentences using It is … and the correct
an American designer in 2011. Sunlight (4) passive form of the bold verbs.
(convert) to electricity by the bikini’s solar panels. This electricity
(5) (use) to charge phones and other 1 People say that too many chemicals are used in food
electronic devices that (6) (plug) into the production.
bikini via a USB cable. Men’s shorts (7) /
(develop) next. It’s an interesting idea, but
the iKini (8) /
(not find) in my suitcase this summer! 2 Everyone knows well that fossil fuels cause pollution.

3 Some people think that nuclear energy is unsafe.
Reflexive pronouns, emphatic
pronouns, each other and one another 4 Most people accept that Einstein was a genius.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive or
5 People believe that saturated fat is unhealthy.
emphatic pronoun, or each other / one another. Then
tick (✓) the sentences which contain reflexive verbs.
1  We looked at and
realized we were wearing the same dress.

110 Unit 3  Gramática

 Unit 3 Vocabulario
Right, let’s move on to …
3.1 Adjectives: technology Studies show that …
adaptable  / əˈdæptəbl / OK, we’ve come to the end of our presentation.
alternative  / ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv /
chemical  / ˈkemɪkl / 3.3 Extra vocabulary
computer-generated  celebrate (v)  / ˈselɪbreɪt /
/ kəmˌpjuːtə ˈdʒenəreɪtɪd /
develop (v)  / dɪˈveləp /
electronic  / ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk /
participate (v)  / pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt /
energy-saving 
support (v)  / səˈpɔːt /
/ ˈenədʒi ˌseɪvɪŋ /
train (v)  / treɪn /
high-tech  / ˌhaɪ ˈtek /
innovative 
/ ˈɪnəvətɪv /, / ˈɪnəveɪtɪv /
3.3 Word builder
mechanical  / məˈkænɪkl / celebration (n)  / ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn /
solar-powered  celebrity (n)  / səˈlebrəti /
/ ˈsəʊlə(r) ˌpaʊəd / developer (n)  / dɪˈveləpə(r) /
sustainable  / səˈsteɪnəbl / development (n) 
wireless  / ˈwaɪələs / / dɪˈveləpmənt /
participant (n)  / pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt /
3.1 Extra vocabulary participation (n) 
/ pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn /
convert (v)  / kənˈvɜːt /
support (n)  / səˈpɔːt /
generate (v)  / ˈdʒenəreɪt /
supporter (n)  / səˈpɔːtə(r) /
run (v)  / rʌn /
trainer (n)  / ˈtreɪnə(r) /
store (v)  / stɔː(r) /
training (n)  / ˈtreɪnɪŋ /
3.2 Verbs: functions
3.4 Functional language
absorb  / əbˈsɔːb /, / əbˈzɔːb /
Expressing interest and lack of it
boost  / buːst/
I’m quite / (not) really / not at all interested in … (+ -ing)
burn  / bɜːn /
… really fascinates me.
crash  / kræʃ/
… doesn’t appeal to me in the slightest.
perform  / pəˈfɔːm /
… seems like a waste of time to me.
process  / ˈprəʊses /
release  / rɪˈliːs / Expressing satisfaction and disappointment
repair  / rɪˈpeə(r) / I’m really / not very pleased with …
rest  / rest / I could(n’t) have done better …
transport  / trænˈspɔːt / I’m a bit disappointed with …
I’ve given up … (+ -ing)
3.2 Functional language Expressing hope
Giving presentations It’d be great if … you could / would …
I’d now like to discuss … I really hope …
Let me summarize …
Research has shown …
Today we’re going to talk to you about …

Vocabulario  Unit 3 111

 Unit 3 Vocabulary practice

1 Complete the adjectives with the suffixes. Then use  4 A boosted B transported C run
them to complete the sentences.  5 A train B develop C convert
 6 A stored B repaired C processed
-able -al -ed -ic -ive -less  7 A generates B burns C participates
 8 A runs B absorbs C stores
chemic  alternat  wire 
solar-power  electron  sustain   9 A processing B developing C repairing
10 A crashes B boosts C converts
1 Is this printer or do I need a USB cable?
2 The bikini will charge your 3 Complete the sentences with a word related to the
phone while you sunbathe. bold word.
3 If you don’t eat meat, you’ll need 1 The world is changing very quickly so we need to be
sources of protein.  . (adapt)
4 We need to find more ways of 2 My dad is a engineer. (mechanism)
generating electricity.
3 Why is my computer basic tasks so
5 When salt is mixed with vinegar, a(n) slowly at the moment? (performance)
reaction is produced.
4 Plants use photosynthesis to sunlight
6 This charger is compatible with many different into energy. (conversion)
phones, tablets and other devices.
5 Hundreds of students are expected to
2 Choose the correct option to complete the text. in the technology competition. (participation)

4 Translate the sentences.

Understanding sleep 1 It is accepted that energy-saving light bulbs are
environmentally friendly.
Sleep has a major impact on our quality of life. It is well

known that unless we (1) properly, we have less
energy and become less able to (2) everyday tasks.
So how does sleep work? 2 The car is at the garage because we’re having it
repaired.
When we fall asleep, our bodies enter a cycle that repeats
itself every 90 minutes or so. First is NREM (non-rapid
eye movement) sleep. Our breathing becomes slower,
hormones are (3) and more blood is (4) to the 3 Many of the innovative high-tech devices that we
muscles. This allows our bodies to (5) and grow, and use today were developed by Apple.
any damage to be (6) .
However, it is REM (rapid eye movement) sleep that
(7) the energy we need and (8) it for use the 4 Computer-generated music doesn’t appeal to me in
next day. The brain is actively (9) information during the slightest.
REM sleep: it is in this phase that dreams occur. It is
believed that both kinds of sleep are crucial, but that the
REM phase really (10) the performance of the brain
as well as the body. 5 Good friends support each other and celebrate each
other’s achievements.

 1 A rest B absorb C run

 2 A crash B perform C process
 3 A burned B rested C released

112 Unit 3  Vocabulario

 Unit 4 Gramática

The first and second conditional Uso

El condicional de tercer grado describe situaciones que eran
Condicional de primer grado
posibles en el pasado, pero no se llegaron a producir.
If / Unless + present simple, will / won’t + infinitivo
  If I’d trained harder, I would have won the race.
If you do yoga, you’ll feel more relaxed.
(It was possible for me to train harder, but I didn’t, so I didn’t
will / won’t + infinitivo if / unless + present simple win the race.)
You’ll feel more relaxed if you do yoga.  I would have bought that phone unless you’d
Condicional de segundo grado   recommended this one.
If / Unless + past simple, would / wouldn’t + infinitivo (It was possible for me to buy the phone, but I bought this
Unless I was very hungry, I wouldn’t eat blue food. one because you recommended it.)
would / wouldn’t + infinitivo if / unless + past simple
I wouldn’t eat blue food unless I was very hungry. The zero conditional
Uso If / Unless / When / Until + present simple
La oraciones condicionales constan de una proposición present simple,
condicional (encabezada por if o unless) y una proposición If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
principal que describe el resultado.
present simple if / unless + present simple
El orden de las proposiciones no es importante, ya que
You get green if you mix blue and yellow.
no altera el significado de la frase. Cuando la proposición
condicional encabeza la oración, solemos separarla de la Uso
proposición principal mediante una coma. Utilizamos el condicional de grado cero para referirnos a
situaciones que siempre dan el mismo resultado.
  If you wore yellow, you’d feel more cheerful.
La coma no es necesaria cuando la proposición principal va   Most plants die unless you water them regularly.
al comienzo de la frase.   The computer doesn’t shut down until you close all the
 programs.
  You’d feel more cheerful if you wore yellow.
  When light hits a solar panel, it is converted
“Unless + verbo en afirmativa” significa lo mismo que “If +
  into electricity.
verbo en negativa”.
  Unless you work out, you won’t have any energy. =
  If you don’t work out, you won’t have any energy. If only and I wish
El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para hablar de Lamentarse sobre el presente (If only / I wish + past simple)
posibles situaciones del futuro. If only
 If we lose our next match, we won’t win the cup. he had an umbrella.
I wish
(It’s possible that we’ll lose the match.)
Lamentarse sobre el pasado (If only / I wish + past perfect)
El condicional de segundo grado describe situaciones
If only I hadn’t left my umbrella at
imaginarias o hipotéticas.
I wish home this morning.
  If you were an Olympic swimmer, what would you eat?
 (You aren’t an Olympic swimmer so this is an imaginary Uso
situation.) Utilizamos If only … o I wish … para describir cosas de las que
no estamos satisfechos; y, si pudiéramos, las cambiaríamos.

The third conditional   We use If only / I wish + past simple to talk about
  present situations that we would like to be different.
If / Unless + past perfect would / wouldn’t + have +  If only / I wish I was good at football. (= I’m not happy
participio pasado because I’m not a good footballer.)
If he’d worn trainers he’d have run faster. Empleamos If only / I wish + past perfect para hablar de
would / wouldn’t + have + if / unless + past perfect situaciones pasadas de las que nos arrepentimos.
participio pasado  If only / I wish we’d started training earlier. (= I’m not
happy because we started training too late.)
He’d have run faster if he’d worn trainers.

Gramática  Unit 4 113

 Unit 4 Grammar practice

The first and second conditional 4 Write third conditional sentences.

1 If / you / walk / faster / we / catch / the train.
1 Are the sentences in the first or second conditional? 
Write 1 or 2.
1 What would you do if you were the Prime Minister? 2 He / play / in the match / if / he / not hurt / his ankle.
2 He’ll be really happy if he finishes the race. 
3 We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard.
4 If she broke her ankle, she wouldn’t be able to get to 3 They / die / unless / the firefighters / rescue / them.
school. 
5 If you were in my situation, what would you do?
4 She / travel abroad / if / she / have / the opportunity.
2 Match 1−5 to A−E and complete the sentences with

the correct form of the verbs in bold.

1 What (we / do)
2 He (not know) you’re upset The zero conditional
3 I (not live) in a city
4 (you / try) surfing 5 Complete the zero conditional sentences with the
verbs in the correct order and in the correct form.
5 I (arrive) at 8.30
1 What when you a metal spoon
A unless I had a well-paid job.
in a microwave? (put / happen)
B if you had the opportunity?
2 If he eggs, he an allergic reaction.
C unless you tell him.
(eat / have)
D if no one comes to our party?
3 The class until the bell .
E unless the train is delayed. (not finish / ring)
4 Unless you anti-virus software, your
The third conditional computer at risk. (be / use)

3 Complete the third conditional sentences in the If only and I wish

text using the verbs in bold. Use contracted forms
where possible. 6 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first. Use the expressions in bold.
When Cathy Freeman won the 400 metres at the 2000 Sydney
Olympics, she became the first Aboriginal Australian athlete 1 I don’t like being short. (If only)
to win an Olympic medal. Cathy believes that she  taller.
(1) (be) less motivated to win
2 I painted the wall red. That was a mistake. (I wish)
if she (2) (not need) to face
up to difficulties in her early life. Cathy’s sister, Anne-Marie, was born 
with serious disabilities. If her sister (3) the wall red.
(not be) disabled, Cathy says she probably 3 My parents are really embarrassing. (I wish)
(4) (not 
understand) how amazing it was to be able to run. Cathy is
so embarrassing.
proud of her achievements, and she believes that Aborigines must
continue to fight for equality. She says that many of her Aboriginal 4 I don’t like living in this city. It’s boring. (If only)
friends (5) (win) medals 
too if they (6) (have) the in a more interesting city.
opportunity to get involved in athletics.

114 Unit 4  Gramática

 Unit 4 Vocabulario

4.1 Phrasal verbs 4.3 Extra vocabulary

calm (sb) down (phr v)  avalanche (n)  / ˈævəlɑːnʃ /
/ ˌkɑːm ˈdaʊn / layers (n)  / ˈleɪəz /
cheer (sb) up (phr v)  parka (n)  / ˈpɑːkə /
/ ˌtʃɪə(r) ˈʌp / snowshoes (n)  / ˈsnəʊʃuːz /
chill out (phr v)  / ˌtʃɪl ˈaʊt / thermal underwear (n) 
cut down (phr v)  / ˌkʌt ˈdaʊn / / ˌθɜːml ˈʌndəweə(r) /
face up to (phr v)  thermometer (n) 
/ ˌfeɪs ˈʌp tə / / ˌθəˈmɒmɪtə(r) /
open up (phr v)  / ˌəʊpən ˈʌp /
slow (sth) down (phr v)  4.3 Word builder
/ ˌsləʊ ˈdaʊn /
work out (phr v)  / ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt / Adjective suffixes
accessible (adj)  / əkˈsesəbl /
4.1 Extra vocabulary cautious (adj)  / ˈkɔːʃəs /
anxious (adj)  / ˈæŋkʃəs / national (adj)  / ˈnæʃnəl /
cheerful (adj)  / ˈtʃɪəfl / normal (adj)  / ˈnɔːml /
dynamic (adj)  / daɪˈnæmɪk / sensible (adj)  / ˈsensəbl /
grumpy (adj) / ˈɡrʌmpi / various (adj)  / ˈveəriəs /
sleepy (adj)  / ˈsliːpi /
4.4 Functional language
4.2 Aches and pains
Asking for advice
aching muscles  / ˌeɪkɪŋ ˈmʌslz /
What do you think I should do?
allergic reaction 
/ əˌlɜːdʒɪk riˈækʃn / What would you do if you were me?
broken leg  / ˌbrəʊkən ˈleɡ / Would you suggest … ?
bruised knee  / ˌbruːzd ˈniː / Giving advice
dislocated shoulder 
If you … , you will … (+ infinitive)
/ ˌdɪsləkeɪtɪd ˈʃəʊldə(r) /
If I were you, I’d … (+ infinitive)
itchy skin  / ˌɪtʃi ˈskɪn /
My advice would be to … (+ infinitive)
sore back  / ˌsɔː(r) ˈbæk /
sprained wrist  / ˌspreɪnd ˈrɪst / Make sure you … (+ infinitive)
stiff neck  / ˌstɪf ˈnek / Have you thought about … (+ -ing)?
swollen ankle  / ˌswəʊlən ˈæŋkl / You could … (+ infinitive)
You should / shouldn’t … (+ infinitive)
4.2 Functional language You ought to … (+ infinitive)
Agreeing and disagreeing
Definitely!
Exactly!
I don’t think that’s possible.
I’m not convinced about that.
I’m not sure about that!
I see what you mean
Me too!
That’s impossible.
That’s right.

Vocabulario  Unit 4 115

 Unit 4 Vocabulary practice

1 Copy the letters with the same colour and put them 3 Complete the missing words in the mini-dialogues.
in the correct order to make words to complete 1 A : Why are you wearing jeans? It’s so hot!
the sentences.
B : I’ve got a b k and it looks awful.
S E O N E N S I A C O H 2 A : I’ve got basketball training, then band practice
R A T I E S R E S O T E and finally a judo class.
P N B K R M M W R D O W B : You really need to s d !
D R E S H A I M Y T C S 3 A : I don’t want to talk about my problems.
1 Eric has got a ; B : If you o u , maybe I’ll be able
he can’t write. to help.
2 Rachel needs a 4 A : How many cans of cola have you had?
to take her temperature. B : Three. I should c d , shouldn’t I?
3 Dawn wants to buy 5 A : I’ve got a s n .
for the expedition.
B : That’s because you spend too much time on your
4 Ricardo is very . laptop. It isn’t good for you.
5 Helen has got a very ; 6 A : Oh, no! Have you got a b l ?
she can’t lift anything.
B : No, don’t worry. It’s just a sprained ankle.
2 Complete the article with the words and phrases.
4 Translate the sentences.
aching avalanches calm down cheerful facing up to 1 If I were you, I’d wear a parka.
grumpy layers swollen thermal underwear work out


So you want to climb a mountain? 2 Some allergic reactions cause itchy skin.
Climbing a mountain is an amazing experience, but it’s
very dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing. Here
are some things to consider before your first expedition. 3 Marta ought to spend more time chilling out.
Climbers need to be in excellent physical condition, so you’ll
need to (1) regularly to avoid
(2) muscles and to increase your
4 I couldn’t play tennis because I had a dislocated
stamina. Mental strength is just as important. Are you good at
shoulder.
(3) challenges? Will you stay
(4) when things get difficult or
will you become (5) ?
Can you (6) yourself 5 You’ll feel sleepy tomorrow unless you go to bed
when you feel anxious? soon.
You’ll need special clothes to keep warm in the snow, including
a thick jacket on the outside, (7)
on the inside, and several (8) in 6 Which music videos have you streamed recently?
the middle.
Many accidents are caused by (9)
and falling rocks. Could you recognize the danger signs?
What would you do if someone in your group had a
(10) ankle and couldn’t walk?
If I were you, I’d think about all these things
before climbing any mountains!

116 Unit 4  Vocabulario

 Unit 5 Gramática

Question forms el infinitivo (con to): I’ve decided to start a blog.

Preguntas sobre el sujeto Who edits the site?
Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de verbos en -ing
como de infinitivos, y tienen un significado diferente. He
Preguntas sobre el objeto Which blogs do you read?
aquí algunos ejemplos típicos:
Question tags He hasn’t emailed, has he?
forget / remember
Preguntas con preposición Who are you writing to?
I’ll never forget meeting you. (no) tener un recuerdo de
Uso
(no) olvidar algo que debemos
En las subject questions, la partícula interrogativa (what, Remember to email me.
hacer
who, etc.) se refiere al sujeto.
go on
 ‘Who commented on your post?’ ‘Sara.’ (Who asks about He went on talking for hours. seguir
Sara, the subject of the verb comment.)
He started a blog and went on
Las preguntas relativas al sujeto se construyen con una pasar a otra actividad
to launch a website.
partícula interrogativa seguida del verbo principal, que regret
funciona igual que en la forma afirmativa. Estas preguntas
arrepentirse de algo que
no incluyen los auxiliares do (presente) / did (pasado). I regret buying this tablet.
hicimos en el pasado
  Who hosts the site? (NO Who does host the site?) I regret to say that I can’t repair sentir tener que decir que algo
En las object questions, la partícula interrogativa (what, your laptop. es cierto
who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o la cosa que recibe la stop
acción del verbo. I’ve stopped using Facebook. dejar de hacer algo
 ‘What did you upload?’ ‘I uploaded a video.’ (What asks interrumpir una acción
about the video, the object of the verb upload.) She stopped to chat to me. brevemente para hacer otra
Las preguntas sobre el objeto, tanto en presente como en cosa
pasado, incluyen los auxiliares do / did y el infinitivo sin to. try
 Who did you email? I’ll try sending an email from hacer un experimento para ver
my other account. si algo funciona
Utilizamos questions tags al final de la frase para
asegurarnos de que algo es cierto, o preguntar si nuestro I’m trying to get up earlier. hacer un esfuerzo
interlocutor está de acuerdo.
  You commented on my blog, didn’t you?
Modals of deduction and possibility
Las questions tags se construyen con un verbo modal o sujeto + verbo modal + verbo principal
auxiliar seguido del pronombre sujeto de la frase principal. It can’t have a virus.
Si el verbo principal está en afirmativa, el de la question tag (= I’m certain it isn’t true.)
irá en negativa, y viceversa.
We could / may / might arrive late.
 You use a PC, don’t you?
(= It’s possible.)
 We can’t access our emails, can we?
You must be angry.
Si la frase contiene un verbo en la forma afirmativa del
(= I’m certain it is true.)
present simple o el past simple, utilizamos la correspondiente
forma negativa de do en la question tag. Uso
Los verbos modales can’t, could, may, might, must sirven
 He transferred the files, didn’t he?
para expresar distintos grados de certeza.
Algunos verbos van acompañados de preposiciones (look
at, talk to, comment on.) En preguntas relativas al objeto, se
suelen colocar al final.
Infinitives of purpose
  What are you looking at? Oración principal + infinitivo de finalidad
I switched on my tablet (action) to check my email. (= reason)
Verbs with -ing and to Uso
El infinitivo de finalidad explica el porqué de una acción.
Cuando un verbo va seguido de otro, el segundo puede
adoptar dos formas:   ‘Why did you call Sam?’ ‘To cheer him up.’

la forma en -ing: I enjoyed reading your post.

Gramática  Unit 5 117

 Unit 5 Grammar practice

Question forms Modals of deduction and possibility

1 Complete the question tags. 4 Complete the dialogue with suitable modals from
1 They host this website, ? box A and main verbs from box B. Sometimes there
is more than one possible answer.
2 He wasn’t very respectful, ?
3 You’ve already logged on, ? A can’t could may might must
4 She hadn’t registered with the site, ?
B be be have live spend
5 The file uploaded correctly, ?
6 Hackers can’t access my documents, ? A: Look! This girl’s got 10,000 Facebook friends! She
(1) really popular.
2 Look at the underlined words in the answers. Then B: No way! Is it actually possible to meet 10,000 people
write the questions. Use the same verb as in the in your life?
answer.
A: I think so. You (2) to the
1  age of 100 and meet 100 people a year. Or you
I’m looking at a football blog. (3) a celebrity.
2  B: But that girl’s sixteen and at school! She
Mum bookmarked the website. (4) all day sending friend
3  requests. She (5) any time
to see anyone face-to-face.
I uploaded a hilarious cat video.
4 Infinitives of purpose
I’m commenting on the photo of Amber in Rome.
5
5 Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first. Use infinitives of purpose.
A virus caused the computer to crash.
1 I want to buy a can of cola, so I’m going out.
Verbs with -ing and to 
2 I need to ask your advice – that’s why I’m calling.
3 Complete the essay with the correct -ing or
infinitive form of the bold verbs.
3 I always say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ because I want to
be polite.

4 I’m learning how to play the guitar, so I’ve been
We all remember (1) (learn) about manners
as children. But how often do we stop (2) watching YouTube videos.
(consider) the impact of manners on our careers?
According to research, success at work depends 85 per cent
on people skills. ‘Treat others how you want them to treat you,’
says business coach Marga Cruz. ‘It’s a simple rule, but we often 5 We’re trying to help the local hospital, which is why
forget (3) (follow) it. Many of my clients we’re raising money.
regret (4) (not realize) this sooner.’ Cruz
says there are simple ways to show politeness in the workplace.
‘Don’t go on (5) (talk) in meetings,’ she
says. ‘Let others speak. And stop (6) (react)
angrily to criticism,’ she says. ‘It doesn’t achieve anything and
it damages relationships.’

118 Unit 5  Gramática

 Unit 5 Vocabulario

5.1 Verbs: technology 5.2 Functional language

access (v)  / ˈækses / Thinking time
bookmark (v)  / ˈbʊkmɑːk / you know
comment (v)  / ˈkɒment / I mean
edit (v)  / ˈedɪt / well
host (v)  / həʊst / like
launch (v)  / lɔːntʃ /
log off (v)  / ˌlɒɡ ˈɒf / 5.3 Extra vocabulary
log on (v)  / ˌlɒɡ ˈɒn / poverty (n)  / ˈpɒvəti /
network (v)  / ˈnetwɜːk / respectful (adj)  / rɪˈspektfl /
register (v)  / ˈredʒɪstə(r) / (social) circle (n) 
respond (v)  / rɪˈspɒnd / / ˈsəʊʃɪ ˌsɜːkl /
transfer (v)  / trænsˈfɜː(r) / upbringing (n)  / ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ /
upload (v)  / ˌʌpˈləʊd / upper classes (n) 
/ ˌʌpə ˈklɑːsɪz /
5.1 Extra vocabulary
face-to-face (adj) 
5.3 Word builder
/ ˌfeɪs tə ˈfeɪs / bring up (phr v)  / ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp /
global (adj)  / ˈɡləʊbl / cheer up (phr v)  / ˌtʃɪə(r) ˈʌp /
multiple (adj)  / ˈmʌltɪpl / own up (phr v)  / ˌəʊn ˈʌp /
virtual (adj)  / ˈvɜːtʃuəl / put up (phr v)  / ˌpʊt ˈʌp /
split up (phr v)  / ˌsplɪt ˈʌp /
5.1 Learn it!
actually (adv)  / ˈæktʃuəli /
5.3 Say it!
currently (adv)  / ˈkʌrəntli / calm down (phr v) 
/ ˌkɑːm ˈdaʊn /
5.2 Nouns: manners chill out (phr v)  / tʃɪlˈaʊt /
appreciation (n) 
/ əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn /
5.4 Functional language
consideration (n)  Making suggestions
/ kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn / There could be … (+ noun)
diplomacy (n)  / dɪˈpləʊməsi / We could consider … (+ -ing)
etiquette (n)  It’d be great if we could … (+ infinitive)
/ ˈetɪket /, / ˈetɪkət / Why don’t we … (+ infinitive)?
interaction (n)  / ˌɪntərˈækʃn / Perhaps we could … (+ infinitive)
netiquette (n)  / ˈnetɪket /, We’d better (not) … (+ infinitive)
/ ˈnetikət /
How / What about … (+ -ing / noun)?
politeness (n)  / pəˈlaɪtnəs /
rank (n)  / ræŋk / Expressing certainty
rudeness (n)  / ˈruːdnəs / It’s / There is / are bound + to … (+ infinitive)
tradition (n)  / trəˈdɪʃn / That’s definitely … (+ noun / adjective)
There’s no doubt … (+ that clause)

Expressing doubt
I doubt / I’m not really sure / It’s unlikely … (+ that clause)

Vocabulario  Unit 5 119

 Unit 5 Vocabulary practice

1 Read the sentences and complete the puzzle. Then A of old films has grown as I’ve got older.
find a mystery word in the horizontal squares. B often form a closed social circle.
7
C in the USA to eat turkey for Thanksgiving.
1 2 3 4 5 8 9
D for this site without uploading a photo?
6
E interaction to communicating online.
F is not showing consideration for others.
10
G websites that you want to access frequently.

3 Complete the text with the words.

appreciation comment face-to-face  hosts 
log on respectful rudeness uploads virtual

What annoys you most on social media?

 1 This is a useful site if you want to … large files. I have a friend who (1) her own cookery
 2 Child … is one of the biggest global issues that we blog and (2) photos of her food to Twitter
currently face. every day! Every time I (3) , another one has
appeared! Then, if I don’t (4) on her photos
 3 I have more … friends than real friends.
and show my (5) ,  she gets angry and
 4 I think … is essential in any society. accuses me of (6)  !
 5 Social … varies widely between different cultures. Graham, Edinburgh
 6 They’re going to … their new website next month. I’m still good friends with my ex-boyfriend, but he’s started
 7 It isn’t … to your neighbours to make a lot of noise. having long (7) conversations with his new
girlfriend on his Facebook wall. Why don’t they message
 8 Why don’t we … a blog about surfing?
each other privately or actually meet (8) ? It’s
 9 This software works on … platforms. great that they’re in love, but it isn’t (9) to
10 Please will you … my article for the website? other people, and especially not to me!
Jessica, Manchester
The mystery word is  .

2 Complete sentence halves 1–7 with two different 4 Translate the sentences.
letters from the word cloud. Then match 1–7 to A–G
1 You remembered to log off, didn’t you?
to form sentences.

r
a p i e
t s a p t k
s p e f o r e
p e a o i k s s f 2 Who took the photos that you uploaded to your blog?
a s

1 The u er cla e  
2 You can b mar     3 Which comments did you respond to?
3 Can I gist  
4 It’s a rad on  
5 I prefer ce-to- ce   4 There’s no doubt that face-to-face networking
requires politeness and diplomacy.
6 I think rud n  

7 My reci tion  

120 Unit 5  Vocabulario

 Unit 6 Gramática

Reported speech  ‘Who wrote the sketch?’ he asked. ➞ He asked who had
written the sketch.
Al contar lo que alguien ha dicho, podemos hacerlo en
estilo directo, repitiendo sus palabras: En preguntas de tipo yes / no, se utilizan if y whether.
  ‘The book is really chilling,’ said Ben.  ‘Did you enjoy the act?’ He asked me? ➞ He asked me if
O podemos utilizar el estilo indirecto: I’d enjoyed the act.
Para órdenes y peticiones, utilizamos el infinitivo con to.
  Ben said the book was really chilling.
Al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, el tiempo verbal da un  ‘Please stand under the spotlight.’ ➞ He asked me to
paso atrás hacia el pasado. stand under the spotlight.
  ‘Don’t worry,’ she told me. ➞ She told me not to worry.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
present simple past simple
Reported suggestions and offers
present continuous past continuous
past simple past perfect simple Se utilizan distintas estructuras dependiendo del verbo
present perfect simple past perfect simple introductorio:
can could suggest + (that) + sujeto + infinitivo sin to.
will would  He suggested (that) I use a microphone.
am / is / are going to was / were going to offer + to + infinitivo
También cambian las referencias al tiempo, el espacio y  She offered to help me with my act.
la gente, para reflejar el punto de vista de la persona que
cuenta las cosas. Prepositions
 ‘We’ll arrive tomorrow,’ they confirmed. ➞
Lugar Movimiento Distancia Origen
 They confirmed that they would arrive the following day.
below away from away of
Estilo indirecto Estilo indirecto on top of towards near from
Tiempo at across
yesterday the previous day
Uso
tomorrow the following day Las preposiciones expresan distintas relaciones entre las
next week the following week palabras de una frase, p. ej.
Lugar   Lugar: The cat was on top of the bookcase.
here there   Movimiento: She started walking towards me.
this, these that, those   Distancia: There’s a big town about 10 km away.
Gente   Origen: Our teacher is from Scotland.
I, me, mine, myself he / she, him / her, his / her(s),
himself / herself Adverb phrases
we, us, our, ours, ourselves they, them, their, theirs,
themselves Las expresiones adverbiales están formadas por dos o más
palabras, a menudo una preposición y un sustantivo, que se
Reported questions, requests and unen para funcionar como un adverbio.
commands Tiempo Lugar Modo
after a while at home in secret on foot
Al pasar una pregunta al estilo indirecto, cambiamos as soon as in bed in silence very much
el orden, que refleja la misma estructura que la forma every night in a hurry
afirmativa. En estas preguntas no se incluyen los auxiliares Uso
do / did, pero sí cambian las referencias al tiempo, el lugar y Utilizamos adverbios y expresiones adverbiales para indicar
la gente, igual que en la forma afirmativa. cuándo, dónde y cómo ocurrió algo.
 ‘Which comedians do you like?’ he asked her. ➞ He   He goes out every night.  She studies at home.
asked her which comedians she liked.   They met in secret.

Gramática  Unit 6 121

 Unit 6 Grammar practice

Reported speech 4 They asked me who had designed that set.

1 Read Jessica’s review. Then complete the sentences ‘Who set?’

using reported speech. 5 He asked if I’d seen their act the previous day.
‘ ?’

Reported suggestions and offers

Visitor feedback
3 Decide if the sentences are suggestions or offers
I visited Hampton Court Palace yesterday with my family.
and rewrite them in reported speech using the
I haven’t written a review before, but I really want to say
reporting verbs suggest or offer.
how much we enjoyed ourselves!
Hampton Court was the home of Henry VIII. He was the 1 ‘Why don’t we have a day out?’ Lu said to me.
King of England from 1509 to 1547 and he had six wives.
There are lots of interactive features so visitors can
2 ‘I’ll drive you to school,’ Dad said to me.
imagine what life was like in the 1500s.
It’s great for a winter’s day, but we’re going to go again
in the summer. Then we’ll be able to explore the gardens. 3 ‘I can help you with your bags,’ Ali said to Amy.
Jessica, Brighton
*****
4 ‘Let’s watch something funny,’ Sam said to Jane.
1 Jessica said that Hampton
Court Palace with
family.
Prepositions
2 She explained that Hampton Court Palace
the home of King Henry VIII, who 4 Complete the sentences with the prepositions.
six wives. Say if they refer to location (L), movement (M),
3 She said that visitors distance (D) or origin (O).
what life like in the 1500s thanks to across below from near
lots of interactive features.
1 There’s a great ice cream shop here.
4 She mentioned that she and her family
again in the summer so 2 I don’t recognize his accent. Where is he ?
they be able to explore the gardens. 3 Please sign your name the line.
4 Let’s walk the bridge.
Reported questions, requests and
commands Adverb phrases
2 Rewrite the questions, requests and commands in 5 Complete the second sentence with an adverb
direct speech. Write one word in each gap. phrase so that it means the same as the first.
1 She asked me to call her the following day. 1 They didn’t talk at all during the meal.
‘Please  .’ They ate their meal  .
2 They asked me what subjects I studied. 2 I always walk to school.
‘What subjects ?’ I always go to school  .
3 He told me to write a sketch for his new show. 3 Suzy hasn’t got up yet.
‘ Write new show.’ Suzy’s still  .
4 When you get this message, call me immediately.
Call me you get this message.

122 Unit 6  Gramática

 Unit 6 Vocabulario

6.1 Verbs: reporting 6.3 Extra vocabulary

add (v)  / æd / blockbuster (n) 
admit (v)  / ədˈmɪt / / ˈblɒkbʌstə(r) /
agree (v)  / əˈɡriː / film-buff (n)  / ˈfɪlm bʌf /
boast (v)  / bəʊst / frame (n)  / freɪm /
complain (v)  / kəmˈpleɪn / set (n)  / set /
confirm (v)  / kənˈfɜːm / zoom out (v)  / ˌzuːm ˈaʊt /
deny (v)  / dɪˈnaɪ /
insist (v)  / ɪnˈsɪst /
6.3 Word builder
mention (v)  / ˈmenʃn / in a film  / ɪn ə ˈfɪlm /
point out (v)  / pɔɪnt ˈaʊt / in a scene / in scenes 
/ ɪn ə ˈsiːn /, / ɪn ˈsiːnz /
recommend (v)  / ˌrekəˈmend /
in the background 
reply (v)  / rɪˈplaɪ /
/ ɪn ðə ˈbækɡraʊnd /
reveal (v)  / rɪˈviːl /
in the studio 
state (v)  / steɪt / / ɪn ðə ˈstjuːdiəʊ /
on location  / ɒn ləʊˈkeɪʃn /
6.1 Extra vocabulary on screen  / ɒn ˈskriːn /
annual (adj)  / ˈænjuəl / on set  / ɒn ˈset /
exhausting (adj)  / ɪɡˈzɔːstɪŋ / on stage  / ɒn ˈsteɪdʒ /
extreme (adj)  / ɪkˈstriːm /
unforgettable (adj)  6.4 Functional language
/ ˌʌnfəˈɡetəbl /
Asking for points of view
What did you all / both think about … ?
6.2 Nouns: entertainment
What’s your opinion?
act (n)  / ækt /
amateur (n)  / ˈæmətə(r) /, Giving points of view
/ ˈæmətʃə(r) / In my view, …
microphone (n)  As far as I’m concerned …
/ ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn / My view is that …
monologue (n)  / ˈmɒnəlɒɡ / To my mind, …
newcomer (n)  / ˈnjuːkʌmər / In my opinion …
professional (n)  / prəˈfeʃənl / From my point of view, …
prop (n)  / prɒp / Talking about other people’s points of view
scriptwriter (n)  According to …
/ ˈskrɪptraɪtə(r) /
For (name), …
sketch (n)  / sketʃ /
spotlight (n)  / ˈspɒtlaɪt / Agreeing with others
stage (n)  / steɪdʒ / I couldn’t agree more.
venue (n)  / ˈvenjuː / I agree with you entirely / in the main / up to a point.

6.2 Functional language

Expressing frequency
a couple of times a week nearly always
almost never once a week

Vocabulario  Unit 6 123

 Unit 6 Vocabulary practice

1 Find seven words in the grid to complete the poster. 3 Choose the correct option to complete the text.
Words can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal.
P E J K S P I H U N I W How far is too far?
T R E E S K E T C H O B
I E O G B H C T S R S A As the popularity of stand-up comedy has grown, so has
L R P F N X H Z D E N Y the number of people (1) boasting / complaining that
I O I E E D A H H C G O jokes and (2) sketches / venues are too offensive. So should
F A P E W S T E N O O A comedians and (3) scriptwriters / professionals be allowed
to say or write anything they like?
T H R G C U S R Y M F D
D O O D O V B I H M K R Yes
G A P L M P T R O E C B ‘I don’t like cruel jokes, but I believe in freedom of speech,’
D C S A E C P J Y N U A (4) states / adds the comedian Andy Kemp. Sociologist Dr
Colin McGee (5) agrees / replies with Kemp. He (6) denies
I T A G R J I E F D A O
/ points out that comedy allows people to explore what
E N T H L U I E S S H L is socially acceptable. ‘If people don’t like a particular
comedian’s (7) act / prop, I (8) admit / recommend that
The New Theatre presents they stop watching it.’

Lars Jorgensen Live! No

‘Last week, I was shocked to see a ‘funny’ (9) monologue /
this year,
‘If you only see one live stand-up (1) venue about immigrants on TV,’ says writer Kay Ashworth.
that you see Jorgensen.’ Evening Mercury ‘Of course, the comedian (10) denied / revealed that
I (2)
to the comedy scene. he was racist, but to my mind, when broadcasters put
‘This year’s best (3) someone under a (11) spotlight / stage and give them a
Only 22 and already a true (4)  ’ The Echo
(12) microphone / sketch, they give them the power to
that
‘Love him or hate him, you can’t (5) influence people,’ she says. ‘TV stations should make sure
e
Jorgensen is a comic genius.’ Haha Mag
azin that those influences aren’t (13) extreme / exhausting or
make hateful,’ she (14) adds / admits.
‘A spectacular show! The brilliant (6)
it visually impressive as well as hilarious.’
funny.c om

is 4 Translate the sentences.

‘Jorgensen’s chicken (7)
thin g I’ve ever seen .’
possibly the funniest
1 She boasted that she had worked as a scriptwriter on
The Manchester Times
NT an American drama series.

2 Complete the sentences with the words.
amateur confirm frame 2 To my mind, it’s the best comedy venue in the city.
unforgettable venues zoom
1 Help! I’ve made this photo really big. How do I
out? 3 He recommended that I practised using the
microphone before going on stage.
2 Please could you that you’d like two
tickets for the 8.30 showing of Star Wars?
3 Some stand-up comedians are so popular that they
4 You can’t deny that he has some extreme opinions.
can fill huge like football stadiums.
4 For an  , he takes incredible photos.
5 Animation is time-consuming because every
5 He admitted that being a comedian was exhausting.
is filmed separately.
6 Going on a zip slide is an experience.

124 Unit 6  Vocabulario

 Unit 7 Gramática

Future continuous and future perfect Comparatives and superlatives

Future continuous Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
I / You / He / She / It / will long longer than the longest
be going.
We / They won’t big bigger than the biggest
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be going? busy busier than the busiest
Yes, will. beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
No, won’t. good better than the best
Future perfect Uso
I / You / He / She / It / will El comparativo sirve para comparar dos cosas, lugares o
have gone.
We / They won’t personas; en el superlativo se compara una persona, un
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they have gone? lugar o una cosa con al menos dos más.
Yes, will.   Driverless cars will be safer than cars driven by people.
I / you / he / she / it / we / they
No, won’t.  The ‘vactrain’ will be the fastest form of transport we’ve
Uso ever seen.
Utilizamos el future continuous para describir acciones que También utilizamos otras expresiones para establecer
se estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro. comparaciones.
Las frases en future continuous suelen incluir las expresiones  Driverless cars are less dangerous than cars driven by
in / at y this time … people.
  In 2025, we’ll be using driverless cars.  Football isn’t as old as Kabbadi.
  At 1.30, they’ll be having lunch.   This was the least cold winter that I can remember.
  This time next week, I’ll be travelling to New York. Para descubrir más expresiones utilizadas para hacer
El future perfect se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se comparaciones, consulta la sección Functional language de
completarán en un momento concreto del futuro. Suelen la página 127.
incluir expresiones temporales introducidas por by.
  By four o’clock, I’ll have finished this essay.
Future expressions
By the year 3000, we’ll have discovered life on another
  Los tiempos verbales citados no son los únicos que sirven
planet. para hablar del futuro. También podemos emplear ciertas
expresiones.
Future tenses be (just) about to (+ infinitivo)
I’m just about to go to bed. I’ll call you tomorrow.
Se utilizan distintos tiempos verbales de futuro para
funciones diferentes. be likely to (+ infinitivo)
It’s likely to be drizzly tomorrow.
will
be due to (+ infinitivo)
Predicciones (basadas en We’ll win the World Cup.
opiniones o impresiones) We’re due to fly to the USA soon and I’ve lost my passport.

Promesas I won’t tell anyone.

Decisiones espontáneas I’ll have another biscuit.
be going to
Predicciones (basadas en There’s going to be a blizzard.
evidencias externas)
Intenciones I’m going to call him now.
Present simple
Horarios The plane leaves at 7.45.
Present continuous
Planes concretos We’re moving to Scotland.

Gramática  Unit 7 125

 Unit 7 Grammar practice

Future continuous and future perfect 2 When the plane from

Rome?
1 Choose the correct option. Say if the sentences are
3 We in the square at six o’clock.
in the future continuous (FC) or future perfect (FP).
4 This cake very nice. I forgot to put
1 What will we be doing / done tomorrow?
sugar in it.
2 By 2025, we’ll be / have got married.
5 I your hamster while you’re on holiday.
3 At 7.30, I’ll be having / had breakfast.
6 What a beautiful bag! I think I it.
4 Everyone will be / have driving electric cars in ten
years. 4 Look at the sentences in exercise 3 again and match
5 When will you have finishing / finished your them to the functions.
homework? A a promise
6 At half past two, the match won’t have beginning / B a prediction based on external evidence
begun . C a prediction based on a belief
2 Complete the text with the correct future D an event on a timetable
continuous or future perfect form of the verbs. E a spontaneous decision
F a fixed plan
Melting Arctic ice to open
up new shipping routes Comparatives and superlatives
5 Complete the gaps in the sentences with one word.
Scientists claim that by 2050, ships 1 This is best film I’ve ever seen.
(1)   (sail) directly over 2 Walking isn’t as tiring cycling.
the North Pole. At the moment, this route
3 My sister’s outgoing than I am. I love parties
is difficult and this makes trade between
and she hates them.
Europe and China expensive. But so much ice
4 Does travelling by train take longer flying?
(2) (melt) by 2050 that a
corridor (3) (open up) 5 My feet really hurt! These are the comfortable
shoes I’ve ever bought!
in the Arctic Ocean and transporting goods
(4) (become) much cheaper.
It is thought that over the next decades. It is
Future expressions
possible that in 2050, while most of the world’s 6 Add four words to the second sentence so that it
population is suffering from the effects of climate means the same as the first. Include the bold word.
change, a few people (5) 1 The Prime Minister is giving a speech at 11.00. (due)
(make) money from it. The Prime Minister
a speech at 11.00.
2 There will probably be a light breeze today. (likely)
Future tenses There a light breeze
today.
3 Complete the sentences with future forms of the 3 When do you expect to get your results? (due)
verbs. When get your
buy feed meet sell take off taste results?
4 Arsenal probably won’t beat Chelsea. (likely)
1 I don’t think the band many copies of
Arsenal Chelsea.
their next album.

126 Unit 7  Gramática

 Unit 7 Vocabulario

7.1 Phrasal verbs: travel 7.3 Extra vocabulary

come across (phr v)  bronze (adj) / brɒnz /
/ ˌkʌm əˈkrɒs / finish line (n)  / ˈfɪnɪʃ ˌlaɪn /
get away (phr v)  / ˌɡet ˈəweɪ / opponent (n)  / əˈpəʊnənt /
get off (phr v)  / ˌɡet ˈɒf / runner-up (n)  / ˌrʌnər ˈʌp /
get on (phr v)  / ˌɡet ˈɒn / substitute (n)  / ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt /
see off (phr v)  / ˌsiː ˈɒf / tackle (v) / ˈtækl /
set off (phr v)  / ˌset ˈɒf /
speed up (phr v)  / ˌspiːd ˈʌp / 7.3 Word builder
stop over (phr v)  be in a league of their own
/ ˌstɒp ˈəʊvər /
take off (phr v)  / ˌteɪk ˈɒf / be no match for
turn back (phr v)  / ˌtɜːn ˈbæk /
fight a losing battle
7.1 Extra vocabulary
commuting (v)  get off to a good start
/ kəˈmjuːtɪŋ /
double-decker (n)  put up a good fight
/ ˌdʌbl ˈdekər /
fare (n)  / feər /
pedalling (v)  / pedlɪŋ / 7.4 Functional language
pedestrian (n)  / pəˈdestriən / Comparing and contrasting places
rush hour (n)  / ˈrʌʃ aʊər / It might be (+ comparative) …
… is less / more (+ adjective) than …
7.1 Nouns: weather There are (not) as many as …
blizzard (n)  / ˈblɪzəd / They are not as (+ adjective) as …
breeze (n)  / briːz / … get(s) (+ comparative) and (+ same comparative)
drizzle (n)  / ˈdrɪzl / The (+ comparative), the (+ comparative).
frost (n)  / frɒst / There’s never been a (+ comparative) way to …
gale (n)  / ɡeɪl / (noun) is second to none.
hailstorm (n)  / ˈheɪlstɔːm / You’ll not only (+ infinitive), but you’ll also
heatwave (n)  / ˈhiːtweɪv / (+ infinitive) … .
hurricane (n)  / ˈhʌrɪkən / … is the only (+ noun), in town with (+ noun) …
mist (n)  / mɪst / It may be (+ adjective), but it won’t be as (+ adjective)
shower (n)  / ˈʃaʊər / as …
sleet (n)  / sliːt /
tornado (n)  / tɔːˈneɪdəʊ /

7.2 Functional language

What and How
What a lovely idea!
How very interesting!
How very disappointing!

Vocabulario  Unit 7 127

 Unit 7 Vocabulary practice

1 Complete the missing double letters in the 3 Complete the interview with the words.
words. Then use six of the words to complete the
double-decker get away hailstorm mist
headlines.
set off  stop over  tornado  turn back
1 5
bli   ards dri   le
Retired bus driver, 68, describes
2 6 round-the-world cycle trip
sp   ds up hu   icane
Ex-bus driver John Laws has returned home after cycling
around the world. Devon Life interviewed him about his trip.
3 7
o   onent ru   er-up Why did you decide to do it? What was the most
I’d travelled thousands of difficult aspect of the trip?
4 8 kilometres, but in Devon in a The weather! In India, a
co   uting s    o    (1) (4) had
bus. I wanted to see the world! destroyed the road. In
China, I was in an incredible
UK prepares for (1) and  How long did it take and how
(5) – it
many countries did you cycle
snow as wintry weather continues was like golf balls were
through?
falling from the sky! And
I (2) two and
in Cambodia, there was so
(2) to work causes stress say doctors a half years ago and travelled
much (6)
through sixteen countries.
that I couldn’t see the road at
What will you remember all. There were times when I
Last year’s Tour de France (3) most about the trip? wanted to (7)
retires from cycling The scenery and the kind – but fortunately I didn’t!
people I met – especially the
And what now? Will you be
Nepalese family who invited
Diet book claims green tea (4) weight loss enjoying a quiet retirement
me to (3)
in Devon?
at their house when I had
No way! I can’t wait to
nowhere to stay.
Nadal faces his toughest (8) again!
(5) yet in Light (6)
won’t stop the party at
tonight’s match the Glastonbury Festival!
4 Translate the sentences.
1 At six o’clock, the plane will have taken off.
2 Choose the correct option to complete the
sentences.

1 It’s only a … . It’ll have stopped raining soon. 2 I came across my bronze swimming medal while I
A shower B frost C sleet was tidying my room.
2 You can’t get … the train without a ticket.
A off B on C away
3 It isn’t very windy, but there’s a light … . 3 There are plenty of cheap flights at the moment so
there’s never been a better time to get away.
A gale B breeze C heatwave
4 Let’s go and watch the runners cross the … .
A fare B  finish line C  rush hour 4 I hope that at 4.15, I’ll be crossing the finish line.
5 That was a bad … ! Why didn’t the referee give him a
yellow card?
A opponent B substitute C tackle 5 The runner-up said his opponent was second to none.

128 Unit 7  Vocabulario

 Unit 8 Gramática

Defining and non-defining relative Nota: en inglés, se utiliza el determinante para referirse a las
clauses profesiones.
  Elvis was a singer.
Utilizamos pronombres relativos para añadir una
proposición (de relativo) a una frase. Al hablar de las cosas en general, no siempre es necesario el
determinante, p. ej. en el caso de los sustantivos abstractos.
(proposición principal) (proposición de relativo)
  I don’t like fruit. Trust is essential in relationships.
That’s the bakery which sells mouth-watering cakes.

Se utiliza: Indefinite pronouns

•  who con personas •  when para indicaciones temporales
•  which para cosas •  where con lugares Afirmativa Negativa e interrogativa
•  whose para expresar pertenencia Cosas something anything
everything
Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo. Las especificativas nothing
aportan información esencial sin la cual no sabríamos a qué
Lugares somewhere anywhere
cosa, persona, lugar o momento se refiere la frase. everywhere
  This is the restaurant which serves aromatic curries. nowhere
En las proposiciones especificativas, who y which se pueden Personas someone = somebody anyone = anybody
sustituir por that. everyone = everybody
no one = nobody
  This is the restaurant that serves aromatic curries.
Uso
Las proposiciones explicativas añaden información Los pronombres indefinidos que empiezan por some- y
adicional sobre el sustantivo, pero la oración principal any- se utilizan para referirse a cosas, personas y lugares
tendría sentido sin ellas, ya que sabemos a qué cosa, sin especificar exactamente qué o quiénes son. Utilizamos
persona, lugar o momento se refiere. some- en la forma afirmativa; y any-, en negativa e
La proposición explicativa va entre comas. interrogativa.
 
The restaurant, which is called Thai Spice, serves   There’s someone in the kitchen.
aromatic curries.   There isn’t anything savoury.
En las proposiciones explicativas, los pronombres relativos   Is there anything in the fridge?
no se pueden sustituir por that.
Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere significan
“todas las cosas”, “todas las personas” y “(en) todos los sitios”.
Determiners   She’s already been everywhere in Europe.
Utilizamos determinantes tales como los artículos a / an y Utilizamos no one / nobody y nowhere con un verbo en
the para identificar sustantivos. afirmativa para referirnos a “ninguna cosa”, “ninguna
persona” y “ningún sitio”. También podemos emplear
Algunos determinantes hacen referencia a cosas concretas:
anything, anyone / anybody y anywhere con un verbo en
the
negativa. El significado es el mismo.
this, that, these, those,
my, your, his, her, its, our, their   There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody here.
which
so … that and such … that
  This burger is inedible.
Se utiliza so / such … that para subrayar la intensidad de
  Which sandwich are you going to have?
algo.
Otros determinantes, p. ej. a y some, hacen referencia a las
so + adjetivo + that
cosas en general:
  The biscuits were so delicious that I ate three.
  I’d like a sandwich. Let’s get some food.
such + (adjetivo ) + sustantivo + that
  He showed such bravery that he won a medal.
  I had such a bad headache that I went home.

Gramática  Unit 8 129

 Unit 8 Grammar practice

Defining and non-defining relative Determiners

clauses 3 Are the determiners in these sentences correct or
1 Match 1–5 to A–E to form sentences. Say if the incorrect? Write ✓ or ✗ and correct the incorrect
sentences contain defining (D) or non-defining (ND) sentences.
relative clauses. 1 I’m allergic to the milk.
1 My uncle, who spent
2 This is the museum 2 How much do these sandals cost?
3 My mum’s new perfume,
4 We saw the Big Hat Jazz Band, 3 How cold is it at North Pole?
5 We’re going to visit the town
A where we saw the Matisse exhibition last year. 4 The loneliness is a problem in our society.
B a long time in India, makes delicious curries.
C who performed at last year’s jazz festival. 5 You look great. I really like your dress.
D which contains patchouli oil, smells awful.
E where my grandmother was born.
Indefinite pronouns
2 Complete the text with suitable relative pronouns. 4 Choose the correct option.
Use that where possible.
1 No one / Anyone knows how old petroglyphs are,
but they probably date back thousands of years.
2 Check that you’ve got everything / anything you
need before you start assembling the table.
3 Why didn’t no one / anyone tell me that I had
We all know that we can’t see in places tomato ketchup on my shirt?
(1) there isn’t any light. But why?
4 There’s something / anything that I need to tell you.
Light, (2) is a form of electromagnetic
radiation, travels in waves. There are few objects
(3) emit light. Most objects just reflect so … that and such … that
the light (4) hits them. This reflected
light makes it possible for us to see an object 5 Join the sentences with so / such … that.
(5) we look at it. The light hits the retina 1 It was a good concert. I bought the band’s album.
in the eye, (6) it is converted into neural It was
signals. These are sent to other cells, (7)   .
transmit the information to the brain. Researchers 2 The soup smelled delicious. We had to try some.
(8) study vision believe that the brain
actively interprets what we see and fills in gaps. It
The soup  .
often uses our experience of things (9)
3 My friend’s penguin costume looked silly. I couldn’t
we have seen before to do this. In other words, we stop laughing.
often see the things (10) we expect to My friend’s penguin costume
see. This is why we don’t always notice errors in a   .
text. Our brains often correct mistakes automatically 4 There was a big crowd of people at the exhibition. We
(11) we’re reading or add missing letters couldn’t see the paintings.
in the places (12) they should be. There was
 .

130 Unit 8  Gramática

 Unit 8 Vocabulario
a school of dolphins
8.1 Idioms: have and take / ə ˌskuːl ɒv ˈdɒlfɪnz /
have a ball  / ˌhæv ə ˈbɔːl / a pride of lions
have a good nose for / ə ˌpraɪd ɒv ˈlaɪənz /
/ ˌhæv ə ɡʊd ˈnəʊz fɔːr / a troop of monkeys
have an eye for  / ə ˌtruːp ɒv ˈmʌŋkiz /
/ ˌhæv ən ˈaɪ fɔː(r) /
have an open mind 8.2 Functional language
/ ˌhæv ən ˌəʊpən ˈmaɪnd / Too, neither and nor
have no idea  / ˌhæv nəʊ aɪˈdɪə / Me too! Neither can I!
take it easy  / ˌteɪk ɪt ˈiːzi / I have too! Me neither.
take it from me / us  Nor does the researcher.
/ ˌteɪk ɪt frɒm ˈmi /, / ˈʌs /
take note of  / ˌteɪk ˈnəʊt ɒv / 8.3 Extra vocabulary
take your breath away
complex (adj)  / ˈkɒmpleks /
/ ˌteɪk jɔːr ˈbreθ əˌweɪ /
life-sized (adj)  / ˈlaɪf ˌsaɪzd /
take your mind off
/ ˌteɪk jɔːr ˈmaɪnd ɒf / magnificent (adj) 
/ mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt /
8.1 Extra vocabulary peculiar (adj)  / pɪˈkjuːliər /
primitive (adj)  / ˈprɪmətɪv /
aromatic (adj)  / ˌærəˈmætɪk /
inedible (adj)  / ɪnˈedəbl / 8.3 Word builder
mouth-watering (adj)
/ ˈmaʊθ wɔːtərɪŋ / look around (v)  / ˌlʊk əˈraʊnd /
savoury (adj)  / ˈseɪvəri / look back (v)  / ˌlʊk ˈbæk /
look down (v)  / ˌlʊk ˈdaʊn /
8.2 Abstract nouns look into (v)  / ˌlʊk ˈɪntə /
affection (n)  / əˈfekʃn / look out for (v)  / ˌlʊk ˈaʊt fɔːr /
aggression (n)  / əˈɡreʃn /
apprehension (n) 
8.4 Functional language
/ ˌæprɪˈhenʃn / Giving instructions: sequencing
bravery (n)  / ˈbreɪvəri / Beginning
compassion (n)  / kəmˈpæʃn / Before you begin, … (+ imperative)
friendship (n)  / ˈfrendʃɪp / Start by … (+ gerund)
grief (n)  / ɡriːf / The first thing you should do is …
intelligence (n)  / ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns / The best way to begin is by … (+ gerund)
joy (n)  / dʒɔɪ / Continuing
loneliness (n)  / ˈləʊnlinəs / After that, you should … (+ infinitive)
sympathy (n)  / ˈsɪmpəθi / The next step / thing is to … (+ infinitive)
trust (n)  / trʌst / Once / When you’ve done that, … (+ infinitive)
While + present continuous, + imperative
8.2 Learn it! Finishing
a herd of elephants The last step is to … (+ infinitive)
/ ə ˌhɜːd ɒv ˈelɪfənts / When you’ve completed all the steps, you should …
a flock of birds  (+ infinitive)
/ ə ˌflɒk ɒv ˈbɜːdz / By this point, you should have … (+ past participle)
a pack of dogs 
/ ə ˌpæk ɒv ˈdɒɡz /
Vocabulario  Unit 8 131
 Unit 8 Vocabulary practice

1 Complete the missing words in the sentences. Then 3 Complete the text with the words and phrases.
put the letters in the blue boxes in order to find the
apprehension  bravery  compassion  have an eye for
mystery adjective.
have an open mind  have no idea  joy 
1 Do you prefer sweet or S magnificent  take it from me  trust
food in general?
2  G S
physical – it can be verbal too.
isn’t always
JOB Fashion
3 Dogs need more F F
from their owners than cats do.
#78 consultant
People often think buying clothes is a fun and frivolous
4 I can’t wait until the wedding. We’re going to activity, but (1)  , it isn’t. What you
V B  ! wear affects your confidence, so as a fashion consultant, my
5 I’ve had a busy week, so I’m going to K job is to help clients choose clothes that suit them. Many
Y this weekend. people (3) what looks good on them.
A fashion consultant needs to (5)
6 Classical music fans can photograph colour and tone and make sure the client’s best features are
themselves standing next to a emphasized.
F  -  Z statue of Mozart.
Fashion consultants must understand their clients’ feelings
7 The Altamira Caves in northern Spain have and show (6)  . For someone without
some of Europe’s best preserved much self-confidence, changing one’s image requires
P art. considerable (7)  . Clients often feel great
(8) at our first meeting. They need to
8 The soldiers got medals for their extraordinary
(9) and for that to happen, you
Y  . must develop (10)  : when you say that
The mystery adjective is . your client looks (11) in an outfit, he or
she has to believe you.
2 Complete the words and phrases with the letters. For me, the best part of the job is seeing the pure
There are two extra sets of letters. Then match 1–8 (12) on clients’ faces when they look in
to A–H. the mirror and feel good about themselves – sometimes for
the first time in their lives.
SHIP PATH PEN EAT

ONE LIAR HEN TELL

4 Translate the sentences.
1 It took my br h away
1 My sister is someone who loves shopping and has a
2 He didn’t show much sym y good nose for a bargain.
3 I believe that friend
4 Do you think in igence
5 I heard a pecu noise 2 This curry is so spicy that it’s completely inedible.
6 L liness is a problem
A for many elderly people.
3 Grief is a complex emotion which has many forms.
B is more important than money.
C when I failed my guitar exam.
D is something that you can develop? 4 Listening to cheerful music usually takes my mind off
E when I saw my sister’s wedding dress. my problems.
F during the night. What was it?

132 Unit 8  Vocabulario

 Unit 9 Gramática

Summary of tenses Future perfect

Acciones que se habrán completado en un momento
Present simple
concreto del futuro.
Hábitos del presente; horarios del futuro
 In two years, my sister will have graduated from
  My brother studies engineering.
university.
  The autumn term finishes on 19th December.
Present continuous
Acciones que se están desarrollando ahora; planes
Non-tense revision
concretos para el futuro inmediato. Reported statements
  I’m revising for my exams. Ver unidad 6 de esta Gramática, página 121.
  We’re having a Maths exam tomorrow.
Reported requests
Past simple Ver unidad 6 de esta Gramática, página 121.
Acciones que se completaron en un momento concreto del
Third conditional
pasado.
Ver unidad 4 de esta Gramática, página 113.
  My dad got a new job in 2015.
Determiners
Past continuous
Ver unidad 8 de esta Gramática, página 129.
Acciones que se estaban dando en un momento del pasado.
  I was working on Saturday morning. Defining and non-defining relative clauses
used to Ver unidad 8 de esta Gramática, página 129.
Hábitos o situaciones que ya no se dan. Questions ending in a preposition
  We didn’t use to have so much homework. Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.
Present perfect simple Question tags
Acciones o situaciones pasadas que tienen un efecto en la Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.
actualidad. Subject and object questions
  I’ve done lots of volunteer work. Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.
Present perfect continuous Verb + -ing / to
Acciones o situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y Ver unidad 5 de esta Gramática, página 117.
siguen en la actualidad.
  I’ve been studying all morning.
Plural nouns
Past perfect
Acciones que se dieron antes que otras acciones del pasado. Para la mayoría de los sustantivos, el plural se forma
  He didn’t get the job because he’d lied on his CV. añadiendo -s.
Futuro con will students  grades  semesters
Predicciones basadas en opiniones o impresiones; Sin embargo, algunos sustantivos crean su plural de forma
decisiones espontáneas. diferente.
  You’ll find this job very rewarding. Singular acabado en… Plural acabado en…
  I won’t tell anyone. -y university -ies universities
  That job looks interesting. I’ll apply for it. -ch, -s or -x boss -es bosses
Futuro con be going to -is analysis -es analyses
Intenciones o predicciones basadas en evidencias externas. -um medium -a media
  I’m going to work really hard and pass this exam.
-f or -fe leaf -ves leaves
  The teacher isn’t here. We’re going to have a free period.
Future continuous
Acciones que se estarán desarrollando en un momento
concreto del futuro.
  In ten years, I’ll be working abroad.

Gramática  Unit 9 133

 Unit 9 Grammar practice

Revision 1 4 Correct the underlined mistakes.

1 David that’s a lawyer earns a lot of money.
1 Choose the correct option.
1 Sssh! Be quiet. I ’m studying / study. 2 What did happen at the interview?
2 I can’t do the exam because I ’ve broken / ’ve been
breaking my wrist.
3 I forgot asking what the salary was.
3 I felt nervous because I didn’t do / hadn’t done an

interview before.
4 You graduated from Leeds University, isn’t it?
4 My sister  ’s going to / will study at Harvard next
semester.
5 In 2030, I’ll be graduating / have graduated and 5 The vocational careers include teaching and
I’ll have a job in a big company. medicine.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs. Plural nouns
1 Question 2 looks difficult. I
5 Complete the text with the plural forms of the
(answer) Question 1.
nouns in bold.
2 I wasn’t feeling well when I (take)
the exam.
3 I (think) about it for ages, but I
still can’t decide what subject to study. Recent (1) (study) by the European
Commission show that higher education in Europe is
4 The exams will be over soon. This time next week, we
changing fast. Here are two of the (2)
(relax) on the beach.
(change) that (3) (analysis) of the
5 I need some money, so I (get) a data have revealed.
summer job.
The balance between the (4) (sex)
is changing. There are now three female students
Revision 2
for every two male students studying in EU
3 Put the words in brackets in the correct order. (5) (university). The ratio in
1 (not / jeans / her / told / I / wear / to) to the interview. education and the (6) (humanity)
is two to one. In science (7) (class),

there are still more males, but the gap is closing.
2 (in / subjects / did / Which / specialize / you) when
you were my age? There is more emphasis on employment
(8) (opportunity). Due to the

economic (9) (crisis) in many
3 If (I / you / helped / wouldn’t / passed / hadn’t / have European countries, higher education institutions
/ me,) the exam. are building closer links with (10)
(business). They are adapting their
4 The university careers centre (a / is / get / can / you / (11) (curriculum) to help students
place / where) information about different jobs. develop skills in new (12) (medium)
and personal (13) (quality) that will
make them employable. They are also preparing
students to continue learning for the rest of their
(14) (life).

134 Unit 9  Gramática

 Unit 9 Vocabulario

9.1 Verbs and prepositions: 9.3 Extra vocabulary

education atmosphere (n)  / ˈætməsfɪər /
approve of  / əˈpruːv ɒv / launch (n)  / ˈlɔːntʃ /
benefit from  / ˈbenɪfɪt frɒm / mission (n)  / ˈmɪʃn /
comment on  / ˈkɒment ɒn / orbit (n)  / ˈɔːbɪt /
concentrate on  surface (n)  / ˈsɜːfɪs /
/ ˈkɒnsntreɪt ɒn /
graduate from / in
9.3 Word builder
/ ˈɡrædʒuət frɒm / ɪn / Cognates or false friends?
participate in  / pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ɪn / design (v)  / dɪˈzaɪn /
prepare for  / prɪˈpeər fɔːr / emergence (n)  / iˈmɜːdʒəns /
search for  / ˈsɜːtʃ fɔːr / frontier (n)  / ˈfrʌntɪər /
specialize in  / ˈspeʃəlaɪz ɪn / intend (v)  / ɪnˈtend /
succeed in  / səkˈsiːd ɪn / probe (v)  / ˈprəʊb /
ultimate (n)  / ˈʌltɪmət /
9.1 Extra vocabulary
free period (n)  / friː ˈpɪəriəd / 9.4 Functional language
half term (n)  / ˌhɑːf ˈtɜːm / Giving notices and warnings
semester (n)  / sɪˈmestər / Always … (+ infinitive)
study leave (n)  / ˈstʌdi liːv / Never … (+ infinitive) unless …
term (n)  / tɜːm / (Book) soon, otherwise you might … (+ infinitive)
Don’t let (him / her / them) … (+ infinitive)
9.2 Adjectives: careers Don’t panic. / Don’t worry.
academic (adj)  / ˌækəˈdemɪk / (Give) this … , or you might … (+ infinitive)
challenging (adj)  He / She / You / We / They should … (+ infinitive)
/ ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ / otherwise (he) might … (+ infinitive)
motivating (adj)  Hurry.
/ ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ /
It’s essential to (+ infinitive) / that you (+ infinitive) …
repetitive (adj)  / rɪˈpetətɪv /
Make sure you … (+ infinitive)
rewarding (adj)  / rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ /
If you don’t … , you will / won’t … (+ infinitive)
skilled / unskilled (adj)
/ ˈskɪld /, / ˌʌnˈskɪld /
unsociable (adj)  / ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl /
varied (adj)  / ˈveərid /
vocational (adj)  / vəʊˈkeɪʃənl /
well- / badly-paid (adj)
/ ˌwel /, / ˌbædli ˈpeɪd /

9.2 Functional language

Exclamations
Hey!
No way!
Really?
Wow!

Vocabulario  Unit 9 135

 Unit 9 Vocabulary practice

1 Complete the sentences with pairs of words. Then 3 Complete the opposites. Then complete the
match questions 1–3 to answers A–C. sentences.

approve comment free graduate half skilled ≠ un   r ≠ varied

 -paid≠ badly-paid
in leave study of on term period
sociable ≠ un

1 My sisters all medicine. What will 1 Should I get a(n) job that I enjoy or
my parents think if I say I want to be a writer?  a(n) one that will allow me to save for
the future?
2 I started revising during the February  .
What about you?  2 Finding a(n) job is challenging. Even
with lots of qualifications, you might have to do
3 I’d really like to get your opinion on my CV. Will you
a(n) job while you’re searching for one.
have a look and it? 
3 My last job was very  . Every day was
A Sure. I’ve got a this afternoon, so I’ll do it
the same. My new job is much more exciting
then.
and .
B I haven’t done anything yet. That’s what
4 I’m a(n) person, but my job is very
is for!
 . It doesn’t involve much interaction
C Well, my grandparents didn’t my dad’s with people.
career … until his first book sold 2 million copies.
4 Translate the sentences.
2 Complete the text with the words.
1 You should start revising this semester; otherwise
you might not have enough time to prepare for the
academic benefits challenging concentrate
exams.
motivating participated prepare rewarding
search specialize succeed

It’s a common belief nowadays that if you want a(n)
2 NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the moon to
(1) career, you’ll need a university degree. examine the lunar atmosphere.
But society needs people to (2) in
many different skills, and not only (3)
ones. For example, consider the building you’re
3 The video shows the launch of the Apollo 11 mission
in now. Think about all the skilled people who
(4) in its construction, from electricians
and Neil Armstrong walking on the moon.
and plumbers to painters and carpenters. A good way
to (5) for a career in one of these trades
is to do an apprenticeship. If you (6) 4 Vocational careers, such as teaching, can be both
online, you’ll see that all kinds of trades employ
challenging and rewarding.
apprentices. An apprenticeship allows you to gain
qualifications and work with experienced tradespeople
at the same time. Your employer (7)
from your help, while you learn valuable skills and
earn money. An apprenticeship isn’t an easy option:
combining work and studies is (8)
and you’ll need to (9) just as much
as you did at school in order to (10)  .
But apprentices find it (11) to gain
practical experience straightaway. And, of course,
a salary is always useful too.

136 Unit 9  Vocabulario