ALADI
ALADI
INTEGRACIÓN (ALADI)
1. ANTECEDENTES
Siendo así que este organismo integrador recibe creado, llamado ALADI -por sus siglas-
se convirtió en un organismo intergubernamental, toda vez que la voluntad de su creación
recae en los países que la fundaron, y a los cuales les considera paso originarios, además se
debe de tomar en cuenta, que la ALADI no sólo cuneta con Países Originarios, si no también a
otros países, que por su categoría se los denomina Países Observadores, misma conformada
por todos los países de Centroamérica, algunos de Europa y otro de Asia, además que no sólo
admite a países, sino también a otros Organismos, pero estos en calidad de observadores
.
2. ASOCIACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA DE LIBRE COMERCIO (ALALC)
Los objetivos planteados por los Estados que componen este organismo regional,
según el Tratado de Montevideo de 1960, son los siguientes:
El mecanismo que la ALALC estableció para lograr las metas planteadas dentro de este
proceso regional de integración fueron:
Asimismo con respecto a la cláusula de salvaguarda, misma que está considerando por
el TM 60 como una medida destinada a corregir el desequilibrio emergente de la balanza de
pagos de carácter transitorio y no discriminatorio al comercio dentro la zonas, procurado
además no afectar los niveles de consumo ni las restricciones a las importaciones.
Se habla de rigidez dentro de este organismo, toda vez que la forma en como se
concretan sus convenios y tratados se lo hace de manera rígida, no aceptando a su vez la
delimitación del tratado en si, no poder llevar de manera eficaz dentro de su funcionamiento y
el prejuicio de la falta de compromiso real de las partes en la consolidación de una Zona de
Libre Comercio, la ausencia de compromiso claro dentro de la ausencia de instituciones y de
procesos de decisión interna.
A diferencia de los acuerdos y tratados más comunes la ALADI presenta una serie de
principios sobre lo cual descansa la columna vertebral de su procedimiento, mismos que
quedan delimitados en el art. 3 del TM 80, y los cuales son el pluralismo, convergencia,
flexibilidad, tratamientos diferenciados y lo múltiple.
Los acuerdos que se tienen suscritos dentro de este ámbito regional son:
a) Apertura de mercados;
b) Sistema de preferencia arancelaria regionales;
c) Cooperación científica y tecnológica;
d) Cooperación e intercambio de bienes en áreas culturales, educativas y
científicas;
e) Promoción del comercio.
Esta compuesta, primeramente por el Tratado de Montevideo de 1980, seguido por las
Resoluciones del Consejo de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores, seguidos por el Protocolo
Interpretativo; seguido por las resoluciones de la Conferencia de Evaluación y Convergencia, y
le sigue las resoluciones y acuerdos del Comité de Representantes, como las Resoluciones de la
Secretaria General, Órganos Auxiliares y Técnicos.
En este caso podemos sellará que las normas Originarias de la ALADI es su Tratado
Constitutivo (Tratado de Montevideo de 1980), las Resoluciones del Consejo de Ministros de la
ALALC, el protocolo interpretativo del art 44 del TM80.
Normas Derivadas: al contrario de las normas Originarias, las derivadas son aquellas
cuyo fundamento de validez recae en otra norma superior la cual autoriza a un órgano en
específico la creación de esta norma que da validez.
En el presente caso podemos señalar que llegan a hacer los Acuerdos de Alcance
Regional, Parcial y/o Económicos, como también las resoluciones de los Penales Auxiliares y
Técnicos, las Resoluciones del Consejo de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores, del Comité de
Representantes.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
The principle of differential treatment in ALADI was designed to accommodate economic disparities among member countries by allowing for tailored agreements that recognized the different levels of economic development. This principle provided the flexibility necessary to implement region-specific trade policies and mechanisms, such as preferential treatment schedules. By acknowledging and adjusting to varying development needs, ALADI aimed to facilitate broader participation and gradually harmonize economic standards across the region .
The ALADI distinguished itself from the ALALC by adopting a more flexible and varied approach to integration. Unlike the rigid structure of the ALALC, the ALADI introduced principles such as pluralism, convergence, and differential treatment which allowed for greater adaptability and inclusivity in policy-making. Additionally, ALADI’s objectives included establishing a common Latin American market and promoting regional trade, while also integrating systemic preferences like the Regional Tariff Preference System. This flexibility addressed the failures of the ALALC, which struggled with commitment and adaptable processes .
The 'Principle of Single Most Favored Nation,' as laid out in the Treaty of Montevideo 1960, influenced trade agreements by ensuring that any trade advantages granted to one member state would be extended to all others unconditionally. This principle was intertwined with reciprocity and equity, promoting fair treatment across the region. It helped to prevent bias and ensure equitable trade conditions among the ALALC members, hence fostering a more integrated economic environment .
The Treaty of Montevideo of 1960 was based on the principles of reciprocity and equity. The principle of reciprocity focused on reciprocal trade arrangements to open up a regional space and emphasized that economic integration must result in mutual benefits. The principle of equity acknowledged potential trade disadvantages and aimed to adjust these inequities to enhance trade efforts among member states. These principles facilitated trade by ensuring balanced participation and benefits, thereby supporting economic development and coordination of development plans in line with regional interests .
ALADI sought to promote regional economic integration through the establishment of Regional and Partial Scope Agreements. These agreements enabled the customization of trade and cooperation strategies that could be applied selectively to specific member states. They also facilitated the creation of a Regional Tariff Preference System, enhancing multilateral economic cooperation. By offering flexibility and accommodating differing levels of development, these mechanisms aimed to strengthen intra-regional trade links and broaden market access .
The Treaty of Montevideo of 1980 established several structural components to support ALADI's organizational functioning. These include the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs for adopting political directives, the Conference of Evaluation and Convergence for overseeing integration according to set objectives, the permanent Committee of Representatives for promoting regional agreements, and the General Secretariat for implementing decisions and policy proposals. Auxiliary organs were also created for consultation, technical support, and advising, enhancing the institutional depth of ALADI .
The ALALC attempted to achieve Latin American economic integration mainly through reciprocal trade liberalization and coordination of development policies. Key mechanisms included economic liberation programs and sectorial agreements to support lesser-developed countries. However, these measures were insufficient due to their rigid implementation and limited adaptability to changing economic conditions. The lack of institutional support and effective decision-making processes further hindered progress, ultimately leading to the ALALC's replacement by a more adaptable framework of ALADI .
The main objectives outlined in the Treaty of Montevideo of 1980 for ALADI included the gradual establishment of a Latin American common market, promotion and regulation of regional trade, and fostering agropecultural trade. These objectives reflect a shift from the purely economic focus of ALALC to a broader framework that also addresses regulatory issues and trade diversity. This change demonstrated an adaptation to regional needs for a more flexible and inclusive integration strategy, incorporating systematic preferences and differential treatments to support various development levels among member states .
Regional Scope Agreements within ALADI were designed to involve all member countries and focus on broad trade liberalization and cooperation initiatives across the region. In contrast, Partial Scope Agreements targeted specific issues or sectors involving a subset of member countries, offering flexibility to address specific needs or disparities within the region. While Regional Scope Agreements aimed for comprehensive regional participation, Partial Scope Agreements allowed for incremental integration and specialization, catering to individual member states' capacities and development levels .
The ALALC faced significant challenges due to its rigid approach to trade agreements and integration. This rigidity manifested in inflexible treaty terms and an inability to effectively adapt processes or address internal decision-making flaws. Combined with a lack of real commitment from member states toward establishing a free trade zone, these issues led to its limited success and functional collapse. ALADI replaced ALALC with a more flexible and realistic integration framework, addressing these shortcomings .