SIMPLE PAST TENSE

- Se usa para describir una acción que ocurrió en un momento determinado del pasado
o hábitos, rutinas o descripciones en el pasado.
- Aparece con expresiones de tiempo como yesterday,last week,last month, last year.
- Se forma añadiéndole -ed al infinitivo y esta persona es idéntica para todas las
personas del singular y plural.
- Si el verbo es monosílabo y se compone de consonante – vocal – consonante, la
ultima consonante se duplica en el pasado. Ej: stop - stopped
- Si el verbo termina en -e solo se le añade la -d, si termina en y precedida de una
consonante, la -y se cambia por -i y se le añade -ed.
- Este tipo de verbos se llaman verbos regulares. Todos los demás son irregulares y
deben ser memorizados.
- La palabra ago se usa con el pasado simple y se emplea cuando se especifica el período
de tiempo transcurrido desde que ocurrió la acción del verbo.

Ej: The president spoke yesterday

El verbo auxiliar que empleamos en este tiempo es -did para todas las personas incluidas la
3era persona del singular que no aparece en la forma afirmativa.

Ej: Did you go out yesterday?

Estructura

O. Afirmativas: SUJETO + VERBO PASADO (-ed / irregular) + COMPLEMENTOS

I came to the party after Claudia

O. Negativas: SUJETO + VB AUX (did) + NOT + VB (infinitivo) + COMPLEMENTOS

I didn´t see you in the classroom yesterday

O. Interrogativas: (WH question) / VB AUX (did) + SUJETO + VB (infinitivo) + COMPLEMENTO

Where did you go?

PAST CONTINUOS

- Se forma con el pasado simple del verbo to be (was or were) como auxiliar más el
participio presente del verbo principal. Usualmente está complementado por un
pasado simple expuesto o implícito.
- Acción en el pasado que está en progreso, que no está acabada. Es una acción larga en
el pasado
- Es lo mismo que el pasado progresivo

Ej: Yesterday at 8pm I was watching TV.

- Dos acciones en el pasado que ocurren al mismo tiempo. Aquí se utiliza when y while

Ej: I was watching TV while my husband was reading a book

Estructura

- Oraciones Afirmativas:

SUJETO + VB TO BE (pasado) + VB ING + COMPLEMENTOS

- Oraciones Negativas:

SUJETO + TO BE (pasado) + NOT + VB ING + COMPLEMENTOS

- Oraciones Interrogativas:

(WH- WORD) / VB TO BE (pasado) + SUJETO + VB ING + COMPLEMENTOS.

EL GERUNDIO Y EL PARTICIPIO DE PRESENTE

- Los gerundios y los participios son formas no personales del verbo.

- Los participios pueden ser presente y pasado.
- Ambos terminan en -ing.
- Las diferencias están en su función: los gerundios actúan como sustantivos mientras
que los participios en su forma presente actúan como tiempos de la oración o
adjetivos.
- Los gerundios pueden ser el sujeto de una oración, el complemento directo o
indirecto, el complemento de una preposición y más.

Ej: Smoking is bad for your health (sujeto)

Sarah enjoys watching horror movies (direct object)

Sheyla was tired of traveling (complemento de una preposición)

- Estas mismas palabras pueden ser un participio presente

Ej: Alex is smoking outside (verbo de una oración en presente continuado)

Sarah will be enjoying the horror movies on Halloween (verbo de una oración en futuro
continuado)

The traveling news anchor is live from the stadium (adjetivo del sujeto)

Adverbios
1. Dan información sobre verbos, adjetivos u otros adverbios.
2. Expresan cómo tiene lugar la acción verbal: el modo (slowly), el tiempo (yesterday), la
frecuencia (often) o el grado (very).
3. Existen 8 tipos de adverbios.
Ejemplos:
The band on stage is playing fantastically good songs. The girl is singing extremely well and the
audience is clapping along loudly.
The band is standing directly in front of the audience and they are playing one song
immediately after the other. They are trying hard to entertain the audience and there is hardly
anybody in the audience who is not completely thrilled.

Uso
 - Se refieren exclusivamente a verbos, adjetivos y otros adverbios:
Ex: The audience is clapping along loudly. ¿Cómo aplaude el público? – loudly
The band on stage is playing fantastically good songs. ¿Cuán buenas son las canciones? –
fantastically good
The girl is singing extremely well. ¿Cómo canta la chica? – extremely well
- Los verbos to be, become y los verbos de los sentidos son los únicos verbos que
pueden ser modificados por un adjetivo. Al resto de verbos solo puede modificarlos un
adverbio.

Formación de adverbios:
- Muchos adverbios se forman a partir de adjetivos. Para ello, tan solo hay que añadir el
sufijo -ly al adjetivo.
- Los adjetivos que ya terminan en —ly no tienen adverbio. Se usa un adverbio que
signifique algo parecido o un giro, llamado frase adverbial.
Ex: adjetivo -ly: friendly adverbio parecido – warmly frase In a friendly way
Adjetivo -ly: lovely – adverbio parecido – charmingly in a lovely way
- Hay adjetivos que pueden funcionar también como adverbios, es decir, hay adverbios
que tienen la misma forma que su adjetivo. Se llaman flat adverbs.
Ex: high, low, deep, near, far, etc
Ex: loud: lodly

Excepciones:
- Los adjetivos true, due, y whole pierden la -e ante el sufijo -ly.
Ex: true → truly
- Si un adjetivo acaba en -y, esta se convierte en i al añadir -ly.
Ex: happy → happily
- Si un adjetivo acaba en consonante + le, se elimina -le antes de añadir -ly.
Ex: sensible → sensibly
- Si un adjetivo acaba en -ll, basta con añadir -y. Si un adjetivo acaba en -l, se añade -ly.
Ex: full → fully
- Los adjetivos que acaban en -ic forman el adverbio añadiendo -ally, a excepción de
public → publicly).
Ex: fantastically

Certeza (How sure?)

Of course, definitely, indeed, obviously, really, surely, truly, likely, perhaps
We use adverbs of certainty to say how sure we are of something
Adverbs of certainty usually go in mid-position.
Auxiliary Verb + Adverb (Am / are / is / was / were + adverb)
Ex: She will probably come. / The train has obviously been delayed.
Adverb + another verb
Ex: I certainly feel better today
Maybe and perhaps usually come at the beginning of a clause. Maybe you are right.
Place (where?)
Here, there, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere, all over, above, abroad, back, below,
indoors, nearby, out, outside
- Los adverbios de lugar en inglés se suelen colocar detrás de lo que modifican.
- Expresan donde ocurre una acción.
Ex: The children are playing in the garden / At the end of the garden there was a very tall tree.
Time (when?)
Afterwards, after, eventually, now and then, lately, before, recently, early, now, in the mornings,
soon, at night, then, on the weekend, today, every day, Tonight, every week,
Tomorrow, every year, Yesterday, many years ago, two days ago, once in a while, the day before
yesterday, at the same time, late, yet, still, just, immediately (estos siempre van al final)
- Se colocan al final de la frase de forma general
- Se pueden colocar también al principio de la frase si queremos enfatizar cuándo sucede
algo
Ex: I saw my friend yesterday
Duración (for how long…?)
All day, all morning, all night, all night long, for two hours, for three days, since May, since 1987
- Por lo general van acompañados de frases adverbiales como -for y -since.
- Expresan la permanencia o perpetuidad, el transcurso de ciertas y determinadas
acciones
Ex: Your best friend can stay at our home until Sunday.
Modo (how or in what manner?)
Accidentally, mortally, angrily, mysteriously, anxiously, neatly, badly, nervously, beautifully, con
noisily, blindly, obediently, boldly, openly, bravely, painfully, brightly, patiently, busily, perfectly,
Calmly, politely, carefully, poorly, carelessly, powerfully, cautiously, promptly, cheerfully,
punctually, clearly, closely, quietly, correctly, rapidly, courageously, rarely, cruelly, really,
daringly, recklessly, deliberately, regularly, doubtfully, reluctantly, eagerly, repeatedly, easily,
Elegantly, roughly, enormously, rudely, enthusiastically, sadly, equally, safely, eventually,
selfishly, exactly, sensibly, , faithfully, seriously, fast, sharply, fatally, shyly, fiercely, silently,
fondly, Foolishly, slowly, fortunately, smoothly, frankly, so, frantically, softly, generously,
solemnly, gently, speedily, gladly, stealthily, gracefully, sternly, greedily, straight ,happily,
stupidly, hard, successfully, hastily, suddenly, healthily, suspiciously, honestly, swiftly, hungrily,
tenderly, hurriedly, tensely, inadequately, thoughtfully, ingeniously, tightly, innocently,
truthfully, inquisitively, unexpectedly, irritably, victoriously, joyously, violently, justly, vivaciously,
kindly, warmly, lazily, weakly, loosely, wisely, loudly, well, madly, wildly
- Se colocan inmediatamente detrás del verbo
- Normalmente, el adverbio se forma a partir de un adjetivo, agregándole el sufijo -ly.
- En el caso en que acompañen a un adjetivo, el adverbio debe ir delante de él.
- El adverbio no puede ir entre el verbo y el objeto directo; debe posicionarse al final de la
oración.
Ex: She wrote the letter sadly.
Frequency (how often)
Indefinidos: Always, normally, constabtly, generally, usually, often, sometimes, infrequently,
seldom, hardly ever
Definidos: periodically, intermittently, quarterly, monthly, weekly, daily
- Existen adverbios de frencuencia definida e indefinida
- Los adverbios de frecuencia definida, no se suelen colocar delante del verbo sino al final
de la oración porque se consideran complementos de tiempos, cuya posición es siempre
al final.
- Los adverbios de frecuencia indefinida también pueden actuar como adjetivos y, por
tanto, ir delante de los sustantivos como el resto de adjetivos.
Ex: Justin goes to the dentist every month.
Grado
Almost & nearly, barely & hardly, very, extremely & absolutely, completely, entirely, totally &
utterly, so & really, just & only, quite & pretty, fairly & rather
- Estos adverbios se llaman de grado porque con ellos expresamos el grado de belleza,
pena o riqueza que algo o alguien nos parece.
- Los adverbios de grado se colocan delante de la palabra que modifican.
- Modifican a adjetivos y adverbios.
- Cuando modifican un verbo, también se colocan delante de los verbos menos del to be
Ex: It is almost impossible / It is nearly impossible
It is barely possible / It is hardly possible
She is very pretty / She is extremely pretty / She is absolutely pretty
He is entirely wrong / He is completely wrong / He is totally wrong / He is utterly wrong
It is really expensive / It is so expensive
I will only take one / She is only 12
I know her quite well / I know her pretty well
They performed fairly well / He performed rather badly (fairly + adj positivo, rather + adj
negative)
Orden
First, at first, initally, first of all, at last, secondly, finally, in the end, eventually, lastly
- Expresar el orden o la posición en la que suceden los hechos.
- Enumeran
Ex: –Finally, he was able to do it.
Are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions that, so…that, so that and such…that.
Ex: The famine was so severe that thousands perished.

*Los adverbios relativos son términos que se utilizan generalmente como conectores para unir
dos frases en una oración.

Special use of some adverbs

Too:
It is used to mean ‘more than is required’. (You ate too much. He is too fat. It is too hot to go
out.)
It is often followed by to.
It has a negative meaning. It should not be used in the general sense of very.
It has similar meanings to also and as well.
Enough:
It shows the ‘proper limit’ or ‘amount’. It is placed after the adjective or adverb it qualifies. (He
is rich enough to buy a car. She is old enough to be a grandmother)
Enough is the opposite of too.
Yes and No:
If the answer is ‘yes’, the following verb must be in the affirmative. If the answer is ‘no’, the
following verb must be in the negative. (‘Are you coming? ”Yes, I am.’
‘Are you coming?’ ‘No, I am not.’)
Very:
It is commonly used before an adjective or another adverb in the positive degree. It means ‘to
a great extent’. (She is very sweet. (with adjective) He wrote the letter very carefully. (with
adverb))
It can be used with a present participle (e.g. running, singing, reading, playing etc.) used as an
adjective. (It was very amusing.)
When used with well very shows agreement or assent.
Very can be used with a superlative or ‘own’. It means ‘in the highest degree’ or ‘absolutely’.
(She is the very best singer here. This tea is of the very best quality.)