NOMBRE: Miguel Vásconez Campos CICLO:

AÑO DE REVISTA/
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
N° PUBLICACIÓN AUTOR (ES) INDEX PAÍS DEL ESTUDIO VARIABLES DE ESTUDIO
DEL ESTUDIO

Alfredo Ardilla, Lectoescritura Pruebas

neuropsicológicas
Monica Lenguaje
Resonancia
1 2015 Rosselli, CEMPRO MÉXICO Problemas de
Magnetica
Esmeralda conducta
Tecnicas de
Matute Neuropsicológia
Imagenológia
 Técnicas de
neuroimagen
Centro de Neurodesarrollo,
I. MÁLAGA funcional como el
Diagnóstico fonológico,
DIÉGUEZ1, J. PET,
2 2010 Neuropsico Asturias. Oviedo decodificación,
ARIAS la
ÁLVAREZ2 lógico GOA. habilidades magnetoelectroencef
Oviedo. academicas
alografía, resonancia
magnética
 Nesecidades
MARÍA JOSÉ educativas
Programa
FIUZA ASOREY especiales,
- «Pedagogía atención,cognición, PROMELEC,
3 2014 y Madrid Programa para
MARÍA PILAR comportamiento,
Didáctica» la mejora de la
FERNÁNDEZ fracaso escolar,
lectoescritura
FERNÁNDEZ escritura,
multisensorial
 Design of an
ecological model of
evaluation and
intervention in
special education for
Constructivist,
Acle Tomasini, indigenous areas
approaches, brain-
4 1998 Andrea Olmos MEXICO Social and
behavior, school
Roa. educational
failure, rehabilitation,
validation of
learning problems
evaluation and
intervention
procedures of
special education
 Studies of magnetic
resonance imaging,
tomography and
other new
Juan Francisco Disability, Intellectual neuroimaging
Romero Pérez Ability, Disorder, techniques that have
5 2005 Málaga
Rocío Lavigne Psychopedagogical been carried out
Cerván Assessment, AD, CI since the middle of
the eighties of the
last century have
shown alterations in
brain functioning
 Metalinguistic skills,
Dra. Mónica Neuropsychology, phonological skills,
Rosselli neuropediatrics, program to stimulate
Dra. Esmeralda speech therapy, language and
6 2010 CEMPRO MEXICO
Matute pedagogy, child reading, educational
Dr. Alfredo development, programs, test of
Ardila cerebral asymmetry Seashore rhythms,
psychometric tests.
TEMA: FUNCIONES EJECUTIVAS

POBLACIÓN DE ESTUDIO RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO CONCLUSIONES DEL ESTUDIO

Se enfatiza que la dificultad es

Anomalias neurales (defectos en la migracion específica, tal que existe una
neuronal) en un individuo dislexico en regiones inteligencia normal. Es un
cerebrales que se sabe que participa en la efecto cognoscitivo, no excluye
lectura: esta observacion ha sido la posible asociación con el
posteriormente extendida y corroborada. ámbito conductual.
Utilizando la resonancia Se relaciona
magnetica se compararon tres grupos de con características funcionales
personas, individuos con dislexia, familiares no del (SNC)
Pacientes dislexicos, familiares efectados y controles. Se hallo en todos los Las complicaciones durante el
no afectados y controles grupos una asimetria izquierda para el plano embarazo y el parto son más
temporal y una derecha para el plano parietal. frecuentes en niños lo cual,
En el grupo de pacientes dislexicos se desde un punto de vista
observaron asimetrias exagerdas, resultantes teórico, a los efectos de las
de un cambio significativo en el hemisferio hormonas masculinas sobre el
derecho del plano temporal al plano parietal. sistema nervioso, podría
Tambien se encontro en este grupo una explicar las diferencias entre
incidencia aumentada de anomalias cerebrales sexos existentes en el área de
en ambos hemisferios. los trastornos del aprendizaje
 La dislexia se define como un trastorno del
neurodesarrollo
que genera problemas en el aprendizaje y el
uso del lenguaje, la lectura y la escritura, ya Cada individuo tiene un ritmo
propio para asimilar los
que se ven afectadas las áreas básicas del
aprendizajes.
proceso fonológico y de decodificación de
Trastorno del aprendizaje es la
palabras aisladas, como explicaremos más
incapacidad persistente,
adelante. La mayoría
inesperada y específica para
de los estudios describen una prevalencia del
adquirir de forma eficiente
5-10% en la población infantil, aunque otros
Sujetos disléxicos y controles determinadas habilidades
muestran cifras mucho más elevadas, en torno
al 17,5%. académicas (ya sea lectura,
escritura, cálculo, dibujo, etc.),
En un estudio se demostró que las
características más distintivas de los disléxicos y que ocurren a pesar de que el
niño tenga una inteligencia
era una menor memoria verbal a corto plazo y normal, siga una escolarización
una alteración de la conciencia fonológica. adecuada y su entorno socio-
El trastorno de la
cultural sea favorable
dislexia puede ser más frecuente en niñas y en
el 25% de los pacientes ocurre de forma
comórbida con otros TA(dislexia) o con TDA-H.
 Los procesos psicológicos que
Debe haber un deterioro clínicamente
pueden presentarse alterados
significativo del rendimiento escolar específico,
en niños son los siguientes:
valorado a partir de la gravedad definida por el
inteligencia, percepción,
nivel de escolaridad (el nivel esperable en
memoria y atención.
menos del 3% de la población
Estrategias de reeducación:
infantil escolar.
La percepción visoauditiva y los déficit Educación multisensorial,
Educación psicomotriz,
cognitivos son, con frecuencia, encontrados en
Entrenamiento perceptivo-
los estudios
motriz, Desarrollo
con población infantil. Para la percepción y el
psicolingüístico, Recepción
funcionamiento cognitivo correctos es de gran
visual, Asociación auditiva,
importancia la participación de las áreas
Asociación visual, Expresión
corticales, los lóbulos frontales y el plano
verbal, Cierre gramatical.
temporal.
 Learning, defined as long-term cognitive Learning problems are always
change, depends on the individual's ability to the cause of poor academic
construct meanings from experience. In this performance, but this does not
way, the student is an active participant in the necessarily mean that the child
learning process, he controls both what is falls into the category of
Method of Processing
learned and the construction of meaning. To learning problems. For these
Information
achieve this, the student engages in active authors, several are the factors
learning to encode the information so that it that contribute to poor
can be used to develop the three basic academic performance,
knowledge aspects: declarative, procedural learning difficulties are just one
and conditional. of them.
 In a broad sense, Learning
The incidence17 between the School problems may occur in conjunction with
Difficulties are equivalent to
school population - at Primary other intrinsic disorders (eg sensory
Special Educational Needs. An
and Secondary levels - ranges impairment, mental retardation, severe
English expression from the
from 2% to 6%, according to the emotional disturbances, attention deficit
Warnock Report (1987), which
studies and countries studied disorder with or without hyperactivity, specific
had, on the one hand, the
(Spain statistics range from 2% learning difficulties, poor school performance)
objective of unifying all
to 4%, while, for example, or with
traditional categories of Special
In the United States the most Extrinsic influences (such as social and cultural
Education; And, on the other
moderate figures are 6%). It is deprivation), although they are not the result
hand, to eliminate labels of low
significantly more frequent of these conditions or influences. " The
nosological value, sometimes,
among males (in the order of students present a standard intellectual
and of harmful effects on the
80% vs 20%). It is also a development and academic history, only in a
students and the course
persistent problem, which specific way - at one time, in relation to a
Of their problems. The current
persists for years (persistence particular subject matter or content and / or in
educational model is in line
rates vary, so that between 33% specific school circumstances (in relation to the with the Special Educational
and 88% of the students group of peers, or characteristics of the
Needs, which is based on the
diagnosed in the first year of life, teacher and their
Salamanca Declaration
the difficulties persisted up to Teaching practices).
1994.
the fourth year).
 In addition, children with
writing disorder have difficulty
performing tasks that are
essential within the school
setting, such as taking notes.
Taking notes requires listening,
If dyslexia is accompanied by irregularities in understanding, retaining
the development of phonological, information as new
metalinguistic, visoperceptual, or other skills, information is processed and
Adults with TANV then it is reasonable to assume that the summarizing relevant points in
treatment of dyslexia must address a useful format. Thus, the
The fundamental difficulties, so the support above must be done at an
activities that are incorporated into the appropriate speed,
programs of care are not only reading activities automatically and the notes
must have a quality to be
useful in the future. This makes
it clear that the disorder in
written expression can be
highly disabling in school life.
 ASPECTOS POSITIVOS ASPECTOS NEGATIVOS UTILIDAD PARA LA TESIS

Las habilidades académicas no

constituyen un buen referente
para la neuropsicología. Los
neuropsicológos saben que
existen diversos tipos de
Los trastornos de aprendizaje en
Atraves de la utilizacion de alteraciones en la lectura o el
tecnicas de neuroimagen ha sido cálculo. El cerebro se general, y la dislexia en particular, son
más frecuentes en niños que en niñas,
posible demostrar que los encuentra especializado para
supuestamente como consecuencia de
pacientes dislexicos presentan determinado tipo y nivel de
los estilos diferentes de aprendizaje
patrones anormales de activacion procesamiento de la
resultantes de las condiciones distintas
cerebral durante la realizacion de información, estos tipos o
presentes durante el desarrollo del
tareas verbales niveles de procesamiento
sistema nervioso.
pueden ser necesarios y
utilizarse para leer o realizar
cálculos, pero el cerebro no se
especializa de por si para
realizar estas actividades.
Cuanto mayor sea la capacidad
cognitiva del niño, mejor podrá Se suele utilizar el término de
enfrentarse a un posible TA, es dislexia del desarrollo para
decir, desarrollará antes y mejor diferenciar la dislexia que
estrategias para superar acontece en los niños durante Los disléxicos tendrían problemas para
problemas concretos generados la la decodificación fonológica, lo que
por el trastorno. etapa escolar, de aquella que significa que les cuesta encontrar la
La dislexia y discalculia es un acontece en etapas posteriores correspondencia entre los elementos
trastorno familiar y hereditario, de la vida en pacientes que básicos del lenguaje escrito (grafemas)
por lo pierden las habilidades lectoras y los elementos básicos del lenguaje
que la historia familiar de dislexia previamente adquiridas verbal (fonemas).
es un factor determinante de cara (como por ejemplo, la dislexia
al diagnóstico temprano de un secundaria a un daño cerebral
niño con sospecha adquirido)
de este trastorno.
 La escritura y las matemáticas, que
Esta realidad en las aulas gira en
constituyen, dado el carácter
torno a la idea fundamental
Las NEE tratan de tener un instrumental
de trabajar en pro de una escuela
carácter de sus contenidos, los pilares de la
para
unificador de todas las educación elemental. La lectoescritura
todos y con todos, que trata de
categorías existentes es una adquisición fundamental para
garantizar el principio
de la educación especial y de los aprendizajes posteriores, porque
de igualdad en la diversidad, y que
evitar la estigmatización en la escuela la fase inicial de aprender
entiende que puedan generar las a leer y escribir debe transformarse
que los alumnos que presentan
etiquetas diagnósticas. rápidamente en leer y escribir para
necesidades educativas
Por tanto, los procesos de aprender. Si bien la
especiales no dificultan el
tipo socioafectivo, sociocultural mayoría de los niños son capaces de
aprendizaje de
y comportamental realizar estos aprendizajes sin
la mayoría. Por el contrario, son
no han de ser considerados dificultad,
agentes activos
posibles factores causales de constituyen los trastorno de
en la creación de una sociedad
los trastonos de aprendizaje. aprendizaje más frecuentes en el aula
más justa y respetuosa
y permiten explicar, en gran parte, el
con la diversidad humana.
fracaso escolar.
 Changes are proposed at the
School failure could also be framed,
classroom level, but they propose The understanding of learning from two interrelated perspectives:
disintegrating special education
problems is also limited by the inefficient school organization and
programs and integrating staff
confusions of social, cultural or students with problems. It is clear that
into the general education system
economic influences on many students in the category of
according to some instructional
achievement and achievement, learning problems include: (a) learning
specialization. In this system, all
as well as a multitude of difficulties, (b) mild retardation, or (c)
teachers need to have a solid
pedagogical or rehabilitative minor emotional problems, they are
foundation in the Teaching-
practices. To which can be not students with a real disability or
Learning process as well as special
added the socio-political handicap in a pathological sense.
specialization in the subjects of
factors responsible for certain There are students who can manifest a
regular education or special
types of decisions that are not certain type of pathology without
education (eg reading or science).
always based on scientific presenting school difficulties, as well
What is suggested here is the
evidence. as students who require school help
support of staff organized by
areas of specialty. without showing any particular type of
pathology
 They are a real phenomenon,
not a
Invention, nor a social
construction. In spite of the
psychological, educational,
May occur together
political, ideological and These disorders are intrinsic to the
With other disorders (eg sensory
philosophical factors involved student who, however,
impairment, disability
in its appearance, and Presents an average IQ, presumably
Intellectual, severe emotional
especially in its extraordinary due to an alteration or neurological
disorders, attention deficit
development, of the more than dysfunction that causes delays in the
disorders with hyperactivity) or
apparent professional interests development of psychological
with extrinsic influences (eg
and relatives; And in spite of functions (perceptive and
cultural differences, educational
the problems that exist to psycholinguistic processes, working
deficiencies, inappropriate or
adequately define Learning memory, learning strategies and
inadequate instruction), are not
Difficulties, it is a fact that metacognition) directly involved in
the result of these disorders or
there is an important number learning.
influences. "
of pupils with problems to
learn the school tasks, that are
not due to sensorial causes, to
chronic deprivation and to
serious intellectual disabilities.
 As we have already pointed out,
Occasionally dyslexia can be
writing requires an executive work in
The disorders are relative good very difficult to treat and poor order to gain control of the different
prognosis if it is attended on time, prognosis. This may be
elements involved when composing a
although this does not mean that particularly true when dealing text without losing the goal pursued
it is always so. The usual thing is with other associated
thereby (eg, make an essay On a
to find that the reading level of a childhood problems
specific topic, write a story, among
child with (behavioral problems,
Dyslexia is outdated with respect significant delays in language others). Early psychosocial
intervention is of particular
to its school group and age in one acquisition, excessive
importance in preventing long-term
or several years, but with planned emotional responses, etc.). It is negative adaptive consequences. In
support and adequate hoped that future research relation to his academic performance,
foundations, most children who using neuroimaging techniques
it has also been pointed out that the
present it can learn to read, write will help us to elucidate the
well enough to cover their progress of brain and cognitive gap between good performance in
reading and spelling tasks and poor
expectations School and social. development in children with
different types of disorders. performance in mathematics has been
growing over the years.