INGLÉS BÁSICO CEM

Teacher: Troy Lucas

(Las vocales tienen sonido corto y largo. El sonido largo es el usado en el alfabeto)

PRONOMBRES

yo tu
o
o

nosotros
ustedes

ellos, ellas ella

el eso,
esa

El pronombre IT se usa cuando nos referimos a cualquier cosa que no sea un ser humano.
 VERB TO BE

(SER/ESTAR)

Presente simple

I am
You are
They are
He is
She is 3ª. persona
It is

I am in the house. (Existe una contracción: Versión corta, se combinan pronombres y verbos auxiliares)
I am a teacher. I’m in the house. I’m a teacher.
I’m/ you’re/ we’re/ they’re/ he’s/ she’s/ it’s

Los estados emocionales y de sentimientos o necesidades básicas como hambre frio etc se usa el
verb To Be, no se usa el verbo “Have” (tener)

I’m cold. I have cold.

Si queremos hablar de forma negativa agregamos la palabra “not” y siempre se coloca después del
verbo.

Am not (No tiene contracción)

Is not isn’t
Are not aren’t

He is not a policeman. They are not students. I am not a student.

He’s not a policeman. They’re not students. I’m not a student.
He isn’t a policeman. They aren’t students. Am not. (no hay contracción)

PRESENT SIMPLE
Formula
Pronoun + infinitive verb + (S o ES si es 3ª Persona)
(verbo no conjugado)

I Talk I walk I eat I box

You talk you walk you eat you box
We talk we walk we eat we box
They talk they walk they eat they box
He talks he walks he eats he boxes
She talks 3ª. Persona she walks she eats she boxes
It talks it walks it eats it boxes

Si una palabra termina en S, SH, CH, X, O or Z se agrega ES

We box He boxes
 FORMA NEGATIVA
Formula
Pronoun + Verbo auxiliar + infinitive verb (no se conjuga porque el auxiliar ya está conjugado)
(do not/ does not)

I do not talk. I don’t talk.

You do not talk. You don’t talk.
We do not talk. We don’t talk.
He does not talk. He doesn’t talk.
She does not talk. She doesn’t talk.
It does not talk. It doesn’t talk.

Se utiliza el verbo DO (auxiliar) no el DO de hacer.

Pero si vamos a utilizar el verbo Do de hacer dentro de la oración se hace de la siguiente manera:

I do not do my homework. I don’t do my homework.

(auxiliar) (hacer)

He does not do his homework. He doesn’t do his homework.

QUESTION FORM
(Para esto solo se invierten las posiciones)
Formula

Auxiliary Verb + Pronoun + Infinitive verb

Does he work?
Do they play?
Do I sing?
Does she dance?
Does it walk?
Do we jump?
Do you speak?

La conjugación del verbo es solo en presente simple POSITIVO.

En la forma negativa e interrogativa solo se conjuga el AUXILIAR.

Cuando utilizo “Do/ Does” y cuando utilizo el “To be”?

El “Do/Does” se utiliza cuando no esta el verbo “To be”. Y se usa cuando hay acciones.

I eat pizza. He runs.

I do not eat pizza. He doesn’t run.
Do I eat pizza? Does he run?

El verbo “to be” se usa para decir ser o estar, no utilizamos “do/ does” porque el verbo “To be” ya
es un verbo auxiliar y no podemos utilizar dos verbos auxiliares a la vez.
I’m at home. She is in the garden.
I am not at home. She isn’t in the garden.
Am I at home? Is she in the garden?

PREPOSITIONS

In/ on/ at/ to/ Se utilizan para indicar posición, lugar o tiempo.

IN
Indica posición o locación. en/dentro/ dentro de los límites/ para países o ciudades
I am in a cave.
You are in the garden.

ON
Indica que una persona o cosa está ENCIMA de algo. También se utiliza para indicar en que medio
de comunicación alguna persona se enteró de algo. Y para indicar que se está en vehículos grandes
como barcos, aviones, buses cruceros etc, y también en motocicletas y bicicletas, porque se esta
literalmente diciendo que estamos “encima” de ellos.

I’m on the second floor. (encima del 2° piso)

The basket is on the table.
I read this on the newspaper. I talk on the phone. I watch movies on the TV.
I’m on the motorcycle. (Para indicar que se está en el carro se utiliza “In” I’m in the car. (adentro)

AT
Indica que estamos “justo aquí” “por aquí” “por allí” (no se sabe si estoy dentro o fuera, solo se
sabe que se está cerca, es un término más generalizado.

I’m at the park.

We are at the restaurant.

TO
Indica dirección o hacia donde, si se traduce al español es “a” o “para”
I’m go to the park.
We go to work.
She goes to class.

PRESENTE CONTINUO
(ando/endo)
Formula
Pronoun + verbo auxiliar “to be” (am, is are) + Verb + -ing

I am walking.
He is eating.
She is playing.
It is sleeping.
They are practicing.
We are speaking.
You are waiting.
Regla ortográfica:

Si el verbo tiene un sonido corto y hay (consonante+vocal+consonante) se duplica la ultima letra y

se coloca el -ing

Run running put putting cut cutting

Win winning fun funning pin pinning

FORMA NEGATIVA
Formula
Pronoun + auxiliary verb “to be” (am, is are ) + not + verb+ -ing

I’m not walking.

You are not winning.
He is not playing
They are not losing. (si el verbo termina en “e” se cambia por -ing)

QUESTION FORM

Formula
Auxiliary Verb “to be” (am, is, are) + pronoun + verb + -ing

Is he playing? Are you eating? Are we winning? Are they reading?

También se pueden usar las siguientes palabras:

Who quién
What qué/ cuál
Where dónde Question words
Why porqué
How cómo

Who are you?

Who are you talking to?
Where is he going?

PAST SIMPLE
Formula
Pronoun + Verb con terminación -ed /o verbo irregular (no importa si es 3ª persona)

She walked.
They cooked.
We planned.
We ran. (irregular)
He came. (irregular)
 FORMA NEGATIVA

Formula
Pronoun + did not + infinitive verb

She did not study. She didn’t study. I did not run. I didn’t run.
We did not walk. We didn’t walk. They did not play. They didn’t play.

FORMA INTERROGATIVA

Formula
Did + pronoun+ infinitive verb

Did she study? Did it work?

Did they play? Did I win?

PREGUNTA NEGATIVA

Didn’t she study?

Did she not study?

En una pregunta negativa se utiliza la contracción al inicio o el negativo después del pronombre.
No se coloca “DID NOT”

PRONUNCIACIÓN DEL -ED

Existen 3 formas

1) Si el verbo termina en SONIDO de “t” o “d” se pronuncia la -ed.

Started discarded faded

2) Si el verbo termina en (Voiced sound) cuando vibra la garganta, se pronuncia una “d”

Cleaned smiled played (se pronuncia como si no estuviera la “e”)

3) Si el verbo termina en (Voiceless) o sea que no vibra la garganta, por ejemplo las letras
-s-f-c-k- etc, se pronuncia la letra “t”

Asked (askt) boxed (boxt) (se pronuncia como si no estuviera la “e”)

Fluffed passed liked

Entonces solo en pasado positivo se conjuga o se utiliza la forma irregular del verbo, para negativo
y pregunta no se conjuga el verbo. Did solo se utiliza para pasado negativo y pregunta.

I walked. Solo aquí se conjuga. En presente no se usa “did”

I did not walk.
I didn’t walk.
Didn’t I walk.
Did I not walk?
I ran. (positivo) (conjugado en su forma irregular)
I did not run. (negativo)
I didn’t run. (negativo contracción)
Did I run? (pregunta)
Did I not run?/ Didn’t I run? (pregunta negativa)

He played.
He did not play.
He didn’t play
Did he play?
Did he not play? / Didn’t he play?
 PASADO CONTINUO
Formula
Pronoun+ (Verbo “To be” en pasado) Was/ Were + Verb + -ing (estuve/estaban/estuvieron/ estaban)

I was walking.
She was walking.
He was walking. (No se usa DID porque ya esta el verbo “to be” en pasado
It was walking. No pueden haber dos auxiliares juntos)
You were walking.
We were walking.
They were walking.

FORMA NEGATIVA

Formula
Pronoun + was/were+ not+ verb+ -ing

We were not playing.

I was not walking.
She was not jumping.

Las contracciones son wasn’t y weren’t

QUESTION FORM

Formula
Was/were + pronoun+ verb+ -ing

Were you playing? Were they singing?

Was I winning? Was Dylan dancing?

Pregunta negativa

Wasn’t she working? Was she not working?

Weren’t they playing? Were they not playing?

VERBOS AUXILIARES

Los verbos auxiliares ayudan a conjugar y no son la acción principal.

DO
BE
SHOULD
COULD
WILL
WOULD
CAN (puedo)
 FUTURO SIMPLE
Formula
Pronoun + Verbo auxiliar “Will” + infinitive verb (“will” indica futuro por eso no se conjuga el verbo)

I will sleep. I’ll

She will study. She’ll
He will walk. he’ll
It will move. it’ll
We will practice. We’ll
They will work. They’ll
You will speak. You’ll

FORMA NEGATIVA
Formula
Pronoun + verbo auxiliar “Will”+ not + verb

I will not eat.

She will not work. La contracción es Won’t
We will not read.
He won’t drink.

Question form

Formula
Verbo auxiliar “will” + Pronoun + verb

Will you work?

Will she stay?

Pregunta negativa

Will she not play? Won’t they walk?

FUTURO CONTINUO
Formula
Pronoun + “Will be” + verb + -ing (en los continuos siempre hay “To be””

I will be going to Guatemala.

She will be studying for her exam.
They will be playing games.
You will be working in the fields.
 FORMA NEGATIVA

Formula
Pronoun + will + not + be + verb + -ing

I will not be eating.

They will not be running.
She will not be dating.
He won’t be singing.
We won’t be eating at the party.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Formula
Will + Pronoun+ be+ verb -ing

Will she be making food? Yes, she will be.

Will you be playing next week? Yes, I will be.
Will we be travelling? No, we won’t be. / No, we won’t be trabelling.

PREGUNTA NEGATIVA

Won’t you be playing next week?

Won’t he be working Saturday?
Will he not be working Saturday?

GOING TO
(Otra forma de futuro)

Formula
Pronoun + verbo To be (am, is, are) + going to + verbo en infinitivo

You are going to work.

We are going to study.
She is going to dance.
I am going to play.

I will go to eat. / I am going to eat. (Los dos indican futuro)

NEGATIVE FORM

Formula
Pronoun + verbo To be (am, is, are) + not + going to + verbo en infinitivo

I am not going to study.

We are not going to study.
They aren’t going to study.
He isn’t going to study.
You are not going to study.
 QUESTION FORM

Formula
Verb To be (am, is, are) + pronoun + going to+ infinitive verb

Are you going to eat?

Is she going to graduate?
Am I going to work?
Are we going to dance?

PREGUNTA NEGATIVA

Aren’t you going to dance?

Isn’t she going to study?
Aren’t we going to play?
Aren’t they going to walk?
Are they not going to sing?
Is he not going to speak?
Aren’t I going to jump? (I am not no tiene contracción por eso se usa Aren’t I)

NOUNS
Sustantivos (personas, lugares o cosas)

1. Time tiempo
2. Person persona
3. Year año
4. Way camino/forma
5. Day día
6. Thing cosa
7. Man hombre
8. World mundo
9. Life vida
10. Hand mano
11. Part parte
12. Child niño/a
13. Eye ojo
14. Woman mujer
15. Place lugar
16. Work trabajo
17. Week semana
18. Case forro
19. Point punta
20. Government gobierno
21. Company compañia
22. Number número
23. Group grupo
24. Problema problema
25. Fact hecho
 5 REGLAS DE PRONUNCIACIÓN
1. La regla del guardián consonante.
Es cuando la vocal tiene consonante a la derecha, se le da un sonido CORTO a la vocal.
Ej. Box, fin, at, bet

2. La regla de 2 guardianes consonantes.

Es cuando la vocal tiene dos consonantes a la derecha, se ple da un sonido CORTO a la
vocal. Ej. Peck, pick,

3. Vocal desprotegida.
Es cuando no tiene consonante a la derecha, a esta se le da un sonido LARGO (el sonido
del alfabeto) Ej. Me, She

4. Regla de la “E” silente.

Se elimina el sonido de la e y no se pronuncia , pasamos su sonido a la primera vocal y se
vuelve sonido LARGO la primera vocal. Ej. Hope, rope, tape, kite, cube

5. Regla de Dos vocales juntas.

Se elimina la segunda vocal y pasa su sonido a la primera vocal y se vuelve sonido LARGO.
Ej. Boat, feet, beat, coat, fear, feel, free

English Pronouns
Sujeto: Quien hace la acción
Objeto: Cosa o persona sobre la cual se actúa.

I gave her flowers.

Sujeto Objeto (ella recibe las flores)
 CONDITIONALS
IF= SI
Hay dos clausulas, una se llama Clausula Condicional en ella encontramos la palabra “If” La otra
cláusula se llama Clausula de Resultado.

Para aplicar correctamente los tiempos para cada condicional hay que ver donde esta la Clausula
condicional con la palabra “if” ya que el orden de las cláusulas se puede invertir.