Derivadas para Principiantes
Derivadas para Principiantes
Introducción
Escritura de la derivada.
d
La derivada se representa donde todo lo que este después de esto
dx
d
será la función que se derivara, este caso es solo un símbolo que
dx
representa la operación a realizar.
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Derivadas Algebraicas 2/20
Derivar:
y=5 y = −2 y = 1000000 y = 53
d d d d 3
5=0 −2=0 1000000 = 0 5 =0
dx dx dx dx
256
y = 12π y= y = e12 y = ln 0.056
35
d d 12 d
12π = 0 d 256 e =0 ln 0.056 = 0
dx =0 dx dx
dx 35
−2
y = 50 y = 5 ( 22 ) y= y = 5 (3 ( 4 − 2 ))
5
5 ( 22 ) = 0 5 (3 ( 4 − 2 )) = 0
d d d
50 = 0 d −2
dx dx =0 dx
dx 5
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Derivadas Algebraicas 3/20
Derivar:
y = x5
d 5
x = 5 x 5−1 = 5 x 4
dx
y = x3
d 3
x = 3 x 3−1 = 3 x 2
dx
y = x2
d 2
x = 2 x 2 −1 = 2 x
dx
y = x −4
d −4
x = −4 x −4−1 = −4 x −5
dx
y = x −6
d −6
x = −6 x −6−1 = −6 x −7
dx
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Derivadas Algebraicas 4/20
3
y=x 2
d 3 2 3 32 −1 3 1 2
x = x = x
dx 2 2
1
y=x 3
1
d 13 1 3 −1 1 − 2 3
x = x = x
dx 3 3
− 53
y=x
d − 53 5 − 5 −1 5 −8
x =− x 3 =− x 3
dx 3 3
1
y=
x4
d 1 d −4
4
= x = −4 x −4 −1 = −4 x −5
dx x dx
y= x
m
d 1 1 1 −1 1 − 1 Recordando que n
xm = x n
x = x 2 = x2 = x 2
dx 2 2
y = x5
d 5 5 5 −1 5 3
x5 = x 2 = x 2 = x 2
dx 2 2
y = 3 x7
d 3 7 7 7 7 −1 7 4
x = x 3 = x3 = x3
dx 3 3
1
y=
4
x9 1
9
Usando n
= x−n
d 1 d 1 d −9 4 9 − −1 9 −13 x
= 9
= x =− x 4
=− x 4
dx x
4 9 dx x 4 dx 4 4
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Derivadas Algebraicas 5/20
y = x2 + 5
d 2
dx
( x + 5)
d 2 d
= x + 5
dx dx
= 2x + 0 = 2x
y = 3 + x − x2
d
dx
( 3 + x − x2 )
d d d
= 3 + x − x2
dx dx dx
= 0 + 1 − 2x = 1 − 2 x
y = x 3 − x −2 + x
(
d 3 −2
dx
x −x + x )
d 3 d −2 d 1 2
= x − x + x
dx dx dx
( ) 1 −1
= 3 x 2 − −2 x −3 + x 2
2
1 −1
= 3 x 2 + 2 x −3 + x 2
2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 6/20
y = 3x
d d
3x = 3 x = 3 (1) = 3
dx dx
y = 5x 2
d d
5 x 2 = 5 x 2 = 5 ( 2 x ) = 10 x
dx dx
1 3
y= x
2
3x 2
x = ( 3x 2 ) =
d 1 3 1 d 3 1
x =
dx 2 2 dx 2 2
y = 3 x5
d d 5 d 5 5 3 15 3
3 x 5 = 3x 2 = 3 x 2 = 3 x 2 = x 2
dx dx dx 2 2
2
y=
x
d 2 d 1 d 1 d −1 1 −3 −3 1
=2 =2 = 2 x 2 = 2 − x 2 = −x 2 = − 3
2
1
dx x dx x dx x 2 dx x 2
3
y=
3
x2
d 3 d 3 d −2 d −2 2 −5 −5 2 2
= = 3 x 3 = 3 x 3 = 3 − x 3 = −2 x 3 = 5 =
3
2
dx 3
x2 dx x 3 dx dx x 3
3
x5
y = 8 7 x5
d 7 5 5 d 5 5 −2 40 −2 7 40 40
8 x = 8x 7 = 8 x 7 = 8 x 7 = x = 2 =
dx dx 7 7 7 2
7x 7 7 x
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Derivadas Algebraicas 7/20
Ejemplo:
y = 5x 2 + 2 x − 4
d
dx
( 5x2 + 2x − 4)
d d d
= 5x 2 + 2 x − 4
dx dx dx
d d
= 5 x2 + 2 x − 0
dx dx
= 5 ( 2 x ) + 2 (1) = 10 x + 2
y = 5 + 3x − 4 x 2 − 2 x3 + 7 x 4
d
dx
( 5 + 3x − 4 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 7 x 4 )
d d d d d
= 5 + 3x − 4 x 2 − 2 x3 + 7 x 4
dx dx dx dx dx
d d d d d
= 5 + 3 x − 4 x 2 − 2 x3 + 7 x 4
dx dx dx dx dx
= 0 + 3 (1) − 4 ( 2 x ) − 2 ( 3 x ) + 7 ( 4 x )
2 3
= 3 − 8 x − 6 x2 + 28 x3
2
y = 3x 2 − + x
x
d 2 2
3x − + x
dx x
=
d
dx ( 1
3 x 2 − 2 x −1 + x 2 )
d d d 1
= 3 x2 − 2 x −1 + x 2
dx dx dx
d d d 1
= 3 x 2 − 2 x −1 + x 2
dx dx dx
1 −1
= 3 ( 2 x ) − 2 ( −1x −2 ) + x 2
2
1 −1
= 6 x + 2 x −2 + x 2
2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 8/20
2 x2
y= +
x2 2
d 2 x2
+
dx x 2 2
d 1
= 2 x −2 + x 2
dx 2
d d 1 2
= 2 x −2 + x
dx dx 2
d 1 d 2
= 2 x −2 + x
dx 2 dx
= 2 ( −2 x − 3 ) + ( 2 x )
1
2
−3
= −4 x + x
y = 5x3 − 4 x + 3 x 4
d
dx
(
5 x3 − 4 x + 3 x 4 )
=
d
dx ( 4
5 x3 − 4 x + x 3 )
d d d 4
= 5x3 − 4 x + x 3
dx dx dx
d d d 4
= 5 x3 − 4 x + x 3
dx dx dx
= 5 ( 3x 2 ) − 4 (1) + x 3
4 1
3
4 1
= 15 x 2 − 4 + x 3
3
1 1 2
y = 3x 2 − 6 x 3 + 4 x 5
d
dx ( 1 1 2
3x 2 − 6 x 3 + 4 x 5 )
d 1 d 1 d 2
= 3x 2 − 6 x 3 + 4 x 5
dx dx dx
d 12 d 13 d 2
= 3 x −6 x +4 x 5
dx dx dx
1 − 1 − 2 −3
1 2
= 3 x 2 − 6 x 3 + 4 x 5
2 3 5
3 −1 −2 8 −3
= x 2 − 2x 3 + x 5
2 5
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Derivadas Algebraicas 9/20
d n
Esta formula es muy parecida a x = nx n −1 , salvo que es esta
dx
ocasión no se trata solo se la variable “x”, se tratara de una función
compuesta.
Derivar:
y = ( x 2 + 3)
3
d 2
( x + 3)
3
dx
dx dx
= 3 ( x 2 + 3) ( 2 x )
2
= 6 x ( x 2 + 3)
2
Derivar:
y = ( 3 x 4 − 11)
3
d
( 3 x 4 − 11) = 3 ( 3 x 4 − 11) ( 3x 4 − 11)
3 3−1 d
dx dx
= 3 ( 3 x 4 − 11) (12 x3 )
2
= 36 x3 ( 3 x 4 − 11)
2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 10/20
y = (7 − x)
5
d 5 −1 d
(7 − x) = 5(7 − x ) (7 − x)
5
dx dx
= 5 ( 7 − x ) ( −1)
4
= −5 ( 7 − x )
4
y = x3 + 4
x3 + 4 = ( x3 + 4 ) 2
d d 1
dx dx
= ( x3 + 4 ) 2 ( x3 + 4 )
1 −1 d
2 dx
= ( x + 4 ) 2 ( 3x 2 )
1 3 −1
(
3x 2 3
x + 4) 2
−1
=
2
(x + 4x )
2
y= 3
d
(x + 4x ) =
d 3
( x + 4x) 3
2 2
3
dx dx
= ( x3 + 4 x ) 3 ( x3 + 4 x )
2 −1 d
3 dx
= ( x3 + 4 x ) 3 ( 3x 2 + 4 )
2 − 1
3
2 ( 3x 2 + 4 ) 6 x2 + 8
= =
3 ( x3 + 4 x ) 3 3 x + 4 x
1 3 3
( )
3
4 2
y = 5 − 3x 3
( 5 − 3x ) = (5 − 3x )
dx (
5 − 3x )
3 1
d 3 4
3
d 2 4
3
2 4
3
dx 2
= ( 5 − 3x ) −3g x
1
3 4 4
3
2 1
3
2 3
= ( 5 − 3 x ) ( −4 x )
1
3 4
3
2 1
3
2
= −6 x ( 5 − 3 x )
1
1 4 2
3 3
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Derivadas Algebraicas 11/20
Derivada de un producto
d d d
uv = u v + v u
dx dx dx
Derivar:
y = ( 5 x 2 + 3)( 4 + 3 x 4 )
d
dx
( 5 x 2 + 3)( 4 + 3 x 4 ) = ( 5 x 2 + 3 ) ( 4 + 3 x 4 ) + ( 4 + 3 x 4 ) ( 5 x 2 + 3 )
d
dx
d
dx
= ( 5 x + 3 )( 0 + 12 x ) + ( 4 + 3x ) (10 x + 0 )
2 3 4
= ( 5 x 2 + 3 )(12 x3 ) + ( 4 + 3 x4 ) (10 x )
= 60 x5 + 36 x3 + 40 x + 30 x5 = 90 x5 + 36 x3 + 40 x
y = x3 + 5 ( x 2 + 8)
2
3
x3 + 5 ( x 2 + 8) 3 = ( x3 + 5) 2 ( x 2 + 8) 3
d 2 d 1 2
dx dx
= ( x3 + 5) 2 ( x 2 + 8) 3 + ( x 2 + 8) 3 ( x3 + 5) 2
1 d 2 2 d 1
dx dx
= ( x3 + 5) 2 g ( x 2 + 8) 3 ( x 2 + 8) + ( x 2 + 8) 3 g ( x3 + 5) 2 ( x3 + 5)
1 2 −1 d 2 1 −1 d
3 dx 2 dx
= ( x3 + 5) 2 g ( x 2 + 8) 3 ( 2 x ) + ( x 2 + 8) 3 g ( x3 + 5) 2 ( 3x 2 )
1 2 − 1 2 1 − 1
3 2
2
= ( x3 + 5) 2 ( x 2 + 8) 3 + ( x 2 + 8) 3 ( x3 + 5) 2
4x 1 − 1 3x 2 −1
3 2
y = ( x 2 + 3 ) ( 3 x 4 + 1)
4 2
d 2
( x + 3 ) ( 3 x 4 + 1) = ( x 2 + 3) ( 3 x 4 + 1) + ( 3 x 4 + 1) ( x 2 + 3)
4 2 4 d 2 2 d 4
dx dx dx
= ( x 2 + 3 ) g2 ( 3x 4 + 1) ( 3 x 4 + 1) + ( 3 x 4 + 1) g4 ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3)
4 d 2 3 d
dx dx
= ( x 2 + 3 ) g2 ( 3x 4 + 1)(12 x3 ) + ( 3 x 4 + 1) g4 ( x 2 + 3) ( 2 x )
4 2 3
= 24 x3 ( x 2 + 3) ( 3 x 4 + 1) + 8 x ( 3x 4 + 1) ( x 2 + 3)
4 2 3
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Derivadas Algebraicas 12/20
y = x 5 + 2x
d d
x (5 + 2x) 2
1
x 5 + 2x =
dx dx
d 1 d
= x (5 + 2x) 2 + (5 + 2x) 2
1
x
dx dx
1 −1 d
= xg ( 5 + 2 x ) 2 ( 5 + 2 x ) + ( 5 + 2 x ) 2 (1)
1
2 dx
1
= xg ( 5 + 2 x ) 2 ( 2 ) + ( 5 + 2 x ) 2
− 1 1
2
= x (5 + 2 x ) + (5 + 2 x )
− 12 1
2
x
= + 5 + 2x
5 + 2x
y = x 2 9 + x3
x ( 9 + x3 ) 2
d 2 d 2 1
x 9 + x3 =
dx dx
= x 2 ( 9 + x3 ) 2 + ( 9 + x3 ) 2
d 1 1 d
x2
dx dx
= x 2 g ( 9 + x3 ) 2 ( 9 + x3 ) + ( 9 + x3 ) 2 ( 2 x )
1 − 1 d 1
2 dx
= x 2 g ( 9 + x3 ) 2 ( 3x 2 ) + ( 9 + x3 ) 2 ( 2 x )
1 − 1 1
2
= x ( 9 + x3 ) 2 + 2 x ( 9 + x3 ) 2
3 4 −1 1
2
3x 4
= + 2 x 9 + x3
2 9+ x 3
y = x 3 ( x 2 + 5)
4
x ( x + 5) = x3 ( x 2 + 5) − ( x 2 + 5)
d 3 2 4 d 4 4 d
x3
dx dx dx
= x3 g4 ( x 2 + 5 ) ( x 2 + 5 ) − ( x2 + 5 ) g3 x 2
3 d 4
dx
= x3 g4 ( x 2 + 5 ) ( 2 x ) − ( x 2 + 5 ) g3 x 2
3 4
= 8x 4 ( x 2 + 5) − 3x 2 ( x 2 + 5)
3 4
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Derivadas Algebraicas 13/20
Derivada de un cociente
d d
u −u v
v
d u
= dx 2 dx
dx v v
Derivar:
a−x
y=
a+ x
d d
d a−x (
a + x) ( a − x ) − ( a − x ) ( a + x ) ( a + x )( −1) − ( a − x )(1)
= dx dx =
dx a + x (a + x) (a + x)
2 2
−a − x − a + x −2a
= =
(a + x) ( a + x )2
2
a2 + x2
y=
a2 − x2
d a +x
2 2 (a 2
− x2 )
d 2
dx
( a + x2 ) − ( a2 + x2 ) ( a2 − x2 )
d
dx
=
dx a 2 − x 2 (a − x )
2 2 2
=
(a 2
− x 2 ) ( 2 x ) − ( a 2 + x 2 ) ( −2 x )
(a − x2 )
2
2
2 a 2 x − 2 x 3 + 2a 2 x + 2 x 3 4a 2 x
= =
(a − x2 ) (a − x2 )
2 2 2 2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 14/20
x3
y=
x+a
d 3 3 d
d x 3 (x + a) x −x ( x + a)
= dx dx
dx x + a ( x + a)
2
=
( x + a )g3x 2 − x3 g1
(x + a)
2
3 x3 + 3ax 2 − x3 2 x3 + 3ax 2
= =
( x + a) ( x + a)
2 2
a2 + x2
y=
x
d 2
( ) ( )
1 1 d
d (a + x )
+ − +
1 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2a xx a x x
= dx dx
dx x x2
xg ( a 2 + x2 ) 2 ( a 2 + x 2 ) − ( a 2 + x 2 ) 2 (1)
1 −1 d 1
= 2 dx
x2
xg ( a 2 + x2 ) 2 ( 2 x ) − ( a 2 + x 2 ) 2
1 −1 1
= 2
x2
x2 ( a2 + x2 ) − ( a2 + x2 )
−1 1
2 2
1 a2 + x2
= = −
x2 a2 + x2 x2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 15/20
x
y=
a2 − x2
(a − x2 )
d
x − x ( a2 − x 2 ) 2
d 1 1
2 2
d x dx dx
=
( )
dx a 2 − x 2 12 2
a2 − x2 12
( )
( a 2 − x2 ) 2 g(1) − xg 12 ( a 2 − x2 ) 2 dxd ( a 2 − x2 )
1 −1
=
a2 − x 2
( a 2 − x2 ) 2 g(1) − xg 12 ( a 2 − x2 ) 2 ( −2 x )
1 −1
=
a2 − x2
(a − x2 ) 2 + x2 ( a2 − x2 )
1 −1
2 2
=
a2 − x2
(a − x2 ) x2 ( a2 − x2 )
1 −1
2 2 2
= +
a2 − x2 a2 − x2
1 x2
= +
(a ) (a − x 2 )( a 2 − x 2 )
1 1
2
−x 2 2 2 2
1 x2
= −
(a − x2 )
3
a2 − x2 2 2
Derivar:
y = x2 3 − 4 x
d 2
x (3 − 4x) 2
1
dx
d 1 d
= x2 (3 − 4 x ) 2 + (3 − 4x ) 2
1
x2
dx dx
1 d
= x2 g (3 − 4 x ) 2 (3 − 4 x ) + ( 3 − 4 x ) 2 ( 2 x )
− 1 1
2 dx
1
= x 2 g ( 3 − 4 x ) 2 ( −4 ) + ( 3 − 4 x ) 2 ( 2 x )
− 1 1
2
= −2 x 2 ( 3 − 4 x ) + 2x (3 − 4x)
− 12 1
2
2x2
=− + 2x 3 − 4x
3 − 4x
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Derivadas Algebraicas 16/20
1 − cx
y=
1 + cx
1
d 1 − cx 2
dx 1 + cx
− 12
1 1 − cx d 1 − cx
=
2 1 + cx dx 1 + cx
d d
1 1 − cx 2 (
−1 1 + cx ) (1 − cx ) − (1 − cx ) (1 + cx )
g
= dx dx
2 1 + cx (1 + cx )
2
1 1 − cx
=
− 12
g
(1 + cx )( −c ) − (1 − cx )( c )
2 1 + cx (1 + cx )
2
−1
1 1 − cx 2
−c − c 2 x − c + c 2 x
= g
2 1 + cx (1 + cx )
2
− 12 − 12
1 1 − cx −2c 1 − cx −c
= g = g
2 1 + cx (1 + cx ) 1 + cx (1 + cx )
2 2
a2 + x2
y=
a2 − x2
1
d a2 + x2 2
dx a 2 − x 2
−1
1 a2 + x2 2
d a2 + x2
= 2
2 a − x2 dx a 2 − x 2
1 a2 + x2
−1
2 (a 2
− x2 )
d 2
( a + x2 ) − ( a2 + x2 ) ( a2 − x2 )
d
= 2 g dx dx
2 a − x2 (a − x )
2 2 2
1 a2 + x2
= 2
−1
2
g
(a 2
− x 2 ) ( 2 x ) − ( a 2 + x 2 ) ( −2 x )
2 a − x2 (a − x2 )
2
2
−1
1 a2 + x2 2
2a 2 x − x 3 + 2a 2 x + x 3
= 2 g
2 a − x2 (a − x2 )
2 2
−1 −1
1 a2 + x2 2
4a 2 x a2 + x2 2
2a 2 x
= 2 = 2 2
2 a − x2 (a − x2 ) a −x (a − x2 )
2 2 2 2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 17/20
2 + 3x
y= 3
2 − 3x
1
d 2 + 3x 2
dx 2 − 3x
−1
1 2 + 3x d 2 + 3x
2
=
2 2 − 3x dx 2 − 3 x
d d
1 2 + 3x 2 (
−1 2 − 3x ) ( 2 + 3x ) − ( 2 + 3x ) ( 2 − 3x )
g
= dx dx
2 2 − 3x ( 2 − 3x )
2
1 2 + 3x
=
−1
2
g
( 2 − 3x )( 3) − ( 2 + 3x )( −3)
2 2 − 3x ( 2 − 3x )
2
−1
1 2 + 3x 2
6 − 9x + 6 + 9x
= g
2 2 − 3x ( 2 − 3x )
2
−1 − 12
1 2 + 3x 2
12 2 + 3x 6
= g =
2 2 − 3x ( 2 − 3x ) 2 − 3x ( 2 − 3x )
2 2
b 2
y= a − x2
a
d b 2
( a − x2 ) 2
1
dx a
b d 2
( a − x2 ) 2
1
=
a dx
= g ( a2 − x2 ) 2 ( a2 − x2 )
b 1 −1 d
a 2 dx
= g ( a 2 − x 2 ) 2 ( −2 x )
b 1 − 1
a 2
−bx
= − x ( a2 − x2 ) 2 =
b −1
a a a2 − x2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 18/20
( )
3
2 2 2
y= a 3
−x 3
( )
3
d 23 2 2
a −x 3
dx
( ) dxd ( a )
1
3 2 2 2 2 2
= a 3 −x 3 3
−x 3
2
( ) − 23 x
1
3 2 2 2 − 13
= a 3 −x 3
2
( )
1
2 2 2
a 3−x 3
= 1
3
x
y = 2 x + 3 3x
d
( 2 x ) 2 + (3x ) 3
1 1
dx
d d
= ( 2 x ) 2 + ( 3x ) 3
1 1
dx dx
1 −1 d 1 d
= ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 x ) + (3x ) 3 ( 3x )
−2
2 dx 3 dx
1 1
= ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 ) + ( 3x ) 3 (3)
−1 −2
2 3
= ( 2x ) + (3x )
− 12 −23
2− x
y=
1 + 2x2
d 2− x
dx 1 + 2 x 2
(1 + 2 x ) dxd ( 2 − x ) − ( 2 − x ) dxd (1 + 2 x )
2 2
=
(1 + 2 x ) 2 2
=
(1 + 2 x ) ( −1) − ( 2 − x )( 4 x )
2
(1 + 2 x ) 2 2
−1 − 2 x 2 − 8 x + 4 x 2 2 x 2 − 8x − 1
= =
(1 + 2 x ) (1 + 2 x )
2 2
2 2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 19/20
x
y=
a − bx
d x
dx ( a − bx ) 1 2
d d
( a − bx ) x − x ( a − bx ) 2
1 1
2
= dx dx
2
( a − bx ) 2
1
1 d
( a − bx ) 2 (1) − xg ( a − bx )− ( a − bx )
1 1
2
= 2 dx
a − bx
x
( a − bx ) ( a − bx ) 2 ( −b )
1 −1
2
−
= 2
a − bx
bx
( a − bx ) 2 + ( a − bx ) 2
1 −1
= 2
a − bx
( a − bx ) bx ( a − bx )
1 −1
2 2
1 bx
= + = +
a − bx a − bx ( a − bx ) 2 ( a − bx ) 2
1 3
a + bx
y=
x
d ( a + bx ) 2
1
dx x
d 1 d
x ( a + bx ) 2 − ( a + bx ) 2
1
x
= dx dx
( x)
2
d 1 d
( a + bx ) 2 − ( a + bx ) 2 x
1
x
= dx dx
x2
1 −1 d
xg ( a + bx ) 2 ( a + bx ) − ( a + bx ) 2 (1)
1
= 2 dx
x2
1
xg ( a + bx ) 2 ( b ) − ( a + bx ) 2
−1 1
b a + bx
= 2 = −
2 x a + bx
2
x x2
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Derivadas Algebraicas 20/20
1+ 2x
y= 3
1 + 3x
d (1 + 2 x ) 2
1
dx (1 + 3 x ) 13
1 d 1 1 −2 d
(1 + 3x ) 3 g (1 + 2 x ) (1 + 2 x ) − (1 + 2 x ) 2 g (1 + 3x ) 3 (1 + 3x )
1 − 12
= 2 dx 3 dx
2
(1 + 3 x ) 3
1
1 1
(1 + 3x ) 3 g (1 + 2 x ) 2 ( 2 ) − (1 + 2 x ) (1 + 3x ) 3 ( 3)
−1 −2
g
1 1
2
= 2 3
(1 + 3x ) 3
2
(1 + 3x ) 3 (1 + 2 x ) 2 − (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 3x )
1 −1 1 −23
=
(1 + 3x ) 3
2
(1 + 2 x ) 2
1
1
= −
(1 + 3x ) 3 (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 + 3x ) 3
1 1 4