"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0 

 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 4 

 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ? 

Hlhco`ha `e `jar hl jc vch`,

g`jcec`rls y `jcnas qul fcoclrak
pascdel e` rl`ecz`ocÿk hl lstl
tlxta.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els

RTL_LKX@OCßK 8 

Le @rtl oajprlkhl jýetcpels hcsocpeck`s ouy` hcvlrsch`h scljprl f` scha

oajpelm` hl `darh`r, ls par leea qul le prlslktl haoujlkta rlýkl
`enukas hl eas `splotas jàs rls`et`ktls hl lstl v`sta o`jpa hl e`
j`kcglst`ocÿk fuj`k`.

Le qul eas lstuhc`ktls eanrlk oaja @prlkhcz`ml Gukh`jlkt`e=

―Lxprls`rsl
―Lxprls` rsl oak eas elknu`mls hle `rtl y `prloc`r le `rtl lk su hcvlrsch`h
hl j`kcglst`ocakls‚,
j`kcglst`ocakls‚, `e ouejck`r e` _loukh`rc`, supakl qul vcvlkoclk le
`rtl `e plrocdcr, ckvlstcn`r y hcsgrut`r e`s lxprlscakls `rtêstcoa-ouetur`els
hl su oaktlxta y hl atr`s ãpao`s y ouetur`s `sê oaja `e orl`r y
lxprls`rsl lk hcvlrsas elknu`mls (jusco`els, vcsu`els, hr`jàtcoas,
`uhcavcsu`els, h`kz`, u atras). Hl lstl jaha oakgcnur`k su chlktch`h
plrsak`e, hls`rraee`k su slkscdcech`h y su plks`jclkta orl`tcva, orêtcoa y
faeêstcoa, oakaoclkha y v`ear`kha e` hcvlrsch`h ouetur`e y le p`trcjakca.

R`r` t`e gck, sl prlslkt`k eas oakaocjclktas qul plrjctcràk hls`rraee`r e`s
o`p`och`hls y oajpltlkoc`s, t`kta hl lxprlscÿk oaja `prloc`ocÿk
`rtêstco`, oarrlspakhclktls `e Rrcjlr Nr`ha hl _loukh`rc`.

Lktrl eas prcjlras tlj`s sl `darh` `splotas rle`ocak`has ` e`s @rtls

Wcsu`els, p`r` leea sl rloajclkh` oakt`r oak uk ou`hlrka lsploc`e hl
hcduma p`r` su hls`rraeea pràotcoa. @e `darh`r le o`jpa hl e` Jýsco`, sl
pakl ãkg`scs lk e` pràotco` `uhctcv`, h`ha qul hl leea hlplkhl e`
oajprlkscÿk, `prloc`ocÿk l cktlrprlt`ocÿk jusco`e. Rar su p`rtl, lk
rle`ocÿk `e `rtl oarpar`e= e` h`kz`, sl julstr` uk pragukha `kàecscs hl e`s
tãokco`s jahlrk`s hl lxprlscÿk oarpar`e   y le pe`ktl`jclkta hl
hls`rraeea `uhctcva oaja lml lktrl e` jýsco` y le javcjclkta.

Nu`rh`kha uk` lstrlof` rle`ocÿk oak e` h`kz`, sl prlslkt` `e tl`tra

oaja uk` hl e`s `rtls jàs oajpelt`s parqul ckvaeuor` ea vcsu`e, `uhctcva
y oarlanràgcoa lk uk` rlprlslkt`ocÿk. Lk oaksloulkoc`, sl julstr` uk`
slrcl hl lmlrococas hl ckcoc`ocÿk hr`jàtco`, lxprlscÿk vao`e  y
  y oarpar`e oak
le prapÿscta hl prajavlr e` ecdrl lxprlscÿk.
O`dl ckhco`r qul o`h` oakaocjclkta `darh`ha oulkt` oak uk` gcof` hl
lv`eu`ocÿk y uk `p`rt`ha oak rloajlkh`ocakls pràotco`s p`r` e`
lxprlscÿk `rtêstco` lk le `ue`.

Pulh` p`r` ustlhls, puls, uk tr`d`ma qul oakgêa oaktrcduy` `e eanra hl

`prlkhcz`mls hl eas lstuhc`ktls oakvcrtcãkhasl lk uk` nuê` hl
oakaocjclktas `oarhls ` kulstra oaktlxta y qul o`h` lhuo`har pulhl
`pravlof`reas `peco`kha hcvlrs`s lstr`tlnc`s jltahaeÿnco`s.

LE @\XAT
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els

CKXTAH\OOC K < 

R`r` qul e` k`tur`elz` hle "@rtl" kas rlsuetl oe`r`, ls klols`rca taj`r oaja
pukta hl p`rtch` e` lstruotur` hle slr fuj`ka. _l pulhl hlgckcr `e slr
fuj`ka oaja uk` trckch`h= lstà hat`ha hl uk cktlelota p`r` plks`r, uk
oar`zÿk p`r` slktcr y uk` vaeukt`h p`r` `otu`r. Le o`jpa hle cktlelota ls e`
oclkoc`. Le àjdcta hle oar`zÿk ls e` rlecncÿk, e` jar`e. Lk ou`kta ` e`
vaeukt`h, el ls klols`rca h`r garj`, orl`r. Rar lst` r`zÿk, sl pulhl hlocr
qul le `rtl plrtlklol `e o`jpa hl e` vaeukt`h. E` jýsco`, e` h`kz`, e`
lsouetur`, e` `rquctlotur`, e` palsê`, e` pcktur`, lto. sak hcstcktas jlhcas qul
le fajdrl f` lkoaktr`ha p`r` lxtlrcarcz`r, oakorlt`r ea qul tclkl lk su
o`dlz` y lk su oar`zÿk.

Hl atra e`ha, o`h` j`kcglst`ocÿk `rtêstco` adlhlol ` uk tcpa hl lj`k`ocÿk

cktlrcar, ouy` lslkoc` ls plrglot` y f`dct`, puls, hlktra hl o`h` ckhcvchua.
Ls jàs, rlsuet` slr ãe jcsja.

Lk t`e slktcha, sl pulhl hlgckcr `e @TXL oaja= "e` j`kcglst`ocÿk hle Lspêrctu
-y` qul ls ls` lslkoc` plrglot` qul lstà lk kasatras, qul sajas kasatras-
` tr`vãs hl e`s hcvlrs`s lxprlscakls
lxprlscakls oaja pcktur`, tl`tra, jýsco`..."

Ls pascdel `rtcst`"
"vlrh`hlra `gcrj`rlsqul, o`h` plrsak`
klols`rca ls hcjlkscakls,
ukcr e`s trls uk `rtcst`. Rlra p`r` slr
ls` trckch`h hl uk
e`
qul lst`jas hat`has. Hl ka f`olrea, orl`rljas uk oakgecota cktlrka qul
h`rà eun`r ` uk` orl`ocÿk "ka `rtêstco`" eelk` hl cktlelota sck `jar, a dclk,
oaej`h` hl ljaocÿk sck r`zÿk.

O@DL]@
cktlelota

WLTH@HLTA
@TXC_X@
OAT@]ßK WAE\KX@H
`jar adr`s

E` jlmar garj` hl `darh`r le o`jpa hl e`s `rtls ls, rloakaoclkha ea qul

sajas lk lslkoc`, y qul e`s j`kcglst`ocakls `rtêstco`s ka sl ecjct`k ` e`
orl`ocÿk hl adr`s peàstco`s a lsouetÿrco`s, scka qul hldlk slr le oakmukta hl
j`kcglst`ocakls oatchc`k`s, o`h` uk` hl kulstr`s `oocakls, y` qul lst`s
lstàk sumlt`s ` kulstr` vaeukt`h, e` qul ls ckflrlktl `e cktlelota y `e `jar.
_ÿea `sê, le `rtl pulhl oakjavlr ` eas fuj`kas y hlsplrt`reas ` e`
vlrh`hlr` vch`. _ÿea `sê, uk vlrh`hlra `rtcst` rltaj`rà su p`ple hl
s`olrhatl, gceÿsaga y s`dca. Rarqul e` jcscÿk hle `rtcst` oakscstl lk rl`ecz`r
lk le pe`ka gêscoa ea qul e` cktlecnlkoc` oakocdl oaja vlrh`hlra, ea qul le
oar`zÿk sclktl oaja dulka, p`r` qul le jukha suplrcar, le jukha hle
Lspêrctu pulh` hlsolkhlr ` lko`rk`rsl lk e` j`tlrc`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els

OAKAOCJCLKXA_ 7 

 @rtls vcsu`els. Oakolpta,

Oakolpta, oe`scgco`ocÿk.
Hcsocpeck`s `rtêstco`s.

Leljlktas
garj`. oakstctutcvas hl e`s `rtls vcsu`els= eêkl`, oaear,
J`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els. Tlocoe`dels= peàstcoas, vchrca,
tle`s, `enahÿk lto. K`tur`els= fam`s, `rlk`, pclhr`, tcktls
k`tur`els, lto.
Hcduma dàscoa. Eckl`e y nlajãtrcoa.
Lstuhca dàscoa hl eas oaearls= prcj`rcas, sloukh`rcas,
@TXL_ tlroc`rcas.
Xãokco`s orl`tcv`s. Dchcjlkscak`els= h`otceapcktur`, lst`rocha,
WC_\@EL_ lsnr`ff`ha. Xrchcjlkscak`els= jahle`ha, t`ee`ha.

Le sakcha= Oe`sls y ou`ech`hls.

Jýsco`= Oakolpta y arcnlk.
Leljlktas hl e` jýsco`= Tctja - jleahê`.
Le plkt`nr`j`= Eêkl`s `hcocak`els suplrcarls l ckglrcarls.
Oe`vls a ee`vls.
O`ecnr`gê` Jusco`e.
E`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk y sus scelkocas.
\dco`ocÿk hl e`s kat`s jusco`els lk le plkt`nr`j`.
_aegla f`de`ha y rêtjcoa= lmlrococas.
E` vaz= oe`scgco`ocÿk.
Xãokco` vao`e= pastur`, rlspcr`ocÿk y hcoocÿk.
h coocÿk. Tlplrtarca.
Ckstrujlktas jusco`els.
JÝ_CO@

H`kz`. Oakolptu`ecz`ocÿk y oe`scgco`ocÿk par su praolhlkoc`

nlanràgco` l fcstÿrco`.
Leljlktas hl e` h`kz`. Oulrpa y lsp`oca. Xcljpa= puesa,
`olkta, oajpàs, rctja, gr`sla.
Lxprlscÿk oarpar`e. Javcjclkta, lqucecdrca y rle`m`ocÿk.
Hls`rraeea `uhctcva. Lsouof` `otcv`.
H@K]@ Gcnur`s oarlanràgco`s.

Le Xl`tra. Oakolpta. Fcstarc` hle tl`tra.

Leljlktas tãokcoas hle Xl`tra.
Lxprlscÿk oarpar`e.
Lxprlscÿk vao`e. Ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz.
Mulnas hl ckcoc`ocÿk hr`jàtco`. Lmlrococas peàstcoas
p eàstcoas y vao`els.
Oulkta vcva. K`rr`ocÿk hl oulktas.

Tlprlslkt`ocakls hle tl`tra hl Xêtlrls.

Oakgloocÿk y j`klma hl têtlrls.
 @prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e.
tl`tr`e.
XL@XTA
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els > 

 @rtls
Wcsu`els
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 6 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 0   @rtls Wcsu`els
R`r` oajlkz`r oak le lstuhca hl e`s @rtls Wcsu`els
hldlrà s`dlr qul, ãst`s `p`rlolk oak e` fcstarc` hl e`
fuj`kch`h, lk le `gàk hle fajdrl par oajukco`rsl, par
hlm`r vlstcncas hl su vch` oatchc`k`, par ark`jlkt`r sus
admltas.

E `s `r`r tl
tlss vcsu`els
vc su`els sak le
le `rtl
`r tl hl e` llxxprl
prlscscÿk
ÿk ` trtr `v
`vããs
Hlt`eel hl pcktur` ruplstrl
lkoaktr`h` lk e`s oulv`s hl
hl e` ccjj`nlk y oajpr
oajprlkh
lkhllk ` tah
tah`s
`s e`s hcsoc
hc socpec
peck`s
k`s
@et`jcr`, Lsp`ð`. (o. 0?222 `.O.) `r
`rtêtêstc
stco`s
o`s qul
qul pulh
pulhllk slr plr
plr oc
ocdc
dch`
h`ss pa
parr le slktc
slktchaha hl
e` vcst`.

Rcktur` lncpoc`, sl o`r`otlrczÿ par

hcdum`r ` eas plrsak`mls oak le
rastra hl plrgce y le tarsa hl grlktl.

Hlktra hl ls` nr`k v`rclh`h hl hcsocpeck`s sl lkoulktr`k

e`s scnuclktls=
Lsouetur`. Gatanr`gê`.
Nr`d`ha. @rquctlotur`.
Hcduma. Cktlrvlkocÿk
Rcktur`. lsp`oc`e,
Ockl.  plrgarj`kol, lktrl
lktrl
Hcslða= ckhustrc`e, atr`s.
nràgcoa, hl @rtls lelotrÿkco`s=
cktlrcarls, hl vêhla, `kcj`ocÿk,
jah`s, `rtls`kê`. klt `rt.
Lk `enuk`s j`kcglst`ocakls `rtêstco`s hl e` `otu`ech`h, sl
Adr` j`lstr` hle Tlk`ocjclkta
“E` Ncaoakh`‗ (scnea VW) hl
Elak`rha h` Wckoc. oajdck`k
lxprlscv`slst`s hcsocpeck`s
hl o`h` `rtcst`. lk gukocÿk hl e`s klolsch`hls
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 3 

OE@_CGCO@OCßK HL E@_ @TXL_

WC_\@EL_
E`s hcglrlktls hcsocpeck`s qul garj`k p`rtl hl e`s @rtls
Wcsu`els p`r`
e` scnuclktl uk jlmar lstuhca pulhlk slr `nrup`h`s hl
j`klr`=

DCHCJLK_CAK@EL_

RCKX\T@
―O`d`eea _cevlstrl‚ . (Hlt`eel) HC_LÐA HC_LÐA
Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els. Rcktur` NTÀGCOA CKH\_XTC@E
lk e` tãokco` hl lsj`etl. HCD\MA
@TXL_@KÊ@
NT@D@HA
HC_LÐA HL
JAH@_
GAXANT@GÊ@

HC_LÐA HL
HC_LÐA S CKXLTCATL_
@TXL_
@RECO@H@_

Le " F ajdrl hl
hl Wctruvca"
Wctruvca" . Hcduma
rl`ecz`ha ` eàpcz y tckt` par XTCHCJLK_CAK@EL_
Elak`rha h` Wckoc.

L_O\EX\T@ CKXLTWLKOCßK @TP\CXLOX\T@

L_R@OC@E

@\HCAWC_\@EL_

@TXL_
LELOXTßKCO@_ WCHLA @TX J\EXCJLHC@

 KLX @TX TADßXCO@

OCKL HC_LÐA CKGANT@GÊ@

Lsouetur` hle plrcaha Klaoeàscoa _AKATA
(scnea VWCCC). 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 02 

HC_OCRECK@_ @TXÊ_XCO@_
O`h` j`kcglst`ocÿk `rtêstco` agrlol uk` nr`k pascdcech`h
hl lxprlscÿk, sck ljd`rna le `rtcst` hldl sleloocak`r

`hlou`h`jlktl
tr`ksjct` ouàe hlsulee`s
lgco`zjlktl v` `@enuk`s
jlks`ml. utcecz`r hl lee`s
jahasak=
qul

LE HCD\MA=  Ls e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk hl gcnur`s a

cjànlkls jlhc`ktl eêkl`s y j`kof`s. 

Hcduma ` eàpcz sadrl p`ple. E@ RCKX\T@=  Ls le `rtl hl rlprlslkt`r lk uk`

suplrgcocl pe`k` uk flofa rl`e a cj`nck`rca ` tr`vãs hle
oaear y e` garj`.

LE NT@D@HA=  Ls le
`rtl hl nr`d`r, lst`jp`r,
 prlks`r a cjprcjcr uk`
cj`nlk sadrl
suplrgcocl v`ecãkhasluk`
hl
uk jahlea lktckt`ha lk
sus ckocscakls.

E@ GAXANT@GÊ@= 
Ls le `rtl hl gcm`r y
rlprahuocr par jlhca hl
rl`oocakls quêjco`s, lk
Nr`d`ha lk e` tãokco` hl xceanr`gê`,
suplrgcocls @elj`kc`, 0<76.
oakvlkclktljlktl
 prlp`r`h`s,, e`s cjànlkls rl
 prlp`r`h`s rloanch`s
oanch`s lk e` oàj`r`
oàj`r` asour`.
Jahlea hl rap` le`dar`ha `
p`rtcr hl uk hcslða hl jah`s. 
yLEoaearls
HC_LÐA= 
HC_LÐA=   Lsukletaha
orl`kha `rtl`rjakcasa,
`peco`ha qul
y` arn`kcz` garj`s
sl` hl cjànlkls
c jànlkls
y tlxta (hcslða nràgcoa), rap` y `oolsarcas (hcslða hl
jah`s) eas `jdclktls y eas juldels qul el oajprlkhlk
(hcslða hl cktlrcarls) a prahuotas j`kug`otur`has
(hcslða ckhustrc`e).

@oolsarca oarrlspakhclktl ` uk
hcslða ckhustrc`e.  Lxoeuscva jahlea hl uk hcslða hl cktlrcarls. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 00 

E@ L_O\EX\T@=  Ls le `rtl hl jahle`r, t`ee`r y

lsouepcr lk j`tlrc` `hlou`h`, rlprlslkt`kha lk rleclvl
ou`equclr gcnur` a ``sukta.
sukta.

E@ @TP\CXLOX\T@=
@TP\CXLOX\T@= 
oakstrucr   Ls lelk`rtl`rquctlotur`
lhcgcocas. _l hcvchl
hl praylot`r y
ocvce
(lhcgcocas, jakujlktas pýdecoas y p`rtcoue`rls)9
`rquctlotur` fchràueco` (oakstrucr hld`ma hle `nu`)9
`rquctlotur` rlecncas` (tljpeas, jak`stlrcas, slpueoras,
lto.) y9 `rquctlotur` k`v`e (oakstruoocÿk hl
ljd`ro`ocakls).
―Hcsoÿdaea‚   ((o. 8<2 `.O.) hl
Jcrÿk. Lsouetur` hle `rtl nrclna
oeàscoa. 

Gatanr`j`s qul orl`k e` ceuscÿk

ÿptco` hl javcjclkta `e slr
rlprahuoch`s ` uk` vleaoch`h hl
hclz par slnukha. Lst` tãokco` sl
ljpel` lk e` `kcj`ocÿk hl
cjànlkls a hcdumas. 
“L e R
R`rtl
`rtlkÿ
kÿkk‗ (o. 88>-8?> `.O.) oakstruoocÿk hcrcnch` par
Gchc`s lk e` @orÿpaecs hl @tlk`s (Nrloc`).  

@TX=  
LE WCHLA @TX= Ls le `rtl hl rlprlslkt`r uk
hltlrjck`ha oaktlkcha jlhc`ktl e` k`rr`ocÿk gceja a
gatanràgco`
hl v`ecãkhasl
lhcocÿk hl cjànlklshly sakcha
lqucpaslk`kàeanas a uk sagtw`rl
le oajput`har.

LE OCKL=
OCKL=   Ls le `rtl hl rlprlslkt`r cjànlkls lk
javcjclkta par jlhca hle ocklj`tÿnr`ga. E` ceuscÿk hl
javcjclkta rl`e sl h` par le glkÿjlka hl e` plrscstlkoc`
hl e`s cjànlkls hl e` rltck`, `e slr praylot`h`s uk`
suolscÿk hl gatanr`gê`s.

_loulkoc`s hl cjànlkls hl uk
vchla `rt.  Garj`ta hl r`tca e`rna, prapca hl uk` gcej`ocÿk hl ockl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 04 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T l`ecz` uk h hcc duma ±Puã sak e`s `rtls vcsu`els1
orl`tcva oak eàpcz hl
 nr`
 nr `gct
gc ta sad
sadrl o`rtue
o`rtueck`
ck` `.  _ak le `rtl hl e` lxprlscÿk ` tr`vãs hl e` cj`nlk.
a p`ple dakh, lvct` d.  _ak e` pcktur`, e` lsouetur` y e` `rquctlotur`.
 saj
 sa jdrl`rl`rea
rea y hleckã
eckã``ea o.  _ak e`s adr`s flof`s oak pcnjlktas.
ljpel`kha uk
―gcklplk‚ a e`pcolra hl
tckt` eêquch`. ±Oÿja sl oe`scgco`k e`s `rtls vcsu`els1
Tl`ecz` uk` pcktur` hl `.  @rtls peàstco`s, dlee`s `rtls y `rtls `peco`h`s.
uk p`cs`ml ljpel`kha d.  Hcslða, `rtls `peco`h`s y `rtls lelotrÿkco`s.
tãjplr`s sadrl o.  Dchcjlkscak`els
Dchcjlkscak`els,, trchcjlkscak`els y `uhcavcsu`els.
o`rtueck`
o`rtueck`.. L s
r loa
loajl
jlkh`d
kh`del
el uus`r
s`r 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
 p
 pckol
ckolel
elss pe`ka
e`kas.s.
C kvl
kvlstc
stcn`
n` sa
sadrl
drl `enýk
 sagtw
 sa gtw`
`rl hl lhcocÿk hl ±Ouàkha `p`rlolk e`s `rtls vcsu`els1
vchl
vc hla
a oaj
oaja a __aky
aky
Wln`s, @hadl Rrljclr,  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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J`ilr,r, lltto. y
orl
or l` uk vchla `rt.
±Rar quã surnlk e`s `rtls vcsu`els1
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±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl le hcduma y e` pcktur`1

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±Puã hcglrlkoc`
 QQQQQQQQQQ f`y lktrl
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ le vchla `rtQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ y le ockl1 QQQ 
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R`r` hcdum`r hldls  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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ljpel`
lj pel`rr le eàpc
eàpczz
`hlou`ha. Eas eàpcols ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
de`khass eelv`k
de`kha eelv`k e` eltr` _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
" D " y llstà
stàkk kuj
kujllr `has
hle 0 `e 02. Eas huras
eelv`
eelv`kk e` eleltr`
tr` " F " y ( ) E` `rquctlotur` plrtlklol ` e`s `rtls vcsu`els
t`jdcãk lstàk  dchcjlkscak`els.
kujlr`has hle 0 `e 02. ( ) E` gatanr`gê` ls uk `rtl qul k`ol lk le scnea VV.  
F `y uk` v`rcv`rclh
lh`h
`h jàs= ( ) Le hcslða nràgcoa ls le `rtl hl `rjakcz`r tlxta l
eas sljcde`kha
sljcde`khas. s. Ã stas
eelv`
eelv`kk e`
e`ss el
eltr`
tr`ss " F D " cjànlkls p`r` tr`ksjctcr uk jlks`ml.
 y ka tclk
clkllk ( ) Le klt `rt ls `qule qul sl rl`ecz` p`r` slr
kujlr`ocÿk. `prloc`ha par cktlrklt.
( ) Lk uk` gcej`ocÿk hl ockl le javcjclkta ls rl`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0? 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta4
Leljlktas Oakstctutc
Oakstctutcvas
vas
hl e`s @rtls Wcsu`els
E`s j`kcglst`ocakls `rtêstco`s qul lstàk oajprlkhch`s lk
e`s @rtls Wcsu`els pasllk prckocpcas dàscoas, ls hlocr qul
sl sumlt`k ` oclrt`s elyls y rlquclrlk hl hltlrjck`has
leljlktas peàstcoas p`r` su prahuoocÿk.

E@ OAJRA_COCßK
Lxcstlk juof`s jltahaeanê`s p`r` ckcoc`r le lstuhca hl
e`s @rtls Wcsu`els, lk lstl o`sa sl ljplz`rà oak e`s
E ly hl
hl ara=  Lk le ou`hra vljas
qul e` ukch`h ls le mckltl y su hcsocpeck`s dchcjlkscak`el
dchcjlkscak`els.
s.
o`d`eea, sck ljd`rna eas hljàs
leljlktas oaja le oclea y le sulea
ka sak `mlkas hl dleelz`.
E ` oaj
oajpasc
pascoc
ocÿk
ÿk ls
ls ee`
`aarr n`kcz`
`kcz`oc
ocÿk
ÿk hl eas hcvlrsas
lel
leljl jlktas
c ktlr
ktlrktas hl e` Ladr
ãs vcsu`e. ade rlq
l`,ucf`oc
fecd
`ocãkha
qucec drãkhae`e` celnc
c a y e` ektlr
lncdel
ktl rdel yocÿ
r le` hà
hàkhael
e`oc ÿkkhael
hl
hl
eêeêkl`
kl`s,
s, j`s`s,
`s`s, oaearls y jav javcc jc lktas, sak atr atr as
t`
t`kta
ktass `s
`s lot ota
as hl
hl e` oaoajj asc scoc
ocÿÿk.

R`r` rl`ecz`r uk` oajpascocÿk hl `rtl vcsu`e sl hldl

oakaolr, cktlrprlt`r y `peco`r sus elyls y leljlktas.

ELSL_ HL E@ OAJRA_COCßK
Ely hl scjltrê`=  Lk lst` gatanr`gê` \k` adr` oak arhlk pcotÿrcoa tãokcoa rlquclrl hl e`
sl pulhl vlr qul e` eêkl` olktr`e `peco`ocÿk hl oclrt`s elyls oajpasctcv`s, e`s jàs
hcvchl le rastra fuj`ka lk has
e`has nu`els. cjpart`ktls sak=
0.  ELS HL ATA= ATA=  Ckhco` qul sl
hldl rls`et`r e` ukch`h hl e`
v`rclh`h, sck qul ãst` pclrh`
cktlrãs vcsu`e orl`kha uk taha
`rjakcasa. 

4.  ELS HL OAJRLK_@OCßK= 

OAJRLK_@OCßK= 
_lð`e` qul hldl f`dlr lqucecdrca
hl j`s`s lk e` adr`.  

?.  ELS HL _CJLXTÊ@= 

_CJLXTÊ@= _l rlgclrl `
Ely hl oajplks`ocÿk= Lk lstl ou`hra vljas qul eas plrsak`mls e` `rjakê` hl pascocÿk hl e`s
hl e` czquclrh`
c zquclrh` (Far`ocas) oajplks`k lqucecdr`h`jlktl oak e`s
h`j`s hl e` hlrlof`, jclktr`s qul lk le olktra sl julstr` ` uk`  p`rtls a puktas scjce`rls hl uk
sae` plrsak`. taha. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 08 

LELJLKXA_ HL E@ OAJRA_COCßK
Oaja y` sl fcza rlglrlkoc`, eas leljlktas hl e`
oajpascocÿk pcotÿrco` sak ukch`hls qul lstàk prlslktls
lk e`s hcvlrs`s hcsocpeck`s hl e`s @rtls Wcsu`els.

Hcduma lk le qul e` eêkl` `otý` E as lelj

leljllktas hl e` oajpa
oajpascscoc
ocÿk
ÿk lk e`s @r
@ r tl
tlss
oaja le oaktarka hl e` garj`.
W c su`els sak ukc
ukc h`hl
h`hlss peàstc
peàstco`s
o`s qul
qul pasl
paslllk uk`
uk`
k`tur`el
k`tur `elz`
z` lsp`oc`e,
lsp`oc`e, oakstctuyl
oakstctuylkha
kha e` lstr
lstruotur
uotur` ` lk
lk
e` qul sl d`s`
d`s` le
le lsp`oca
lsp`oca peàstcoa.
peàstcoa.

@ hcglrlkoc` hl e`s elyls, qul sl aoup`k hl e` udco`ocÿk,

arhlk y lqucecdrca hl e`s gcnur`s9 eas leljlktas hl e`
oajpascocÿk sl julstr`k oakorlt`jlktl oaja eêkl`s,
E` eêkl` lk lstl hcduma sl lvchlkoc` oaearls, garj`s, lto.
nr`oc`s `e oaear y ka oaja
rlsuet`ha hl uk hleckl`ha garj`e.

0.  E@ EÊKL@= puls
EÊKL@= 
cjpart`koc`, Ls uka hl eas
rlsuet` slr leljlktas hl hcduma.
e` d`sl hle j`yar
L xc stl
stlkk has
has garj`
g arj`ss hl f`olr
f`olr Nlajãtrco`jlktl
Nlajãtrco`jlk tl ls e`
e ` lxtlkscÿk oakschlr`h` lk uk`
eêeêkl`
kl`ss lk uk lsp`oca
lsp`oca pe`ka=
pe`ka= sae` hcjlkscÿk, e` eaknctuh. J`tljàtco`jlktl ls
uk` suolscÿk hl puktas.
EÊKL@_
TLN\E@TL_= _ak
TLN\E@TL_=  _ak e`s
qul lstàk flof`s oak
e` `yuh` hl
ckstrujlktas. _l us`k
lk eas hc
hcdumas
dumas
 nla
 nl ajãtrcoarc oas.
s. 
EÊKL@_
CTTLN\E@TL_= _ak
CTTLN\E@TL_=  _ak
e`s rl`
r l`ececz`
z`h`
h`ss ` j`ka
`ez`h`. _ak chl`els
`r` r l rlsl
rlslkt
kt`
`r

Lk e` oajpascocÿk, e` eêkl`, hltlrjck` a

ecjct` e`s gcnur`s, hàkhael e` garj` ` taha
ou`kta sl nr`gco`.

Xah`s e`s garj`s pasllk uk eêjctl lk su lstruotur`,

lsl eêjctl lstà oakstctucha par e` eêkl`. _ck ljd`rna,
lxcstlk v`rc`s garj`s hl rlprlslkt`re`, pulhl slr
hleckl`kha eas oaktarkas oak uk` eêkl` hl uk
hltlrjck`ha nrasar a scjpeljlktl lvct`kha e` eêkl`
E` eêkl` ourv` sunclrl dleelz` hl oaktarka y prahuoclkha le eêjctl hl e`s garj`s
y javcjclkta. ljpel`kha oaear a tlxtur`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0< 

RTARCLH@HL_ HL E@ EÊKL@
  Xr`ksjctl su prapc` dleelz`.
  Hcvchl a ecjct` uk lsp`oca.
  Hlgckl e`s garj`s jlhc`ktl le darhl a sêjdaea.
  @tr`l e` vcscÿk par uk o`jcka hltlrjck`ha.
  Rrahuol hlnr`h`ocÿk tak`e.
  Ls le prckocpca hl e` oajpascocÿk `rtêstco`.
  Orl` le hcslða.
Hcslða le`dar`ha lk d`sl `
eêkl`s rlot`s.
_CNKCGCO@OCßK HL E@ EÊKL@
L_X\HCA HL E@
EÊKL@ Xah` eêkl` lxprls` chl`s a slktcjclktas, eas ou`els
GATJ@ S  pahljas lkj`ro`r oaja oakkat`ocakls
oakkat`ocakls pscoaeÿnco`s hl
L_XT\OX\T@=  _c
L_XT\OX\T@= e` eêkl`. @sê tlkljas=
 p
 p`
`rtcl
rtclkh
kha
a hl uk pukt
ukta,
e` eê kl` sl j
julvl
ulvl
_LNÝK _\ GATJ@ S L_XT\OX\T@=
 scl
 sclj
hcr
hcrljloocÿk,
prl lkh` e`eun`r
eun
jcsj
csj`
`r `
uk` rl rlot` y, sscc o`jo`jdc` dc`
oakst`ktljlktl hl   EÊKL@ TLOX@= 
TLOX@=  _unclrl rcnchlz y gulrz`. Lst`
hc r loocÿk, a arr c nck`
nc k` uk`  pulhl slr
slr vlrtco`e u farczakt`e, plra t`jdcãk= 
plra
eêkl
eê kl`` oour
urv`v`..  Ckoeck`h`= Rrahuol ckslnurch`h l cklst`dcech`h.  
RA_COC
RA_COC ßK L K LE  Puldr`h`= _l e` cktlrprlt` oaja `nct`ocÿk y
L_R@OCA= @
L_R@OCA=  @ee udco`rsl klrvcascsja.
lk le lsp`oca pulhl slr
farcza
farc zakt`
kt`e,e, vlr
vlr tco`e,
c koec
koeck`h
k`h` ` (oak rle`ocrle`ocÿk
ÿk
`e far
far c zaktl
zaktl)) .
W@EAT@OCßK=  L e
W@EAT@OCßK=
 nra
 nr asar
sar hhll e` eêkl
eêkl` `
ckhco` su patlkoc`
r le`tcv` y ou ou`kha
`kha llstl stl
v`ear ls `solkhl
`solkhlktl, ktl, a
hl
hlororloclktl
loclktl c khco` uk`
`oocÿk.  
`oocÿk.
TCXJA= E
TCXJA=  E`` suo
suollsc scÿk
ÿk
hl eêkl`s prahuol,
ou`kha tclklk uk` Hcduma qul jlzoe` eêkl`s rlot`s y ourv`s.
jcsj` pasc pascococÿkÿk llkk le
lsp`oca, uk` chl`
 p
 prlh
rlha ajck`ck`ktktll qul EÊKL@ O\TW@= 
O\TW@=  _unclrl nr`oc`, dleelz`,
`yuh`
`yuh ` ` rlgar
rlgarz` z`rr le javcjclkta, `elnrê`. X`jdcãk pulhl lst`r lk
tlj`.  pascocÿk vlrtco`e, ckoeck`h` y sak e`s= 
vlrtco`e, farczakt`e a ckoeck`h`
TLE@OCßK=
TLE@OCßK= O  Ou`kh
u`kha a  Akhue`h`s= _cnkcgco` nr`oc`, dleelz` y
e`s eêkl`s sl rle`ocak`k oakaocjclkta. 
lktrl sê sê,, pul
pulhl hlkk slr=
 Ocroue`rls= Cjpeco`k ukch`h y oakmukta.  
 p
 p``r`e
r`elle`s,
e`s,
 p
 pllrpl
rplkh
khcoue`
coue`rls rls,,  Ourv`s olrr`h`s= Rrahuol slks`ocakls hl
oakvlrnlktls, javcjclkta, hck`jcsja, oajukco`ocÿk. 
hc vlr
vlr lktlktls.   Lspcr`els= Xclkl has scnkcgco`ocakls, cjpuesa
`solkhlktl y hld`oel hlsolkhlktl. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 07 

EÊKL@ JCVX@= 
JCVX@=  sunclrl le scnkcgco`ha hl e`s has
qul e` oajpaklk, a sl`, dleelz` y rcnchlz. E`s eêkl`s
jcxt`s pulhlk slr= 
 Lstrlee`h`= _unclrl vcaelkoc`. 
 Tlot`s oruz`h`s (lqucs)= Hlkat` `nrlscvch`h,
cktr`kqucech`h y euof`. 

_LNÝK _\ RA_COCßK LK LE L_R@OCA= 

WLTXCO@E=  H` e` slks`ocÿk hl lst`dcech`h,
gcrjlz`, lelv`ocÿk, lspcrctu`ech`h y saeljkch`h. 
FATC]AKX@E=
FATC]AKX@E=   _unclrl tr`kqucech`h, rlpasa,
qucltuh, p`z. 

_LNÝK _\ TLE@OCßK=
R@T@ELE@_=  Ckhco`k `etlrk`koc` plrj`klktl,
R@T@ELE@_= 
lqucv`elkoc`. 
 pae`rch`h y lqucv`elkoc`.
RLTRLKHCO\E@TL_=
RLTRLKHCO\E@TL_=   _unclrlk paslscÿk y
udco`ocÿk.
uk pe`ka, uk_ak `qulee`s
àknuea [Link] garj`k oak atr` eêkl` a
HCWLTNLKXL_=  _l e`s
OAKWLTNLKXL_ S HCWLTNLKXL_= 
E` pascocÿk vlrtco`e ckhco` cktlrprlt` oaja oakolktr`ocÿk a hcsplrscÿk
saeljkch`h y gcrjlz` oaja e` rlsplotcv`jlktl. _ak e`s qul sl mukt`k lk uk jcsja
tarrl Lcggle.
 pukta a p`rtlk hl lstl.

E@_ EÊKL@_
_LNÝK _\ _LNÝK _\ _LNÝK _\ _LNÝK _\
L_XT\OX\T@ RA_COCßK TLE@OCßK W@EAT@OCßK

@ D
TLOX@ FATC]AKX@E  R@T@ELE@_ 

D H

@ O P\LDT@H@ WLTXCO@E RLTRLKHCO\E@TL_ NT@H@OCßK

WLTXCO@E

@ D
O\TW@
OAKWLTNLKXL_

NT@H@OCßK
FATC]AKX@E
JCVX@ CKOECK@H@_ HCWLTNLKXL_
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0> 

Gulktl eujckas` 4.  LE OAEAT=  Ls e` cjprlscÿk qul prahuol lk e`

k`tur`e 
vcst` e` euz rlgelm`h` par uk oulrpa. E` euz sae`r
sae`r sl
oajpakl hl scltl oaearls leljlkt`els qul
Rlkujdr` 
oakstctuylk le lsplotra, y sak= rama, `k`r`km`ha,
`j`rceea, vlrhl, `zue, `ðce (êkhcna) y vcaelt`.
]ak` _ajdr`
ceujck`h`  prapc`  Tloulrhl scljprl qul le “klnraklnra‗‗  rlsuet` hl e`
`uslkoc` hl tah` cjprlscÿk eujckas`, y le “ de`koa
 de`koa‗‗ 
sl oajpakl hl tahas eas hle lsplotra, par t`kta ãstas
ka sak oaearls.

\_A HLE OAEAT

_ajdr` Eulna hl rl`ecz`r `enukas hcdumas orl`tcvas lk eas
praylot`h`  qul sl f` ljpel`ha e` eêkl` lk sus hcvlrs`s
@e ckochcr e` euz sadrl uk` garj` sl v`rclh`hls, f` eeln`ha le jajlkta hl h`rels oaear.
prahuolk sajdr`s, par leea `e Ckcoc`ejlktl sl pulhl us`r le jcsja eàpcz hl nr`gcta
jajlkta hl pckt`r oak
hlnr`h`ocÿk hl oaear sl hldl a eàpcols hl oaearls.
oakschlr`reujckas`.
hÿkhl lstà e` gulktl
R`r` adtlklr hcvlrs`s tak`ech`hls hl uk jcsja oaear
sl hldl pr`otco`r e` hlnr`h`ocÿk hl ãstl sadrl
hltlrjck`has lsp`ocas, p`r` qul leea rlsuetl sl
lmlrolr prlscÿk oak le eàpcz p`r` adtlklr takas jàs
asouras y su`vljlktl p`r` takas oe`ras.

@ D

Oaja sl pulhl `prloc`r, lk le ou`hra “@‗ f`y uk` gr`njlkt`ocÿk

hl oaear, oaja sc ãstl sl lko`scee`r` lk oclrtas rlou`hras, ea ou`e
ka ls oakvlkclktl, par lsa lk le ou`hra “D‗ sl julstr` oaja hldl
tr`d`m`rsl e` hlnr`h`ocÿk hle oaear.

Eulna hl rl`ecz`r `enuk`s pràotco`s hl hlnr`h`ocÿk

hl oaear pulhl ljplz`r ` oaearl`r sus hcdumas.
@ktls hl f`olrea ls rloajlkh`del hleckl`r le nràgcoa
oak “gcklplk‗ u atra peujÿk hl pukt` gck` y,
Lk le hcduma suplrcar sl julstr`
le oaear lktlra, jclktr`s qul lk le hlspuãs darrl eas tr`zas hl eàpcz, y` qul pahrê`
ckglrcar f`y hlnr`h`ocÿk. j`kof`rsl le oaear ` `peco`r.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 06 

_CNKCGCO@OCßK HLE OAEAT

O`h` oaear ljctl uk` slks`ocÿk hcglrlktl, par leea sl
hcol qul tclklk e` o`
o`p`och`h
p`och`h hl oajukco`r uk lst`ha
lst`ha hl
àkcja par sê jcsja sck klolsch`h hl plrtlklolr ` `enuk`
garj` hltlrjck`h`. R`r` lstuhc`r lst` ou`ech`h hl eas
oaearls eas rlukcjas lk has nrupas=
OAEATL_ OÀECHA_=  _ak eas qul sl `saoc`k `e
Hcvlrs`s tak`ech`hls hl gulna y h`k e` slks`ocÿk hl o`ear. Lstas sak=
oaearls oàechas.
j`nlkt`, `j`rceea y `k`r`km`ha lk sus hcvlrs`s
tak`ech`hls. Rscoaeÿnco`jlktl hlkat`k `elnrê` y
`nrlscvch`h.

OAEATL_ GTÊA_= _ak eas qul sl `saoc`k `e `nu`

y ljctlk e` slks`ocÿk hl grêa. Ãstas sak= oyàk, vlrhl
y vcaelt` lk sus hcvlrs`s tak`ech`hls y
oajdck`ocakls. Rscoaeÿnco`jlktl crr`hc`k trcstlz` y
hlprlscÿk. 
Hcvlrs`s tak`ech`hls hl
oaearls grêas.

GATJ@_ DÀ_CO@_
P\L OAJRAKLK LE
OAEAT
K c knýk oaear
oaear pul
pulhl
hl sl
slrr
oakschl
oaksc hlrr `h
`haa uk v`ea
v`earr
`dsaeuta,
`dsa euta, hl fl flofa
ofa eas
oaearls
oaearls sl ckge
c kgeuyl
uylkk
jutu`jlktl
jutu`j lktl sc sl
`olro`k. Eas oaearls Le hcduma hl e` czquclrh` f` scha pckt`ha oak oaearls grêas y le hl e` hlrlof` oak
eas oàechas. @quê sl pulhl kat`r oe`r`jlktl le lglota oaktr`rca qul prahuol le
tclkl
tclklk
 sl nýkk lhc
 slnýk hcg
e goa
lrktl
lkt
lktl
oakt l rl`eol
lxta lk le oaear `e slr `peco`ha, ckoeusa, lk uk` jcsj` garj`.  
qul sl hc hc spakn`k a sl
lkoulktrlk. @ jlhch` qul v`y` `peco`kha y lxplrcjlkt`kha oak le
L xc stl
stlkk h hasas garj`
arj`ss usa hle oaear, ustlh pahrà utcecz`r sus oakkat`ocakls
oajpa
oaj pascsctctcv`s
v`s hl
hlee oaear
oaear,,  pscoaeÿnco`ss p`r` tr`ksjctcr oak j`yar gchlech`h sus
 pscoaeÿnco`
`rjakê`
`rjakê ` y oa oaktr
ktr`stl
`stl..
 @T JAK
JAKÊÊ @= L s e` cktlkocakls lxprlscv`s ` tr`vãs hl uk` oajpascocÿk
oaarr hck
oaa hck`ocÿk
`ocÿk hl ea eass `rtêstco`. @enukas scnkcgco`has
scnkcgco`has hle oaear sak=
hcglrlktl
hcg lrlktlss v`eav`earr ls qul
le oaear `hquclrl lk   TAMA : R`scÿk, plecnra, lkama
uk` oajpascocÿk.   J@TTßK  : Lkglrjlh`h
J@TTßK
LE OA OAKXT@_XL=
KXT@_XL=  L s   @J@TCEEA : @rjakê`, `jar ckoakhcocak`e
ou`kha lk uk`   DE@KOA : Rurlz`
oajpa
oaj pascscoc
ocÿk
ÿk eas oaearls
ka tclkl
tc lklkk kk`h`h`` llkk   WLTHL : K`tur`elz`, loaeanê`
  KLNTA : W`oêa, julrtl
oajýk.   @]\E : Ecdlrt`h 
  TA_@HA : @jar  
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 03 

?.  E@ GATJ@= 
GATJ@=  Ls e` gcnur` lxtlrcar hl uk oulrpa. @e
adslrv`r e` k`tur`elz` sl vlrà qul taha
t aha ou`kta lxcstl
 pasll uk` hltlrjck`h` lstruotur` oarpÿrl`, ls par
flxànaka lsa qul sl hldl s`dlr cktlrprlt`re` p`r` pahlr
 pe`sj`re` lk uk lsp`oca pe`ka
pe`ka..

Hcdum`r gcnur`s nlajãtrco`s oaja ou`hr`has

trcàknueas, rlotàknueas a oêroueas, rlsuet` jàs
slkoceea qul f`olr oudas, prcsj`s, oceckhras a lsglr`s
Lsta sl hldl ` qul e`s ýetcj`s
ýet cj`s pasllk uk` hcjlkscÿk
trcàknuea jàs lk rle`ocÿk ` e`s prcjlr`s. Hl lstl jaha e`s
garj`s pulhlk plrocdcrsl hl has oe`sls=

OE@_L_ HL GATJ@ 
`)  GATJ@ DCHCJLK_CAK@E=  Ls `qulee` qul
oêrouea  pasll has hcjlkscakls (e`rna y `kofa), par lkhl,
lkhl,
ka lxcstl lk e` k`tur`elz` gêsco` y sÿea pulhl slr
rlprlslkt`h` lk uk lsp`oca pe`ka.

Wljas qul lst`s garj`s dàsco`s

oulkt`k oak has hcjlkscakls l
ckoeusa le oaear ka prlslkt`   a
hlnr`h`ocÿk.    f
  o
ou`hr`ha
  k
  `

e`rna

d)  GATJ@ XTCHCJLK_CAK@E= 

XTCHCJLK_CAK@E=  Lst` oe`sl hl
garj` ls e` qul el oarrlspakhl ` kulstr`
k`tur`elz` gêsco`, par ea t`kta, e` pahljas f`ee`r
lk taha ou`kta kas rahl`. Oaja su kajdrl ea
ckhco` e` garj` trchcjlkscak`e pasll trls
E` lsglr` ls uk` garj` jlhch`s a hcjlkscakls (e`rna, `kofa y `etur`) y
trchcjlkscak`e qul `e slr
rlprlslkt`h` nràgco`jlktl hldl  p`r` rlprlslkt`re` nràgco`jlktl lk uk lsp`oca
prlslkt`r zak`s ceujck`h`s y  pe`ka sl hldl us`r e`s oe`sls hl sajdr` puls
sajdr`s qul gcnurlk le vaeujlk.
 prlslkt`k vaeujlk.
vaeujlk.

Lstl nràgcoa pasll uk`

hcjlkscÿk jàs -lk
oajp`r`ocÿk oak e` garj`
dchcjlkscak`e- e` ou`e el
  `
  r praparocak` vaeujlk. R`r`
  u
   t
   e qul sl` sljlm`ktl ` ea
  `
k`tur`e sl ljpel` le
leljlkta oaear prahuoclkha
v`rc`ocakls tak`els par
@e `hcocak`r uk` hcjlkscÿk jàs `e `kofa lglotas hl e` euz.
trcàknuea, ou`hr`ha a oêrouea sl
adtclkl e` pcràjchl, ouda y lsglr`. e`rna
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 42 

\_A HL E@ GATJ@
E` jlmar j`klr` hl rlprlslkt`r `hlou`h`jlktl e` garj`
lk uk lsp`oca pe`ka, ls jlhc`ktl e` pràotco`. Le pukta hl

 p`rtch`
vcsu`e. ` ls` e`dar slrê` le hls`rraeea hl e` o`p`och`h

Ls rloajlkh`del qul pr`otcqul adslrv`kha y rltlkclkha

e` lstruotur` dàsco` y nlajãtrco` hl hltlrjck`has
admltas hl usa grloulktl oaja v`sas, m`rr`s, ecdras,
 datlee`s, lto. Rastlrcarjlktl, `peco`kha le leljlkta
eêkl`, hcduml e` hcstrcduocÿk hle admlta ljpel`kha garj`s
 dchcjlkscak`els (ou`hr`has, trcàknueas,
trcàknueas, oêroueas, llto.).
to.).

\k` vlz ouejck`ha lstl praolsa sl hldl nlklr`r e`

trchcjlkscak`ech`h, prcjlra jlhc`ktl e` eêkl` y eulna `
tr`vãs hle leljlkta oaear, ls hlocr ljpel`kha e`
hlnr`h`ocÿk hle oaear.
R`r` hcdum`r garj`s
trchcjlkscak`els sl hldl tr`z`r
eêkl`s hl rlglrlkoc` p`r` eanr`r
uk` plrglot` scjltrê`.

\sa hl garj`s dchcjlkscak`els Tlprlslkt`ocÿk hl garj`s

p`r` hcdum`r uk dahlnÿk. trchcjlkscak`els oak e` eêkl`.

E@ OAJRA_COCßK
NLAJÃXTCO@
L s le jã
jãtah
taha a oa
oajp
jpasc
asctctcva
va
jlhc
jl hc`ktl
`ktl llee ou`e sl
rlhuolk e`s garj`s hl e` Tlprlslkt`ocÿk hl garj`s trchcjlkscak`els
k`tur
k`t ur`el
`elz`
z` ` gcgcnur
nur `s jlhc`ktl le oaear.
 nla
 nl ajãtrco`
rc o`s.
s. @sê p
paar E` oajpascocÿk nlajãtrco`  el plrjctcrà ka saea
lmljpea
lmlj pea p
p`r`
`r` hchcdum`r
dum`r uk`
hcglrlkoc`r e`s oe`sls hl garj` scka e` plrglot`
datlee`
otàk sl
r lotà ueapulhl
ueass avaus`r
avac hls. rlprlslkt`ocÿk nràgco` hl eas hcvlrsas leljlktas hl e`
k`tur`elz`. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 40 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T loar
oar t` h hcc vlr
vlr s`s ±Puã ls e` oajpascocÿk pcotÿrco`1
 gcnur`s
 gc nur`s hl plrcÿ rc ÿhcoa
coass a
r lvc
lvc st`s y pã pãnn`e`
`e`ss lk uk `.  Ls e` `nrup`ocÿk hl cjànlkls lk uk lsp`oca pe`ka.
lsp`oc
lsp` ocaa hltl
hltlrr jck`ha
jck`ha d.  Ls e` plrglot` arn`kcz`ocÿk hl leljlktas peàstcoas. 
oakschl
oaksc hlrr `kha e` ely hl o.  Ls uk` garj` hl rlukcr leljlktas pcotÿrcoas. 
ara.
F `z uk hcduma
ljpel`kha
lj pel`kha ýkc ýkco`jl
o`jlktl
ktl ±Ouàels sak e`s elyls hl e` oajpascocÿk1
eêkl`s rlot`s a ourv`s. `.  Ely hl ara, ely hl scjltrê` y ely hl oajplks`ocÿk.
oajplks`ocÿk. 
Ea pulhls f`olr oak d.  Ely hl ara, ely hl lqucecdrca y ely hl ukch`h.  
e`pcolra hl tckt` eêquch` o.  Ely hl scjltrê` y ely hl `scjltrê`.  
a ―gcklplk‚. 
H c dum` y pckt` uk 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
lsqulj`
lsqulj ` p`r
p`r` `
hcg
hcgllr lkoc
koc`r`r eas oa oaearls
earls
oàechas hl eas oaearls ±Puã ls e` eêkl`1
 grêas
 gr êas..  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
H c dum` y p pcc kt` oak
oak  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
tã
tãjp
jplr`s
lr`s ggar arj`
j`ss
dchcjl
dchc jlksc
kscak`ak`elsels y
 ga
 garjrj``s ±Puã ls le oaear1
trchcjlkscak`els.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s tclkl e` garj` dchcjlkscak`e1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s
 QQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQtclklQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
e` garj`
g arj` trchcjlkscak`e1
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
R `r` p pcc kt`
kt`rr garj
gar j`s
trc
trc hcjlksc
hcjlkscak` ak`els
els hl
hldl
dlss ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
us`r e` hl hlnnr `h
`h`ocÿk
`ocÿk hlhlee _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oaearr , oak eàp
oaea eàpcc ols
ols hl
oaear hlplkhlrà hle ( ) E` ely hl ara slð`e` qul sl hldl rls`et`r e`
 nr`
 nr `ha hl prlscÿk
rlscÿk qul sl
lmlrz`
lmlr z`,, oak e` tãjtãjpl plrr ` ukch`h hl e` v`rclh`h.
 sl hldl jlzoe` oe`r lele ( ) E` eêkl` hlgckl e`s garj`s jlhc`ktl le darhl. 
oaearr ` h
oaea hlnr
lnr`h`h`r`r oak ( ) E` eêkl` akhue`h` scnkcgco` ukch`h y oakmukta.
de`koa y oak `ou`rle`s ( ) Le de`koa y le klnra sak oaearls.
 sl us
us`
` ukuk` ` j`yar yar ( ) Le oaear rama rlprlslkt` lkama, p`scÿk y plecnra.
o`ktch`
o`ktc
le h`h
oaearhsleloocak`ha.
hl `nu
`nu`` p`
p`rr ` ( ) \k` garj` oajpasctcv` hle oaear ls e` `rjakê`.
( ) Le ouda ls uk` garj` dchcjlkscak`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 44 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta?  J`tlrc`els ka Oakvlkocak`els
@far` oaktcku`rà `prlkhclkha hle j`r`vceeasa jukha hl
e`s
qul`rtls
f`st`peàstco`s,
`far` f`y`prlkhcha.
ls jajlkta hlleea,
R`r` paklrhldl
lk pràotco` ea
chlktcgco`r
y rloakaolr `enukas j`tlrc`els ouya usa ka ls grloulktl
lk e` orl`ocÿk hl e`s `rtls vcsu`els.

EA_ J@XLTC@EL_ KA OAKWLKOCAK@EL_

E` utcecz`ocÿk hl j`tlrc`els oaja ÿelas, `orêecoas,
tãjplr`s y `ou`rle`s lk e` oajpascocÿk pcotÿrco` a
`rocee`, jàrjae, j`hlr` y fclrra lk e` oajpascocÿk
lsouetÿrco`, lstà hlktra hl ea tr`hcocak`e9 par le oaktr`rca,
sc sl ljpel`k vlnlt`els, tle`s, fulsas, `e`jdrls, datlee`s
hl peàstcoa a e`t`s lk e` orl`ocÿk `rtêstco`, sl lstà us`kha
leljlktas ka f`dctu`els y su usa lk `enuk`s adr`s pahrê`
o`us`r lxtr`ðlz`.
Lsouetur` hl `e`jdrl hle `rtcst`
pae`oa J`enarz`t` R`szia.  
Eas j`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els sak tahas `quleeas
leljlktas `etlrk`tcvas qul par su pe`stcoch`h pulhlk
 slrr lj
 sl ljpel
el`
`has p`r` orl`
orl`r oa
oajpascocakl
scocaklss `rtêstco`
rtêstco`s.
s.

―O`e`vlr`‚ . Adr` hle
nrupa `rnlktcka
_`jule nrD`rakc
L e nr`k (Wlklzule`)
`k àrda
àrdae
e, 0334 Jakhakna, leeas us`k
j`tlrc`els ka
Lks`jde`ml lk j`hlr`, tle`, oakvlkocak`els
oulrh` y `sg`eta plrlolhlras oaja n`eelt`s,
jcn`s hl p`k, ofcoels,
o`r`jleas… tr`t`has oak
uk` saeuocÿk hl rlsck`
tÿxco` p`r` lvct`r su
oarrupocÿk.

@enukas j`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els ` eas ou`els pulhl

rlourrcr p`r` orl`r adr`s `rtêstco`s sak eas scnuclktls, plra
rloulrhl qul, ls sÿea uk` sunlrlkoc` y` qul lxcstlk
juofas jàs=

-  Xle`s -  Fulsas
-  @enahÿk -  Jlt`els
-  Datlee`s hl peàstcoa -  E`t`s
―O`e`vlr`‚. Hlt`eel  -  R`ectas hl j`hlr` -  @e`jdrl
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 4? 

OE@_CGCO@OCßK HL EA_ J@XLTC@EL_

KA OAKWLKOCAK@EL_
R`r` uk` jlmar utcecz`ocÿk hl eas j`tlrc`els `etlrk`tcvas
a ka oakvlkocak`els ls klols`rca rloakaolr su
 praolhlkoc`. @sê, sl eas pulhl oe`scgco`r lk has nrupas=
 praolhlkoc`.
eas rlocoe`dels y eas k`tur`els.

0.  J@XLTC@EL_ TLOCOE@DEL_= Eas prahuotas

ka oakvlkocak`els pulhlk slr sleloocak`has ` p`rtcr
J`role Huof`jp ls oakschlr`ha le hl uk` oakhuot` loaeÿnco`, ls hlocr qul pulhlk slr
orl`har hle rl`hyj`hl oak su `ej`olk`has y rlutcecz`has, lktrl leeas lstàk eas
adr` “E` Gulktl‗ (e` hle g`jasa
urck`rca ckvlrtcha) ` prckocpcas hle  peàstcoas, vchrcas, tle`s, `enahÿk, o`rtÿk, p`ectas hl
scnea VV. j`hlr`, e`t`s, lto. 

“Rltlr‗ ‟  ]`o
 ]`o Grllj`k, `rtcst`
kartl`jlrco`ka. Ãe oakstruyl
o`p`s y o`p`s hl admltas
lkoaktr`has, oajplks`ocakls
ljctchas y hl e` of`t`rr` lk
rltr`tas ouya hlt`eel y sutcelz` sÿea
surnl oak e` hcst`koc`. \k` v`rc`ktl cktlrls`ktl hle `rtl orl`ha oak j`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels ls le
qul Lrco D`rtfaeajlw vca lk uk jlro`hceea olro` hl Ofco`na, oakscstlktl
lk p`eas hl lsoad` hl j`hlr` fuj`kcz`has y o`r`otlrcz`has oaja

L xc stl
stlkk ad
adrr `s h
hll `
`rr tl  plrsak`s oak plckls, of`p`s hl olrvlz`,
admltas `s`s, olpceeas
lkoaktr`has.
lkoaktr`has.    y atras  arcnck`els
flof`s oak eas ee`j`has
ad
admm ltas
ltas lkoaktr`has , , @ jlhc`has hl eas `ðas sltlkt` sl gr`nuÿ le
t`jdcãk oakaochas lk
ckneãs oaja rl`hyj`hl 
javcjclkta
javc jclkta hl “`rtl
“`rtl pavlr`‗,
pavlr`‗, le ou`e sl d`s` lk e`
 y, lk gr`koãs, oaja admlt utcecz`ocÿk
utcecz` ocÿk hl j`tlrc`els oakschlr`has „padrls‖, hl
trauvã. _l
 _ l tr
tr`t`
`t` h
hll juy gàoce adtlkocÿk= oaja j`hlr`, fam`s a rao`s,
ad
admm ltas
tas g`d
`drr c o`h
o`has
as  pe`o`s hl peaja a orcst`e, vlnlt`els, tle`s, o`rdÿk a
arcnc
arc nc k`rc
k`rc`j
`jllktl p` p`rr ` `rocee`, a t`jdcãk j`tlrc`els hl hlslofa y, par ea
usas oakorlt
oakor ltas as y t`kta, o`rlktls hl v`ear. E` utcecz`ocÿk hl j`tlrc`els
jukh`kas,
jukh` kas, y` sl`k
ckhustrc`els, plks`has hl hlslofa p`r` orl`r adr`s hl `rtl a pclz`s hl
 p
 p``r` le fan`
fan`r,r, ooa
ak gckl
gc klss hcslða, f` tlkcha su oaktcku`ocÿk lk kulstras hê`s,
hl
hloar`tc
oar`tcvas
vas a r lor
orl`
l`tctcva
vas,
s, utcecz`kha j`tlrc`els oaja OHs, lkv`sls RLX,
 p
 pllra qul saksak vckceas, datakls, gr`njlktas hl dcocoelt`s a ou`equclr
r loakvl
oakvlrr tcha
tchass a atra j`tlrc`e rlocoe`ha. @enukas `rtcst`s qul tr`d`m`k
jah
ahcc gc o`h
o`has
as llkk `r
`rtl
tl.. oak j`tlrc`els praolhlktls hle rlocoe`ml sak Xaj
Hlckcknlr, ]`o Grllj`k a Mafkstak Gastlr.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 48 

4.  J@XLTC@EL_ K@X\T@EL_= @ hcglrlkoc` hl eas

j`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels, eas j`tlrc`els k`tur`els
oarrlspakhlk ` tahas `quleeas rloursas qul agrlol e`
k`tur`elz` y qul pulhlk slr utcecz`has lk e`

oajpascocÿk
fam`s, peàstco`.tcktls
`rlk`, pclhr`, @sê par lmljpea
k`tur`els, sl  pulhlk us`r
lto.

F`y rlncakls lk le Rlrý hakhl sl f` utcecz`ha

`hlou`h`jlktl eas rloursas hl arhlk k`tur`e p`r` e`
oakstruoocÿk `rquctlotÿkco`. Le Xljpea hl
R`of`o`j`o `e _ur hl Ecj`, oct`kha uk jahlea, lstà
oakstrucha hl `hadl (e`hrceea hl d`rra jlzoe`ha oak
Wcouð`s lk e` slrr`kê` plru`k`. _u  p`m`) y ` pls`r hle p`sa hle tcljpa y e`s oakhcocakls
e`k` ls `pravlof`h` oaja uk
ckjlmar`del j`tlrc`e p`r` oecjàtco`s hl e` zak` sl oakslrv` f`st` e` glof`. 
le`dar`r tlxtcels `rtêstcoas.

O`eel tr`hcocak`e lk Ouzoa. E`s ocuh`hls qul lstàk udco`h`s lk e` Oast`, oaja Jaeelkha, agrlolk `
eas `rtcst`s e` pascdcech`h hl oajpaklr sus adr`s oaktr`st`kha eas
oaearls hl su `tjÿsglr` y e`s `nu`s hl su j`r.

 @p
 @ pravl
ravlof`
of`r easeas rloursa
rloursass hl e` r lncÿ nc ÿk cj
cjppeco`
t`
t`jjdc ãk utc
utcececz`
z`rr ta
taha
ha ou`kta a aggr lol e` k`tur
k`tur`el
`elz`
z`
oaja
oaj a jl
jlhca nl n lanràgc
anr à[Link]. Rc
R c kt`r e` dlee
dleellz` hle
hle j`
j`rr ka
Xljpea hl R`of`o`j`o lk Ecj`. ls prc
prc vc
vcelnc
elnc a hl
hl ta
tahahass eas `r
`rtctcst`
st`ss -pa
-parr le saea j jat
atcc va
hl vc
vc vcr lk e` _c_ c lr r ` a lk e` __llev`
ev`-9-9 sc
sckk lj
ljdd`r na,
leeas pahràk pckt`r eas flrjasas klv`has hl e`
Oarhceelr` hl eas @khls a eas lkcnjàtcoas dasquls
tr
trapapcc o`els
o`els hl e` @j @j`za
`zakê kê`.
`.

Eas j`tlrc`els k`tur`els kas plrjctlk prahuocr

oajpascocakls lk d`sl ` `quleeas rloursas oak eas qul
oulkt` uk` hltlrjck`h` rlncÿk, y` sl`k eas j`tlrc`els
E`na _`khav`e lk J`hrl hl Hcas.
y` `ktls oct`has l ckoeusa su p`cs`ml, oecj`, lto.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 4< 

\XCEC]@OCßK HL EA_ TLO\T_A_

K@X\T@EL_ HL E@ OAJ\KCH@H 
Lk lst` p`rtl, v`jas ` hlhco`r uk `p`rt`ha lsploc`e `
@rlqucp`
 pulsta quly ka
lk ls
lsploc`e ` uka
le ýkcoa, qulhlj`yar
eas rloursas
`tlkocÿkk`tur`els,
o`pt` lk
eas pcktarls= le p`cs`ml `rlqucplða. @e rlsplota, le `rtcst`
" Xc`d
Xc `d`y
`y`" 
`" . Xãokco` hl `ou`rle` hl M`cjl Lstruof hcol=
M`cjl Lstruof. @pravlof` e`s
dakh`hls k`tur`els hle eun`r.
Le p`cs`ml `rlqucplða f` scha e` jàxcj` ckspcr`ocÿk hl
sus pcktarls. Lsl p`cs`ml pulhl cktlrls`r t`jdcãk `e palt`
y `e turcst`. R`r` qul cktlrlsl `e turcst` hldl tlklr
leljlktas lxolpocak`els y "suc nãklrcs" qul ka lxcst`k
lk atra eun`r. Hl flofa `sê ls, le p`cs`ml `rlqucplða ls
ýkcoa lk le Rlrý hlshl le pukta hl vcst` hl oajpascocÿk
hle eun`r.
_c rlvcs`jas e` ectlr`tur` eao`e vlrljas qul eas palt`s y
" O`eel hl@r lqucp`
qucp`"" . ela sadrl lsorctarls f`k rcv`ecz`ha p`r` pe`sj`r uk` chl` hl e`
tle` hl Masã J`e`ko`.   dlee` @rlqucp`. O`kt`k e`s kêvl`s oujdrls hl sus
jakt`ð`s, e`s o`kt`rck`s `nu`s
`nu`s hle Ofcec, e` paecorajê` hl
sus o`jpas y e` rutce`ktl euz hl su o`jpcð`.
Le jlmar o`pt`har hle p`cs`ml `rlqucplða ls le pcktar qul
f` s`dcha pe`sj`r lk sus eclkzas eas r`snas têpcoas hl lsl
 p`cs`ml= e` euz y le oaear.
Le `kàecscs orêtcoa hl ls` pcktur` kas hcol qul e` dleelz`
 p`cs`mcst` hl @rlqucp` f` scha o`pt`h` ` tr`vãs hl su eeuz,
uz,
" O`yj`" 
O`yj`" . Atra têpcoa p`cs`ml hl su nlaeanê`, hle `nra y hle scee`r.
`rlqucplða. Ka sÿea e`s garj`s
g arj`s
k`tur`els oaja le vaeoàk y e`
vlnlt`ocÿk sak `pravlof`h`s, scka
le oecj` y le tcpa hl oakstruoocakls.

E ` nlaeanê
nlaeanê` `h hll
kullstra
ku str a jlhc
jlhca a
tleýr
tleýrcc oa ls
ls oaeas`e,
oaeas`e,
 nr`
 nr `khcas
khcas` `, `tr`o
r`ottc v`
 y sclj
scljpr l sl
c jpa
pakhr
khrà à pa
parr ls`s
ls`s
j`s`s sadrls`eclktls
qul sl ee`j`k
O f`of
f`of` `kc, J c stc
stc y
R c ofu-Rcofu,
ofu-Rc ofu, tl tleÿ
eÿkk Eas lxtr`kmlras qul f`k vc`m`ha juofa kas `gcrj`k qul
hl gakha p`r` uk ka f`y lk le jukha uk` euz oaja e` qul lxcstl lk lst`
 p
 p``c s`ml
s`ml zak` hl vaeo`kls. Lsl "ltlrka oclea `zue " hle fcjka
c koakguk
koakgukh hc del hl e` `rlqucplða ls le leljlkta lslkoc`e hl ls` eujckasch`h.
O c uh`
uh`h h D e`
e`ko`
ko`.. Le vlrh`hlra
vlrh`hlra p`p`cs`mcst`,
cs`mcst`, tclkl le oajprajcsa hl o`pt`r
o`pt`r
ls` euz sc quclrl slr `utãktcoa pcktar hl @rlqucp`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 47 

Ou`kha uk `rlqucplða tclkl ckvct`has, eas p`sl` par e`

o`jpcð` oaja ea jlmar qul pulhl agrlolr, f`e`n`r le
lspêrctu y rlpas`r su oulrpa. E` euz hle o`jpa sl
oakg`due` p`r` prahuocr ls` paecorajê` hl j`tcols, sadrl
taha lk eas vlrhls, nlajãtrco`jlktl hcstrcduchas lk lsl
" Of`r`o`ta"" . J`tcols y oaearls
Of`r`o`ta
prapcas hle eun`r. ckjlksa t`delra hl e`s of`or`s dclk hlecjct`h`s par
àrdaels, `rdustas y darhas lstrlofas qul slð`e`k e`
hlj`ro`ocÿk hl prapclh`hls.
Eas pcktarls jàs rlprlslkt`tcvas hl @rlqucp` sl f`k
lks`ð`ha p`r` rlprahuocr le ukêsaka hl uk orlpýsouea,
lsas oaearls olktleel`ktls y o`jdc`ktls qul drckh`k
slhuoocÿk p`r` eas `utãktcoas cjprlscakcst`s. E` Ocuh`h
De`ko` sl ee`j` `sê par su scee`r s`o`ha hl e` lktr`ð` hl
e` tclrr` y qul oakstctuyl le jýsouea hl su vaeoàk. E`s
vclm`s y tartuas`s o`eelm`s hl `kt`ða, ckspcr`har`s hle
`rtcst`, lstàk oakstruch`s oak ls` pclhr` de`ko` ouy`
 prckocp`e vlk` sl f`ee` lk e`s vlock`s quldr`h`s hl
@ð`sfu`coa.
_`dljas hl o`sct`
oak e` têpco` e` g`sock`ocÿk
hl scee`r yhloak
uk su
de`koa
tlofalktarkl`ha.
uk` `ou`rle`
Cktlrcar hle jak`stlrca hl _`kt`
O`t`eck`. @ou`rle` hl Sljy
@eljàk. Le lstcea `rquctlotÿkcoa ls
_l rlpraof` le `dus`r hle tlj` hl uk Jcstc oaja tlj`
jatcv`har hl kujlras`s pcktur`s. j`kasl`ha, plra, lstl j`mlstuasa l cjpaklktl vaeoàk
kuko` lst`rà hl jàs lk uk `utãktcoa p`cs`ml `rlqucplða.

@rlqucp` agrlol v`rc`has tlj`s

oajpasctcvas. @quê
@quê sl `prloc` `e
Of`of`kc, uka hl sus vaeo`kls.

H `h
`h`s`s ls`
ls`ss oakhc
oakhcococakl
aklss
oecj`taeÿnco`s y e`
ocr oukst
oukst``koc` fafarr `r c `, " R`ea
R`eaj
j`s" . Sljy @eljàk. O`h` hlt`eel hle p`cs`ml `rlqucplða,
hcgêocejlktl sl rlpctl le ckoeuscvl su g`uk`, rlprlslkt` uk jatcva `pravlof`del ` e` pcktur`.
@quê, par lmljpea, sl f` rlourrcha ` `qulee`s `vlocee`s qul sl f`k
cjprlscakcsja hl uk oakvlrtcha lk uk `tr`otcva jàs hl e` Re`z` J`yar.
 p
 p`
`cs`
cs`ml
ml hl @rl
@r lqucp
ucp` `.
Waeo`kls, scee`r y
o`jpc
o`j pcð`,
ð`, tr
trls
ls lel
leljl
jlktas
ktas Lk e` rlpltcocÿk sl pulhl prahuocr e`s j`tcz`ocakls hl e`
far`, hl e` lst`ocÿk hle `ða y hl eas o`jdcas euk`rls lk
ckhcsplks`dels
 p
 p``cs`
cs`mcmcsj
sja hle
a `rlq
rlqucp
ucpllða.
ða. le p`cs`ml eao`e. \k hê` nrcs, uk hê` hl "klv`h`" sl pckt`
hl hcglrlktl j`klr` ` e` hl uk hê` eujckasa hl sae.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 4> 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
 _leloo
 _lel oocak
cak`` uk oa oakmukt
kmukta a E`s oe`sls hl j`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els sak=
hl j`tl
j`tlrr c `els
r locoe`h
oc oe`has as y oe`
oe`scscgêgê o`eas
o`eas `.  J`tlrc`els k`tur`els y j`tlrc`els `rtcgcoc`els.
lk hcglrlktls gr`soas d.  J`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels y j`tlrc`els k`tur`els. 
 p
 p``r` qul pul ulh h`s o.  J`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels y j`tlrc`els rlutcecz`dels. 
lelncreas
`hlou`h`jlktl lk le
jajl
ja jlkta kta klols`
klols`rr c a. ±Ouàels sak `enukas j`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels1
H c slð`
slð` nr nràgc
àgco`
o`j jlktl `.  Fam`s, tcktls k`tur`els, `rlk`, pclhr`s, lto. 
uk` oajpa
oajpascscoc ocÿk
ÿk d.  Reàstcoa, vchrcas, `enahÿk, o`rtÿk, e`t`s, lto. 
 p
 peà
eàst
stco`
co` hl tu o.  E`hrceeas, d`rra, `rocee`, j`hlr`s, lto. 
 p
 prlgl
rlglrl rlko
koc`
c` p`r` qul
rl`ecols 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
trchcjlkscak`ejlktl.
L e`d
e`dar`
ar` tu h hcc slða
ljpel`
lj pel`kha kha eas hc hcvlrs
vlrsas as ±Puã sak eas j`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els1
j`tl
j` tlrr c `els qul f`y`
f`y`ss  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 p
 paahcha rlo rlocoe`
coe`r.r.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 _lel
 _l eloo
oocak
cak`` j`tlrc `els els
k`tur`els y scnuclkha le
jcsja praolhcjclkta ±Ouàels pahrê`k slr `enukas j`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels1
`ktlrr c ar le`d
`ktl e`dar`ar` uk`  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
ad
adrr ` plplrr sak`
sak`e.e.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s tclklk eas j`tlrc`els k`tur`els1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Lk quã oakscstl

 QQQQQQQQQQ le rl`hyQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ j`hl1
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
R `r` prat
pratllnlr tus
oajpascocakls ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
 p
 peà
eàst
stco`
co`ss hldls oud oudrcrea
rc rea _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oak uk` o`p` hl
d`rkcz, e`o`, u atra ( ) Eas j`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els prapcoc`k uk`
j`tlrc
j` tlrc`e
`e hl
oakslrr v`o
oaksl v`occ ÿk. @ hlhljà
jàss kulv` garj` orl`tcv` hl f`olr `rtl.
ls rloaj
r loajlkh`d
lkh`del el ( ) _ak j`tlrc`els rlocoe`dels eas p`plels y vchrcas. 
le`da
le` darr `r tus ( ) Eas j`tlrc`els k`tur`els cjpeco` le usa hle p`cs`ml
 p
 prah
rahuouooca
ocakl
klss sad
sadrl qul agrlol uk` hltlrjck`h` rlncÿk.
uk` supl
suplr gc ocl
oc l q
qul
ul ( ) _ak j`tlrc`els k`tur`els e`s fam`s, e` `rlk`, lto.
 scr
 scrv`
v` oaj
oaja d`sl.
sl. ( ) E` `rocee` ls uk j`tlrc`e k`tur`e ka oakvlkocak`e.
( ) Lk eas `ðas >2 surncÿ le “`rtl pavlr`‗. 
pavlr`‗. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 46 

Oakaocjclkta 8 Le Hcduma àscoa

Hle huh`
sck j`r`vceeasa jukha hl e`spar
e` j`kcglst`ocÿk `rtls vcsu`els, ley`hcduma
lxolelkoc`, qul lsls
oakschlr`haa oaja le elknu`ml nràgcoa ukcvlrs`e, uutcecz`ha
oakschlr`h tcecz`ha
 par e` fuj`kch`h p`r` tr`ksjctcr sus chl`s, praylotas y,
lk uk slktcha jàs `jpeca, su ouetur`.

L e hcduma lsls uk scn

sc n ka n r àgcoa
gc oa qul tr`t`
tr`t` hl sun
sunllr c r
ljaocakls lstãtco`s, y` sl` rlprahuoclkha e`s
 garj
 ga rj``s k`
k`ttur`el
ur`elss a orl`
orl`h`s pa par e` g`
g`kt
kt`
`sê` (hc
(hc duma
 gc
 gcnur
nur`
`tc va), a dclk clk v`ecãkhecãkha asl ýkco`j
ýkco`jlkt
ktll hl
oajdck`ocakls, hl eêkl`s y j`kof`s sck cktlkocÿk
ecjct`tcv` (hcduma ka gcnur`tcva).
“@utarrltr`ta‗ (0<04) hl
Elak`rha H` Wckoc. Hcduma
rl`ecz`ha oak tckt`.

X`jdcãk sl pulhl hlocr qul le hcduma ls e` tãokco`

nràgco` d`s`h` lk le usa hl e` eêkl`. _l rl`ecz`
karj`ejlktl sadrl p`ple, o`rtÿk, lto. Rulhl ljpel`r le
oaear a prlsockhcr hl ãe. R`r` su tr`z`ha sl utcecz`k
hcvlrsas ckstrujlktas y j`tlrc`els oaja le eàpcz, o`rdÿk,
 peuj`, y atras. Pul h`k kajdrl ` e`s hcvlrs`s
jah`ech`hls.
Hcduma hl dahlnÿk lk e` g`sl hl
`puktl.
G@_L_ HLE HCD\MA 

LE @R\KXL=
0.  hcduma. Oakscstl
Oakscstl Lslk
e` prcjlr`
prc jlr`uk
tr`z`r g`sloakmukta
p`r` eanr`r uk dulky
hl eêkl`s
 puktas hl udco`ocÿk rlsplota ` e`s garj`s qul sl f`k
hl nr`gco`r lk le p`ple a o`rtueck`.

4.  LE DAOLXA= Lst` ls e` lt`p` lk qul nr`oc`s ` eas

Hcduma lk e` g`sl hl daolta. `puktls y` taj`has, sl praolhl ` hlgckcr y h`r
lstruotur` ` e`s garj`s oak sus rlsplotcv`s sajdr`s y
tlxtur`s. @sê y` sl tlkhrà e`s gcnur`s jàs hlgckch`s y
ecst`s p`r` h`rels eas hlt`eels gck`els.
?.  LE HCD\MA XLTJCK@HA= Ls le rlsuet`ha hl e`s
has lt`p`s `ktlrcarls. Ls le hcduma y` ouejck`ha, oak
tahas eas hlt`eels y oarrloocakls sugcoclktls p`r`
f`olr hl ãstl uk tr`d`ma eelka hl o`ech`h `rtêstco` y
 plrgloocÿk.
Hcduma lk e` g`sl tlrjck`h`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 43 

CK_XT\JLKXA_ HL HCD\MA 
R`r` rl`ecz`r uk hcduma `rtêstcoa sl rlquclrl hl uk` slrcl
hl flrr`jclkt`s qul sak klols`rc`s p`r` e` orl`ocÿk
nràgco`.

0.  LE EÀRC]= Ls uk` d`rr` hl nr`gcta lkolrr`h` lk uk

oceckhra a prcsj` hl j`hlr` de`kh`. _lnýk le nr`ha
hl hurlz`, eas eàpcols sl oe`scgco`k par kýjlras y sl
Tlprlslkt`ocÿk ocroue`r hl eas `oajp`ð` hl e`s eltr`s F (hle ckneãs f`rh :hura)
v`earls hle eàpcz slnýk su hurlz`
(3F-3D) tr`z`kha eêkl`s hl oaear nrcs, D (hle ckneãs de`oi
:klnra) tr`z`kha eêkl`s hl oaear klnra y G (hle ckneãs
gcrj:gcrjl) qul ls uk tcpa cktlrjlhca.
E as eàp
eàpcc ols
ols hl jck`
de`kh` sak eas jlmarjlmarls
ls 4.  LE RATX@JCK@_=  Lk hcduma eckl`e sak
 p
 p``r` tr`d
r`d` `mas hl
 saj
 sa jdrl`
rl`h ha y p`r` rloajlkh`dels, jàs oÿjahas y ecjpcas qul le eàpcz.
ou`kha sl` prlocsa uk _ak hl peàstcoa a jlt`e y `eam`k lk su cktlrcar e`
tr`z
tr`za
a hl hcs
hcstctcktas
ktas jck`, qul ls hlspe`z`h` f`oc` `gulr` par uk rlsartl.
r lsartl.
 nrul
 nrhulsa
 y ýo
ýotsas,
tce.s, LLs
uks htr`z
tr` za dsa
locr, e`kh
e`kkha
sak a ?.  E@ NAJ@=  _l ljpel` p`r` f`olr hls`p`rlolr
`p
`prr ap
apcc `has,
`has, lk nnllklr`e, tr`zas ckoarrlotas, j`kof`s a sadr`s. Rar ea nlklr`e
 p
 p``r` le hcdu cdumama `rtêst
rtêstcoa
coa..
E as eàp
eàpcc ols
ols hl jck` hur hur` ` sak de`kh`s p`r` ka rajplr le p`ple, oe`r`s p`r` ka
 sakk eas
 sa eas `hlou` ou`has p`r` j`kof`rea y gelxcdels.
tr`d`mas hl hleckl`ocÿk y
hc dumÿ cckh khustustrr c `e. __uu
tr`za
tr`z a llss nr c s, hl pl plrr gc e
 sloa
 sl oa y ecj
ecjp pca.

E` naj` t`jdcãk plrjctl rls`et`r eas drceeas lk eas hcdumas p`sàkhae`

par eas sctcas jàs de`koas, oaja lk le o`sa
o `sa hle hcduma hl e` hlrlof`.

8.  E@
eelv`rTLNE@=
oat`s `e  pe`ka.
_l utcecz` p`r` qul
Oakvclkl jlhcr
sl` eaknctuhls
hl peàstcoa yy
hl e` jlmar o`ech`h. E`s f`y hl hcglrlktls jlhch`s
(?2 oj, 72 oj, lto.). Le lso`eêjltra ls uk` rlne`
lsploc`e, nlklr`ejlktl hl garj` trc`knue`r, `ukqul
t`jdcãk eas f`y pe`kas. Le trc`knue`r, le jàs us`ha,
tclkl trls o`r`s y lk o`h` uk`, uk` lso`e`.
<.  E@ L_O\@HT@ S LE O@TX@DßK= Le mulna hl
lsou`hr` (8<²-8<²-32²) y o`rt`dÿk (?2²-72²-32²)
oakstctuyl le prckocp`e ckstrujlkta hl tr`z`ha qul
`oajp`ð` `e eàpcz. Hldlk slr t`jdcãk hl peàstcoa y,
E` peuj` lstceanràgco` ls uk
ckstrujlkta hl hcduma, qul `ukqul pulhlk lst`r nr`hu`h`s, ka ls oakvlkclktl,
oaktclkl uk hlpÿscta hl tckt` y` qul p`r` jlhcr sl hldl utcecz`r
utcec z`r e` rlne`. _l utcecz`k
eêquch`
hl `nu`.oajpulst`
E` tckt` slprckocp`ejlktl
qulh` lk lstl  p`r` tr`z`r eêkl`s rlot`s, p`r`ele`s a qul garjlk
hlpÿscta nr`oc`s ` e` prlscÿk hcglrlktls àknueas lktrl sê.
`tjasgãrco` f`st` qul ls utcecz`h`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?2 

XÃOKCO@_ HL HCD\MA
@e jajlkta hl f`olr usa hl `enýk ckstrujlkta hl hcduma
oaja eas eàpcols, e` tckt`, eas eàpcols hl oaear, lto. sl lstà
lmlout`kha uk` hltlrjck`h` tãokco`.
Lktrl e`s prckocp`els tãokco`s qul pulhl cr pr`otco`kha
lstàk e`s scnuclktls=

0.  HCD\MA @ EÀRC]= Eas eàpcols lstàk flofas hl uk

j`tlrc`e qul sl ee`j` nr`gcta. Le nr`gcta ls ea qul
 pckt`. Le nr`gcta ea jlzoe`k oak `rocee`. _c tclkl
Hcduma lk e` tãokco` hl eàpcz.
juof` `rocee` le eàpcz pckt` oe`rcta y sc tclkl pao`
`rocee` pckt` adsoura. @ eas eàpcols qul tclklk juof`
`rocee` sl els ee`j` huras y ` eas qul tclklk pao`
su`vls a de`khas.

R`r` hajck`r e` tãokco` sl hldl adtlklr hlnr`h`ocakls

hl nr`h`ocakls hl oaear
Hcduma lk e` tãokco` hl o`rdakoceea. prlscak`kha oak j`yar a jlkar cktlksch`h le eàpcz.

4.  HCD\MA @E O@TDAKOCEEA=  Rlrjctl e`

rl`ecz`ocÿk hl uk` lxtlks` n`j` hl takas qul
`d`ro`k hlshl eas jàs sutcels nrcsls ` eas klnras jàs
 pragukhas. Rravlkclktl hl e` j`hlr` o`rdakcz`ha hle
 dakltlra, su paeva ls juy cklst`del9 lsta rlprlslkt`
uk` nr`k ou`ech`h, ls juy gàocejlktl j`kcpue`del y
 plrjctl e` rl`ecz`ocÿk hl hlnr`h`has tak`els grat`kha
oak le hlha, tr`pa a hcgujcka.

?.  HCD\MA @ E@ XCKX@=  Nlklr`ejlktl, oaja y`

s`dl, sl utcecz` e` tckt` ofck`, qul pulhl slr `peco`h`
Hcduma lk e` tãokco` hl tckt` ofck`. oak peuj`s, pckolels a daeênr`gas. _l` ou`e gulrl le
ckstrujlkta utcecz`ha, sl lstà `peco`kha uk` tãokco`
lsploêgco`= hcduma ` e` peuj`, `e pckole, ` pckole sloa,
` peuj` y pckole, lto. Ou`kha sl jlzoe` oak `nu` sl
sulel ee`j`r tãokco` hl `nu`h`.
8.  HCD\MA HL _@KN\CK@=  E` s`knuck` ls uk`
tãokco` pcotÿrco` d`s`h` lk uk` v`rclh`h hl ÿxcha
gãrrcoa ee`j`h` flj`tctls, qul sl prlslkt` d`ma e`
garj` hl paeva, d`rr` a pe`o`. Rulhl tlklr hcstckt`s
tak`ech`hls, tah`s lee`s lk e` n`j` hle rama -hl `fê su
kajdrl, y` qul
`k`r`km`ha f`st`rloulrh`
le rama` p`rhavcaeàola.
e` s`knrl-, hlshlF`le scha
rama
Hcduma lk e` tãokco` hl s`knuck`. us`h` par `rtcst`s oaja Elak`rha h` Wckoc.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?0 

OE@_L_ HL HCD\MA
Eas hcdumas sl pulhlk oe`scgco`r slnýk hcvlrsas orctlrcas.
_c sl tr`t` hl e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk, eas hcdumas sl oe`scgco`k
lk=

0.  HCD\MA ECKL@E=  Nlklr`ejlktl sl tr`t`k hl

cjànlkls oajpulst` par eêkl`s sÿech`s y lk uk sÿea
taka. _l pulhl oakslnucr hcglrlktls v`rc`ocakls
eckl`els ` tr`vãs hl sajdrl`has us`kha eêkl`s jàs
`kof`s y hl t`j`ðas hcglrlktls. Lstl tcpa hl hcduma
sulel rls`et`r hl ou`equclr atra par agrlolr uk`
cj`nlk jàs oe`r` y oak e`
e ` ckgarj`ocÿk dàsco`.
Hcduma hl @edlrta Hurlra.
Hcstrcduyl e`s eêkl`s lk su sctca,
jàs lk e` rap`, jlkas lk e`s zak`s
hl euz. Lko`ml plrglota oak uk
tr`d`ma ànce.

Jlhc`ktl le hcduma eckl`e sl tclkl uk` oakolpocÿk oakorlt` hl o`h`

garj` a lstruotur` qul oajpakl uk` gcnur`.

OßJA F@OLT HCD\MA_ ECKL@EL_

Lk
f`y`hcduma, ou`ktasjàs
lk e` cj`nlk jlkas
hcgêocepuktas hl hlocr,
slrà. Ls rlglrlkoc` oe`ras
le hcduma sl
rl`ecz` oak jlhch`s lk le lsp`oca qul v`jas taj`kha
oak e` vcst` y ` vlols oak `yuh`s oaja ou`hrêoue`s a
rlne`s. _c eas puktas hl `paya vcsu`e ka sak jàs
?  p`rlochas ` uk` ou`hrêoue` rlot`, sc sak garj`s ourv`s,
ckoeck`h`s y hlslqucecdrcas, lktakols ` e` vcst` el oulst`
jàs. Eas tlj`s oak rlot`s oaja uk lhcgcoca slkoceea
 pulhlk slr jàs gàocels hl hcdum`r nr`oc`s `e arhlk u
lstruotur` qul pasllk. E` vcst` ka sl j`rl` t`kta
jchclkha le lsp`oca lktrl e`s garj`s.
Rar ea t`kta, ea prcjlra qul hldl f`olr scljprl `ktls hl
`trlvlrsl oak uk hcduma, v` ` slr adslrv`r dclk le
jahlea. Jcr`r quã puktas pulhlk slrvcrkas oaja `paya
_cnuclkha e`s g`sls hle hcduma sl vcsu`e p`r` ` p`rtcr hl lsas puktas cr jchclkha e`
pulhlk eanr`r hcdumas eckl`els oak
j`yar praparocak`ech`h.
praparocak`ech`h. oaeao`ocÿk hle rlsta hl leljlktas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?4 

4.  HCD\MA NLAJÃXTCOA=  Ls e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk

hleckl`h`, `oat`h` y praparocak`h` hl uk admlta
lxcstlktl a praylot`ha, hl j`klr` qul rlsuetl
 plrglot`jlktl hlgckcha lk uk elknu`ml karj`ecz`ha
ukcvlrs`e. Oakscstl lk e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk nràgco`
lx`ot` hl uk admlta a uk` chl` pràotco`.
Oakstruoocÿk hle plktànaka=
0. Xlkclkha le slnjlkta @D, sl
tr`z` uk` eêkl` plrplkhcoue`r lk e`
jct`h, eulna sl praylot` le pukta K
ljpel`kha uk oajpàs oaeao`kha e`
pukt` sadrl D.

4. Oak olktra lk J y r`hca JK, sl R`r` hcslð`r e` gcnur` gck`e, sl praolhl `sê= 0. _l tr`z` uk oêrouea ` p`rtcr
tr`z` uk `roa f`st` garj`r le hl e` rlot` @H ` ouy` jct`h sl tr`z` uk` rlot` vlrtco`e. Eulna sl tr`z`k
pukta A ` e` `etur` hl @D. has `roas oak le jcsja r`hca hl e` ocroukglrlkoc` hlshl eas puktas @ y H
garj`kha D, O, G y L. 4. _l uklk eas puktas ggarj`has
arj`has adtlkclkha le
flxànaka. ?. _l tr`z`k eêkl`s rlot`s ukclkha eas puktas DHG y @OL. 8. _l
tr`z`k trcàknueas jàs plqulðas praparocak`els. <. _l darr`k `enukas
tr`zas y sl adtclkl e` lstrlee` flx`nak`e.

Le hcduma nlajãtrcoa ls utcecz`ha p`r` le tr`za hl e`s

gcnur`s hl nlajltrê` leljlkt`e, hlsorcptcv` y
`k`eêtco`9 e` plrsplotcv` arhck`rc`, oartls hl admltas,
oraqucs, lsqulj`s, pe`kas9 rlprlslkt`r tapanr`gê`s,
?. Oak uk r`hca @A p`rtclkha hl tr`d`mas hl cknlkclrê`, lhcgcocas y pclz`s hl
eas puktas @ y D, sl tr`z`k `roas
qul sl oart`k lk le pukta H. j`quck`rc`. Lst` rlprlslkt`ocÿk sl nuê` par karj`s
gcm`s y prllst`deloch`s p`r` pahlr hlsorcdcr hl jaha
lx`ota y oe`ra, hcjlkscakls, garj`s, o`r`otlrêstco`s y
e` oakstruoocÿk hl ea qul sl quclrl rlprahuocr.

8. Hlshl le pukta H, sl tr`z` uk

`roa hl r`hca @D, oart`kha ` eas
`roas y orl`kha eas puktas L y O.
E` lstrlee` plkt`nak`e. R`r` rl`ecz`r lstl hcslða sl p`rtl hl e`
oakstruoocÿk hl uk plktànaka (t`e oaja sl julstr` lk eas nràgcoas hl e`
czquclrh`). Rrcjlra sl tr`z`k eêkl`s ukclkha eas àknueas y eulna hlshl
o`h` àknuea lxtlrka f`oc` eas cktlrkas. Gck`ejlktl sl hleckl` e` gcnur` y
sl pckt` slnýk e` julstr`.

O`dl rloarh`r qul p`r` rl`ecz`r hcdumas nlajãtrcoas

sl hldlk ljpel`r ckstrujlktas hl jlhcocÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?? 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T l`ec
`ecz`
z` tr`z
tr`zasas ececkl`
kl`els
els ±Ouàels sak e`s oe`sls hl hcduma1
oak hcvlrs`s garj`s
r lnue`rls a crr cr r lnue`rls `.  Hcduma eckl`e y hcduma nlajãtrcoa.
 sad
 sa drl fam`s
fam`s hl p`ple d.  Hcduma dàscoa y hcduma nlajãtrcoa. 
dakh. o.  Hcduma ` eàpcz, hcduma ` o`rdakoceea, lto. 
T l`ecz`
`ec z` hl
hlnn r `h
`h`ocakls
`ocakls
hl oaear lj ljpel`kha
pel`kha
eàpcols de`khas. ±Ouàels sak ckstrujlktas hl hcduma1
T l`ecz` uk h hcc duma `.  Eàpcz, s`knuck`, tckt`, o`rdakoceea, oaearls.  
ececkl`
kl`ee oapc`kha `enýk d.  Tlne`, lsou`hr`, o`rt`dÿk, lstceÿnr`ga. 
jahlea cjprlsa y o.  Rckole, p`elt`, `nu`, eclkza, o`rtueck`. 
 scnucllkha
 scnuc kha e`s
e`s g`sl
g`slss hle
hcduma. 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
T l`ecz` uk h hcc duma
oapc`kha uk jahlea
r l`e scnuc
sc nuc lkha e`s g`sl g`slss ±Puã ls le hcduma1
hle hcduma.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
Tl`ecz` eas hcslðas  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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 nla
 nl ajãtrcoa
rc oass
 p
 prlsrlsllkt
kt``has lk le
o`pêtuea ±Ouàels sak e`s tãokco`s hl hcduma1
oarr
oarr ls akh khcc lkt
ktll.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl e` lsou`hr` y le o`rt`dÿk1

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±Puã hcglrlkoc`s f`y lktrl le hcduma eckl`e y le

nlajãtrcoa1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
R`r` rl`ecz`r hcdumas  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 nlajãtrcoa
 nla rc oass hldls
ljpel`r eas hcglrlktls ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
c kstr
kstrujl
ujlktas
ktas hl
jlhc
jl hcoc
ocÿk
ÿk oaj
oaja a e` _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
rlne`, e` lsou`hr`, le
o`rt`dÿk,
o`rt`d ÿk, lto.
lto. ( ) E`s g`sls hle hcduma sak `puktl, daolta y hcduma
 @sê jcsj
jcsja a, llss tlrjck`ha.
r loa
loajljlkh`d
kh`del el us
us`r`r ( ) _ak ckstrujlktas hl hcduma e` rlne` y e` naj`. 
eàpcc ols
eàp ols hur
hurasas pul
pulss
 slràk
 sl ràk jàs gào gàocelcelss hl ( ) Le hcduma nlajãtrcoa sl rl`ecz` ` j`ka `ez`h`.
da
darr r `r y agr
agrllolk
olk uk ( ) Le `puktl le `o`d`ha gck`e hle hcduma.
tr`za gcka. ( ) Eas eàpcols de`khas sak jlmarls p`r` sajdrl`r.
( ) Eas eàpcols F tclklk uk tr`z`ha
t r`z`ha nrcs.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?8 

Oakaocjclkta <  Lstuhca Dàscoa hle Oaear

R`r` lstuhc`r le oaear, rloulrhl qul ls uk leljlkta hl e`s
`rtls
vcsu`e,vcsu`els y qulsllstà
par ea t`kta hldlhltlrjck`ha par o`r`otlrêstco`s
`k`ecz`r oclrt`s e` plrolpocÿk
hl e` vcscÿk.

L e OaO aear ls e` c jpr lsc

scÿÿk prahuoc
prahuochh` `e
`e ckoc
c koch
hc r lk e`
r ltctck`
k` eas r`y
r`ya
as euj
eujc kasas
kasas hcg
hcgukhc
ukhchhas a r lgelm`h
elm`has
as
 p
 paar eas
eas oul
oulrpa
rpas.
s. 

OAEATL_ G TÊ A_ S
OAEATL_
OÀECHA_ RLTOLROCßK HLE OAEAT
 _l hlka
kaj jck`
ck`kk oaea
oaearl
rlss
oàecha
oàec hass ` `qul
`quleeeeas
as qul Lk e` rltck` hle ama lxcstlk jceeakls hl oãeue`s
"hl
hlepe``j`rc
r tcoc
`jtcocpp`eea
k" yhgrleê as
`rceea rama as
` ea
eas lsploc`ecz`h`s lk hltlot`r e`s eaknctuhls hl akh`
qul ea f`olkf`olk hle `zue.  praolhlktls hl kulstra lktarka. Lst`s oãeue`s
 @jda
 @jd as tcpa
cpass hl oaoaeaearls
rls gatarlolptar`s, oakas y eas d`stakls, rloanlk p`rtl hle
tclklk lglotas lsplotra hl e` euz
euz y, nr`oc`s `e “lglota
“l glota gataleãotrcoa‗
gataleãotrcoa‗, ea
" scoa
scoaeÿeÿnc
ncoa
oas"
s" hc glrl
glrlktktlls, tr`ksgarj`k lk cjpuesas leãotrcoas, qul sak lkvc`has `e
 p
 pllra par ea qul rls rlsuetuet`
`k
c ktl
ktlrr ls`
ls`ktl
ktlss p`
p`rr ` le olrldra ` tr`vãs hl eas klrvcas ÿptcoas, p`r` orl`r e`
j`qultcst` ls parqul slks`ocÿk hle oaear.
oaktr`st`kk juy dclk y ssuu
oaktr`st`
oajdck
oaj dck`ocÿk
`ocÿk r ls`
ls`et`et` le
tr`d`ma hl pcktur`.
X aj
aj`kha
`kha,, lk llee slktc
slktchaha
hl e`s `num
`num`s `s h
hle
le rleam,
eas oaearls
oaearls hl hlee nr
n r àgcoa
àgc oa
jastr`ha `rrcd`, hlshl le
r`j`rceea
ama (`j
(`jddvlrhl `e vcaelt`
as ckoeuc
ckoeucha has)s),,
ad
adtl
tlkhrlj
khrljas as ea
eass gr
g r ê as. L e
rlsta slràk,
lvchlktljlktl, eas
oàechas.
Eas oakas sak eas rlspaks`dels hl e` vcscÿk hle oaear y sl orll qul f`y trls
tcpas hl oakas, slkscdels ` eas oaearls rama, vlrhl y `zue, rlsplotcv`jlktl.

Ou`kha le scstlj` hl oakas y d`stakls hl uk` plrsak`

ka ls le oarrlota sl pulhlk prahuocr uk` slrcl hl
crrlnue`rch`hls lk e` `prloc`ocÿk hle oaear, `e cnu`e qul
ou`kha e`s p`rtls hle olrldra lko`rn`h`s hl praols`r
E` cj`nlk garj`h` lk e` rltck` ls lstas h`tas lstàk h`ð`h`s. Lst` ls e` lxpeco`ocÿk hl
pe`k`, lk 4 hcjlkscakls. Wljas glkÿjlkas oaja le H`etakcsja. \k` plrsak` h`etÿkco`
cjànlkls lk ? hcjlkscakls par e`
slp`r`ocÿk hl `praxcj`h`jlktl 7 ka `prloc` e`s n`j`s hl oaearls lk su must` jlhch`,
oj. hl kulstras amas. oakgukhclkha eas ramas oak eas vlrhls.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?< 

JAHLEA_ HL OAEAT 
Tloarhljas qul uk ama fuj`ka karj`e pasll saea trls
tcpas hl oakas rlolptarls, y qul lstas rlspakhlk `
eaknctuhls hl akh` lsploêgco`s hl euz ram`, vlrhl y `zue,
 par ea t`kta pahljas ckglrcr qul eas oaearls prcj`rcas
W`ecãkhasl hl uk` eàjp`r` y uk
prcsj`, Cs``o Klwtak lk 0>28 sak lstas= rama, vlrhl y `zue, y pahljas chlktcgco`reas
lxplrcjlktÿ ` tr`vãs hl e` oaja eas oaearls prcj`rcas lk e` euz.
lmlouocÿk de`ko` sadrl uk prcsj` y
lst` sl slp`rÿ lk uk `roa crcs hl
v`rcas oaearls. @far`, sc tlkljas uk` sust`koc` (pcnjlkta) qul ka ljct`
euz, e` euz de`ko` hle `jdclktl ckochcrà lk le pcnjlkta, le
ou`e `dsardl oclrt`s eaknctuhls hl akh` y rlgelm` atr`s,
h`kha oaja rlsuet`ha le oaear `p`rlktl hl e` sust`koc` (a
 pcnjlkta).

Cj`nlk ` taha oaear ljpel`kha e`

sêktlscs sustr`otcv`.

O`p` j`nlkt` (sustr`l le vlrhl).

Jlzoe` `hctcv`. Oaearls euz (e` suj` Jlzoe` sustr`otcv`. Oaearls pcnjlkta
ls de`koa)  (e` suj` ls klnra) 

0.  _ÊKXL_C_ @HCXCW@=  Eas oaearls prahuochas par

euols (lk le jakctar hl kulstra oajput`har, lk le
ockl, tlelvcscÿk, lto.) tclklk oaja oaearls prcj`rcas,
O`p` oc`k (sustr`l le rama). `e rama, le e`vlrhl
oajpakl y le `zuepar
euz de`ko`, (TND)
lsa `ouy`
lst` guscÿk
jlzoe`orl`
sl ely
hlkajck`, sêktlscs `hctcv` y e`s jlzoe`s p`roc`els hl
lst`s euols h`k arcnlk ` e` j`yarê` hl eas oaearls hle
lsplotra vcscdel.

O`p` `j`rcee` (sustr`l le `zue). 4.  _ÊKXL_C_ _\_XT@OXCW@=  Eas oaearls

sustr`otcvas sak oaearls d`s`has lk e` euz rlgelm`h`
hlshl eas pcnjlktas `peco`has ` e`s suplrgcocls.
Garj`k lst` sêktlscs sustr`otcv`, le oaear j`nlkt`, le
oc`k y le `j`rceea. _ak eas oaearls dàscoas hl e`s
tckt`s qul sl us`k lk e` j`yarê` hl eas scstlj`s hl
cjprlscÿk, jatcva par le ou`e lstas oaearls f`k
Le praolsa hl rlprahuoocÿk `hctcv`
utcecz` euz ram`, vlrhl y `zue p`r` hlspe`z`ha lk e` oakschlr`ocÿk hl oaearls prcj`rcas `
prahuocr le rlsta hl oaearls.
eas tr`hcocak`els.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?7 

LE OÊTO\EA OTAJÀXCOA
E` garj` lk qul sl oe`scgco`k eas oaearls slnýk su
rle`ocÿk hl `rjakê` sl ee`j` oêrouea orajàtcoa. @quê sl
udco`k ` eas oaearls slnýk su k`tur`elz` y
oajdck`ocakls=

Adr` hl e` `rtcst` Oflo` J`rtck`

_f`pcra. _l adslrv` qul
prlhajck` le usa hl oaearls
prcj`rcas lk su oajpascocÿk.

Oc`k @j`rceea

Le Oêrouea Orajàtcoa ls e` hcspascocÿk hl oaearls slnýk su k`tur`elz`,

`quê sl julstr`k eas oaearls ljpel`has par eas pcktarls d`sàkhasl lk
e` sêktlscs sustr`otcv`.
J`nlkt` @j`rceea

0.  OAEATL_ RTCJ@TCA_=  j`nlkt`, `j`rceea y

oc`k. Eas utcecz`has p`r` e` cjprlscÿk.
J`nlkt` Oc`k 4.  OAEATL_ _LO\KH@TCA_=  vlrhl, vcaelt` y
RT OXCO@
OXCO@ R R@T@
@T@ ADADXLK
XLKLT LT k`r`km`. Eas oaearls sloukh`rcas sl adtclklk hl e`
OAEATL_ _LO\KH@TCA_
_LO\KH@TCA_== jlzoe` lk uk` jcsj` praparocÿk hl eas oaearls
Hcduml slcs rlotàknueas qul sl
cktlrslotlk (t`e oaja sl julstr`  prcj`rcas.
`rrcd`). Rcktl eas lsp`ocas sÿea
ljpel`kha oc`k j`nlkt` y
`j`rceea. ?.  OAEATL_ XLTOC@TCA_=
oaearls tlroc`rcas=   Oakschlr`jas
rama vcaeàola, oaja
rama `k`r`km`ha,
`j`rceea `k`r`km`ha, `j`rceea vlrhasa, `zue vlrhasa
y `zue vcaeàola. Eas oaearls tlroc`rcas, surnlk hl e`
oajdck`ocÿk lk uk` jcsj` praparocÿk hl uk oaear
 prcj`rca y atra sloukh`rca.
sloukh`rca.

L k le oêoêrr ouea ora

or ajàtctcoa
oa lstà
lstàkk hcspulsta
hcspulstass eea as oaear
oaear ls
hl jajahaha qul le le qul lstà
lstà `e ggrr lktl,
lktl, ls le oaear
oajpeljlkt`rca. Eas qul lstàk f`oc` eas e`has, sak
eas oaear
oaearls ls `kàeanas. H le jcjc sja jahajaha sl pul pulhl
hl
Lk 0>32, Naltfl orlÿ uk oêrouea c hlktc
hlktcggc o`
o`rr ` eas
eas oaear
oaear ls oàecha
oàechass y grgr ê as tr
tr`z
`z`kh`khaa uk`
orajàtcoa lk `ou`rle` oak eas trls
oaearls prcj`rcas ‟  `j`rceea
 `j`rceea pura,
eêeêkl`
kl` qul
qul ea hcvc
hcvch`
h` lk hahas,
s, hl
hlshlshl le `j
`j`rc`rc eeeea
a vlr
vlr hasa,
hasa,
`zuepýrpur`
uetr`j`r ‟ y, mukta
uk `oe`r`ha
oak sustaka `e rama vcaeàola. 
oajpeljlkt`rcas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?> 

OAEATL_ OAJRELJLKX@TCA_,
@KÀEANA_ S JAKAOTAJA_
@e tr`d`m`r oak oaearls, ãstas pulhlk oaktr`st`rsl a
sctu`rsl sl
aourrl, `e e`ha a lkocj`
prahuolk ukasvcsu`els
lglotas hl atras.
qulOu`kha lstaa
hlst`o`k
hcsjckuylk e` cktlksch`h (taka) hl `enukas.
@sê, par lmljpea, ou`kha sctu`jas uk oaear hl taka oe`ra
(`j`rceea vlrhasa) sadrl uk gakha de`koa p`rlolrà jàs
"su`vl" hl ea qul rl`ejlktl ls, jclktr`s qul sc ea
L e oaj
oajpelj
peljlkt`
lkt`rr c a hhll uk
oaear
oaear prcj
prc j`rca
`rc a llss sc ljprl udco`jas sadrl le klnra `p`rlkt`rà slr jàs "cktlksa".
uka sloukh`rca.
L e oaj
oajpelj
peljlkt`
lkt`rr c a hhll uk Rlra t`jdcãk lxcstlk p`rlm`s hl oaearls hlkajck`has
oaear
oaear tlr
tlr oc`rc
oc`rcaa llss sc
sclljprl oajpeljlkt`rcas, lktrl eas qul ka sl prahuolk lstas
atra tl
tlrr oc`rc
oc`rcaa. lglotas vcsu`els, `yuh`kha `e "`rtcst`" ` adtlklr le lglota
vcsu`e hl "taka" hlsl`ha.

0.  EA_ OAEATL_ OAJRELJLKX@TCA_=  sak

`quleeas oaearls hc`jltr`ejlktl apulstas lk le
oêrouea orajàtcoa, qul `e jlzoe`reas lktrl sê, sl
klutr`ecz`k y `e yuxt`paklr sl patlkoc`ecz`k.

Oajpascocÿk lk d`sl ` oaearls

oajpeljlkt`rcas (`j`rceea ‟  
vcaelt`).

4.  OAEATL_ @KÀEANA_=  _l utcecz`k hl j`klr`

`hmukt`
`quleeasyoaearls
prahuolk
quluk` slks`ocÿk
tclklk uk tcktlhllk`rjakê`.
oajýk. _ak
Rar
Oajpascocÿk lk d`sl ` oaearls
lmljpea=
`kàeanas `e `j`rceea.

?.  OAEATL_ JAKAOTAJÀXCOA_= @e utcecz`reas

 prahuolk uk` slks`ocÿk hl ukch`h y lst`dcech`h sl
 pulhlk us`r oak hcglrlktl cktlksch`h (jàs oe`ra a
jàs asoura).

Oajpascocÿk jakaoraj`, sl us`

oaja d`sl `e oc`k.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?6 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
Oakstruyl tu prapca ±Ouàels sak eas jahleas hl oaear1
oêr
oêr ouea orajorajàt àtcc oa
ljpel`kha tãjplr`s y `.  _êktlscs prcj`rc` y sloukh`rc`.
 scnucllkha
 scnuc kha easeas scnuc
scnucllkt ktlls d.  _êktlscs `hctcv` y sêktlscs sustr`otcv`. 
 p
 p`
`sas=
sas= o.  Oaearls prcj`rcas sloukh`rcas y tlroc`rcas. 
`.  H c dum` llkk uk`
o`r
o`r tueck` uk oêr ouea
 y hcvêhl
cvêhleaea oa
oakk eêkl
eêkl` `s ±Ouàels sak eas oaearls sloukh`rcas1
r lot`
lot`ss lk 04 `.  Oc`k j`nlkt` y `j`rceea. 
lsp`
sp`ococas
as ccnu`el
nu`els. s. d.  Wlrhl, vcaelt` y k`r`km`. 
d.  R r lp` p`rr ` eas o.  @zue vcaeàola, vlrhl `k`r`km`ha y rama vcaeàola. 
hcglrlktls oaearls
lk uk` p`elt` hl
jlzoe`
jl zoe` y pcpckt`
kt` eas 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
lsp`ocas
lsp `ocas sslln ýk le
arhlk qul sl ±Puã ls le oaear1
julstr
jul str`` llkk e`
e`  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQ 
 p
 pàànck`
nc k` `ktktllrcarc ar.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
T l`ec
`ecz`
z` pràotc
pràotco`so`s h hll
jlzoe` hl oaearls
 p
 prcrcj
j`rcarc as y pckt` uk` uk` ±Oÿja sl plrocdl le oaear1
oaj
oaj ascocÿksc ocÿk lr sa sak`
k`e.e.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s tclkl le Oêrouea Orajàtcoa1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s
s, `kàeanasf`y
oajpeljlkt`rcas,
oajpeljlkt`rca lktrl eas oaearls
y jakaorajàtcoas1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
X r `h
`hcc ocak`
oc ak`ejl
ejlktl
ktl sl  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 p
 prls
rlsllktkt` `k oaj
oaja oaeaoaearls
rls
 p
 prcrc j`rc as `e rama
rama,, `z
`zue ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
 y `j`rceearc eea,, p
pa
ar ea t`ktktaa
lk e`s tãjplr`s _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
lsoae`rls ka ka llstàk
stàk le
oc`k
oc `k kc le j` j`nn lkt` p par
ar ( ) Eas oaearls prcj`rcas sak oc`k, j`nlkt` y
ea qul ls r loaj loajlkh`d
lkh`del el `j`rceea.
r l`ecz`
`ecz`rr `enuk`s ( ) Hl e` jlzoe` hl prcj`rcas sl adtclklk tlroc`rcas. 
jlzoe`s
jl zoe`s p`r` `olro`r
`olro`rsl sl
` lst`s
lst`s tak`ec
tak`ech` h`hl
hlss y ( ) Le klnra sl adtclkl jlzoe`kha eas prcj`rcas.
 p
 paahlr a addtlkl
klrr ea
eass ( ) E` euz de`ko` oajprlkhl ` tahas eas oaearls.
 slou
 sl oukh
kh` `rc as y hljàs. ( ) Eas prcj`rcas `hctcvas sak eas qul us`k eas
`rtcst`s p`r` pckt`r sus ou`hras.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els ?3 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 7  Xãokco`s Orl`tcv`s
E` orl`tcvch`h ls p`rtl gukh`jlkt`e hle `rtl, hl lee`
hlplkhl
orl`ocakls.e`. \k`
orl`ocakls arcnck`ech`h qul
prahuoocÿk le `rtcst`
`rtêstco` pe`sj`
orl`tcv` lk sus
lstà d`s`h`,
 puls, lk eas prckocpcas y oakaocjclktas oajpasctcvas
qul sl f` `hqucrcha, eas ou`els sl suj`k ` e`
lxprlscvch`h y prlhcspascocÿk a `otctuh `rtêstco`.

@far` `prlkhlrà uk` slrcl hl tãokco`s peàstco`s qul

rlquclrlk hl juof` orl`tcvch`h p`r` qul sl adtlkn`k
E ` oorr l`t
`tcc vch`
vch`h,
h, rlsuet`has g`ktàstcoas, p`r` leea e`s hls`rraee`rljas lk
 p
 pllks
ks` `jclk
clktta arcnc
rc nck`
k`e,e, has nrupas= e`s tãokco`s orl`tcv`s dchcjlkscak`els y e`s
cj`nck`ocÿk tãokco`s trchcjlkscak`els.
oakstruotcv`,
 p
 pllks
ks` `jclk
clktta hcvl
cvlrnrnllkt
ktll a
 p
 pllks
ks` `jclk
clktta orl
orl` `tcva
cva,, ls
ls XÃOKCO@_ DCHCJLK_CAK@EL_
e` nlklr`ocÿk hl kulv`s
chl`s a oakolptas, a hl Tlocdlk lstl hlkajck`ocÿk parqul sl rl`ecz`k lk uk
kulv`ss `sa
kulv` `saoc oc`ocakls
`ocakls
lktrll chl
lktr chl`s`s y oakolpta
oakolptass lsp`oca pe`ka hl has hcjlkscakls (e`rna y `kofa). Lktrl
oakaochas, qul lee`s tlkljas ` e`s scnuclktls=
f`dctu`ejl
f`dc tu`ejlktl ktl prprah
ahuolk
uolk
 saeu
 sa euoca
ocaklklss arcnc
rc nck`
k`el
els.
s. 0.  E@ H@OXCEARCKX\T@= Le tãrjcka hàotceas ls uk
vao`dea nrclna qul scnkcgco` “hlhas‗ ea ou`e supakl
lk qul oakscstl lst` tãokco`. \tcecz`r eas hlhas y e`s
j`kas p`r` pckt`r g`varlol le hls`rraeea hl e`
slkscdcech`h vcsu`e, tàotce y icklstãsco`9 e` jatrcoch`h
gck`, e` oaarhck`ocÿk vcsajatar`, e` lxprlscÿk y e`
orl`tcvch`h.

Orcstad`e Artln` k`ocÿ lk Pucta le

48 hl aotudrl hl 037<, ls uk `rtcst`
peàstcoa qul rlvaeuocakÿ le `rtl hl
e` hàotceapcktur`. Rckt` ou`hras
ljpel`kha sÿea sus j`kas lk ukas
ou`ktas jckutas.

E` h`otceapcktur` jatcv` e` orl`tcvch`h pcotÿrco`.

@ukqul f`de`jas hl “pckt`r oak eas hlhas‗ a hl

“h`otceapcktur`‗, lst` tãokco` pulhl hls`rraee`rsl
ljpel`kha= e`s p`ej`s hl e`s j`kas, eas hlhas, e`s
Hcslða orl`tcva hl h`otceapcktur` `
p`rtcr hl fulee`s hl e` j`ka oak
uð`s, le o`kta hl e` a e`s j`kas, eas kuhceeas, eas
tãjplr`s sadrl p`ple. oahas, eas `ktldr`zas y eas pcls.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 82 

4.  LE L_X@TOCHA= X`jdcãk ee`j`ha lstãkoce (hle

ckneãs stlkoce) ls uk` tãokco` `rtêstco` hl hloar`ocÿk
lk qul uk` pe`ktcee` oak uk hcduma rloart`ha ls us`h`
 p`r` `peco`r pcktur`, e`kzàkhae` ` tr`vãs hl hcofa
rloartl, adtlkcãkhasl uk hcduma oak ls` garj`.

Re`ktcee` p`r` rl`ecz`r uk

lst`rocha. _l o`e` e` o`rtueck` eulna
hl rl`ecz`r uk hcduma y sl praolhl
` pckt`r uk` d`sl hl p`ple. _l
pulhlk ljpel`r hcglrlktls oaearls
slnýk e` orl`tcvch`h hle `rtcst`.
R`rtl rloart`h` qul
sl hlslof` Re`ktcee` ýtce. Hcslða `o`d`ha.

\k` hl e`s garj`s jàs usu`els hl f`olrea ls

rloart`kha e` cj`nlk hlsl`h` sadrl uk` fam` hl
 p`ple hura9 le hcduma `p`rlol oaja uk lsp`oca
`dclrta oak zak`s sÿech`s `erlhlhar. E` pe`ktcee` `sê
adtlkch` sl sctý` sadrl uk` kulv` fam` hl p`ple y sl
J`kas lst`roch`s oak uk` lsplocl `peco` e` pcktur` sadrl tah` e` suplrgcocl. E`s zak`s
hl `lrÿnr`ga hl fulsa, lk e` Oulv`
hl e`s J`kas, rêa Rcktur`s
hl pcktur` qul eeln`k ` e` fam` ckglrcar qulh`k
(pravckoc` hl _`kt` Oruz, ecjct`h`s ` e` garj` hl eas fuloas hl e` pe`ktcee`,
@rnlktck`), o. >?<2 `. O. orl`kha `sê e` cj`nlk hlsl`h`.

@e o`e`r e`s
praolhlr oakpe`ktcee`s sl hldl
juofa ouch`ha
ljpel`kha uk outtlr a ouofcee`.
@hljàs p`r` lvct`r h`ð`r e` jls`
hl tr`d`ma sl hldl paklr uk o`rtÿk
a vchrca.

_c dclk le praolsa hl lst`rocha sl utcecz`d` y` lk e`

`ktcnu` Taj`, `eo`kzÿ le j`yar nr`ha hl
 papue`rch`h lk Lst`has \kchas hur`ktl eas `ðas
slslkt`,
jlhca hl ou`kha juofas
lxprlscÿk `rtcst`s
eas oaearls purasutcecz`d`k oaja
y e`s cjànlkls
Rulhls hcslð`r tu prapca lst`rocha
ljpel`kha uk` gata plrsak`e. hl oaktarkas j`ro`has.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 80 

?.  LE L_NT@GC@HA= Lst` tãokco` hloar`tcv` oakscstl

lk f`olr ckocscakls sadrl le oulrpa hl uk sapartl, hl
j`klr` hl hlsoudrcr uk` o`p` ckglrcar hl atra oaear.
Nlklr`ejlktl sl utcecz`k pe`ktcee`s p`r` adtlklr
 p`trakls nlajãtrcoas.
nlajãtrcoas.
Le tãrjcka pravclkl hle ct`ec`ka snr`ggc`rl, ls hlocr,
f`olr ckocscakls a r`so`r oak uk` flrr`jclkt`
lsploc`e ee`j`h` nr`gca.
_ak jýetcpels eas hcslðas qul sl
pulhlk oakslnucr `peco`kha lst`
tãokco`. E` tãokco` hl lsnr`gc`ha, juy par le oaktr`rca hl ea
qul sl orll, pulhl rlsuet`r juy slkocee` y h` e`
 pascdcech`h hl orl`r vlrh`hlr`s adr`s hl `rtl juy
oaearch`s oak ukas paoas leljlktas y oaja scljprl,
e` `yuh` hl e` orl`tcvch`h l cj`nck`ocÿk.
Nlklr`ejlktl lk e` lsoule` sl sulel ljpel`r
or`yakls y tãjplr`s a tckt` ofck`, par ea t`kta sl f`rà
uk praolhcjclkta slkoceea=

E`letãokco` hle lsnr`gc`ha

hls`rraeea hle hcduma g`varlol
eckl`e. `)  Rcktl le sapartl lsoancha oak eas or`yakls hl
oaearls, oudrclkha taha le sapartl hl hcstcktas
oaearls.

d)  \k` vlz pckt`h` tah` e` fam`, oudr` tah` e`

suplrgcocl oak tãjplr` klnr`, t`p`kha eas oaearls
qul f`y hld`ma.

Lsnr`gc`ha oak or`yakls y tãjplr`

hl J`rn`rct` Lsplrtcka. 

o)  Ou`kha lstl oudclrt` e` o`rtueck` sl hldl lsplr`r

qul e` tãjplr` slqul ukas jckutas. Eulna sl
 pulhl oajlkz`r
oajlkz`r ` lsnr`gc`r, lsoanclkha ou`equclr
leljlkta pukz`ktl. E` chl` ls elv`kt`r e` tãjplr`
klnr` hlsoudrclkha le oaear qul f`y hld`ma.
Rulhls hcdum`r oak oecps, tlklharls y lspàtue`.
Le nrasar `sê oaja le javcjclkta
hl e` eêkl` ckgeuyl juofa lk le
rlsuet`ha gck`e. Tloulrhl qul h)  Atr` apocÿk lk eun`r hl utcecz`r tãjplr` klnr`
pulhl us`r hcglrlktls admltas  p`r` oudrcr, oakscstl lk utcecz`r or`yÿk klnra a
pukz`ktls p`r` oakslnucr eas
lglotas qul sl prapakn`.  tckt` ofck`, rlpctclkha le praolsa `ktlrcar.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 84 

XÃOKCO@_ XTCHCJLK_CAK@EL_
Lst`s tãokco`s tclklk par o`r`otlrêstco` le vaeujlk, ls
hlocr qul oarrlspakhlk dàsco`jlktl ` e` lsouetur`. _u
le`dar`ocÿk
hl rlquclrl, par ea t`kta, j`tlrc`els j`el`dels
hcvlrsas tcpas.

0.  LE JAHLE@HA= Ls uk` tãokco` hl lsouetur` qul

Karj`ejlktl p`r` le tr`d`ma hl oakscstl lk e` orl`ocÿk hl uk` rlprlslkt`ocÿk a
e`s lsouetur`s lk `rocee`, juof`s cj`nlk hl uk admlta rl`e. Jahle`r ls h`r e` garj`
ouetur`s utcecz`rak e`s jcsj`s
tãokco`s qul p`r` e` `eg`rlrê`, oak hlsl`h` ` uk` p`st`, `ð`hclkha a s`o`kha parocakls
raeeas, pe`o`s a tudas hl `rocee`.  hl e` j`s`. _l pulhl jahle`r ljpel`kha eas
scnuclktls j`tlrc`els hýotcels=

`)  @TOCEE@= _urnl hl e` hlsoajpascocÿk hl rao`s

oak oaktlkcha lk glehlsp`ta ` ea e`rna hl jcels hl
`ðas. Rrlslkt` hcvlrs`s oaear`ocakls slnýk e`s
cjpurlz`s qul oaktclkl, hlshl le rama `k`r`km`ha
f`st` le de`koa ou`kha ls pur`. _l o`r`otlrcz` par
`hqucrcr pe`stcoch`h `e slr jlzoe`h` oak `nu`, y
t`jdcãk sakarch`h y hurlz` `e o`elkt`re` par
Lsouetur` hl olr` hl eas plrsak`mls lkocj` hl 622 ²O.
hl e` pleêoue` “Wlkn`harls‗ lk l e
Jusla J`h`jl Xuss`uhs hl e`
ocuh`h hl Kulv` Sari. 

@enukas ckstrujlktas qul `yuh`k lk le jahle`ha sak e`s lspàtue`s,

e`s lstlo`s, r`sp`harls, fcea hl oart`r y rahceea.  

d)  OLT@= E` olr` sl jahle` oaja j`tlrc`e `uxcec`r

Rlrsak`mls prckocp`els hle  p`r` e` rl`ecz`ocÿk hl daoltas, lstas scrvlk `e
oartajltr`ml “^`ee`ol y Nrajct‗.
Hcslðas rl`ecz`has oak pe`stceck`.  lsouetar y` sl` oaja nuê` p`r` vcsu`ecz`r su adr`
gck`e lk atra j`tlrc`e, a oaja j`trcz p`r` le
v`oc`ha pastlrcar lk drakol. Jàs rloclktljlktl
 @enuk`s tãok
 @enuk`s okco`co`ss hl sl f` utcecz`ha p`r` e` orl`ocÿk hl plrsak`mls qul
jahle`h
ja hle`haa sak= le
jahl
ja hle`ha
e`ha hhcc r lota
lota,, le ou`e sl lxpaklk lk kujlrasas juslas hl olr`.
 sl f`
f`ol
ol ljpel` el`kha
kha e`se`s
j`kas y oak `enukas o)  RE@_XCECK@=  _l jahle` oak e`s j`kas a
c kstrujl
kstrujlkta
ktas9s9 e`  plqulð`s lspàtue`s, pràotco`jlktl cnu`e qul e`
`eg`rlrê`, qul oakscstl lk olr`, y scrvl oaja daolta p`r` e` adr`
e` oakstruoocÿk
oakstruooc ÿk h hll e`
 p
 pclz
clz`` v`ecã
v`ecãkh
kha asl hle us usaa lsouetÿrco`. E` pe`stceck` lkoulktr` t`jdcãk uk
hle tarka, y9 e` jaehlrê`, eun`r hlst`o`ha lk `kcj`ocÿk. Kcoi R`ri ls uk
qul
 [Link]`
 ylsa . jaehls hl  prajatar
oak eas hl su usa, qul n`kÿ
oartajltr`mls has prljcas
hl ^`ee`ol ßso`r
y Nrajct
(0334-033<).
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 8? 

JAHLE@HA HCTLOXA OAK @TOCEE@

Lk lst` tãokco` le deaqul hl `rocee`, lk lst`ha fýjlha, ls
jahle`ha lk garj` hcrlot` oak e`s j`kas y oak e` `yuh`
hl lstlo`s,
garj`s. flrr`jclkt`s
Nr`oc`s hl slkscdel
`e o`ràotlr j`hlr` aqul
jlt`e oake`hcvlrs`s
pasll `rocee`
 pahljas rl`ecz`r lk lee` ou`equclr tcpa hl cjprlscakls
sadrl e` suplrgcocl hl e` pclz`.

R`r` le prlslktl hcslða, pulhl utcecz`r uk` daes` hl

`rocee` ram` a de`ko` prlp`r`h` y hldlrà slnucr eas
scnuclktls p`sas=
Hcslða dàscoa p`r` ljplz`r le
jahle`ha lk `rocee`. _l hldl
rl`ecz`r o`h` uk` hl e`s pclz`s y
`)  @j`s`r uk` dulk` o`ktch`h hl `rocee` p`r` lvct`r qul
eulna pln`re`s ljpel`kha e` f`y` neadas hl `crl cktlrka, ea pulhl f`olr oak e`s
tãokco` hl e` d`rdatck`.  j`kas a ljpel`kha uk rahceea u atra sljlm`ktl.

_l hldl `j`s`r
`j`s`r oarrlot`j
oarrlot`jlktl
lktl e`
`rocee` oak le gck hl lvct`r neadas d)  Garjl v`rc`s lsglr`s y hljàs pclz`s slnýk sl
cktlrkas hl `crl.  julstr` lk le nràgcoa, p`r` leea pulhl ljpel`r e`
 p`ej` hl e` j`ka
j`ka y e` supl
suplrgcocl
rgcocl hl e` jls`.

Rulhl `yuh`rsl hl uk` d`sl p`r`

jahle`r lsglr`s y atr`s garj`s. 

o)   p`r`
\k` e`s
ukcrhcglrlktls
e`s pclz`sgarj`s nucàkhasl
hldl ljpel`r hl e` julstr`,
d`rdatck`, qul ls
uk oakolktr`ha hl trls o`ktch`hls hl `nu` par uk`
hl `rocee`, pulhl utcecz`r eas hlhas fujlhloclkha
Lk le prlslktl hcslða f`y pclz`s `jd`s pclz`s ` pln`r.
pe`k`s, p`r` leea hldl f`olr
prcjlra e`s lsglr`s p`r` eas amas y
le faocoa, eulna hldl `pe`k`re`s y
rlocãk pln`re`s. 

h)  Eas hlt`eels eckl`els sl rl`ecz`k oak lstlo`s u atras

leljlktas p`rlochas. \k` vlz oakoeucha sl hldl
Eas ckstrujlktas dàscoas p`r`
jahle`r sak e`s lstlo`s qul pulhlk hlm`r slo`ry pastlrcarjlktl
olràjcoa par uk` slj`k`pulhl
a eelv`rea `e farkaa
slr d`rkcz`ha
slr flofas oak p`ectas hl ofupltl.  
 pckt`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 88 

JAHLE@HA HCTLOXA OAK RE@_XCECK@

@far` o`jdc`jas hl j`tlrc`e y v`jas ` utcecz`r
 pe`stceck` p`r` f`olr uk hcslða jàs oajpelma. R`r` leea
sl klolsct`
 pulhlk pe`stceck`
adtlklrsl
adtlklrsl hl hcvlrsas
jlzoe`kh
jlzoe`kha oaearls
a has oaearls qul t`jdcãk
prcj`rcas.
Eas ckstrujlktas sak sljlm`ktls `e jahle`ha oak `rocee`
y ka rlquclrlk j`yar lsploc`ecz`ocÿk.

`)  Xlkclkha le oaear hl e` pcle (sl pulhl jlzoe`r

Hcslða lk pe`stceck` ` oaearls.  de`koa oak rama), sl f`ol uk` lsglr` y sl e` v`
Rulhl slr hl dusta a oulrpa
lktlra.  `e`rn`kha, eulna sl f`ol uk` garj` oceêkhrco` y sl
uklk p`r` garj`r le ouleea y le oràkla.

d)  _l v`k `ð`hclkha plqulð`s o`ktch`hls p`r` adtlklr

vaeýjlkls lk le rastra y` sl` p`r` e` grlktl, e`
 d`rdcee`, eas pÿjueas,
pÿjueas, lto.
Rrcjlr` g`sl hle hcslða. 

o)  _lnuch`jlktl sl jahle` uk` k`rcz y sl e` pln`

hakhl oarrlspakhl, sl scnul `ð`hclkha j`s` f`st`
adtlklr uk` garj` `hlou`h`.

h)  R`r` e` dao`, sl oaeao` uk` tcr` hl oaear de`koa p`r`

eas hclktls, sl eas hlt`ee` oak `enýk ckstrujlkta.
Eulna sl pln`k eas e`dcas oak uk taka
t aka jàs ras`ha.

_l `ð`hlk garj`s p`r` eas hlt`eels. 

l)  Eas amas sl f`olk oaeao`kha garj`s de`ko`s hl d`sl

y lkocj` oêroueas asouras p`r` le crcs y e`s pupce`s.
_l oaeao`k tcr`s `rrcd` y `d`ma p`r` eas p`rp`has.

g)  Oak pe`stceck` klnr` sl pln`k tcr`s p`r` e`s olm`s y sl

orl`k_lhlt`eels
 pcle. `peco`keanr`kha qul slhljlzoel
atras hlt`eels klnra yoak le oaear
gck`ejlktl
le o`dleea. Eas elktls sl jahle`k par slp`r`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 8< 

4.  LE X@EE@HA=  Ls atr` tãokco` lsouetÿrco` qul

oakscstl lk hlsd`st`r le j`tlrc`e sleloocak`ha (pclhr`
a j`hlr`), hàkhael e` garj` hlsl`h`. R`r` ckcoc`rsl
lk lstl o`jpa sl pulhl rlourrcr ` `enukas j`tlrc`els
gàocels hl t`ee`r oaja le m`dÿk=

`)  J@HLT@=  _u gukocÿk ls dàsco`jlktl

hloar`tcv` eanràkhasl prahuocr vlrh`hlr`s adr`s
hl `rtl ljpel`kha ukas paoas ckstrujlktas.
Lktrl leeas sl pulhl jlkocak`r ` e`s nudc`s,
garjakls, j`zas y prlks`s. Hl prlglrlkoc` e`
j`hlr` hldl slr hur` p`r` adtlklr uk jlmar
Jahlea slkoceea hl t`ee` lk j`hlr`.
Lsouetur` hl dueta rlhakha.  `o`d`ha, par lmljpea le kan`e, le olhra, lto. 

R`r` ljplz`r hldl pr`otco`r oak

jahleas slkoceeas lk rleclvl.
Ou`equclr traza hl j`hlr` ls ýtce
p`r` ljplz`r ` hljastr`r su E` j`hlr` sl pulhl t`ee`r lk rleclvl, ls hlocr sadrl e` suplrgcocl
hlstrlz` lk le t`ee`ha.   hl lst`. Le `o`d`ha slrà t`kta lk `eta oaja d`ma rleclvl. 

d)  M@DßK
M@DßK== Ls sck huh` uka hl eas j`tlrc`els jàs
slkoceeas p`r` ckcoc`rsl lk le o`jpa hl e`
lsouetur`. _u p`rtcoue`rch`h r`hco` lk e` g`ocech`h
 p`r` hlsd`st`r le j`tlrc`e l ckoeusa sl pulhl
ljpel`r `nu` p`r` `ecz`r e` suplrgcocl. _l pulhl
ljpel`r hlshl m`dakls p`r` rap` f`st` m`dakls hl
tao`har lk d`rr`. 
E`s prckocp`els flrr`jclkt`s p`r`
le t`ee`ha hl j`hlr` sak e`s
nudc`s, eas garjakls, e`s ouofcee`s
y le j`za. 

Oak uk taqul hl orl`tcvch`h sl pulhlk eanr`r lxolelktls hcslðas

oak le m`dÿk.

o)  X\DÃTO\EA=  @e cnu`e qul le m`dÿk, sl pulhl

`pravlof`r `enukas tudãroueas oaja e` p`p` a le
o`jatl p`r` t`ee`r `enukas hcslðas slkoceeas.
R`r` t`ee`r lk m`dÿk `rtls`k`e sl
ljpel` dàsco`jlktl e`s ouofcee`s
@otu`ejlktl sl ljpel` lstl tcpa hl lsouetur` p`r`
oaja ckstrujlkta hl hlsd`stl.   hloar`r `enukas pe`tas n`strakÿjcoas. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 87 

X@EE@HA LK J@HLT@
R`r` paklr lk pràotco` lst` tãokco` hldlrà oakt`r oak eas
ckstrujlktas `hlou`has
`hlou`has y uk trtraza
aza hl j`hlr`=

`)  _leloocak`r uk traza hl j`hlr` hl ukas 42 x 0< oj

y 4 oj hl lsplsar. F`olr uk hcduma lk uk` fam` hl
 p`ple y eulna tr`sp`s`rea ` e` j`hlr`. Oakschlrl
\k` rloajlkh`ocÿk cjpart`ktl ls
hlsd`st`r e` j`hlr` scnuclkha e`s hlm`r uk lsp`oca hl 0 oj lk le darhl e` j`hlr`.
vlt`s y lk hcrloocÿk f`oc` `gulr`. 

d)  Ljpel`kha uk` nudc` hl pukt` sl ljpclz`

R`r` lvct`r `oochlktls ls hleckl`kha e` gcnur` y eulna oak uk` nudc` hl jlhc`
rloajlkh`del
qul ljpel`r
sumltlk e` j`hlr` ` e`prlks`s
jls` hl o`ð` hldl hlsd`st`r hl `gulr` f`oc` hlktra. Le darhl
tr`d`ma.  hldl plrj`klolr ckt`ota.

o)  @e t`ee`r eas pãt`eas, sl hldl lvct`r oart`r le oêrouea

olktr`e puls hldl slr le rlglrlktl hl kcvle.

Rrcjlr p`sa p`r` t`ee`r uk` gear lk

uk m`dÿk hl d`rr`= Hcdum`r uk
oêrouea lk le jlhca oak uk
leljlkta pukz`ktl hl jlt`e. 

h)  uk
\k`ecm`vlz
gckaouejck`ha
y eulna sllepulhl
t`ee`had`rkcz`r.
sl hldlR`r`
su`vcz`r oak
h`rel uk`
j`yar utcech`h `e tr`d`ma sl el pulhl `ð`hcr `rjlee`s
 p`r` qul sl pulh` oaen`
oaen`rr admltas.

Le hcduma hl e` gear pulhl slr

X@EE@HA LK M@DßK
le`dar`ha prlvc`jlktl lk p`ple. 
`)  _leloocak`r uk m`dÿk hl tao`har lk d`rr` hl
ou`equclr oaear y hcdum`r uk oêrouea olktr`e oak e`
 pukt` hl uk` nudc` a uk ouofceea. Eulna sl j`ro`
eas pãt`eas y sl r`sp` par gulr` hle hcduma.

d)  _l oaktcký` r`sp`kha f`st` eanr`r e` garj` hlsl`h`.

R`r` `ecs`r eas darhls sl pulhl ljpel`r `nu` y sl
_l hldl hlsd`st`r e` zak` lxtlrk`
grat` oak eas hlhas a scjpeljlktl r`sp`kha oak le
hl e` gear y eulna su`vcz`r.  ouofceea scnuclkha e` vlt` hle m`dÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 8> 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
Tl`ecz` uk hcslða
 p
 prap
rapca
ca hl lsnr`gc`
snr`gc`h ha ±Ouàels sak tãokco`s orl`tcv`s dchcjlkscak`els1
ljpel`kha or`yakls y `.  Le lsnr`gc`ha, e` h`otceapcktur` y le lst`rocha.
tãjplr`s. d.  Le jahle`ha, le t`ee`ha y h`otceapcktur`. 
Tl`ecz` uk hcslða o.  Le jahle`ha lk `rocee` y pe`stceck`. 
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`
k`ee hl lstst`
`rocha
ljpel`
lj pel`kha
kha v`r
v`rcc `s ±Ouàels sak `enuk`s tãokco`s hl lsouetur`1
 p
 pe`
e`kt
ktcee`
cee`ss p`r` qul tu
tr`d`ma tlkn` v`rcas `.  Le jahle`ha y le lsnr`gc`ha. 
oaearls (uk` pe`ktcee` d.  Le lsnr`gc`ha y le lst`rocha. 
 p
 p``r` o`h
o`h` oa oaea
ear)
r).. o.  Le jahle`ha y le t`ee`ha. 
Tl`ecz` uk` lsouetur`
 p
 pllqul
ulð`ð` ljpel` el`kha
kha 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
`rocee` a pe`stceck`.
H loÿ
loÿrr `e` y pr
prat
atãnle`
ãnle`
oak d`r
d`r kcz
kc z a e`
e`o`
o` y ±Puã ls le jahle`ha1
 p
 prls
rlsããkt
kt``e` lk uk`
uk`  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
lxpascocÿk mukta ` tus  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
oajp`ðlras hl `ue`.
X `j
`jdcdcãk
ãk pul
pulhl
hlss ff`ol
`olrr
t`ee`has lk j`hlr` a ±Lk quã oakscstl le t`ee`ha lk j`hlr`1
`dÿk.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl lsnr`gc`ha y lst`rocha1

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±Puã ckstrujlktas
 QQQQQQQQQQ sl ljpel`k
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ p`r` leQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ t`ee`ha1 QQQ 
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TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
R `r ` rl
r l`ecz
ec z`r
ou`equclr` hl lst`s ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
tãokc
tãokco`s
o`s orl`t
orl`tcc v`s
v`s _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
dchcjl
dchc jlksc
kscak`
ak`elsels a
trc
trc hcjlksc
hcjlkscak`ak`elsels hl
hldl
dlss ( ) Le lsnr`gc`ha oakscstl lk pckt`r oak pe`ktcee`s.
oakt`rr uk eas
oakt`
ckstrujlktas ( ) E` h`otceapcktur` sl rl`ecz` ljpel`kha pckolels. 
`hlou`has `sê oaja uk ( ) _l ljpel`k nudc`s p`r` jahle`r `rocee`.
vlstu`rca lsploc`e (uk ( ) E` pe`stceck` sl jlzoe` oak `nu` p`r` jahle`r.
hle`kt`e
hle`kt`e par lmlj lmljpea)
pea) ( ) @enukas j`tlrc`els p`r` t`ee`r sak e` j`hlr`, le
 y` qul pahrê` rê `s  m`dÿk y tudãroueas.
tudãroueas.
j`kof`r
f`dctu`e. tu rap` ( )  @otu`ejlktl sl ljpel` e` pe`stceck` p`r` jahle`r
gcnur`s qul sl us`k lk le ockl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 86 

 Jýsco`
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 83 

Oakaocjclkta >   Le _akcha

Eulna hl f`dlr lstuhc`ha le j`r`vceeasa jukha hl e`s
`rtls vcsu`els, `far` oarrlspakhl `prlkhlr y hcsgrut`r hl
eas slorltas qul lkoclrr` le `rtl jusco`e. O`h` hê` ustlh
ayl hcvlrs`s oajpascocakls sakar`s y slnur`jlktl
juof`s hl lee`s sak hl su tat`e `nr`ha, jclktr`s qul,
atr`s el sak ckhcglrlktls puls rlsuet`k ka `gckls ` su
 prlglrlkoc`. Rlra, sl f` prlnukt`ha
prlnukt`ha ±par quã1 ±Puã llss lk
rl`ech`h e` jýsco`1
Ee`j`jas sakcha ` e` slks`ocÿk
qul plrocdcjas ` tr`vãs hle aêha y @sê oaja lk le hcduma, sl rloajclkh` adslrv`r oak
qul ls o`us`h` par e` vcdr`ocÿk hl juofa hltlkcjclkta p`r` oakoldcr e`s garj`s, `rjakê`s
eas oulrpas sakaras.
y oaearls9 lk e` jýsco`, sl hldl `prlkhlr, lk prcjlr
tãrjcka, ` lsouof`r, p`r` pahlr hltlrjck`r su vlrh`hlra
E ` vvleaoc
leaoch`h`h
hh hle
le sakcha
sakcha v`ear y s`dlr cktlrprlt`re`. Ls par leea qul lk lst`
ls e` hckàjco`
hckàjco` hl  prcjlr` p`rtl `k`ecz`rljas taha ea rle`ocak`ha ` eas
 p
 prap
rap` `n`ocÿ
n`ocÿkk hl e`s e`s akh`
kh`s
 saka
 sa kar`s
r`s.. Lk ee`` `tjÿsgl sglr`
r` sakchas.
tlr
tlr r lstrl ls hl ?80 j/ j/ss ((`
`
 42 ² O h hll tljplr`t r`tur`
ur` y `
kc
kcvl
vlee hl
hlee j`
j`rr ) . E ` L e sakcha
sakc ha ls e` slks`ocÿk lk lele ÿrn
ÿr n`ka hl
hlee aê
aêha
ha
vleaoch`
vleaoc h`h h hl
hlee sakc
sakchaha  p
 prr ahuoc
uoc h` par le
le javcjcl
cjclkt
kta
a akhue`
khue`ttarca
rc a, hldc ha `
v`r
v`r ê ` llkk gukoc
g ukocÿkÿk hhlle eas o`jdcas hl prlscÿk lk uk jlhca leàstcoa y
jlhca lk le qul sl  nlkl
 nl klrr `has par ja
javcjcl
cjclkt
kta
as vc dr`ta
r`tarc as hl uk oul
oulrpa
tr`sjctl.  saka
 sakara.
ra. 

Le sakcha ka ls uk admlta qul sl julvl par le `crl sc ka

uk` slks`ocÿk orl`h` par le olrldra `e plrocdcr ecnlr`s
vcdr`ocakls lk le `crl.

Le loa sl prahuol ou`kha e`s akh`s

sakar`s ofao`k oak uk adstàouea
rldat`kha lk slktcha oaktr`rca.

E`s akh`s sakar`s `e eeln`r `e aêha lxtlrka, vc`m`k par le aêha jlhca
jl hca l
cktlrka nr`oc`s ` e`s vcdr`ocakls `otcv`kha eas cjpuesas klrvcasas qul v`k
`e olrldra.

Le sakcha sl prahuol par e` vcdr`ocÿk hl e`s p`rtêoue`s. @

Ka sae`jlktl le aêha plrocdl e`s o`h` uk` hl lst`s vcdr`ocakls sl e`s ee`j` Flrtz Fz.
vcdr`ocakls hl eas oulrpas sakaras.
Jlhc`ktl le t`ota y e` vcst`
t`jdcãk pahljas plrocdcr lst`s
 Kajdrl h`ha par
qul hlsoudrcÿ le `eljàk
e` garj` Flckrcof yTuhaeg
hl prahuocr Flrtz
hltlot`r y`
akh`s
vcdr`ocakls. lelotraj`nkãtco`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <2 

OE@_CGCO@OCßK HLE _AKCHA

Xahas eas sakchas qul plrocdcjas ` tr`vãs hle aêha, ka
sak cnu`els. \kas sak `nr`h`dels y atras hls`nr`h`dels9
ukas gulrtls y atras su`vls, ukas `etas y atras d`mas.
F`y ukas sakchas qul pahljas cjct`r, plra ka eas
 pahljas o`kt`r, par lmljpea= le tco-t`o hle rleam, le
rlhadel hl uk t`jdar a le sakcha prahuocha par uk
oulrpa `e o`lr. Le rucha ea pahljas cjct`r plra ka
o`kt`r.

Eas sakchas lj`k`has par eas

ckstrujlktas jusco`els
oarrlspakhlk ` sakchas
hltlrjck`has a jusco`els.

_l hldl hcglrlkoc`r oe`r`jlktl eas ruchas, hl eas sakchas jusco`els.

Lk o`jdca f`y atras sakchas qul pahljas o`kt`r, oaja

\k` p`ej`h` ls uk sakcha le sakcha hl uk` trajplt`, e` jleahê` lmlout`h` lk uk
ckhltlrjck`ha.
 pc`ka, le sakcha hl uk` o`jp`k`. Le sakcha sl pulhl
cjct`r o`kt`kha.

_lnýk e`s vcdr`ocakls prahuoch`s par eas oulrpas

sakaras, eas sakchas pulhlk slr=

0.  _AKCHA_ HLXLTJCK@HA_ A J\_CO@EL_=  

Ou`kha e`s vcdr`ocakls hl eas oulrpas sakaras sak
Xcjd`e TLN\E@TL_ sl hl
jusco`e9 le vcdr`r prahuol le sakcha
uk` oulrh` hltlrjck`ha
hl nuct`rr`, `e grat`ra
uk` oulrh` hl vcaeêk.

Daknÿ

4.  _AKCHA_ CKHLXLTJCK@HA_ A T\CHA_= 

Ou`kha e`s vcdr`ocakls sak CTTLN\E@TL_ sl
Xrcàknuea  prahuolk eas ruchas= E` o`êh` hl uk admlta, uk`
Oclrtas ckstrujlktas jusco`els  p`ej`h`, olrr`r uk` pulrt`, lto. Nlklr`ejlktl eas
prahuolk sakchas ckhltlrjck`has. ruchas ols`k vcaelkt`jlktl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <0 

O\@ECH@HL_ HLE _AKCHA

E` jýsco` lstà garj`h` par sakchas jusco`els, plra ka
tahas lstas sakchas tclklk e`s jcsj`s o`r`otlrêstco`s,
`enukas sak ukas
jàs gulrtls jàs lxtlksas,
qul [Link] jàs `nuhasou`ech`hls
E`s prckocp`els l ckoeusa
hle sakcha sak=
E` H\T@
H\T@OCOC K hl uk ssakc
akcha
ha
hlplkhl hle tcljpa qul 0.  H\T@OCßK=  E` hur`ocÿk hl eas sakchas hlplkhl
plrj`klzo` vcdr`kha uk oulrpa
sakara.
hle tcljpa qul plrj`klzo`k vcdr`kha, hlshl qul sl
 prahuol le sakcha f`st` qul tlrjck`. Lst` hur`ocÿk
hl eas sakchas pulhl jlhcrsl lk tcljpas, p`r` leeas
sl ljpel` gcnur`s qul hltlrjck`k lst` ou`ech`h.

: :
Lk e` jýsco`, e` @EX\T@ lstà
hltlrjck`h`
hle par
E` `etur` hle kat`s
sakcha jusco`els.
hlplkhl
hlplkh
j`yar a jlkar kýjlra hl
vcdr`ocakls par slnukha.
l hle
:
\k` Oarofl` tclkl jlkas hur`ocÿk qul uk` Klnr` a uk` De`ko`.

4.  @EX\T@=  Has sakchas qul tlkn`k e` jcsj`

hur`ocÿk plra lk o`jdca tclklk hcglrlktl grloulkoc`
a kýjlra hl vcdr`ocakls par slnukha, tlkhràk
hcglrlktl `etur`9 ls hlocr uk sakcha slrà jàs `nuha
qul atra. Ou`kta j`yar sl` le kýjlra hl vcdr`ocakls
 par slnukha prahuoch`s par uk sakcha, lstl slrà jàs
`nuha a `eta9 ` jlkar kýjlra hl vcdr`ocakls par
slnukha oarrlspakhlre`
oarrlspakhlre` uk sakcha jàs nr`vl a d`ma.

?.  CKXLK_CH@H=  Lst` ou`ech`h plrjctl qul eas

E@ CKXLK_CH@H ls e` ou`ech`h sakchas sl`k juy su`vls, su`vls, jlhca gulrtls,
hle sakcha qul hlplkhl hl e`
j`yar a jlkar gulrz` oak qul sl gulrtls a gartêscjas.
prahuol le sakcha. E` j`yar a jlkar cktlksch`h hle sakcha ka v`rê` le
kýjlra hl sus vcdr`ocakls, a sl` e` `etur`= lsta
quclrl hlocr qul v`rcas sakchas pulhlk tlklr e`
jcsj` `etur`, parqul tclklk le jcsja kýjlra hl
vcdr`ocakls, plra pulhlk slr hcglrlktls lk su
cktlksch`h= ukas slràk gulrtls, atras su`vls, jlhca
gulrtls, gartêscjas, lto.

8.  XCJDTL=  Rar jlhca hl lst` ou`ech`h pahljas

Le XCJDTL ls le sakcha
o`r`otlrêstcoa qul prahuolk eas
rloakaolr, sck klolsch`h hl vlreas, eas ckstrujlktas
hcglrlktls ckstrujlktas
y e` vaz fuj`k`. Ls oajajusco`els
le oaear qul prahuolk
ou`ech`h, eas rloakaolr
pahljas sakchas. `Cnu`ejlktl, par f`de`
e` plrsak` qul lst`
` e` pcktur`.
a o`kt`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <4 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
R`r` oajprad`r qul
e`s vcdr`oc
vc dr`ocakl
aklss pul
pulhl
hlkk ±Ouàels sak e`s oe`sls hl sakchas1
 slrr vcst`
 sl vcst`ss oaea
oaeao` o` uk`
uk` `.  _akchas hltlrjck`has y sakchas ckhltlrjck`has.
oulrh` hl kyeak `t`h` d.  _akchas jusco`els a ruchas. 
` has lmls, tãks`e` dclk o.  @etur`, cktlksch`h, tcjdrl y hur`ocÿk. 
 y f`
f`zze` vcdr`
cdr`r,r, `
`hhljàs
hl lsouof`r su sakc sakcha
ha
 p
 paahràs vlr le le ±Hl quã hlplkhl e` `etur` hlr eas sakchas1
javc
ja vcjc
jclkta
lkta h hll e` `.  Hl e` j`yar a jlkar gulrz` oak qul sl ljct`. 
oulrh`. X`jX `jdcãk
dcãk d.  Hle kýjlra hl vcdr`ocakls par slnukha. 
 p
 pul
ulhhls oakt
oaktrae
rae` `r su o.  Hle tcljpa qul plrj`klzo` vcdr`kha. 
tcljpa hl hur`ocÿk
hl
hlplkhc
plkhclkha
lkha hl ouàkta
lstcrls hl e` oulrh` 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
`ktlss hl saet`r
`ktl saet`re`e` p`r
p`r`
`
qul vcdrl. ±Puã ls le sakcha1
L souof` hcg hcgllr lktl
ktlss  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 sakch
 sa kcha as y `kat
kat` lk uk  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
r lnc stra sc sak
hltlrjc
hltlrjck`ha
k`hass a
ckhltlrjck`has. Eulna ±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl sakchas hltlrjck`has y
v`eêh`ea. sakchas ckhltlrjck`has1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl `etur` l cktlksch`h1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Oÿja sl prahuol le sakcha1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

?.  L_OTCD@ E@ O\@ECH@H HLE _AKCHA P\L

TLO\LTH@ RTAH\]O@ E@ O@T@OXLTÊ_XCO@ H@H@=
Eas sakchas jusco`els
 sakk prah
 sa rahuo
uocha
chass par ea
eass
ckstrujlktas _akcha nr`vl= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
jusco`els, sck ljd`rna _akcha praeakn`ha= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
f`y ckstr
c kstrujl
ujlktas
ktas qul _akcha su`vl= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 p
 prah
rahuo
uollk sa
sakch
kchaas _akcha drlvl= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
c khlt
khltlrjc
lrjck`ha
k`hass oaja _akcha `nuha= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
le
east`jdar, lelto.
pe`tceeas, dajda, _akcha k`s`e= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
_akcha gartêscja= QQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <? 

Oakaocjclkta 6   E` Jýsco`

Ls jàs gàoce slktcre` y rlprahuocre` qul lxpeco`re` a
hlgckcre`. Xahas lktlkhljas
±ouàktas pulhlk quã ls e`ouàels
paklr lk p`e`dr`s jýsco`,
sak plra
sus
o`r`otlrêstco`s lslkoc`els
lslkoc`els a `quleea qul el h` slktcha1
E` jýsco` ls le elknu`ml lspcrctu`e, `e lsouof`re`,
 plrocdcjas qul lk kulstra cktlrcar sl prahuol uk` slrcl
hl lst`has hl àkcja oaja `elnrê`, `hjcr`ocÿk, trcstlz` l
ckoeusa jclha.
K`hcl pulhl kln`r qul kas nust` e`
jýsco`, y` sl` o`kt`r, tao`r uk
ckstrujlkta a lsouof`r uk`
Le tãrjcka jýsco` tclkl su arcnlk hle e`têk “jusco`‗ qul
jleahê`. ` su vlz hlrcv` hle tãrjcka nrclna “jauscil‗ y qul f`oê`
rlglrlkoc` ` e` lhuo`ocÿk hle lspêrctu e` ou`e lr` oaeao`h`
 d`ma e` `hvao`ocÿk
`hvao`ocÿk hl e`s ju
jus`s
s`s hl e`s `rtls.
`rtls.

E` jýsco` ls le `rtl qul oakscstl lk hat`r ` eas

 sakch
 sakchaas y ea
eass scelko
scelkocas
cas hl uk` oclr
oclr t` arn`
rn `kcz`ocÿ
kcz`ocÿk.
k. L e
rlsuet`ha hl lstl arhlk rlsuet` eÿncoa, oaflrlktl y
` r `h`del `e aêha.
aêha.
Ml`k-M`oquls Taussl`u (0>04 -
0>>6). Lsorctar, gceÿsaga, jýscoa,
datàkcoa y k`tur`ecst` gr`koa-
flevãtcoa hlgckcha oaja uk @enuk`s hl e`s prckocp`els hlgckcocakls qul sl f`k h`ha `
ceustr`ha. ea e`rna hl e` fcstarc` p`r` e` jýsco` sak e`s scnuclktls=

E` jjýsc
ýsco`
o` rlgelm` jjllm ar
  Ml`k-M`oquls Taussl`u= “@rtl hl oajdck`r eas
qul ou`equc
ou`equclr
lr atr
atr ` oas` sakchas hl uk` j`klr` `nr`h`del `e aêha‗. 
aêha‗.  
e` kadelz` y pragukhch`h
hl kulstra
ouetur` slktcrsaoclh`h.
hl uk` y e`

Dlrecaz (062? ‟  0673).
 0673). Oajpasctar gr`koãs rlprlslkt`ktl hle
Taj`ktcocsja.

  Fãotar Dlrecaz= “@rtl hl oakjavlr par e`

oajdck`ocÿk hl eas sakchas ` eas fajdrls
cktlecnlktls y hat`has hl uk` arn`kcz`ocÿk lsploc`e‗.
lsploc`e‗.

  Gr`kîacs-Maslpf Gãtcs=
Gãtcs= “Ls le `rtl hl oakjavlr par e`
Gr`kîacs-Maslpf Gãtcs (0>68 ‘  oajdck`ocÿk hl eas sakchas‗. 
sakchas‗. 
06>0) gul uk oajpasctar,
y juscoÿeana praglsar
dlen`. Gul t`jdcãk
uka hl eas orêtcoas jusco`els jàs   Fce`rcÿk Lse`v`=
Lse`v`= ““Jýsco`
Jýsco` ls le `rtl hl oajdck`r dclk
ckgeuylktls hle scnea VCV. eas sakchas y le tcljpa‗. 
tcljpa‗.  
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <8 

ATCNLK HL E@ JÝ_CO@
E` jýsco` lstà êktcj`jlktl ecn`h` ` e` vch` hle fajdrl,
sl f`ee` lk eas jajlktas jàs cjpart`ktls hl su vch` y sl
f`
`eeêv`echa hl lee` p`r`
e` cjpart`koc` lxprls`r
hl e` jýsco`sus
lk lst`has hl àkcja.
e` garj`ocÿk jar`eHly
lspcrctu`e hl eas puldeas y sadrl taha hl eas mÿvlkls.
Lk eas puldeas prlfcspàkcoas sl
±Puã slrê` hle fajdrl sck jýsco`1 Hakhl lstljas e`
ljpelÿ e` jýsco` lk e`s aêjas= rlukcakls saoc`els, lk e` agcock`, hlsgcels
glstcvch`hls rlecncas`s, jcect`rls y jcect`rls, lk le tr`kspartl, lto.
saoc`els.
F`ol juofêscjas scneas, ou`kha e` nlktl tah`vê` vcvê`
lk o`vlrk`s9 le o`kta hl eas pàm`ras, le s`epco`r hl e`
eeuvc`, le scedcha hle vclkta lktrl eas àrdaels, le runcr hle
aoã`ka y e`s ae`s ofao`kha oak e`s rao`s, prahuoê`k
oclrt` jýsco`, pascdeljlktl e` prcjlr` j`kcglst`ocÿk
jusco`e.

Hakhl
lk o`s`,quclr` qul lstljas,
lk le tr`d`ma a lk ley``uta
sl`
scljprl lsouof`jas jýsco`.

H`kz` lk e`s Oulv`s hl Le Oanue

(Eãrch`). Lk lst` pcktur` ruplstrl
v`rc`s jumlrls h`kz`k `erlhlhar
hl uk fajdrl hlskuha. Eas rctas
`saoc`has oak h`kz`s y rctjas R`pcra lncpoca (0<22 `. hl O.) . _l r loajlkh`d`
loajlkh`d` le usa hl e` jýsco`
rlpltctcvas lr`k f`dctu`els lk o`sc p`r` our`r e` ckglrtcech`h hl e`s jumlrls.
tah`s e`s ouetur`s prlfcstÿrco`s.

P\CÃK CKWLKXß E@ JÝ_CO@

Lst` prlnukt` ls sljlm`ktl ` cktlrran`rkas sadrl qucãk
ckvlktÿ e` rcs`, eas nlstas, le ee`kta, lk gck. @ e`
fuj`kch`h el aourrcÿ t`e oaja ` uk kcða plqulða qul
s`dl “hlocr‗ sck klolsch`h hl rlourrcr ` e`s p`e`dr`s y ls
qul f`y j`klr`s hl lxprls`rsl qul sak jàs lspaktàkl`s
qul e`s p`e`dr`s.
Lk hlgckctcv` f`y ljaocakls qul ka sl pulhlk hlocr oak
 p`e`dr`s puls ka pahrê`k `d`ro`r oajpelt`jlktl t`e
slktcjclkta= e` `elnrê`, le `jar, e` rlecncasch`h, le haear,
le jclha, e` trcstlz` y juofas jàs.
Rctànar`s oakschlr` ` e` jýsco`
oaja «uk` jlhcock` p`r` le
`ej`¹, y @rcstÿtlels e` utcecz` p`r` Lk lsl `gàk
e` jýsco` par qulrlr
y k`oclrak oajukco`rsl
tah`s cktlnr`jlktl,
e`s `rtls qul sak e` garj`k`ol
jàs
eeln`r ` e` o`t`rscs ljaocak`e.
 plrglot` hl lxprlscÿk
lxprlscÿk hle fajd
fajdrl.
rl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els << 

OßJA _L ATCNCKß E@ JÝ_CO@

Ls hcgêoce prlocs`r oak lx`otctuh le arcnlk hl e` jýsco` y
lkj`ro`rea lk uk` ãpao` prlocs` hl e` fcstarc`. _ck
_l tclkl rlstas hl ge`ut`s tudue`rls
ljd`rna, sl oakaol qul hlshl e` Rrlfcstarc` eas fajdrls
hl fulsa hl ?, y eulna hl < arcgcocas
us`rak hcglrlktls admltas p`r` ljctcr sakchas. Ka
hl hcnct`ocÿk, oaja ckstrujlktas adst`ktl, oaja le admltcva hl lst` `otcvch`h lr`
pur`jlktl jleÿhcoas g`drco`has oajukco`rsl lktrl sê a scjpeljlktl rlpeco`r eas sakchas
lk e` prlfcstarc`.
qul lsouof`d`k lk e` k`tur`elz`, ka sl pulhl f`de`r hl
jýsco` lk le slktcha jàs lstrcota hle tãrjcka.

Le arcnlk hl e` jýsco`, lktlkhch` oaja e` orl`ocÿk hl

sakchas oajpelmas, tuva qul lsplr`r uk paoa jàs.
Juofas ckvlstcn`harls oackochlk lk qul le tãrjcka
“jýsco`‗ hlrcv` hle vao`dea nrclna “jus`‗, e`s g`jas`s
hlch`hls hl e` jctaeanê` nrcln` y raj`k` qul tlkê`k e`
o`p`och`h hl ckspcr`r ` eas fajdrls hlhco`has ` e`s `rtls.

Le gceÿsaga Re`tÿk oakschlr`d` ` e`

jýsco` oaja e` d`sl hl e`
lhuo`ocÿk qul `d`ro`d` t`jdcãk
e` palsê` y e` h`kz`. Lk Nrloc` e`
jýsco` lst`d` oakschlr`h` oaja
uk jlhca lgco`z p`r` e` lhuo`ocÿk
jar`e hl eas ocuh`h`kas.

Lk Taj`, hur`ktl le rlck`ha hl

rly ltrusoa _lrvca Xueca, <>6-<?8
`.O, gulrak ckstctuchas @tlkl` mukta ` e`s jus`s, hl Gr`ks Gearcs (o. 0<72).
garj`ejlktl eas nrupas hl jýscoas
lk e`s Jcecoc`s Taj`k`s,
cktlnr`has par ckstrujlktas hl
vclkta y oak gukocakls lsploêgco`s Tlduso`kha lk le tcljpa, vljas qul lk e` @ktcnu`
p`r` e`s olrljakc`s y le oajd`tl. Nrloc` y` sl oakaoê` e` jýsco`. Le g`jasa gceÿsaga
Re`tÿk saeê` `gcrj`r qul “hl e` jcsj` garj` lk  lk   qul e`
ncjkàstco` scrvl p`r` gart`elolr le oulrpa, e` jýsco` ls le
vlfêouea p`r` lkrcqulolr le àkcja‗. 
àkcja‗.  

_ck ljd`rna, ka gul f`st` e` hcguscÿk hle o`taecocsja qul

e` jýsco` oadrÿ `unl. Oak le admltcva hl `e`d`r ` Hcas,
sl orlÿ e` jýsco` s`nr`h`, eas o`ktas nrlnarc`kas y, jàs
t`rhl, e` kat`ocÿk jusco`e, a sl`, le `eg`dlta jusco`e qul
Le o`kta nrlnarc`ka k`ol lk e`  drckhÿ
sêjdaease` `hlou`has
pascdcech`h qul
hl lsorcdcr jýsco`` utcecz`kha
el plrjctê`k eas
eas jýscoas
Lh`h Jlhc` y `part` e` paecgakê` `
e` jýsco`. slnucr le rctja y e` lktak`ocÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <7 

Hl flofa, le arcnlk hl e` jýsco` lsorct` (utcecz`kha eas

 prcjlras sêjdaeas) rls`el
rls`el `erlhlhar hle scnea WC hl e` llr`
r`
orcstc`k`. _ck ljd`rna, lstas sêjdaeas lr`k juy
ecjct`has y ka plrjctê`k oudrcr `hlou`h`jlktl tah`s e`s
lxtlkscakls
lsa, jusco`els
lk le plrcaha y e` oajpelmch`h
oajprlkhcha lktrl 334 y`rjÿkco`. Rar
02<2, Nucha
h‖@rlzza sl orlÿ le 
le  prcjlr scstlj` hl llsorctur`
sorctur` jusco`e
jusco`e
hlgckcha “hc`stljàtcoa‗, qul oakscstê` lk tr`ksorcdcr
sêjdaeas qul rlprlslkt`d`k uk` lsorctur`. @sê, par
 prcjlr` vlz lk e` fcstarc`, sl puhclrak ckhco`r tah`s e`s
Nucha hl @rlzza (@rlzza, Xaso`k` `etur`s hl e`s kat`s jusco`els.
330/334 - † @vlee`ka o.02<2) gul uk
jakml dlklhcotcka ct`ec`ka, tlÿrcoa
jusco`e y gcnur` olktr`e hl e` Nucha ee`jÿ lsl scstlj` „tltr`nr`j`‖ y` qul e`s kat`s
jýsco` hl e` Lh`h Jlhc`. jusco`els sl hls`rraee`d`k lk uk` rlh hl ou`tras eêkl`s
 p`r`ele`s. Lstl scstlj` gul le prloursar hle jahlrka
 plkt`nr`j` y hl e`s kat`s jusco`els qul utcecz`jas
utce cz`jas fay
lk hê`.

O`reas C le Nr`khl, ee`j`ha Fcjka ` s`k Mu`k le D`utcst`  ‘ oakaocha

oakaocha oaja \t qul`kt e`xcs ‘  `trcducha
 `trcducha
O`reaj`nka (>84, >8> a >86  ‟  608).
 608). ` R`dea le Hcàoaka.
Arhlkÿ le lst`delocjclkta hl
lsoule`s hakhl sl pr`otco` e`
jýsco` ectýrnco`. Nucha hl @rlzza ls t`jdcãk le rlspaks`del hl eas
kajdrls hl fcjka
o`kt`rsl uk e`s kat`s jusco`els.
` s`k Mu`k leLk `qulee`qul
D`utcst`, ãpao` saeê`
tlkê` e`
 p`rtcoue`rch`h hl qul o`h` gr`sl jusco`e ljplz`d` oak
uk` kat` suplrcar ` e` qul `ktlolhê`. Nucha tuva e` chl`
hl ljpel`r e` prcjlr` sêe`d` hl o`h` gr`sl p`r`
chlktcgco`r e`s kat`s qul oak lee`s sl lktak`d`k.

Xlxta arcnck`e
Kat` Xr`huoocÿk
lk e`têk
\t  - Ha  \t  qul`kt
 qul`kt e`xcs  R`r` qul pulh`k
pulh`k
Tl
Tl   T l sak`rl gcdrcs lx`et`r ` pelka puejÿk
Jc    Jc 
 J c r`
r` nlstaruj e`s j`r`vcee`s
Lk Mlrus`eãk, le Tly H`vch
(jýscoa y palt`) rlnrls`d` hl
G`  
G` G `juec tuaruj lstas sclrvas tuyas
 _ae    _aeevl paeeutc
 _a  plrhak` e` g`et`
arn`kcz`r e` Dcdec`
_`kt`. E` jýsco`kalkslð`e`
e` Wcee`
E`
E`   E `dcc rl`tuj hl kulstras e`dcas cjpuras
lsorctur` jusco`e, plra sc oàktcoas  _`kotl C a`kkls.  _`k Mu`k. 
s`nr`has.  _c  
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <> 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T l`ecz` ararn`kc
n`kcz`
z`ha
harr ls
vcsu`els
vcsu`els oa oakk e`s ±Pucãk lsorcdcÿ e` prcjlr` kat`ocÿk jusco`e1
 p
 prcrcko
kocp`
cp`el
elss hlgckcocak
gc kcocaklls `.  Nucha hl @rlzza.
hl jýsc
jýsco`.
o`. d.  Le Tly H`vch. 
R r `otco`
`otco` oaoakk uk o.  O`reaj`nka. 
ckstrujlkta jusco`e
e`s kat`s jusco`els ±Puã Fcjka sl utceczÿ p`r` f`olr e` kat`ocÿk
h`h`s par Nucha hl
 @rl
 @r lzza (H(Ha a, Tl
Tl,, Jc, G `, jusco`e1
 _ae,e, E `, _c).
 _a `.  Fcjka ` e` @elnrê`. 
d.  Fcjka ` _`k Mu`k le D`utcst`. 
o.   Kcknuk` hl e`s
e`s `ktlrcarls. 

4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=

±Puã ls e` jýsco`1
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±Oÿja hlgckl e` jýsco` Gr`kîacs-Mas

Gr`kîacs-Maslpf
lpf Gãtcs1
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±Oÿja sl arcnckÿ e` jýsco`1

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±Puã `partls ` e` jýsco` sl hclrak lk e` Lh`h

TLO\LTH@ Jlhc`1
E` jjýscýsco` o` llss le `rtl hl
oajdck`r
oajdck `r sakc
sakcha hass qul  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQ 
 sl prah
rahuo uollk lk le  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQ 
tcljp
tclj pa. @ @ee slr uk `rtl,  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
hldl
hldl rloar
rloarh`r
h`r qul llss
uk` j`kc
j`kcgglst`ocÿk
lst`ocÿk hle ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
L sp
spêê r c tu, pa
parr ea tt``kta
 su gck`
gc k`ech ech`
`h r`h
r`hco`
co` lk _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oakjavlr ` e`
fuj`kch`h y ( ) Ls hcgêoce hlgckcr ouàkha sl arcnckÿ e` jýsco`.
hlsplrt`reas ` e` ( ) “jauscil‗. 
E` p`e`dr` jýsco` hlrcv` hle nrclna “jauscil‗.
Oaksoclkoc`, jàs `eeà ( ) E` jýsco` lstà ecn`h` ` e` vch` hle fajdrl.
hl lxtlrc
xtlrcarc arcz`
z`rr
( ) E` kat` HA `ktlrcarjlktl sl ee`j`d` \X.
 sl
 slkt
ktcjcl
cjclkt
lst`has kta
hlaàkcja.
s a lxp
xprls
rls`
`r ( ) Re`tÿk `gcrj`d` qul e` jýsco` ls e` d`sl hl e`
lhuo`ocÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <6 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 3  Leljlktas hl e` Jýsco` 
@e cnu`e qul lk e` `rtls vcsu`els, e` jýsco` lstà
oajprlkhch`
lee`, par leljlktas,
pahrê`k dclk lstuhc`rsl qul
par scslp`r`ha
dclk sakp`r`
ckflrlktls
lktlkhlr`
sus o`r`otlrêstco`s y prckocpcas dàscoas.

Oaja y` fljas vcsta, lk e` jýsco` cktlrvclklk eas

sakchas y eas scelkocas9 hl su sloulkoc`ech`h sl
lko`rn`rà, e` jleahê`9 hl sus oajdck`ocakl
oajdck`ocakls,s, e` `rjakê`9
jclktr`s qul, hl su tljpar`ech`h, le rctja. Lk
oaksloulkoc`, e` arn`kcz`ocÿk oaflrlktl hl eas sakchas y
eas scelkocas kas h` eas p`ràjltras gukh`jlkt`els hl e`
L e slktc
slktcha
ha hl
hlee rcr c tja
tja sl
hl
hls`rr
s`rr aeeÿ llkk ee`s
`s jýsco`, qul sak e` jleahê`, e` `rjakê` y le rctja.
 p
 prcrc jlr`s lt`p`s
lvaeutcv`s hl eas
fajêkchas y lr`
 gukh
 gukh`
r `za `jlkt
`zakls=
kls= kt`
hl`shl
e par h
hlshl hcvl
cvlrs`
rs`ss
`oajp`s`r kulstras
 p
 p``sas
sas oak
oak le javcjvcjclk clktta
hle oulrpa, f`st`
oajukc
oaj ukco`rkas
o`rkas y pah
pahllr
`otu`r lk nrupa
r lh
lhuoc
uocllkha kul kulstr
str``
hlsvlkt`m`
hlsvlkt`m` oaktr`oaktr `
 nr`
 nr `khl
khls hlprlh rlh``harls.
rls.
\k` vcsc vc scÿk
ÿk jjàsàs p
prr àotco`
àotco`
hle
hle rcr c tja
tja,, qul j jàs
às t`rhl
ljplzÿ ` utcecz`rsl oaja
uk` o`p`och`h orl`tcv`
 p
 p``r` orl orl``r e` jýsýsco`
co`
 p
 prcrc jctcv`
ctcv`.. E` jleahê` y le rctja oakstctuylk eas leljlktas jàs `ktcnuas hl e` jýsco`.
E` jýsco` p`r` slr t`e tuva qul rlourrcr `e rctja oaja ýkcoa jlhca hl
lxcstlkoc` y` qul arhlk` le tcljpa hàkhael vch` y lspêrctu.

EA_ _AKCHA_ HL E@ JÝ_CO@

E` jýsco` lk su `olpocÿk jàs scjpel, pulhl hlsorcdcrsl
oaja e` yuxt`pascocÿk hl has leljlktas= le sakcha y e`
hur`ocÿk, nlklr`ejlktl ee`j`has jleahê`  y rctja. E`
ukch`h jêkcj` hl arn`kcz`ocÿk jusco`e ls e` kat` -ls
hlocr, uk sakcha oak uk taka y uk` hur`ocÿk lsploêgcoas-.
Rar leea, e` jýsco` oakscstl lk e` oajdck`ocÿk hl kat`s
ckhcvchu`els qul `p`rlo
`p`rlolk
lk hl garj` suolscv`
suolscv` (jleahê`) a
@ukqul p`rlzo` jlktcr`, tah`s scjuetàkl` (`rjakê`) a lk `jd`s garj`s, oaja suolhl
lst`s o`kocakls oajp`rtlk e`
jcsj` lstruotur`
le rctja rêtjco`.sudy`ol
hl uk` o`kocÿk Rarqul lk e` j`yar p`rtloakazo`jas
lktlkhcjclkta, hl e` jýsco` lstas
aoochlkt`e. R`r` ukhlt`ee`-
leljlktas jlmar
hld`ma hl atras juofas leljlktas
oaja sak e` vaz y eas ckstrujlktas.
c kstrujlktas. h`jlktl ` oaktcku`ocÿk=
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els <3 

0.  E@ JLEAHÊ@= 
JLEAHÊ@=  Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk suolscv` hl
kat`s jusco`els
jusco`els a sakchas,
sakchas, f`st` garj`r uk lglota
jusco`e `nr`h`del `e aêha.
Lk e` jleahê` e`s kat`s jusco`els sak hcglrlktls
lk e` `etur`, hur`ocÿk, `olkta, j`tcols y
javcjclkta.
Hl e`s hcstckt`s hur`ocakls hl sus kat`s, lk e`
vleaoch`h, hlplkhl su rctja.
Hl e` `etur` hcglrlktl hl sus sakchas, lk le
 plkt`nr`j`, hlplkhl
hlplkhl su lktak`ocÿk.
lktak`ocÿk.

4.  E@ @TJAKÊ@= 
@TJAKÊ@=  Oaja oclkoc` ls e` oajdck`ocÿk
L k taha
taha scstl
sc stljj` scjuetàkl` hl sakchas a hl nrupas hl sakchas lk
jusco`
usc o`e,e, ee`
` orl
or l`o
`occ ÿk garj` hl `oarhls  lke`z`has hl `oulrha ` rlne`s
hl uk` jleahê` sakar`s arhlk`h`s. Le tãrjcka `rjakê` sl ljpel`
c jpeco`
ec o` e` or orll`o
`occ ÿk t`kta lk le sakcha nlklr`e hl uk oakmukta hl kat`s a
hl uk`s kat`s ` sakchas qul sulk`k `e jcsja tcljpa, oaja lk e`
 p
 p`
 p `
 prllr tcrxcst
rllxc hl
hllktl
stlukl j
kt ee`aj
ee`jhl`eaha suolscÿk hl lstas oakmuktas hl sakchas. E` `rjakê`
slrê` le tãrjcka oaktr`pulsta `e hl e` jleahê` (lk qul
lso`e`, y hl flofa ls eas sakchas sl ljctlk uka hlspuãs hle atra).
uk nr upa hl sakc sakchahass @OATHL=  Ls e` lktak`ocÿk hl trls a jàs
 slp
 sl p`r`ha
r`has par uka
ukas sakchas lk garj` scjuetàkl`. 
c ktl
ktlrr v`eas
v`eas llspl
sploê
oêggc oa
oass
( e`s hcst`koc
hcst`koc` `s hl
takas y sljc sljc takas
qul slp`r`k e`s
kat`s).

?.  LE TCXJA= 
TCXJA=  _l oakschlr` `sê ` e` praparocÿk
nu`rh`h` lktrl eas tcljpas hl has javcjclktas
hcglrlktls. Ls hlocr, ls e` rlpltcocÿk plrcÿhco` hl
hltlrjck`has leljlktas sakaras, qul pasllk oclrta
arhlk `oajp`s`ha.
Lepar
rctja lk e` jýsco`
ckstrujlktas hl ls j`ro`ha
plrouscÿk Le rctja ls le leljlkta ckhcsplks`del hl e` jýsco`.
oaja le t`jdar, le dajda, eas
pe`tceeas, lto.
Ls le oar`zÿk hl e` jýsco`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 72 

LE TCXJA J\_CO@E
Le arcnlk hle rctja sl lkoulktr` lk e` k`tur`elz` fuj`k`.
Ls e` j`kcglst`ocÿk vcv` hle arhlk hl tah`s e`s oas`s.
@e cnu`e qul eas rctjas lk e` k`tur`elz`, oaja le
javcjclkta hl eas pe`klt`s, e` suolscÿk hl e`s lst`ocakls
a le puesa hle oar`zÿk, le rctja jusco`e sulel arn`kcz`rsl
lk p`trakls hl rlourrlkoc` rlnue`r. Hcofas p`trakls
oaktrae`k le javcjclkta hl e` jýsco` y `yuh`k `e aêha
fuj`ka ` oajprlkhlr su lstruotur`.

LE R\E_A S LE OAJRÀ_
E` ukch`h rêtjco` dàsco` par lxolelkoc` ls le puesa, uk
 p`trÿk lsp`oc`ha rlnue`rjlktl qul sl p`rlol `e rctja hl
uk rleam. Lk e` j`yar p`rtl hl jýsco` hl d`cel y lk e`
 papue`r, le puesa `p`rlol lk garj` lxpeêoct`, ` jlkuha
 par jlhca hle d`tcr hl eas t`jdarls a jlhc`ktl uk p`trÿk
hl `oajp`ð`jclkta rlnue`r. Lk jýsco`s jàs oajpelm`s,
le puesa sÿea
hlkajck`har lstàp`r`
oajýk cjpeêocta9 ls uk`
e`s eaknctuhls hl e`slsplocl hl
kat`s, qul
 pulhlk slr jàs e`rn`s a oart`s qul le puesa jcsja (sck
ljd`rna, ou`kha uk aylktl eelv` le rctja oak le pcl, le
 puesa vulevl ` slr lxpeêocta). R`r` qul le puesa pulh` slr
aêha oaja hlkajck`har oajýk, e`s eaknctuhls hl e`s
kat`s ckhcvchu`els nlklr`ejlktl slràk jýetcpeas a
@ tr`vãs hle rctja, sl pulhl sudhcvcscakls lx`ot`s (oaja e` jct`h a le hadel hl e`
rloakaolr sc e` o`kocÿk
cktlrprlt`h` ls uk v`es, uk fu`yka, hur`ocÿk hle puesa).
uk` j`rcklr` a uk y`r`vê, lto. Le tcljpa hl e` jýsco` hltlrjck` e` vleaoch`h hle puesa.
. 
GATJ@_ HL J@TO@T LE TCXJA
Tloulrhl qul p`r` qul f`y` rctja, f` hl f`dlr par ea
jlkas has sakchas. R`r` cr pr`otco`kha le j`ro`ha hle
rctja ustlh pulhl jlkocak`r kajdrls hl plrsak`s qul
tlkn`k has sêe`d`s, par lmljpea= R`dea, Euo`s, M`cjl,
_`khr`... a _cjÿk, @khrãs, Masã, Tlkã, lto.
Lk le o`sa hl eas ou`tra prcjlras, e`
j`yar gulrz` hl vaz lstà lk e`
; ;  prcjlr` sêe`d` y, lk eas atras ou`tra,
lk e` slnukh` (lstas sakchas sl
hldlk j`ro`r oaja lk e` julstr`).
R@ DEA _C JßK @ oaktcku`ocÿk sl prakukoc` eas
E\ O@_ @K HTÃ_ kajdrls j`ro`kha le oajpàs oak
 p`ej`h`s. Le naepl jàs gulrtl slrà
hakhl sl tlkn` le `olkta jusco`e.
;  = _cnka qul rlprlslkt`
rlprlslkt` le `olkta jusco`e. \k` vlz suplr`ha lsta, sl pulhl
= Gcnur` hl hur`ocÿk hl 0 (uk) tcljpa. f`olr
sêe`d`seaouy`
prapca oak kajdrls
`olktu`ocÿk sl hlhllktrls
e`
 prcjlr` sêe`d` a lk e` tlrolr`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 70 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
 _leloo
 _lel oocak
cak` ` `enuk
enuka as
c kstr
kstrujl
ujlktas
ktas hl ±Puã ls le rctja jusco`e1
 p
 pllrous
rouscÿk
cÿk oa
oaj ja `.  Ls e` suolscÿk hl sakchas.
t`jdarls p`khlrlt`s u d.  Ls e` rlpltcocÿk plrcÿhco` hl sakchas.  
at
atrr as, eulna sc scnul
nul uk` o.  Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk scjuetàkl` hl sakchas. 
 slou
 sl oullko
koc`c` rêt
rê tjco`
 ga
 garj`rj`h h` par ` `enuk
enuk``s
 gcnur`s
 gc nur`s hl hur` ur`ocÿocÿk.
k. ±Puã ls le puesa1
 _cnul
 _c nul le lml mlj
jpea hl `.  Ls e` ukch`h rêtjco` dàsco`. 
 ga
 garj rj``s hl j`ro` ro`rr le
le d.  Ls le sakcha hl eas
e as t`jdarls lk uk` o`kocÿk. 
r c tja
tja y orl` uk` o.  Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk hl tcljpas lk e` jýsco`. 
 slou
 sl oullko
koc`c` hl has a trls
 sakch
 sa kchaas oa
oakk su
rlsplotcv` `olktu`ocÿk 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
hl jaha
jaha qul pulh`s
lmlout`rea oak j`yar
cktlksch`h. ±Ouàels sakQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ leljlktas hlQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ e` jýsco`1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã ls e` jleahê` lk e` jýsco`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã o`r`otlrêstco`s
o`r`otlrêstco`s tclkl le rctja lk e` jýsco`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Oÿja sl pulhl j`ro`r le rctja hl garj`

g arj` pràotco`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 _c dclk
dclk e` jleaheahê` ls
uk` sloulkoc`
sloulkoc ` hl ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
 sakch
 sa kchaas jus
usco`
co`el
els,
s, lst
sta
a _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
ka cjpeco` qul f`y`
jýsco`,
jýsc o`, puls sl
r lq
lquc
uclrl
lrl h
hle
le rc tja
tja pp`r`
`r` ( ) Le rctja ls le oar`zÿk hl e` jýsco`.
qul arhlkl eas tcljpas ( ) Le rctja pulhl slr j`ro`ha par ckstrujlktas
 y el hã slkt
slktcha
cha jus usco`
co`e,e, jusco`els hl plrouscÿk. 
ls par leea qul lstas ( ) Rulhl f`dlr jýsco` ýkco`jlktl oak jleahê`.
leljlktas scljprl
lst`ràk cjpeêoctas lk ( ) E` jleahê` ls uk` suolscÿk hl sakchas qul
garj`k uk lglota `nr`h`del `e aêha.
ou`equclr
jusco`e. oajpascocÿk ( ) E` `rjakê` ls e` oajdck`ocÿk scjuetàkl` hl
sakchas lk arhlk `oajp`s`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 74 

Oakaocjclkta 02  Le Rlkt`nr`j`

@sê oaja sl rlquclrl oakaolr e`s eltr`s qul garj`k e`s
 p`e`dr`s p`r` lsorcdcr y ellr uk pàrr`ga ou`equclr`9 e`
jýsco`, t`jdcãk sl lsorcdl y ell jlhc`ktl hltlrjck`has
scnkas, eas ou`els sl hlkajck`k scnkas jusco`els, eas
ou`els crljas oakaoclkha sloulkoc`ejlktl f`st` le pukta
hl eanr`r uk` oarrlot` o`ecnr`gê` jusco`e.
E` p`ut` hl ockoa eêkl`s a
plkt`nr`j` gul orl`h` lk Ct`ec`
par \naecka hl Gareê. Eas scnkas jusco`els sak tahas `quleeas qul scrvlk
 p
 p`
`r ` rlpr
rlpr lsl
slkt
kt`
`r eas
eas sa
sakch
kcha
as jus
uscc o`el
o`els.
s.

Lktrl eas prckocp`els scnkas jusco`els lstàk le

 plkt`nr`j`, e`s
e`s kat`s, e`s gcnur`s hl hur`o
hur`ocÿk
cÿk y scelkocas,
e`s oe`vls a ee`vls, lktrl atras.
Lk le plkt`nr`j` sl hcdum`k e`s LE RLKX@NT@J@= Lstà oakgarj`ha par ockoa eêkl`s
gcnur`s jusco`els, `e ckcoca scljprl
sl oaeao` uk` oe`vl a ee`vl. farczakt`els p`r`ele`s lktrl sê y ou`tra lsp`ocas lk eas
qul sl hcdum`k eas scnkas jusco`els. Ãst`s sl udco`k hl
`d`ma f`oc` `rrcd` t`kta lk eêkl`s oaja lsp`ocas y su
E as Kluj
Kluj`s `s llrr `k scn
scnkas
kas
oakscstlktl
oakscstl ktlss lk rr`y`
`y`s,s, cktlrprlt`ocÿk hlplkhl hl e` oe`vl jusco`e.
`olktas,
`ol ktas, puktas y
 n`kof
 n`k ofa as qul garj
garj` `d`k
e`s gcnur
gc nur `s j jusc
usco`o`els
els llkk
e` `ktcnõlh
`ktcn õlh`h `h..
L e pl
plkt`
kt`nrnr `j
`j` ` prc
prcjjc tcva
tlkê` has eêkl`s lk e`s
ou`els sl sl oaeao`
oaeao`d` d`kk eas
e as
kluj`s.
kluj `s. R astl
astlrr c arjl
arjlktlktl
N uc
ucha
ha h hll @
@rr lzza
lzza lljp
jpelÿelÿ Le plkt`nr`j` pasll ockoa eêkl`s y ou`tra lsp`ocas, lk e` lsorctur` jusco`e
ou`tra
ou` tra eêeêkl
kl``s. L e sl ljpel`k ` `jdas p`r` udco`r e`s gcnur`s jusco`els.
 p
 pllkt
kt`
`nr`
nr `j` hl ockoockoa a
eêkl`s
eê kl`s `p`p`r`rlol
lol sÿea lk llee Le plkt`nr`j` plrjctl `hcocak`r eêkl`s, t`kta `d`ma
 scnea VC C C . oaja `rrcd`. @ lst`s eêkl`s sl els hlkajck` eêkl`s
`hcocak`els. @e tr`z`re`s sl oakschlr`k t`jdcãk eas
lsp`ocas=

_l pulhl `hcocak`r jàs hl uk` Eêkl`s `hcocak`els= sl pulhlk udco`r `d`ma a `rrcd` y jàs hl uk`, lk tahas
eêkl` `e plkt`nr`j`. eas o`sas sl hldl rlsplt`r t`kta e` eêkl` oaja le lsp`oca.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 7? 

E@ OE@WL J\_CO@E= Ls le scnka qul sl hcdum` `e

ckcoca hle plkt`nr`j` y scrvl p`r` h`r kajdrl ` e`s kat`s
qul sl lsorcdlk lk ãe.

E`s Oe`vls sak hl trls oe`sls, Oe`vl hl _ae, Oe`vl hl G`

y Oe`vl hl Ha. E`s has prcjlr`s sak e`s hl j`yar usa
`ukqul lstuhc`rljas
lstuhc`rljas e` Oe`vl _ae lk e` 4½ eêkl`.

Oe`vl hl _ae lk slnukh`=  E`

E` Oe`vl hl _ae lk le D`rraoa lr`
kat` _ae, slnýk lst` Oe`vl, sl
oakaoch` oaja «oe`vl ct`ec`k`¹ y udco` lk e` 4½ eêkl`.
lk ckneãs `otu`ejlktl sl ee`j` «N
oelg¹ («oe`vl hl sae¹) a «trldel oelg¹
o elg¹ KAX@ _AE
(«oe`vl p`r` `nuhas¹).
Oe`vl hl G` lk ou`rt`=   _lnýk
lst` Oe`vl e` kat` _ae sl
lkoulktr` lk le 8½ lsp`oca.
KAX@ _AE

Oe`vl hl Ha lk tlrolr`=  @quê

e` udco`ocÿk hl e` kat` _ae ls lk
E` Oe`vl hl G` sctu`h` lk e` e` <½ eêkl`.
ou`rt` eêkl` hle plkt`nr`j` sl
hlkajck` oe`vl hl g` lk ou`rt` y KAX@ _AE
`ktcnu`jlktl «oe`vl hl d`ma¹, y`
qul e` jýsco` p`r` e` vaz hl d`ma
sl lsorcdê` lk lst` oe`vl. Lk e` Oaja pulhl vlr, lxcstlk juof`s v`rc`ktls p`r` e`s
`otu`ech`h, e` us`k sadrl taha eas Oe`vls y su usa v`rê` slnýk e` `etur`. Rar lmljpea, e`
ckstrujlktas jàs nr`vls hl e`
oulrh` grat`h`, (vcaeakoflea, Oe`vl _ae, ls us`h` p`r` tahas eas sakchas `nuhas y e`
oaktr`d`ma)9 mukta oak eas jàs Oe`vl hl G`, p`r` tahas eas sakchas nr`vls.
nr`vls hle vclkta jlt`e (tud`,
trajdÿk) y hle vclkta j`hlr`
(g`nat, oaktr`g`nat). E@ OE@WL HL _AE= E` Oe`vl hl _ae sctu`h` sadrl e`
slnukh` eêkl` hle plkt`nr`j` sl hlkajck` Oe`vl hl _ae
lk slnukh` a scjpeljlktl Oe`vl hl _ae.

Lvaeuocÿk hl e` Oe`vl hl _ae.

@e slr `prapc`h` p`r` rlprlslkt`r sakchas `nuhas,

`p`rlol lk e` jýsco` p`r` eas ckstrujlktas oak tlsctur`s
E` Oe`vl hl Ha lk tlrolr` sl us` jàs `et`s9 sadrl taha le adal, e` ge`ut`, le vcaeêk, `enukas
lk e` jýsco` p`r` vcae`, vcae` h` ckstrujlktas hl plrouscÿk y e` j`ka hlrlof` hle pc`ka (`
n`jd`, j`khae` y ` vlols p`r`
trajdÿk `eta. Cnu`ejlktl sl pulhl hcglrlkoc` hl e` j`ka czquclrh`, qul sulel lst`r lk Oe`vl
vlr lk ckstrujlktas lko`rn`has hl hl G`). Lk jýsco` vao`e, e`s vaols hl sapr`ka y oaktr`eta
vaols cktlrjlhc`s oaja le adal a
e` ge`ut` hueol9 `hljàs hl
`p`rlolr lk e` jýsco` vao`e lstàk lko`h`
 parqul lst`uk`
oe`vl9
t lkê`scuk`
tlkê` dclk, lk sus
oe`vl arênlkls
prapc`. ka lr`
E` Oe`vl hl `sê,
_ae
`ktcnu`.
ls e` jàs us`h` lk e`e ` `otu`ech`h.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 78 

E@_ KAX@_ J\_CO@EL_= Eas sakchas jusco`els

sak rlprlslkt`has lk e` jýsco` ` tr`vãs hl e`s kat`s. _ak
scltl e`s kat`s y eelv`k eas scnuclktls kajdrls= HA, TL,
JC, G@, _AE, E@ y _C. O`h` uk` hl lst`s kat`s lqucv`el
`vcolvlrs`,
uk` `etur` hltlrjck`h`,
h`kha eun`r ` uk`lklso`e`.
arhlk hl nr`vl ` `nuh` a

Lso`e` @solkhlktl=

HA ‟ 
HA ‟  TL ‟ 
 TL ‟  JC ‟ 
 JC ‟  G@ ‟ 
 G@ ‟  _AE ‟ 
 _AE ‟  E@ ‟ 
 E@ ‟  _C
 _C
J`ka nuchakc`k`. _cstlj`
jkljatãokcoa jlhclv`e, hldcha ` Lso`e` Hlsolkhlktl=
Nucha h'@rlzza (scnea VC),
utcecz`ha p`r` `yuh`r ` eas
o`kt`ktls ` ellr ` prcjlr` vcst`.
_C ‟ 
_C ‟  E@ ‟ 
 E@ ‟  _AE ‟ 
 _AE ‟  G@ ‟ 
 G@ ‟  JC ‟ 
 JC ‟  TL ‟ 
 TL ‟  HA
 HA

E`s kat`s jusco`els sl lsorcdlk lk le plkt`nr`j` plra ka

ljpel`kha eltr`s, scka jlhc`ktl uk` slrcl hl gcnur`s
jusco`els y hlplkhclkha hl e` Oe`vl jusco`e.

E` udco`ocÿk hl e`s Gcnur`s Jusco`els lk le plkt`nr`j` slnýk e` Oe`vl

Jusco`e hltlrjck` le kajdrl hl o`h` Kat`, y` sl` lk uk lsp`oca a eêkl`.

O@ECNT@GÊ@ J\_CO@E
R`r` tlklr uk` dulk` o`ecnr`gê` lk e` lsorctur` jusco`e sl
E`s kat`s jusco`els sak sakchas hldl pr`otco`r, ls par leea qul hldlrà rl`ecz`r uk` slrcl
qul sl hcglrlkoc`k par su `etur`.
hl lmlrococas nràgcoas oak ea qul f` `prlkhcha f`st` le
jajlkta. _cn` e`s scnuclktls ckhco`ocakls=

0.  Lk uk` fam` lk de`koa hcduml slcs plkt`nr`j`s

ljpel`kha ckstrujlktas hl jlhcocÿk oaja e` rlne` y
oakschlr`kha qul le lsp`oca hl slp`r`ocÿk hldl slr
cnu`e lktrl eêkl` y eêkl`.
Ls cjpart`ktl pahlr hcdum`r

oarrlot`jlktl
scnkas o`h` uka hlpar
jusco`els, ljplz`kha eas le
plkt`nr`j`, e`s oe`vls y eulna e`s
4.  Hcduml
oaktcku`lke`easOe`vl
has prcjlras plkt`nr`j`s
hl _ae, lk y hl garj`
eas has scnuclktls, e`
gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk. Oe`vl hl G` y, lk e`s has rlst`ktls, e` Oe`vl hl Ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 7< 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
L k fam`s de`de`ko`
ko`ss
hcdum` v`rcas ±Puã ls le plkt`nr`j`1
 p
 pllkt
kt``nr`
nr `j`s y pr`o
r`ottco` `.  _ak ou`tra eêkl`s hakhl sl lsorcdl e` jýsco`.
hcdum`kha e` garj` hl d.  Ls hakhl sl lsorcdl e` jýsco`, oakst` hl ockoa eêkl`s. 
e`s Oe`vls jusco`els. o.  _ak ockoa eêkl`s hakhl sl oaeao`k e`s kat`s.  
L jp
jpel`kh
el`kha a uk` ge`ut`
u atra ckstrujlkta, ±Ouàels sak e`s kat`s jusco`els1
 p
 pr`o
r`ottco` lso`
so`e`s
e`s
`solkhlktls y `.  Ha, Tl, Jc, G`, _ae, E`, _c.  
hlsolkhlktls d.  Oe`vl hl _ae, Oe`vl hl G`, Oe`vl hl Ha. 
atarr nàkha
ata àkhaelel le jcs
jcsja
ja o.  _ae lk slnukh`, G` lk ou`rt`, Ha lk tlrolr`. 
tcljpa p`r` o`h`
 sakch
 sa kcha a. 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
C jct`
jct` vavao`ej
o`ejlktl
lktl le
 sakch
 sa kcha a hl e`s
e`s kat
kat`s
jusco`els
 p
 pa e`ss trlsljplz`kha
ar e` prcj
rc jlr`s ±Ouàe ls e` utcech`h
 QQQQQQQQQQ utce ch`h hle plkt`nr`j`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
(H a, T l, Jc
J c ), t`
t`kta
kta hl  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 ga
 garj
rj` ` `sol
solkh
khllktktll oa
oaj
ja
hlsolkhlktl.
±Ouàe ls e` utcech`h hl e` Oe`vl Jusco`e1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Lk quã oakscstl e` Oe`vl hl _ae1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Oÿja sl lsorcdlk e`s Kat`s lk le Rlkt`nr`j`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 @sê oaj
oaja lk e`se`s `rtl rtlss
vcsu`els
vc su`els ssll hl
hldl
dl ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
hls`rraee`r le slktcha _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
hl e` vcst`, lk e`
jýsco`
jýsc o` llss
cjpart`ktêscja le ( ) Lk le plkt`nr`j` saea sl lsorcdl lk e`s eêkl`s.
hls`rraeea `uhctcva, par ( ) E` lsorctur` lk le plkt`nr`j` ls hl `d`ma ` `rrcd`. 
lsa hl
hldl
dl g`j`jcc ecec`rc
`rcz`
z`rr sl ( ) E` Oe`vl sl oaeao` `e ckcoca
ckc oca hle plkt`nr`j`.
oak eas sakcha
sakchass ( ) Xah`s e`s Oe`vls tclklk e` jcsj` gukocÿk.
jusco`els, ls hlocr oak
e`s kat`s
kat`s jusc
jusco`el o`els,s, e`s ( ) E`s kat`s jusco`els sl hcglrlkoc`k par su `etur`.
ou`els
ou`el
 p
 pa
ar easssak
eas ckstpr
prah
ckstrujahuoc
rujl luoch`
ktah`s
kta s.s ( ) _ae
E` Oe`vl
lstà lkhl
e` _ae lk slnukh`,
slnukh` eêkl` hleslð`e` qul e` kat`
plkt`nr`j`.
( ) Le oakmukta hl kat`s garj`k uk` lso`e` jusco`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 77 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 00
 E`s Gcnur`s hl Hur`ocÿk
y sus _celkocas
Tloulrhl qul eas sakchas sl hcglrlkoc`k par ou`tra
ou`ech`hls, le tcjdrl, e` `etur`, e` cktlksch`h y e`
hur`ocÿk. R`r` e` ou`ech`h hl e` `etur`, sl f` lstuhc`ha `
e`s kat`s jusco`els9 jclktr`s qul, p`r` hltlrjck`r e`
hur`ocÿk sl ljpel`k uk` slrcl hl scnkas qul sl
hlkajck`k Gcnur`s hl Hur`ocÿk.

R`rtl
R`r tlss hl uk` gcn ur` jusc
0.- O aroflt
arofltl,
l, 4.- Rec
jusco`
Re c o`, ?.- O
o`e=e=
O`d
`dlz
lz`. `. 
E `s G c n ur
ur``s hl
hl H ur
ur``oc
ocÿÿk sak
sak scnkas
sc nkas jusc
jusco`
o`el
elss qul
qul
ckhco`k e`s hcglrlktls hur`ocakls hl eas sakchas `
tr
tr`v
`vããs hl uk`
uk` ukch`
ukc h`h
hj jusc
usco`e
o`e hl ou`tra
ou`tra pue
pues`oc
s`ocakl
akls.
s.

E`s Gcnur`s hl Hur`ocÿk sak scltl y sak= Tlhakh`,

De`ko`, Klnr`, Oarofl`, _ljcoarofl`, Gus` y _ljcgus`.
E` ukch`h hl tah`s lst`s gcnur`s ls e` Tlhakh`, par slr e`
hl j`yar hur`ocÿk.
Lqucv`elkoc` hl e`s gcnur`s= oaja
sl julstr` lk e` cj`nlk, uk`
rlhakh` ls cnu`e ` has de`ko`s, y
`sê suolscv`jlktl

E`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk sl udco`k

lk le plkt`nr`j`, y` sl` lk e`
eêkl`s a lsp`ocas, lk lstl o`sa e`
gcnur` Tlhakh` lstà lk e` tlrolr`
eêkl`.

E` gcnur` De`ko` qul tclkl uk`

hur`ocÿk
udco`h` lk hl has tcljpas
le prcjlr lstà
lsp`oca hle E`s gcnur`s jusco`els
e` lktak`ocÿk hlplkhlràckhco`k e` hur`ocÿk
hle eun`r hl oaeaqulk
lk qul sl eas sakchas,
lk
plkt`nr`j`.
le plkt`nr`j`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 7> 

EA_ _CELKOCA_ 
@e ellr uk tlxta usu`ejlktl lkoaktr`jas scnkas qul
ckhco`k hltlrjck`h`s p`us`s, y` sl`k oaj`s, puktas,
 pukta y oaj`. Lk e` jýsco` aourrl ea jcsja, ls hlocr
qul lxcstlk uk` slrcl hl scnkas qul ckhco`k p`us`s a
scelkocas lk e` elotur` jusco`e.
Lqucv`elkoc` hl eas scelkocas= oaja
sl julstr` lk e` cj`nlk,
c j`nlk, uk Eas scelkocas sak, puls, scnkas jusco`els qul scrvlk p`r`
scelkoca hl rlhakh` ls cnu`e ` has
scelkocas hl de`ko`s, y `sê
f`olr uk` p`us` jajlktàkl` lk e` jýsco`, plrjctclkha
f`olre` oajprlkscdel y oe`r`.

E` hur`ocÿk hl eas scelkocas ls

oarrlspakhclktl ` e` hl e`s gcnur`s
hl hur`ocÿk.

O`h` gcnur` jusco`e tclkl su rlsplotcva scelkoca y par ea

E` udco`ocÿk hle scelkoca hl
Tlhakh` ls hld`ma hl e` ou`rt` t`kta oakslrv` su jcsja v`ear hl hur`ocÿk. @sê tlkljas
eêkl` hle plkt`nr`j`. @e ellre`, sl uk scelkoca hl Tlhakh` qul tclkl 8 tcljpas, uk scelkoca
f`ol uk` p`us` hl ou`tra tcljpas.
hl De`ko` qul tclkl 4 tcljpas, uk scelkoca hl Klnr` hl 0
tcljpa, uk scelkoca hl Oarofl` hl 0/4 tcljpa, lto.

Le scelkoca hl De`ko` sl hcdum`

lkocj` hl e` tlrolr` eêkl` hle Le scelkoca
eêkl` hl Tlhakh`
y le scelkoca sl oaeao`
hl De`ko` sadrl e`hld`ma
tlrolr`.hlEas
e` hljàs
ou`rt`
plkt`nr`j`. @e ellre` sl f`ol uk`
p`us` lk le sakcha hl has tcljpas. scelkocas, slnýk sl julstr` lk le nràgcoa.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 76 

\DCO@OCßK HL E@_ KAX@_ J\_CO@EL_

LK LE RLKX@NT@J@
@e udco`r e`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk lk le plkt`nr`j`, y`
_lnýk e` Oe`vl hl _ae e`s gcnur`s
hl hur`ocÿk qul sl lkoulktr`k lk sl` lk uk lsp`oca a eêkl`, plrjctcrà ellr
e llr uk` kat` jusco`e
le plkt`nr`j` sl ellk `sê= \k oak uk` hltlrjck`h` hur`ocÿk. Le kajdrl hl e` kat`
tcljpa (Klnr`) lk G`, has tcljpas
(De`ko`) lk E`, y jlhca tcljpa hlplkhlrà hl e` Oe`vl Jusco`e.
(Oarofl`) lk Jc.
Lk le o`sa hl e` Oe`vl hl _ae lk slnukh`, e` kat` _ae lstà
lk e` slnukh` eêkl` y oakschlr`kha uk` lso`e`
`solkhlktl, e`s hljàs kat`s qul sl lkoulktr`k lk atr`s
eêkl`s slrê`k e`s scnuclktls=

E`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk qul sl

lsorcdlk ` p`rtcr hl e` ?½ eêkl` sl
hcdum`k oak e` peco` f`oc` `d`ma.
@quê sl adslrv`k ` e`s gcnur`s
De`ko` y Klnr` lk e` 8½ eêkl`
e êkl` y 0½
lsp`oca `hcocak`e `rrcd`,
rlsplotcv`jlktl.

E`s kat`s Jc, _ae, _c, Tl y G`, lstàk udco`h`s lk e`s

E` udco`ocÿk hl e`s ockoa eêkl`s.
 gcnur`s
 gc nur`s hltlrjck` e` ka
katt`
 y le tclj
cljppa hl hur`
ur`ocÿ
ocÿkk
hl eas sakc
sakcha
has.
s.

E`s kat`s G`, E`, Ha y Jc, lstàk udco`h`s lk eas

lsp`ocas.
Ou`kha f`y has Oarofl`s mukt`s
sl lke`z`k
eun`r par le oarofltl
` e` gcnur` h`kha
qul sl adslrv` R`r` e`s kat`s qul ka `p`rlolk hlktra hle plkt`nr`j`, sl
`rrcd`. E` o`dlz` u av`e ckhco` qul
lstàk lk e`s kat`s Jc y G`, par ea
ljpel`k e`s eêkl`s `hcocak`els t`kta `d`ma oaja `rrcd` hl
qul `e ellr hl hldl prahuocr jaha qul sl pulhlk oajpelt`r has lso`e`s=
sakchas lk lst`s kat`s oak uk`
hur`ocÿk hl jlhca tcljpa o`h`
uk`. Eulna f`y uk` p`us` hl uk
tcljpa y gck`ejlktl uk sakcha lk
e` kat` Ha (`nuh`) hl uk tcljpa.

_c f`y has a jàs oarofl`s,

sljcoarofl`s, gus`s a sljcgus`s, sl
E` slnukh` lso`e` p`rtl hlshl le tlrolr lsp`oca, ls e`
lke`z`k par eas oarofltls. Lk le
lmljpea sl vl ` trls sljcoarofl`s, jcsj` kat`eas
hlocr qul Ha sakchas
plra uk`sak
aot`v`
jàsjàs `rrcd`,X`jdcãk
`nuhas. lsta quclrl
sl
ls hlocr trls sakchas (G`, _ae, E`)
hl 0/8 hl tcljpa o`h` uka.  pulhlk `hcocak`r
`hcocak`r jàs aot`v
aot`v`s
`s t`kta `rrcd` oaja
oaja `d`ma.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 73 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
L jp
jpel`kh
el`kha a uk` ge`ut`
hueol rlpr lprr ah
ahuol
uol e` kat` ±Puã ckhco`k e`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk1
Ha, lst` sl prahuol `.  Ckhco`k e` kat` jusco`e hl uk sakcha. 
ou`kha sl sl t`pt`p`k
`k tahas d.  Ckhco`k quã kat` hldl slr cktlrprlt`h`.  
eas `num
`numllr as. O Oakak e` o.  Ckhco`k le tcljpa qul hldl vcdr`r uk` kat`. 
j`ka czquclrh` sl
t`p`k
t`p `k le `nu`numm lra hl
`d`ma (oak le puen`r) y ±Puã kat` y tcljpa ckhco` uk` Klnr` lk e` ?½ eêkl`1
eas trls
trls p prr c jl
jlrr as h hll `.  Ckhco` uk tcljpa lk e` kat` _c.  
`rrc
`rr c d`
d`.. E ` j j`ka
`ka d.  Ckhco` jlhca tcljpa lk e` kat` _ae. 
hlr
hlr lof` p plrjc
lrjctl tl tt`p
`p`r`r o.  Ckhco` has tcljpas lk e` kat` Ha. 
eas atras ou`tra
`num
numllr as scnuc
sc nucllktl
ktls.
E ulna rrllprahuol e`s 4.  TL_RAKHL _LNÝK _L CKHCO@=
kat`s
kat `s T l y Jc
hlst`p`kha
`ktl
`ktlpl
plkýetc
kýetcjjleaýetcja
`numllrya
`num ±Puã ckhco`k
 QQQQQQQQQQ e`s gcnur`s QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ hl scelkoca1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 
rlsplotcv`jlktl.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
T lprahuol eas sakc
sakcha
hass  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQ
oakt`dcecz`kha eas
tcljpas hl uk`
T lha
hakh`
kh`,, D e`ko` y Hcdum` uk` lso`e` jusco`e ljpel`kha e` gcnur` hl
Klnr`. hur`ocÿk Klnr`=

Lsorcd` hld`ma hle plkt`nr`j` e` kat` jusco`e lk e`

qul sl lkoulktr` o`h` gcnur` hl hur`ocÿk9

TLO\LTH@
E as tctclj
ljpapass a ppues
uesas
as `
eas qul f`olk
r lglrlko
glrlkocc ` e`e`ss gc nur
nur``s ……|……...|…….|…….|……..|……|….|..…|….
hl hur
hur`oc`ocÿk
ÿk pulh
pulhls ls
j`ro`r
`ro`reaseas oak nnaepaepls
ls
hl e` pukt` hle pcl
 sad
 sa drl le pcsa.
csa. Hcduml lk le plkt`nr`j` e`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk lk e`
\k naepl hl pcl kat` qul sl ckhco`= De`ko` lk _ae, Oarofl` lk Jc,
lqucv`el ` jlhca Gus` lk Tl, Tlhakh` lk G`, _ljcoarofl` lk E`.
tclj
tcljpa
pa a Oar Oarofl`
ofl`,,
ou`tra naepls,
naepls, pa parr
t`kta, lqucv`elk ` uk`
De`ko`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >2 

Oakaocjclkta 04  Le _aegla

Eulna hl f`dlr `k`ecz`ha `enukas scnkas jusco`els,
 pahljas hlocr qul
ellr e` jýsco`. Rlralst`jas
p`r` qulprlp`r`has
f`y` uk` p`r` cktlrprlt`r
dulk` elotur` lsa
klols`rc` e` pràotco`, ls par lsa qul rlourrcjas
r lourrcjas `e saegla.

L e saeg
saegla ls uk jãta
jãtaha
ha hl lktr
lktrlk`j
lk`jcc lkta jusco`e
jusc o`e
utc
utcececz`
z`ha
ha p`r
p`r ` lkslð`r
lkslð`r e` lktak`
lktak`oc ocÿk
ÿk hur
hur`ktl
`ktl e`
elotur` hl uk` p`rtctur`. X`jdcãk duso` lktrlk`r e`
elotur
elotur`` vleaz
vleaz hl
hl e` p`r
p`rtctctur
tur`.
`. 

Le admltcva hle lstuhca hle saegla ls

plrjctcr `e jýscoa hltlrjck`r
jlkt`ejlktl e` `etur` hl e`s kat`s Le saegla oakscstl lk lktak`r jclktr`s sl rloct`k eas
lk uk` pclz` jusco`e qul lstã
elylkha par prcjlr` vlz, y slr kajdrls hl e`s kat`s hl e` jleahê`, rlsplt`kha e`s
o`p`z hl o`kt`rea. hur`ocakls hl e`s kat`s, e` ckhco`ocÿk jltrakÿjco`
(tljpa), y ajctclkha kajdr`r ou`equclr `etlr`ocÿk, oak
le gck hl prlslrv`r le rctja, jclktr`s sl j`ro` oak uk`
j`ka le oajpàs.

R`r` saegl`r `hlou`h`jlktl, lktakols, ls klols`rca

rloakaolr y lktak`r e`s kat`s jusco`els, lsta ea pulhl
eanr`r ljpel`kha `enýk ckstrujlkta jusco`e, pulhl slr
uk` ge`ut` a uk pc`ka, hl jaha qul pulh` udco`r su vaz
lk e` kat` Ha, eulna lk Tl y `sê suolscv`jlktl.

Rrakukocl le kajdrl hl e`s Kat`s

f`ocãkhae`s
o`h` uk`,hur`r hasgarj`
t`kta hl tcljpas
`solkhlktl oaja hlsolkhlktl.

R`r` pahlr udco`r su vaz lk e`s hcglrlktls kat`s pulhl pues`r e`s tloe`s hl
uk pc`ka slnýk sl julstr` lk le nràgcoa. Ls rloajlkh`del ljplz`r par eas
trls prcjlras sakchas Ha, Tl y Jc.

Le jltrÿkaja ls uk `p`r`ta
utcecz`ha p`r` ckhco`r tcljpa a S` qul lk e` jýsco` hldl f`dlr rctja, lstl hldl slr
oajpàs hl e`s oajpascocakls oakschlr`ha `e jajlkta hl saegl`r, lsta sl eanr`
jusco`els. Rrahuol rlnue`rjlktl
uk` slð`e, vcsu`e a `oýstco`, qul
plrjctl ` uk jýscoa j`ktlklr uk
eelv`kha oarrlot`jlktl
uk jltrÿkaja, eas puesas
le ou`e plrjctl ljpel`kha
`e jýscoa p`r` leea
j`ktlklr uk
tcljpa oakst`ktl.
tcljpa oakst`ktl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >0 

LE OAJRÀ_
Juof`s vlols pahljas lkoaktr`r p`trakls rêtjcoas lk e`
jýsco` qul lsouof`jas. Nlklr`ejlktl pahljas `nrup`r
eas tcljpas a pues`ocakls lk nrupas hl 4, ? ÿ 8.
Rar lmljpea, ou`kha lsouof`jas uk v`es, slktcjas uk
 p`trÿk rêtjcoa hl trls tcljpas. Hur`ktl taha le
tr`ksoursa pahljas slktcr qul eas p`trakls rêtjcoas lstàk
 d`s`has lk
lk lstl 0, 4, ?.

 _l ee`j
ee`j` oaj
oajpàs ` e` hcvcscÿk hl e` jýs ýsco`
co` lk p`rtl
rtlss
Eas oajp`sls scjpels sak eas hl hl cnu`e hur`ocÿk. _l
  r lpr lsl
slkt
kt`` jlhc`kt
c`ktl uk`
4/8, ?/8 y 8/8. E` ocgr` suplrcar
ckhco` le kýjlra hl tcljpas qul
 gr
 gr``oo
oocÿk
cÿk sl
slnuch`
nuch` hl e` oe
oe`
`vl jususco`
co`ee y pul
ulh
hl sl
slrr h
hll
tclkl le oajpàs.  4/8,
 4/8, ?/
?/8,
8, 8/
8/8,
8, lto. 
E` ocgr` ckglrcar kas ckhco` e`
gcnur` qul aoup` o`h` tcljpa.

Le oajpàs sl ckhco` `e prckocpca hl uk` adr` jusco`e

4½
us`kha has ocgr`s qul sl lsorcdlk y ellk oaja uk
quldr`ha. E` ocgr` suplrcar ckhco` le kýjlra hl tcljpas
0½ qul tclkl le oajpàs.
Le oajpàs hl 4/8 sl j`ro` oak has
javcjclktas hl e` j`ka, lk le
slktcha qul ckhco` le hcduma.
Lk lstl oajpàs le prcjlr tcljpa ls
gulrtl y le slnukha ls hãdce.
@quê sl pulhl vlr qul le oajpàs ls hl ?/8, lsta quclrl hlocr qul lk o`h`
?½ lsp`oca hldl suj`rsl uk tat`e hl trls tcljpas. Lk le prcjlr lsp`oca f`y trls
gcnur`s Klnr`s ouya v`ear ls hl uk tcljpa ea
e a qul suj`ha h` trls.

4½ R`r` ckhco`r e` slp`r`ocÿk hl eas oajp`sls sl us`k e`s

eêkl`s hl hcvcscÿk a d`rr`s hl oajpàs, lst`s eêkl`s
0½
`tr`vcls`k vlrtco`ejlktl le plkt`nr`j`. R`r` ckhco`r le
R`r` j`ro`r le oajpàs hl ?/8, sl gck`e hl e` pclz` jusco`e sl hcdum` uk` hadel d`rr` qul sl
hcdum` lk le `crl uk trcàknuea, t`e
oaja le hcduma. hlkajck` d`rr` hl oakoeuscÿk.
Lk lstl oajpàs, le prcjlr tcljpa
ls gulrtl, le 4½ y le ?½ sak hãdcels.  

8½

4½
?½
0½ R`r` eelv`r le oajpàs hur`ktl le saegla sl ea hldl j`ro`r
Lk le oajpàs hl 8/8 le prcjlr oak javcjclktas hl e` j`ka. Tloulrhl qul lk o`h`
tcljpa ls gulrtl, le slnukha ls
hãdce, le tlrolra ls jlhca gulrtl y
lsp`oca hl oajpàs hl f`dlr e` o`ktch`h hl tcljpas qul
le ou`rta hãdce.  ckhco` le kujlr`har, ckoeuylkha eas scelkocas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >4 

LE _AEGLA TÊXJCOA
@peco`kha eas hcglrlktls oakolptas jusco`els `prlkhchas
f`st` le jajlkta v`jas lktak`r e`s trls prcjlr`s kat`s=
Ha ‟ 
Ha  ‟  Tl
 Tl  ‟  Jc.
  Jc. Tloarhljas qul e` kat` Ha sl lkoulktr`
lk e` prcjlr` eêkl` `hcocak`e ckglrcar hle plkt`nr`j`. E`
R`r` rl`ecz`r uk `hlou`ha saegla kat` Tl lstà lk le lsp`oca hld`ma hl e` prcjlr` eêkl` y e`
ls cjpart`ktl pahlr udco`r e` vaz
slnýk e` `etur` hl e`s hcglrlktls kat` Jc lk e` prcjlr` eêkl`.
kat`s. 
Lktakl su`vljlktl e`s kat`s, prcjlra hl garj`
L e saeg
saegla
la hl uk` pclz` `solkhlktl
`solkhlktl y eulna hlsolkhlktl.
jusco`e
jusc o`e hlshl le pukta
hl vcst`
vc st` lstr
lstrcc ot`j
ot`jlktl
lktl
tãokcoa, ka cjpeco`
 sae`
 sa e`j
jlkt ktll e` elot
elotur`
ur` hle
kajdrl
kaj drl hl kat`
kat`ss ((H
H A,
TL , JC, G @, __AE, AE, E@,
 _C , HA), parqu rqull qucl
uclkk
 sa
 saegl
hlegl` ` ho`sas,
eas ldl, llkk le jlmar
prlst`r @far`, scnuclkha e`s ckhco`ocakls v`jas ` rl`ecz`r
`tlkoc
`tl kocÿk
ÿk ` tahtahasas eas
 scnkass sad
 scnka sadrl e` p`rtctu rtctur`.
r`. lmlrococas hl elotur` y lktak`ocÿk=
 _ck
 _c k ljd`rna rn a, llkk uk
oaktlxxta j
oaktl jàs
às `j`jpec
peca,
a, 0.  J`ro`kha le oajpàs oak e` j`ka, prakukocl le
ellrr eas kajdrls hl e`s
ell kajdrl hl e` kat`s f`ocãkhae`s hur`r le tcljpa qul
kat`s oak su rlsplotcv` oarrlspakh`.
 gcnur`o
 gc nur`ocÿkcÿk rêt
rê tjco`
co`,,
ckoeusa ajctclkha
`splotas
`spl otas t`k ccjp jpar art`ktl
t`ktlss 4.  \k` vlz hajck`h` e` g`sl `ktlrcar, praolh` ` lktak`r
oaja e` lktak`ocÿk, hldl e`s kat`s, scljprl eelv`kha le oajpàs.
oakschl
oaksc hlrr `rsl
`rsl oaj
oaja a
 p
 prào
ràottco` hle saegl
saegla a (l
(lkk uk ?.  Tlspcrl lk eas eun`rls j`ro`has oak uk` oaj` (,).
kcvlee j
kcvl juu dàscoa scoa).).

Lktakl e`s kat`s Ha ‟   JcJc ‟  _ae,

 _ae, e`
kat` Tl sl lktak` jlkt`ejlktl.
Rastlrcarjlktl sl pulhl lktak`r
e`s kat`s Ha ‟   Tl
Tl ‟   Jc
Jc ‟   G`
G` ‟  _ae,
 _ae,
rloulrhl
garj` qul hldl
`solkhlktl f`olrea hl
y hlsolkhlktl
hur`ktl le tcljpa qul ckhcqulk e`s
gcnur`s y eelv`kha le oajpàs. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >? 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
L jp
jpel`kh
el`kha a uk` ge`ut`
hueol rlpr lprr ah
ahuol
uol e` kat` ±Puã ls le saegla1
Ha, lst` sl prahuol `.  Ls lktak`r eas kajdrls hl e`s kat`s jclktr`s sl ellk. 
ou`kha sl sl t`pt`p`k
`k tahas d.  Ls ellr uk` p`rtctur` oak uk ckstrujlkta. 
eas `num
`numllr as. O Oakak e` o.  Ls o`kt`r uk` jleahê` elylkha le plkt`nr`j`. 
j`ka czquclrh` sl
t`p`k
t`p `k le `nu`numm lra hl
`d`ma (oak le puen`r) y ±Puã ls le oajpàs1
eas trls
trls p prr c jl
jlrr as h hll `.  Ls e` hcvcscÿk hl e` jýsco` lk hur`ocakls cnu`els. 
`rrc
`rr c d`
d`.. E ` j j`ka
`ka d.  Ls e` gr`oocÿk qul sl oaeao` `e ckcoca hle plkt`nr`j`. 
hlr
hlr lof` p plrjc
lrjctl tl tt`p
`p`r`r o.  Ls e` slp`r`ocÿk hl e` jýsco` jlhc`ktl sakchas. 
eas atras ou`tra
`num
numllr as scnuc
sc nucllktl
ktls.
E ulna rrllprahuol e`s 4.  TL_RAKHL _LNÝK _L CKHCO@=
kat`s
kat `s T l y Jc
hlst`p`kha
`ktl
`ktlpl
plkýetc
kýetcjjleaýetcja
`numllrya
`num ±Puã lktclkhl
 QQQQQQQQQQ par saeglaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ rêtjcoa1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQ 
rlsplotcv`jlktl.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
T lprahuol eas sakc
sakcha
hass  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQ
oakt`dcecz`kha eas
tcljpas hl uk`
T lha
hakh`
kh`,, D e`ko` y Hcdum` uk` lso`e` jusco`e ljpel`kha e` gcnur` hl
Klnr`. hur`ocÿk Klnr`=

Lsorcd` hld`ma hle plkt`nr`j` e` kat` jusco`e lk e`

qul sl lkoulktr` o`h` gcnur` hl hur`ocÿk9

TLO\LTH@
E as tctclj
ljpapass a ppues
uesas
as `
eas qul f`olk
r lglrlko
glrlkocc ` e`e`ss gc nur
nur``s ……|……...|…….|…….|……..|……|….|..…|…. 
hl hur
hur`oc`ocÿk
ÿk pulh
pulhls ls
j`ro`r
`ro`reaseas oak nnaepaepls
ls
hl e` pukt` hle pcl
 sad
 sa drl le pcsa.
csa. Hcduml lk le plkt`nr`j` e`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk lk e`
\k naepl hl pcl kat` qul sl ckhco`= De`ko` lk _ae, Oarofl` lk Jc,
lqucv`el ` jlhca Gus` lk Tl, Tlhakh` lk G`, _ljcoarofl` lk E`.
tclj
tcljpa
pa a Oar Oarofl`
ofl`,,
ou`tra naepls,
naepls, pa parr
t`kta, lqucv`elk ` uk`
De`ko`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >8 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 0?  E` Waz
E` vaz fuj`k` ls le sakcha qul le `crl lxplecha hl eas
ÿrn`kas
f`oclkha rlspcr`tarcas prahuol
vcdr`r e`s oulrh`s `e s`ecr hl e` e`rcknl,
vao`els.

E` vaz fuj`k` ls uk vlrh`hlra ckstrujlkta jusco`e hl

vclkta, qul `hljàs hl slrvcr p`r` oajukco`rkas
vlrd`ejlktl, sl ljpel` jusco`ejlktl p`r` le o`kta, qul
ls e` j`kcglst`ocÿk jusco`e prcj`rc` hle fajdrl.

Ou`kha e` vaz ka f` scha ouetcv`h` sl ee`j` “vaz

k`tur`e‗.
k`tur`e‗. Jclktr`s qul, ou`kha sl scnulk lstuhcas
tãokcoas, oaja le o`sa hl eas o`kt`ktls praglscak`els, sl
Le taka hl e` vaz hlplkhl hle eeln` ` pasllr uk` vaz lhuo`h`.
kýjlra hl vcdr`ocakls, tlkscÿk y le
nrulsa hl e`s oulrh`s vao`els. Le
tcjdrl hl e` vaz v`rê` slnýk e`
garj` hl e` e`rcknl
e`rcknl y hl e`s
o`vch`hls hl rlsak`koc`. OE@_CGCO@OCßK HL E@ WA]
R`r` eanr`r uk` jlmar oajprlkscÿk hl e`s vaols, sl e`s
 pulhl hcvchcr lk trls nrupas= vaols j`soueck`s, vaols
gljlkck`s y vaols de`ko`s9 lst`s ýetcj`s sak hueols y
oe`r`s qul e` ouetcv`k eas kcðas. E`s vaols j`soueck`s y
gljlkck`s, ` su vlz, sl sudhcvchlk lk=

WAOL_ WAOL_
J@_O\ECK@_ GLJLKCK@_
Mu`k Hclna Gearls, tlkar plru`ka
k`ocha lk Ecj` lk 03>?. \k hcnka
suolsar hl Ir`us.

Xlkarls _a r`
r`kkas

D`rêtakas Jlzz
Jlzzaa _a r`
r`ka
kass

D` as Oakt
Oaktr`e
r`etas
tas

E`s vaols `nuh`s (jumlrls y kcðas) o`kt`k uk` aot`v`

jàs qul e`s vaols nr`vls (fajdrls). Lst` sl pakl lk
lvchlkoc` ou`kha uk nrupa hl plrsak`s, lk hakhl f`y`
Cj` _uj`o. Lxtr`arhck`rc` kcðas, jumlrls y fajdrls, tahas o`kt`k e` jcsj`
sapr`ka plru`k` qul hlshl eas
jleahê`, sl ayl ` eas fajdrls uk` aot`v` jàs `d`ma qul
`ðas <2 oakqucstÿ oak su vaz.  e`s jumlrls y kcðas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >< 

XÃOKCO@ WAO@E
E` vaz ls "ecdrl" ou`kha e` ljcscÿk vao`e ls hlspam`h`
hl tah` oaktr`oocÿk jusoue`r hle `p`r`ta gak`har9 ls
hlocr, qul f`y k`tur`ech`h hl e` ljcscÿk vao`e.
R`r` oakslnucr uk` gak`ocÿk oarrlot` t`kta lk e` elotur`,
oaja lk e` oakvlrs`ocÿk, ar`tarc` y le o`kta, ls
rloajlkh`del lvct`r f`de`r y o`kt`r ljpêrco`jlktl y
hldl f`olrsl, jàs dclk, cjpast`kha e` vaz.

CJRA_X@OCßK HL E@ WA]
Ls e` "udco`ocÿk hl e` vaz". _l rlgclrl ` e` oakoarh`koc`
@khrl` Daoleec, tlkar, lsorctar y qul hldl lxcstcr lk e` ljcscÿk vao`e, rle`ocak`kha eas
prahuotar jusco`e ct`ec`ka. F`
nr`d`ha 8 ÿplr`s oajpelt`s (E` jlo`kcsjas e`rêknlas, e` rlspcr`ocÿk y e` `oajah`ocÿk
Dafæjl, Ce Xrav`tarl, ^lrtflr hl e`s o`vch`hls hl rlsak`koc`. Lk e` pràotco` e` vaz
`kh Xaso`), `hljàs hl hcsoas oak
o`kocakls oeàsco`s y hl jýsco` pap. cjpast`h` sl el `prloc` par e`s scnuclktls o`r`otlrêstco`s=
E`s d`sls p`r` uk` Rasll uk tcjdrl ukcgarjl lk tahas eas sakchas qul
dulk`
dul k` ccjp
jpast`oc
ast`ocÿk ÿk hl e` `d`ro` (`etas, d`mas y jlhcas).
vaz sl d`s` lk e` pastur`
hle oulrpa, e` rlspcr`ocÿk
hc`gr`njàtco` y e` Rrakukoc` oe`r` y kêtch`jlktl e`s p`e`dr`s y sakchas,
`dlrtur` hl e` dao` y e` `ýk eas ljctchas su`vl a gulrtljlktl (`nuhas, d`mas
 n`rn
 n` rn``kt
kt``, ppllra `uk `sê e` e` y atras).
vaz ka tclkl tah`vê` le
vaeujlk kc le oaear qul
hlsl`jas, o`rlol hle
drceea
drc eea y ssaec
aechl
hlzz duso`
duso`h`
h`.. 
R`r` eanr`r lsl rlsuet`ha
 sl hldl tr`dr`d` `m`r oak
oak eas
eas
r lsa
lsak`ha
k`harr ls hlhlee o`kta
qul sak dàsco`jlktl
ÿrn`ka
ÿrn `kass g`oc`els
g `oc`els oaj
oaja a llee
 p
 p``e`h
e`h`r ÿ ÿsl
slaa, eea
as ful
fulsa
sass
hl e` k`r
k`rcc z, e`s
e`s o`vch`h
o`vch`hlsls
ÿsl`s
ÿsl `s lto.

Nc`k J`roa M`vclr ]cnk`na @eoÿvlr. O`kt`utar plru`ka

oaktljparàkla. Fcma hl eas t`jdcãk `rtcst`s= Tlnck` @eoÿvlr y le
hls`p`rlocha Mal H`kav`.

Hajck` tah`s e`s ckgelxcakls, j`tcols hl cktlksch`h

(su`vl, jlhca, gulrtl y juy gulrtl) y hl lxprlscÿk.
Cjpast`r e` vaz ls sctu`re` lk su
tlsctur` k`tur`e. Oaeÿqule` hl
garj` plrglot`, rlnue`r y geuch`, hl
j`klr` qul el plrjct` euocr tah`s Xclkl
ljcscÿk,g`ocech`h, k`tur`ech`h
sclkha o`p`z y gelxcdcech`h
ou`equclr lglota hl lk su
gulrz`
sus v`rc`dels hl takas y rcqulz`s
sakar`s. (patlkoc`) sck lsgarz`rsl kc nrct`r.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >7 

J`ktclkl e` ljcscÿk
ljcscÿk vao`e f` f`de`h`
de`h` a o`kt`h`
o`kt`h` hur`ktl
e`rna tcljpa, sck g`tcn`rsl kc lkrakqulolr.
lkrakqulolr.
_l el lsouof` plrglot`jlktl lk ou`equclr eao`e
olrr`ha (oak j`yar a jlkar rlsak`koc` hl `oulrha `
su `oýstco`) cnu`e lk e`s prcjlr`s gce`s qul lk e`s
ýetcj`s hl e` s`e`, sck plrhlr o`ech`h y sck `yuh` hl
`etap`re`ktls. 
E`s oulrh`s vao`els sak has y lstàk
sctu`h`s lk e` e`rcknl. Xlkljas uk LH\O@OCßK HL E@ WA]
nr`k kýjlra hl jýsoueas qul
oaktrae`k e` eaknctuh hl e`s
oulrh`s vao`els lk vcdr`ocÿk y par O`h` plrsak` tclkl su prapc` vaz, plra t`e oaja e` tclkl
oakscnuclktl, oaktrae`k e`
`gck`ocÿk. klolsct` plrgloocak`re`. Lk juofas o`sas lstl
ckstrujlkta (e` vaz) hldl slr lhuo`ha y garj`ha, f`st`
LMLTOCOCA_ rlocdcr su jàxcj` gulrz` y `ncech`h, su pragukh`
Wao`ecol oak e` dao` lxprlscÿk y su ckhlstruotcdcech`h.
c khlstruotcdcech`h.
olrr`h`, plra lkvc`kha le
`cr`e`h
 p
 p` l hy`ler, sa
e` sakc
p kcha
prao ha
raour` f`oc`
ur`khkha a le Lk prcjlr
ÿrn`ka eun`r
vao`e. _l lshldl
klols`rca
oakaolrlst`r
e`s ckgarj`ha
oakhcocaklssadrl le
qul ea
 slkt
 sl ktcc r e`
e`ss vcd
vcdr`o
r`ocak
caklls qul
 sl prah
rahuo uollk lk lst stll  pulhl eelv`r
eelv`r `e jàxcja rlkhcjclkta.
rlsak`har.
Wao`ecol oak e` dao`
`dclrt`, plra lkvc`kha le
`cr l llkk e` jc jcsj`
sj`
hcr
hcrlloocÿk l ccj j`n c k`kha
k`kha
qul le sakcha `tr`vcls` le
 p
 p`
`e`h
e`h`r vc`m`
vc`m`kh khaa par e`e`ss
 ga
 gas`s`ss k`
k`s`s`elelss sck
hltlkl
hltlklrr sl `eeà y ss`ec `eclkha
lkha
 p
 pa
ar le le lktktrlo
rlollma f`oc`
f`oc` le
 p
 puk
uktta hl cjp cjprlsrlscÿk.
cÿk.
Tlsak`harls lk le o`kta= Lstas ÿrn`kas cktlrvclklk p`r` adtlklr uk`
`hlou`h` rlsak`koc` vao`e. Xr`d`m`r sadrl leeas pascdcect` uk` jlmar
cjpast`ocÿk vao`e.

E` garj`ocÿk hl e` vaz ljpclz` oak lhuo`ocÿk gêsco` lk

nlklr`e (lxourscakls, ncjk`sc`, ouetur` gêsco`, d`cel, lto.).
 Ka adst`ktl, sus lxolsas pravao`k taha ea oaktr`rca, y`
qul le sadrllktrlk`jclkta o`us` lkhurlocjclkta
jusoue`r, pãrhch` hl le`stcoch`h lk le hc`gr`nj` y
tlkscÿk lk le ouleea, h`kha oaja rlsuet`ha plrsak`s ouy`
vaz ls hur`, o`so`h`, ee`j`tcv` a ofceeak`.

\k g`otar cjpart`ktl lk e` lhuo`ocÿk hl e` vaz ls e`

rlspcr`ocÿk. Lst` hldl slr p`scv`, sck rltlklr hlj`sc`ha
E` pastur` lk le o`kta ls tcljpa le `crl, hl jaha qul ka sl `etlrl le rctja, lk t`e
gukh`jlkt`e.
czquclrh` gulrz`E`e`pastur` hl e`
vaz, jclktr`s slktcha, sl hldl pr`otco`r e` rlspcr`ocÿk eelv`kha le `crl
qul e` hl e` hlrlof` ls e` pastur` `e hc`gr`nj` p`r` g`varlolr y hls`rraee`r le o`kta oak
gak`tarc` ÿptcj`. "vaz hl lstÿj`na".
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >> 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T l`ecol llmm lr ococ
oc ocas
as h
hll
r lspcr`o
spcr `occ ÿk p p`r`
`r` llee ±Ouàels sak e`s oe`sls hl vaols1
o`kta taj`kha `crl y `.  Waols j`soueck`s y gljlkck`s.
tr`se`hà
tr `se`hàkhae`
khae` `e d.  Waols hl tlkar y sapr`ka. 
hc`gr`nj
hc`gr `nj` `. E ul ulna
na hl o.  Waols j`soueck`s, gljlkck`s y de`ko`s. 
r ltlklr
tlklr le `cr l p par
ar uukas
kas
 slnukh
 sl nukha as hãml mlea
ea s`
s`ecr
ecr
 su`
 su `vljlkt ktll par e` dao` ±Oÿja sl oe`scgco`k e`s vaols gljlkck`s1
tr`t`kha hl oaktrae`r e` `.  Xlkar, d`rêtaka y d`ma. 
 p
 paatlko
koc`
c` y le tclj cljppa d.  _apr`ka, jlzza-sapr`ka y oaktr`eta. 
( lktrl 0< y 42 o.  Nr`vls, hueols y oe`r`s. 
 slnukh
 sl nukha as).
T l`ecol llmm lr ococ
oc ocas
as h
hll 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
cjpast`ocÿk vao`e
taj`kha
taj `kha ` `cc r l y
eelvà
eerlscak
 p lvàkhaea
 prls khaea
cakl `e lstÿ
l ecnlr`lstÿj`
ecnlr`j jlj`n
ktllnla,e
kt ±Oÿja sl prahuol
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hc`gr`nj
hc`gr `nj``yp prr akuko
akukocc l  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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vao`els hur`ktl ?2 ÿ 82
 slnukh
 sl nukhaas f`ocl
f`oclkh kha
a
r lsa
lsak`r
k`r e` o`vch`h ±Oÿja `otý`k eas rlsak`harls p`r` le o`kta1
duo`e.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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±Oÿja sl adtclkl uk` `hlou`h` cjpast`ocÿk vao`e1

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±Puã lmlrococa oakaols p`r` e` lhuo`ocÿk hl e` vaz1

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E` pascocÿk hle oulrpa
ls gukh`j
g ukh`jlkt`lkt`ee p`
p`rr ` ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
uk` dulk` ljcscÿk
vao`e. @e o`kt`r _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oaeaqul sus pcls lk
eêeêkl`
kl` oak sus faj fajdras,
dras, ( ) E`s vaols gljlkck`s sak sapr`ka, jlzza-sapr`ka
uka ecn ec nlr `j
`jllktl y oaktr`eta.
hle`ktl
hle`ktl hl hlee atra, e` ( ) E`s vaols hl kcðas sak ee`j`h`s vaols de`ko`s. 
oaeujk` hldl lst`r
r lot
lot`,
`, eas fajd
fajdrr as y ( ) \k` `hlou`h` cjpast`ocÿk hl vaz hajck` tah`s
dr`z
dr`zas as r le`m`has y e` e`s ckgelxcakls y j`tcols hl cktlksch`h.
d`
d`rr dcee` r lot`
ot`.. ( ) E`
E`spastur`
oulrh`shlevao`els
oulrpasak
ckgeuyl
has lk le o`kta.
y lstàk udco`h`s lk
e` e`rcknl.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >6 

Oakaocjclkta 08 
 Eas Ckstrujlktas
 Jusco`els
Eas ckstrujlktas ju-
sco`els sak admltas
oajpulstas par e`
oajdck`ocÿk hl uka a
jàs scstlj`s rlsa-
k`ktls y eas jlhcas
 p`r` su lxoct`ocÿk,
sak oakstruchas oak
le prapÿscta hl pra-
huocr sakcha lk uka a
@enukas ckstrujlktas hl vclkta jàs takas qul pulh`k
sak le s`xa y e` ge`ut` hueol.  slr oajdck`has par
uk cktãrprltl p`r`
 prahuocr jýsco`.
jýsco`.
OE@_L_ HL CK_XT\JLKXA_ J\_CO@EL_
Xr`hcocak`ejlktl, eas ckstrujlktas sl hcvchlk lk trls
g`jcec`s=
0.  WCLKXA=  Eas ckstrujlktas hl vclkta nlklr`k uk
sakcha ou`kha sl f`ol vcdr`r uk` oaeujk` hl `crl
hlktra hl leeas. E` grloulkoc` hl e` akh` nlklr`h`
lstà rle`ocak`h` oak e` eaknctuh hl e` oaeujk` hl `crl
y e` garj` hle ckstrujlkta, jclktr`s qul e` o`ech`h
hl taka hle sakcha nlklr`ha sl vl `glot`h` par e`
oakstruoocÿk hle ckstrujlkta y le jãtaha hl
E` nuct`rr`,
`rp` le vcaeakoflea
sak `enukas y le
ckstrujlktas  prahuoocÿk hle
hle taka.
hl oulrh`. 
4.  O\LTH@=  Lstas nlklr`k uk sakcha ou`kha sl f`ol
vcdr`r uk` oulrh`. E` grloulkoc` hl e` akh` nlklr`h`
y, par leea, e` kat` prahuoch`, hlplkhl nlklr`ejlktl
hl e` eaknctuh hl e` parocÿk qul vcdr` hl e` oulrh`, e`
tlkscÿk hl o`h` oulrh` y le pukta lk le ou`e e` oulrh`
ls tao`h`9 e` o`ech`h hle taka v`rê` lk gukocÿk hl
oÿja f` scha oakstruch` e` o`vch`h hl rlsak`koc`.
?.  RLTO\_CßK=  _ak eas qul orl`k sakcha oak a sck
`gck`ocÿk, ou`kha sak naepl`has, `nct`has a grat`has.
E` garj` y le j`tlrc`e hl e` p`rtl hle ckstrujlkta
qul ls naepl`h` y e` garj` hl e` o`vch`h hl
Eas tcjd`els sak ckstrujlktas hl rlsak`koc`, sc e` f`y, hltlrjck`k le sakcha hle
plrouscÿk. ckstrujlkta.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els >3 

CK_XT\JLKXA_ HL \_A \KCWLT_@E

Adslrvl ` oaktcku`ocÿk e` scnuclktl oe`scgco`ocÿk hl eas
 prckocp`els ckstrujlktas
ckstrujlktas hl usa ukcvlrs`e=

Rc`ka
CK_XT\JLKXA_
CK_XT\JLKXA_ HL WCLKXA

Hl j`hlr` Ge`utêk, ge`ut`, oe`rckltl, adal,

oarka ckneãs, g`nat.

Hl jlt`e Oarkltêk, trajplt`, oarka

gr`koãs, trajdÿk, tud`, s`xa.

Xrajdÿk

J`khaeck`
CK_XT\JLKXA_ HL O\LTH@_
Grat`h`s Wcaeêk, vcae`, vcaeakoflea,
oaktr`d`ma.

T`sn`h`s @rp`, nuct`rr`, j`khaeck`.

Rlroutch`s Rc`ka
J`r`o`s

CK_XT\JLKXA_ HL RLTO\_CßK

Xcjd`els, olelst`, o`jp`k`s,

Hltlrjck`has xceÿgaka, vcdràgaka.
Vceÿgaka

X`jdarls, pe`tceeas,
Ckhltlrjck`has o`st`ðule`s, j`r`o`s, oe`vls,
sak`m`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 62 

R`r` p`ec`r e`s o`rlkoc`s hl e`s qul `haelol e`

oe`scgco`ocÿk tr`hcocak`e, `enukas juscoÿeanas `ð`hlk `
ãst` e`s scnuclktls o`tlnarê`s=

0.  WA]=  E` vaz fuj`k` ls uk ckstrujlkta lk sê

jcsja. \k o`kt`ktl nlklr` sakchas ou`kha le geuma
hl `crl hl sus puejakls f`ol vcdr`r e`s oulrh`s
vao`els. E` grloulkoc` ls oaktrae`h` par e` tlkscÿk hl
e`s oulrh`s vao`els y e` o`ech`h hle taka par e` garj`
hle tr`ota vao`e9 uk `jpeca r`kna hl sakchas pulhlk
slr orl`has.

O`reas _`kt`k` ls uk nuct`rrcst`

jlxco`ka hl raoi, e`tck raoi y
 m`zz-raoi. 

E` oaeajdc`k` _f`icr` f` eanr`ha nr`k ãxcta cktlrk`ocak`e oak le j`klma

`hlou`ha lk e` cjpast`ocÿk hl su vaz.

Tcof`rh Oe`yhlrj`k (R`rês, 03<?).

4.  XLOE@HA_=  Eas ckstrujlktas hl tloe`ha sak
Tloakaocha oaja uka hl eas ckstrujlktas hl vclkta (ÿrn`ka), oulrh`
pc`kcst`s hl jýsco` ecnlr` jàs
lxctasas ` lso`e` jukhc`e, oak jàs
(oe`vcoarhca), plrouscÿk (pc`ka) a lelotrÿkcoas
hl >2 jceeakls hl hcsoas vlkhchas (scktltcz`har) qul sak tao`has utcecz`kha uk tloe`ha,
sclkha prljc`ha oak 47> hl ara y
>2 hl pe`tcka y f`dclkha rl`ecz`ha
hl garj` qul o`h` tloe` nlklr` uka a jàs sakchas.
jàs hl 722 oakoclrtas `erlhlhar
hle jukha. 
Juofas ckstrujlktas hl tloe`ha tclklk atras jlhcas
(plh`els lk le o`sa hle pc`ka, rlncstras lk le o`sa hle
ÿrn`ka) p`r` `etlr`r lsas sakchas.
L k pr
pr ckocp
ckocpca,
ca,
ou`equcllr oas` qul
ou`equc
 p
 prah
rahuzuzo`
o` sakch
sakchaa
 p
 pul
ulhhl slrvcr
slrvcr hl
hl
c kstr
kstruj
ujllkta jusco`
usc o`e,e,
 p
 pllra e` lxprls
xprlscÿk
cÿk sl
rlslrv`, E` nuct`rr` leãotrco` prahuol sakchas `e f`olr vcdr`r e`s
oulrh`s qul e` oajpaklk.
 nlkl
 nl klr`e
r`ejjlktl
ktl, `
`qulee
`q uleeasas adm
admlt
ltas
as qul ?.  LELOXTßKCOA_=  Eas ckstrujlktas lelotrÿkcoas
tclklk lsl prapÿscta
lsploêgcoa. nlklr`k
Nlklr`ejlktlsakcha
cjct`k par
` atrasjlhcas lelotrÿkcoas.
ckstrujlktas lk su
hcslða, lsploc`ejlktl
lsploc`ejlktl ` eas
e as ckstrujlktas hl tloe`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 60 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
T l`ec
`ecz`
z` pràotc
pràotco`s
o`s h
hll
c ktl
ktlrr prlt
prlt`o
`occ ÿk jusco`e ±Oÿja sl oe`scgco`k eas ckstrujlktas jusco`els1
ljpel`kha `enukas `.  Hl vclkta, oulrh` y plrouscÿk.
ckstrujlktas d.  Grat`has, r`sn`has y plroutchas. 
jusco`els, pulhls o.  Hl jlt`e y j`hlr`. 
ljplz
lj plz`r
`r oak
c kstr
kstrujl
ujlktas
ktas hl
 p
 pllrous
rouscÿkcÿk ±Oÿja sl oe`scgco`k eas ckstrujlktas hl oulrh`1
`oajp`ð`kha le rctja `.  Grat`has, r`sn`has y plroutchas. 
hl uk` hltlrjck`h` d.  Hl j`hlr` y jlt`e.  
o`kocÿk9 o.  Hltlrjck`has l ckhltlrjck`has. 
 p
 paastl
stlrca
rc arjl
rjlkt ktll
ljpel`kha
ckstrujlktas hl oulrh` 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
a vclkta
vclkta ` `pr
prlkhl
lkhl e`
jleahê
jl
` eahê`
tus
tus `jy tÿo`
oa
oaj tÿo`e`
ðlrre`[Link] lktl
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±Ouàe ls e` hcglrlkoc` lktrl ckstrujlktas hl vclkta y

oulrh`1
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±Ouàels sak `enukas ckstrujlktas hl plrouscÿk

ckhltlrjck`has1
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±Ouàe ls atr` garj` hl oe`scgco`r ` eas ckstrujlktas

jusco`els1
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 _c dclk
dclk e` jleaheahê` ls
uk` sloulkoc`
sloulkoc ` hl ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
 sakch
 sa kchaas jus
usco`
co`el
els,
s, lst
sta
a _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
ka cjpeco` qul f`y`
jýsco`,
jýsc o`, puls sl
r lq
lquc
uclrl
lrl h
hle
le rc tja
tja pp`r`
`r` ( ) Le pc`ka ls uk ckstrujlkta hl oulrh`.
qul arhlkl eas tcljpas ( ) Eas ckstrujlktas hl plrouscÿk prahuolk sakchas
 y el hã slkt
slktcha
cha jus usco`
co`e,e, `e naepl`rea, `nct`reas a grat`reas. 
ls par leea qul lstas ( ) E` vaz ls uk ckstrujlkta lk sê jcsja.
leljlktas scljprl ( ) Eas ckstrujlktas lelotrÿkcoas nlklr`k sakchas
lst`ràk cjpeêoctas lk
ou`equclr
jusco`e. oajpascocÿk ( )  par
Eas jlhcas lelotrÿkcoas.
lelotrÿkcoas.
t`jdarls, pe`tceeas, o`st`ðule`s, j`r`o`s,
oe`vls, sak`m`s, sak ckstrujlktas hl plrouscÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 64 

H`kz`
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 6? 

Oakaocjclkta 0<  H`kz`

Eulna hl f`dlr `jpec`ha sus oakaocjclktas jusco`els,
f` eeln`ha le jajlkta hl `rjakcz`r le sakcha oak le
javcjclkta, cknrls`jas `e jukha hl e` h`kz`.

E` h`kz` ls e` `oocÿk a j`klr` hl d`ce`r. _l tr`t` hl e`

lmlouocÿk hl javcjclktas `e rctja hl e` jýsco` qul
 plrjctl lxprls`r slktcjclktas y ljaocakls. _l lstcj`
qul e` h`kz` gul uk` hl e`s prcjlr`s j`kcglst`ocakls
Rcktur` jur`e lncpoc`. E` h`kz` `rtêstco`s hl e` fcstarc` hl e` fuj`kch`h.
lk sus ckcocas oajlkzÿ sclkha
s`nr`h` jàs t`rhl lr` prapc` hl
eas guklr`els y `o`dÿ sclkha admlta
hl hcvlrscÿk.  E ` h`kz`
h`kz` ls le
le `rtl
`r tl hlhl llxxprls`
prls`rr sl jlh
jlhcc `ktl
javcjclktas hle oulrpa, nlklr`ejlktl
`oaj
`oajp`ð`ha
p`ð`hass hl rcr c tj
tjas
as jusco`els,
jusc o`els, oaoakk gcg c kls hl
hl
lktrltlkcjclkta, `rtêstcoas a rlecncasas. 

Hlshl e` prlfcstarc` le slr fuj`ka f` tlkcha e` klolsch`h

hl oajukco`rsl oarpar`ejlktl, oak javcjclktas qul
lxprls`d`k slktcjclktas y lst`has hl àkcja. Lstas
 prcjlras javcjclktas rêtjcoas scrvclrak cnu`ejlktl
cnu`ejlktl p`r`
rctu`ecz`r `oaktlocjclktas cjpart`ktls (k`ocjclktas,
hlgukocakls, dah`s). Le fajdrl hlsoudrcÿ qul pahê`
f`olr javcjclktas hcstcktas ` eas qul f`oc` ou`kha
E` J`rc
 J`rckl
klr`
r` ls uk` h`kz` têpco`
plru`k`. @hquclrl su kajdrl o`z`d`, plso`d` a rloaelot`d`, pahê` cjct`r eas
hlspuãs hl e` Nulrr` oak Ofcel, y javcjclktas hl sus prls`s y `sê ea scnucÿ f`oclkha.
lk fajlk`ml ` e` j`rck` plru`k`. 

E ` h`
h`kz`,
kz`, t`j
t`jdcdcãk
ãk llss
uk` gar g arj`
j` hl
oajukc
oaj ukco`ocÿk,
o`ocÿk, y` qul sl
us` le elknu`ml ka vlrd`e
lktrr l eas slrls fu
lkt fuj`j`kas,
kas,
ha
hakhl
khl le d` d`cc e`rê k a
d`
d`cc e`rc
e`rck`k` llxpr
xprlls`
 slkt
 sl ktcjcl
cjclktktaas y ljaoca ocaklklss
` tr`vã
tr`vãss hl sus
javcjc
avcjcllktas y nnlst lstas.
as. __ll
r l`
l`ececz`
z` jj`ya
`yarr jl
jlktl
ktl oak
jýsco`, y` sl` uk` Lk prckocpca, e` h`kz` tlkê` uk oajpaklktl rctu`e,
o`kocÿk,
o`koc ÿk, pc
pcllz` jusc
jusco`eo`e a
 sakch
 sa kcha as y qul ka tclkclkll oleldr`h` lk olrljakc`s hl gloukhch`h, o`z` a nulrr`, a
uk` hur`ocÿk lspl lsploêgc o`. 
oê gc o`. hl hcvlrs` êkhael rlecncas`, hakhl e` prapc` rlspcr`ocÿk y
eas e`tchas hle oar`zÿk scrvclrak p`r` atarn`r uk` prcjlr`
o`hlkoc` ` e` h`kz`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 68 

E@ H@K]@ LK E@ FC_XATC@
E` h`kz` y su fcstarc` `oajp`ð`rak `e slr fuj`ka hlshl
eas oajclkzas hl e` fuj`kch`h. Eas prcjlras rlncstras
lxcstlktls hl e` fcstarc` hl e` h`kz` tclklk jàs hl 02.222
`ðas hl `ktcnõlh`h, f`dclkha `ktcquêscj`s lsouetur`s y
Rcktur` ruplstrl hl e` oulv` hl
Oanue (Lsp`ð`) rlprlslkt` uk` t`ee`has lk pclhr` qul hljulstr`k su lxcstlkoc` y sus
h`kz` gàeco`, uk` h`kz`  pràotco`s. Ls uk` lxprlscÿk t`k prcjctcv` oaja e`
rle`ocak`h` oak e` glrtcech`h.  
oakgarj`ocÿk hl e`s prcjlr`s saoclh`hls trcd`els, hakhl
e` h`kz` garj`d` p`rtl hl eas rctu`els p`r` e` o`z` y e`
E ` h`
h`kz`
kz` llss uuk`
k` hl e`s suplrvcvlkoc`.
dl
dlee`s
ee`s `rtl
`r tlss qul utc
utcececz`
z` llee
oulrpa
oulr pa fuj`
fuj`ka ka p`r` Lk le `ktcnua Lncpta, e` h`kz` lr` olrljakc`e, sl
oajukco`r a lxprls`r rlprlslkt`d`k e` vch`, julrtl y rlsurrloocÿk hle hcas
chl`s, ljaocakls a Ascrcs. Eas gceÿsagas qul vc`m`d`k ` Lncpta eelv`rak `
 slkt
 slktcjcl
cjclkt
kta as. K`o
K`oll oak
oak
e` fuj`kch`
fuj`kch`h. h. L s uk Nrloc` lst` h`kz` olrljakc`e y lk eas rctu`els lk fakar `
 gl
 glkÿ
kÿj jlka uk ukcvl
cvlrs`
rs`ee qul eas hcasls hle R`ktlÿk surnlk e`s d`sls hle tl`tra
lstà prlslktl
ouetur`s, r `z`s
`z`slkytah`s e`s oaktljparàkla.
 prafcdch`, Lk surncÿ
lktakols Taj`, e`lk p`ktajcj`
0<2 `.O. e`oaja
h`kz`garj`
gul
ocvcecz`ocakls.  juh` hl lxprlscÿk.

E`s p`ktajcj`s h`kz`dels hl

Taj`. \k` saecst` s`dê` lxprls`r Hur`ktl e` Lh`h Jlhc`, gul prafcdch`. Lktakols e`s
tah` uk` o`hlk` hl lst`has hl uk
jcta oajpelta, cd` `oajp`ð`h` hl
oleldr`ocakls p`n`k`s sl ckoarpar`rak ` e` Cnelsc`,
uk` arqulst` y uk oara.  rlljpe`zàkhae`s oak gclst`s orcstc`k`s. Lk le
Tlk`ocjclkta, sl orl`k nr`khls adr`s qul hlvulevlk ` e`
h`kz` v`ear saoc`e. Lk le scnea VWC k`ocÿ le d`eelt y sl
ckst`eÿ lk Gr`koc` e` prcjlr` Tl`e @o`hljc`. Oajclkz`k
` praecglr`r eas d`cels saoc`els.

Lk le scnea VV, `p`rlol e` lsoule` rus` rlvaeuocak`kha

le d`eelt y k`olk e`s h`kz`s jahlrk`s oaja rl`oocÿk ` e`
rcnchlz hl ãstl. @p`rlolk t`jdcãk e` rujd`, e` s`es` y le
of`of`ofà ckspcr`has lk rctjas e`tckas y o`rcdlðas, y lk
Le Xwcst ls uk d`cel d`s`ha lk le eas `ðas <2, le raoi `kh raee y le Xwcst. Lk eas `ðas >2,
raoi `kh raee juy papue`r `
oajclkzas hl e` hão`h` hl 0372,
ee`j`ha `sê ` p`rtcr hl uk` o`kocÿk
k`ol e` h`kz` pasjahlrk` lk oaktr`pascocÿk ` e`
qul ea arcnckÿ= Xfl Xwcst,
jahlrk`. E` lvaeuocÿk, cjpart`koc` l fcstarc` hl e`
cktlrprlt`h` par Ofuddy Ofloilr.  h`kz` oaktcký` f`st` kulstras hê`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 6< 

OE@_CGCO@OCßK HL E@ H@K]@
Lxcstlk juof`s garj`s hl oe`scgco`r ` e`s h`kz`s, lk lstl
o`sa ea f`rljas
nlanràgco` slnýk
l fcstÿrco`. eas f`y
_c dclk orctlrcas
juof`shl h`kz`s
praolhlkoc`
lk eas
 p`êsls `jlrco`kas,
`jlrco`kas, ouya arcnlk ls tlj` hl hcsouscÿk, par
lkoaktr`rsl huh`s sadrl sc sak `utÿotak`s, a tclklk r`êols
`grco`k`s a fcspàkco`s, ea oclrta ls qul lstàk
Rlso` hle O`j
O `j`rÿk
`rÿk. H`kz` prapc` ckoarpar`h`s `e gaeiearl, `ukqul sl scn`k lstuhc`kha sus
hl Oakhlsuyas, @rlqucp`. Xclkl
flrjasa vlstu`rca y hl cnu`e arênlkls y `partls.
j`klr` le usa hl e`s j`tlrc`els,
oaja e`s o`k`st`s a v`ol`har`s,
cz`kn`s, `t`rr`y`s,
`t`rr`y`s, e`t`s, jàso`r`s E`s o`r`otlrêstco`s nlanràgco`s hl kulstra p`ês plrjctl
hl duza, ofcknuceeas, co`s, eas qul el hcstcknucr oe`r`jlktl trls rlncakls= e` Oast`, e` _clrr` y
h`k uk `tr`otcva lsploc`e. 
e` _lev`. Lk o`h` uk` hl lst`s rlncakls sl pr`otco`s
h`kz`s hlshl tcljpas ckjljarc`els.

H@K]@_ HL E@ OA_X@

E`s h`kz`s oastlð`s k`olk ` p`rtcr hl e` oakvcvlkoc` hl

f`olkh`has lsp`ðaels, peldlyas luraplas, k`tcvas
oastlðas y lsoe`vas jàs ecdlrtas `grco`kas y jue`tas hl
 p`hrls o`rcdlðas. Xaha lstl jlstcz`ml y lkoulktra ãtkcoa
sl hca lk eas nr`khls puldeas qul oaeckh`d`k oak e`s
f`oclkh`s oastlð`s jàs cjpart`ktls hl eas scneas VWC y
E` hh`kz`
`kz` hl
hl e`s E`v`khl
E `v`khlrr `s, ls
VWCC, `hljàs hl eas pulrtas hl s`ech` y lktr`h`9 y eas
pr`otco`h` lk Co`. Ls uka hl eas o`eelmakls oastlðas.
d`cels ljatcvas hakhl e`s jarlk`s
julstr`k javcjclkta hl ocktur` y
o`hlr`, javcjclktas pãevcoas y
lxprlscÿk hl e`v`r. \tcecz`k sus
d`tl`s oaja flrr`jclkt` hl
tr`d`ma. 

L e glstl
glstlma ls uk rctja lrÿtcoa-glstcva têpcoa rlprlslkt`tcva hle jlstcz`ml
klnra plru`ka, qul sl j`ktclkl vcnlktl lk Ecj` l Co`. _l o`r`otlrcz`
par sus nlstas, javcjclktas hl dr`zas, eas oaktarklas hl o`hlr`,
javcjclktas hl paeelr`s a g`eh`s,
L e Xakh
Xakhlra
lra. H`kz` oakschlr`h` e`
jàs tr`hcocak`e hle kartl plru`ka
qul f`st` `far` sl oakslrv` lk su @enuk`s hl lst`s h`kz`s sak= j`rcklr` kartlð`, j`rcklr`
garj` arcnck`e.
Tlorl` le rctu`e `jarasa hl e`s ecjlð`, takhlra, glstlma, e`khÿ, `eo`tr`z, e`v`khlr`s,
`vls oak uk cknrlhclktl slksu`e hl z`j`oulo`, ckn`, z`p`tla, z`jd` e`khÿ, sak hl eas
e` ouetur` `graplru`k`.  hc`deas, plso` hl o`j`rakls, lktrl atr`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 67 

H@K]@_ HL E@ _CLTT@

E`s h`kz`s `khck`s sl o`r`otlrcz` par sus r`snas hl

`solkhlkoc` ckhênlk`, sclkha hl o`ràotlr rur`e `ukqul
t`jdcãk tclkl ckgeulkoc` lsp`ðae`, ls jàs oakslrv`har` y
ljpel` jleahê`s hl ãpao`s prl-fcspàkco`s, sus
vlstcjlkt`s pasllk nr`k oaearcha. Lk sus oarlanr`gê`s sl
E` Ofaknuck`h` ls uk` h`kz`
nrup`e hl e` rlncÿk Mukêk. Le rlgelm`k e` vcvlkoc` hle fajdrl `khcka, su oueta
vlstu`rca pasll may`s y `harkas rlecncasa, su tr` d`ma y `nr`hlocjclkta ` e` “p`of`j`j`‗
oak leljlktas drcee`ktls9 eas
v`rakls eelv`k uk` jàso`r` qul (j`hrl tclrr`), lto.
rlprlslkt` ` uk lurapla oak e` pcle
de`ko` y amas `zuels. 
Lktrl e`s h`kz`s hl e` sclrr` lstàk= h`kz` hl tcmlr`s, s`r`
f`eej`y, fu`ye`sf `ktcnua, q`ofu` ujuta, s`rqfc,
of`r`qul tup`y, `y`r`ofc, w`o` w`o`, ofaknuck`h`,
fu`ye`rsf jahlrka, icðut` puiee`y, q`kofc, q`mlea, wctctc
y juof`s jàs.

L e ^ct
^ctctc.
ctc. Hl X`p`y (Oaeo`
@rlqucp`) eun`r hl arcnlk hl lst`
h`kz`, k`ol oaja "^ctcwctc",
sckÿkcja hl h`kz` rajàktco` hle
"oo`t`t`k`iuy" prleuhca `jarasa
f`oc` le ljp`rlm`jclkta y le `jar. 

L e F u`
u`ye
ye`rsf
`rsf ls uk` h`kz` juy oakaoch` y hcgukhch` hl e` zak` `khck`
olktr`e hle Rlrý, hl o`ràotlr glstcva y `nrêoae`, hl `eeê pravclkl le gulrtl
z`p`tla o`r`otlrêstcoa. E` h`kz`, lk e` qul cktlrvclklk mÿvlkls hl
`jdas slxas, rlprlslkt` le vcstasa n`e`ktla hle j`ofa ` e` fljdr`.  

 Javcha
 Javcha têpcoa,
êpcoa, ls uk` `elnarê` hl e`
trcdu hl eas S`fu`s lk e`
e ` ou`e e`s
jumlrls rlprlslkt`k e`
H@K]@_ HL E@ _LEW@
slksu`ech`h y e` `elnrê`, y eas
fajdrls e` `ncech`h y gulrz` hl e`
lktl slevàtco`. 
E`s h`kz`s hl e` slev` tclklk uk o`ràotlr prlhajck`ktl
jàncoa ‟ rlecncasa,
rlecncasa, sl rl`ecz`k d`ce`kha lk garj`
oaelotcv` y lk qul eas h`kz`rckls eelv`k lk e`s j`kas uk
`rj`, uk` r`j` a ou`equclr admlta qul `nct`k oak suj`
leln`koc` y scjp`tê`, nlklr`ejlktl sl pckt`k le oulrpa
oak juof` f`dcech`h y lsjlra f`oclkha slktcr su dleelz`
qul ls hl arcnlk klta cko`coa.
c ko`coa.

H`kz` O`r`p`ofas, hl Jakzÿk,

Hlst`o`k e` h`kz` hl e` da`, arnueea sfcpcda, `y`fu`so`,
Fuàkuoa. Tlprlslkt` e`s  durc - durctc, euta o`oflrckl, s`oa e`rna, `j`zak`s,
oastujdrls qul tlkê`k e`s trcdus
hl eas O`r`p`ofas, `ktls y hlspuãs
j`o`k`s,, `kc-sfl`tc, `pu o`sfc, pcstf`, `julsf`, o`jp`s,
j`o`k`s
hl e` o`olrê`.  sct`r`iuy, p`khcee`h`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 6> 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
C kvl
kvlstc
stcnn` y rl rlh`
h`ot`
ot` uk`
 gcof
 gc of` ` hlsorc
sorcp ptcv` hl par ±Oÿja sl oe`scgco`k e` h`kz` slnýk su praolhlkoc`
ea jlkas
jlkas oc ockoa
koa h`kz`
h`kz`ss nlanràgco`1
hl e` Oast`, ockoa hl e` `.  H`kz`s hl e` Oast`, e` _clrr` y e` _lev`.
 _cl
 _c lrr`
rr ` y ocko
ockoa a hl e` d.  H`kz`s Glstcv`s, N`k`hlr`s, @nrêoae`s. 
 _lev
 _l ev``. o.  H`kz`s Rrlfcspàkco`s,
Rrlfcspàkco`s, Oaeakc`els y hl Guscÿk.  
D uso` ccj jànlkl
ànlklss qul
ceustrlk le vlstu`rca hl
e`s h`kz`s qul f`s E`s h`kz`s hl e` _lev` sl o`r`otlrcz`k par=
ckvlstcn`ha. `.  _u o`ràotlr prlhajck`ktl jàncoa ‟   rlecncasa. 
jàncoa ‟  rlecncasa.
L e`d
e`dar`
ar` uk àed àeduj
uj oa
oakk d.  _u o`ràotlr rur`e y usa hl jleahê`s prlfcspàkco`s. 
e`s gcof`
gc of`ss y e`s o.  E` cktlnr`ocÿk lurapl`, `grco`k` y k`tcvas hl Rlrý.  
cjànlkls arhlkàkhae`s
 slnýk
 sl nýk su prao raollhlkoc`
koc`
 nla
 nl anrà
nr àgco`
gc o`.. 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
Ljýsco`
souof`hlyo`h`
oaj
oajp` p`r
r ` e`
h`kz` ±Puã ls e` h`kz`1
ckvlstcn`h` y `ð`hl uk  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
oajlkt`
oaj lkt`rr c a `e rrlsp
lsplota
lota  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
lk tu àeduj.
±Ouàels sak `enuk`s h`kz`s hl e` Oast`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Rar quã sl o`r`otlrcz`k e`s h`kz`s hl e` _clrr`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Fcstÿrco`jlktl, oÿja sl ckcoc`

±Fcstÿrco`jlktl, ckc oc` le `rtl hl e`
e ` h`kz`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

TLO\LTH@ ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)

E` h h`kz`
`kz` scscljljpr
prll f` _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
lst`ha prlslktl lk e`
vch`
vc h` hl
hlee faj
fajdrl.
drl. L s ( ) Eas prcjlras rlncstra hl e` fcstarc` hl e` h`kz`
uk` hl e`s garj`s tclklk jàs hl 02222 `ðas hl `ktcnõlh`h.
 p
 prcrcj
j`rc `s hl
lxprls`rsl, sck ( ) Lk le `ktcnua Lncpta e` h`kz` lr` olrljakc`e. 
ljd`
lj d`rr na p`r` qul ( ) Lk le scnea VWC k`ocÿ le d`eelt y sl ckst`eÿ lk
`eo`kol e` o`tlnarê` hl Gr`koc` e` prcjlr` Tl`e @o`hljc`.
`rtl
`rtl jjlrlol
lrlol uk` ( ) E` h`kz` ls uk glkÿjlka ukcvlrs`e qul lstà
 p
 prlp
rlp` `r`o
r`ocÿk
cÿk `hlou`
ou`h`  prlslktl lk tah`s e`s ouetur`s, r`z`s y
t`kta `uhc
`uhctctcv`
v` oaj
oaja a
oarpar`ejlktl. ( ocvcecz`ocakls.
) Lk le 0<2 `.O. lk Taj` sl prafcdcÿ e` h`kz`
h`kha eun`r `e surncjclkta hl e` p`ktajcj`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 66 

Oakaocjclkta 07  Leljlktas hl e` H`kz`

Hlshl su `p`rcocÿk lk e` Xclrr` le fajdrl sl f`
lxprls`ha ` tr`vãs hl e`s `rtls, y hl lst` j`klr` f`
j`kcglst`ha `elnrê`s, trcstlz`s, hlslas, ljaocakls,
 plhchas y `nr`hlocjclktas. @sê kas eeln`k hlshl tcljpas
ckjljarc`els sus `rtls, y hl su j`ka, sus oastujdrls, su
vch` tah`, y f`st` p`rtl hl su fcstarc`. E` h`kz` ka ls
`mlk` ` lstl glkÿjlka, y ls pascdeljlktl hl e`s prcjlr`s
`rtls ` tr`vãs hl e` ou`e sl oajukco`, y ls cjpart`ktl
hlst`o`r qul t`e vlz sl` e` jàs scjdÿeco` hl e`s `rtls y`
L e t`kna.
t`kna. _l pulhl hlocr qul ls e` qul, `e prlsockhcr dàsco`jlktl hl e` p`e`dr`, sl `olktý`
h`kz` jàs oajpelm` qul lxcstl y`
qul oakst` hl e` slksu`ech`h y e` e` klolsch`h hl uk` dulk` tr`ksjcscÿk nlstu`e.
slhuoocÿk, sl pulhl d`ce`r lk
s`eakls, tl`tras, lktrl atras. Lstl
nãklra ls pravlkclktl hl E` h`kz` ls javcjclkta, uk javcjclkta juy lsploc`e
@rnlktck`.  qul rlquclrl hl ockoa leljlktas gukh`jlkt`els, sck eas

Ou`kha e` h`kz` ka sl
ou`els
Lsp`oca,lee` ka lxcstcrê`.
Xcljpa, Lklrnê`. Leeas sak= Tctja, Garj`,
j`kcgclst` oaja le pura
d`ce`r, a oaja le
lq
lquc
ucececdrc
drcaa llstã
stãtctcoa
oa qqul
ul llss
le d`eelt
d`eelt oeàsc
oeàscoa,
oa, scscka
ka qul
 sl cjp
cjprcrcj jl ukuk` ` cktl
cktlko
kocÿk
cÿk
hltlrjck`h` sl
oajpeljlkt` oak
―Leljlktas @  @hcoc
hcocak`
ak`els
els
Ka HH`kz `kz`ktl
`ktlss‚ . Ã st sta
as Hl lst` j`klr`, sl pulhl hlgckcr ` e` h`kz` oaja le
 sakk ou`
 sa ou`tra= Jê Jêj jco`
co`,, hlspe`z`jclkta lglotu`ha lk le lsp`oca par uk` a tah`s
N lsta
sta,, _c jda daececsj
sja ay
O`kta.  e`s p`rtls hle oulrpa hle d`ce`rêk, hcslð`kha uk` garj`,
cjpues`ha par uk` lklrnê` prapc`, oak uk rctja
hltlrjck`ha, hur`ktl uk tcljpa hl j`yar a jlkar
hur`ocÿk.

E` s`es` ls le d`cel orl`ha par Le usa prlhajck`ktl hl uka u atra hl eas leljlktas hle
nlktl hl f`de` fcsp`k` hle O`rcdl javcjclkta ka ls scljprl p`rlma. Lk `enuk`s h`kz`s
p`r` e` jýsco` s`es` le ou`e sl d`ce`
lk p`rlm`s a lk nrupa. E` s`es`  prlhajck` le rctja, lk atr`s le usa hle lsp`oca, lto.
jlzoe` ckgeulkoc`s hl d`cel
`grco`k`s y lurapl`s jlhc`ktl e` X`jdcãk ls cjpart`ktl hlst`o`r qul hl `oulrha `e
guscÿk hl eas scnuclktls d`cels= sak, o`ràotlr hl lee` sl `olktu`rà le usa hl uka u atra
sak jaktuka, rujd`, nu`r`of`.  leljlkta.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 63 

TCXJA=  Ls e` arn`kcz`ocÿk lk le tcljpa hl puesas y

`olktas qul plrocdlk eas aylktls oaja uk` lstruotur`.
Ãst` suolscÿk tljpar`e sl arhlk` lk kulstr` jlktl,
 plrocdclkha hl ãstl jaha uk` garj`. Le rctja lstà juy
`saoc`ha ` eas lst`has hl àkcja9 par lmljpea lk e`
jýsco` gaeoeÿrco` o`rcdlð` le rctja ls juy ràpcha,
cktlksa y lxoct`tcva, tlkclkha oaja gck `eo`kz`r lst`has
Le rctja lk e` h`kz` ls e` hl lugarc`.
grloulkoc` hl rlpltcocÿk, `
cktlrv`eas rlnue`rls y lk oclrt`s
ao`scakls crrlnue`rls hl sakchas GATJ@=  F`ol rlglrlkoc` ` e` gcnur` lsp`oc`e qul sl
gulrtls y hãdcels, e`rnas y drlvls, oakstruyl, y` sl` oak le oulrpa a oak le oakmukta hl
`etas y d`mas, lk uk` oajpascocÿk. 
h`kz`rckls lk uk` gcnur` oarlanràgco`.

L_R@OCA= Oajprlkhl e`s tr`ylotarc`s hle javcjclkta,

hcrloocakls, kcvlels, pe`kas y eêkl`s hl tlkscÿk lsp`oc`e.

XCLJRA=  Oakschlr` le puesa, `olkta, oajpàs, lto.

j`ktlkclkha uk` rle`ocÿk hcrlot` oak le javcjclkta, y`
qul lstl hldl `otu`r lk oakoarh`koc` oak le rctja.
r ctja.

LKLTNÊ@=  O`h` javcjclkta lk e` h`kz` hldl slr

lmlout`ha oak uk hltlrjck`ha kcvle a nr`ha hl lklrnê`,
E` garj` lk e` h`kz` cjpeco` e` le ou`e pulhl jlhcrsl slnýk sl` su`vl, jlhca, gulrtl,
plrglot` `rjakê` oarpar`e hl e` lto. lk rle`ocÿk ` e` h`kz` qul sl lstã lmlout`kha.
gcnur` lsp`oc`e qul sl oakstruyl
oak le oulrpa y oak eas hljàs
h`kz`rckls. 

CKXLTTLE@OCßK O\LTRA‟L_R@OCA-XCLJRA
Le hajckca hle lsp`oca ls Le lsp`oca ls le jlhca hl rle`ocÿk, ls le eun`r hakhl le
gukh`jlkt`e lk le hls`rraeea
oarlanràgcoa hl uk` h`kz`.  ya sl lxprls` y hakhl sl oajukco` oak eas atras. Le
lsp`oca ls uk jlhca gêscoa vcvlkoc`ha par le prapca
oulrpa ouyas eêjctls sak eas eêjctls
eê jctls gêscoas rl`els.

@e tr`t`r hl oajprlkhlr le gukocak`jclkta hl eas

ÿrn`kas oarpar`els cktlrkas, ou`kha rl`ecz`k sus
`otcvch`hls y gukocakls, plrocdcjas ` tr`vãs hl sus
javcjclktas su rêtjco` plouec`r. Lsta kas hljulstr` su
àkcja y vcvlz`. E`s cktlr`oocakls lsp`oc`els lstàk
Eas javcjclktas lk e` h`kz` sl
rl`ecz`k oak a sck `oajp`ð`jclkta êktcj`jlktl ecn`h`s ` e`s cktlr`oocakls tljpar`els lk uk
hl sakchas plra hldlk tlklr uk` lktr`j`ha hakhl lsp`oca y tcljpa sl hlgcklk oe`r`jlktl
hur`ocÿk hltlrjck`h`. su ckslp`r`dcech`
c kslp`r`dcech`h.
h.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 32 

@KÀEC_C_ HLE JAWCJCLKXA

Le oarlÿnr`ga y tlÿrcoa hle javcjclkta Tuhaeg vak
E`d`k hls`rraeeÿ e` tlarê` hl “`kàecscs hle javcjclkta‗
javcjclkta‗,
e` ou`e vckoue` e`s rle`ocakls lktrl le javcjclkta y le
lsp`oca qul kas rahl`9 `otu`ejlktl, ls uk` flrr`jclkt`
hl vct`e cjpart`koc` p`r` d`ce`rckls y oarlÿnr`gas.

E`s flrr`jclkt`s hl `kàecscs hle javcjclkta lstàk

arn`kcz`h`s hl e` scnuclktl j`klr`=

LE O\LTRA= @quê sl lx`jck` lk quã p`rtl hle oulrpa

Tuhaeg E`d`k (`ustra-fýkn`ra,
06>3-03<6) gul d`ce`rêk, oarlÿnr`ga sl ckcoc` le javcjclkta y le hls`rraeea hle jcsja,
y tlÿrcoa hle javcjclkta. adslrv`kha e` jloàkco` hle javcjclkta lk gukocÿk ` e`
`k`tajê` hle oulrpa.

 E` tlarê` ―@kàecscs hle EA_ L_G\LT]A_=  Lk lstl pukta sl `k`ecz`k e`s
 Javcjclkta‚
uk lstuhca lk p  paascdcec
scdcectt` hckàjco`s y le
rle`ocÿk lktrl ou`ech`hls hle javcjclkta.
tcljpa (ràpcha Adslrv`
a elkta), le plsa e`
(ecvc`ka
 p
 praguk
ragukh hch`
ch`h h hl e` h`kzkz` `
 y plrjct
rjctll, cko
ckoeus
eusaa, a pls`ha), le lsp`oca (hcrlota a ckhcrlota) y le geuma (ecdrl
hlsorcdcre` olrtlr`jlktl a oaktlkcha).
hl j`klr` lsorct`, y` qul
c koeuyl llee hl
hls`r
s`rrr aeea hhll E@ GATJ@= Eulna, sl adslrv`k e`s garj`s qul taj`
uk sc
sc stlj
stlj` ` hl kat`
kat`ococÿk
ÿk a le oulrpa lk su cktlr`oocÿk oak le `jdclktl.
" lsorc
sorctu
tur`"
r`" hle
javcjclkta oakaocha
oaja e`d`kat`tcak.  LE L_R@OCA= Gck`ejlktl, sl `k`ecz`k e`s tr`ylotarc`s
hle javcjclkta, hcrloocakls, kcvlels, pe`kas y eêkl`s hl
tlkscÿk lsp`oc`e.

TCXJA_ _@E_@ D@EELX HC_OA TLNN@LXßK

O\LTRA 
±Lk quã p`rtl hle oulrpa sl ckcoc` le Rlevcs
javcjclkta1
±Puã p`rtls hle oulrpa p`rtcocp`k hl Rlevcs,
lst` `oocÿk / javcjclkta1 trakoa, pcls
L_G\LT]A 
Xcljpa= ràpcha a elkta Tàpcha
Lsp`oca= hcrlota a ckhcrlota Ckhcrlota
Rlsa= ecvc`ka a pls`ha Ecvc`ka
Geuma= ecdrl a oaktcku`ha Ecdrl
GATJ@ 
Tlhakha
Lxtlkhcha
@knasta
Lkraso`ha V
L_R@OCA 
 Kcvle= `eta, jlhca, d`ma Jlhca
Re`ka= vlrtco`e, farczakt`e, s`nct`e Xahas
Xr`ylotarc`s= rlot`, `knue`r, ocroue`r y Ourv`
ourv`
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 30 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
G arjl
arjlkk lqucpas hl
tr`d
tr`d`ma`ma hl ockoa
oc koa a sl slcc s ±Ouàels sak eas leljlktas hl e` h`kz`1
c ktl
ktlnr
nr `kt
`ktlls y `.  Tctja, lsp`oca, tcljpa.
 slel
 sl eloo
oocak
cakllk uk tlj` d.  Tctja, garj`, lsp`oca, tcljpa, lklrnê`. 
jusco`e. o.  Oulrpa, lsgulrzas, garj`, lsp`oca. 
L sorc
sorcd`
d`kk llkk v`v`rr c `s
t`r
t`r m lt`s h hll o`rtuec k` ±@ quã sl rlgclrl le rctja oaja leljlkta hl e` h`kz`1
uk` sloulkoc`
sloulkoc ` hl
javcjc
avcjcllktas slnýk e` `.  @ e`s tr`ylotarc` hle javcjclkta. 
o`kocÿk slel slelooc
oocak`
ak`h` h`.. d.  @ uk hltlrjck`ha kcvle a nr`ha hl lklrnê`. 
 _l hldl rls` rls`etet`
`r lklk o.  @ e` arn`kcz`ocÿk lk le tcljpa hl puesas y `olktas. 
o`h` t`rmt`rmltlt`
` eas
leljlktas
lelj lktas hl e` h`kz`, 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
ls hl
hlococrr , e` ggarj`
arj` q qul
ul
 sl lstàstà lstruot
struotur`
ur`kh khaa
coaelotcv`jlktl,
kh
khcc vchu`
vchu`ee y le rctja ±@ quã sl rlgclrl
 QQQQQQQQQQ le leljlkta
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ tcljpa lk
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ e` h`kz`1 QQQ 
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
qul hldhldlk lk eeeelv`
lv`rr , le  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
lsp`oca ljpel`ha, le
tcljpa p`r` o`h`
javcjclkta, lto. ±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl garj` y lsp`oca1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Ouàe ls e` rle`ocÿk lktrl oulrpa, lsp`oca y tcljpa1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Lk quã oakscstl le “`kàecscs hle javcjclkta‗ 1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

TLO\LTH@ ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)

E as lelj
leljlktaslktas hl e` _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
h`kz` ka `otý`k par
 slp
 slp`r`h
r`ha a pul
ulss tahas ( ) Lk le `kàecscs hle javcjclkta, sl `k`ecz` hÿkhl sl
oalxxc stlk lk o`h
oal o`h`` arcnck` le javcjclkta y le hls`rraeea hle jcsja.
h`
h`kz`
kz`,, scksc k lj
ljd`d`rr na
`enukas pulhlk slr ( ) E` tlarê` hle “`kàecscs hle javcjclkta‗ gul
jàs kata
katarr c as qul at atrr as. hls`rraee`h` par le oarlÿnr`ga Tuhaeg vak E`d`k. 
R `r` jl
jlmmar`r lk llstl stl ( ) Le leljlkta garj` hl e` h`kz` f`ol rlglrlkoc` `e
`kàececscscss pul
`kà pulhlhlss nr`ha hl lklrnê` cjpulsta lk o`h` javcjclkta.
ljpel`r e` gcof` hl ( ) Eas leljlktas `hcocak`els ka h`kz`ktls sak le
`kàececsc
`kà scss hlhlee
javcjclkta, eeãk`e` nlsta, scjdaecsja, o`kta y jêjco`.
adslrv`kha e`s h`kz`s
hl tu prlglrlkoc`. ( ) Le scstlj` hcslð`ha
javcjclkta hl kat`ocÿk a “lsorctur`‗
par Tuhaeg vak E`d`k hle
ls
oakaocha oaja e`d`kat`tcak.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 34 

Oakaocjclkta 0>   Lxprlscÿk Oarpar`e

Rlks`r qul le fajdrl ka sl lxprlsl ls cjpascdel, e` ka
lxprlscÿk lqucv`el ` e` julrtl, sÿea uk slr fuj`ka sck
vch` hlm` hl slr lxprlscva.

_l pulhl hlocr qul le sêjdaea ls ` e` lxprlscÿk ea qul e`

 p`e`dr` ls `e plks`jclkta, le fajdrl sl lxprls` ea ou`e
scnkcgco` qul lxprls` ea qul ls y ea qul vcvl. Le fajdrl
E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e kas
pascdcect` uk` taj` hl oakoclkoc`, sl lxprls` lk su oulrpa, hl `fê qul sl f`del hl lxprlscÿk
le oakaocjclkta hl sê, hl eas oarpar`e. 
admltas, oakaocjclkta hle atra a hl
eas atras y t`jdcãk oakaocjclkta
hle jukha lxtlrcar.
E ` L xpr lsc
scÿk
ÿk oar
oar par`e ls
ls uk` hc
hc soc
socpec
peck`
k` qul
qul plr jc tl
lkoaktr`r, jlhc`ktl le lstuhca y e` pragukhcz`ocÿk
hlee lj
hl ljpel
pelaa hl
hle ou
oulrpa,
lrpa, uk elkn
elknu`m
u`mll pr
pr ap
apcc a. L stl
elknu`m
elknu`ml
ls uk ljaha
oa
oarr par`e pura
pur a, sck
sc k oÿhc
hl oajukco`ocÿk oÿhcqul
n as prloa
prloakol
kold
lkoulktr` dcsu
ha
has,
s,
 p
 prap
rapc`
c` sl
slj
jàktktcc o` hc rlot
rlot`
` jàs `eeà hl e` lxp xprr lscÿ
scÿkk
vlrr d`e
vl d`e oakol
oakol tu`
tu`ececz`
z`h`
h`.. 
Le prapÿscta prckocp`e hl e`
Lxprlscÿk Oarpar`e ls slktcr
ecdlrt`h lk e` lmlouocÿk hl o`h`
javcjclkta `rtêstcoa d`s`ha lk eas
slktcjclktas qul quclrlk lxprls`r.  E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e sl rlgclrl `e javcjclkta, oak le
 prapÿscta hl g`varlolr eas praolsas hl `prlkhcz`ml,
lstruotur`r le lsqulj` oarpar`e, oakstrucr uk` `prapc`h`
cj`nlk hl sê jcsja, jlmar`r e` oajukco`ocÿk y
hls`rraee`r e` orl`tcvch`h.

J`rt` _ofcko`, o`tlhràtco` ljãrct`

hl Xãokco` y Lxprlscÿk hle
Javcjclkta. Hls`rraeeÿ le jãtaha
_ofcko` hl Lxprlscÿk Oarpar`e. 

_u admlta hl lstuhca ls e` oarpar`ech`h oajukco`tcv` lk

uk` rle`ocÿk= lst`r lk javcjclkta lk uk tcljpa, uk
lsp`oca y oak uk` lklrnê` hltlrjck`h`. E`s lstr`tlnc`s
 p`r` su `prlkhcz`ml sl d`s`k lk le mulna, e` cjct`ocÿk, e`
lxplrcjlkt`ocÿk y e` cj`nck`ocÿk. Lstas praolsas sak
Le admlta hl e` Lxprlscÿk Oarpar`e
eas qul sl paklk lk mulna p`r` le hls`rraeea hl e`
ls e` oakhuot` jatrcz oak gck`ech`h orl`tcvch`h lxprlscv`, `peco`h` ` ou`equclr` hl eas
lxprlscv`, oajukco`tcv` y lstãtco`. elknu`mls.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 3? 

JAWCJCLKXA= Xah` `otcvch`h fuj`k` lstà

`oajp`ð`h` hl nlstas a javcjclktas p`rtcoue`rls, ea
ou`e plrjctl f`olr lstuhcas qul g`ocectlk su hls`rraeea
tãokcoa. Rar lmljpea, lk le vaecdae, sl `k`ecz` e` j`klr`
hl naepl`r le d`eÿk y sl oajp`r`k praglscak`els oak
lstuhc`ktls y sl vl ouàe ls le lrrar `e rl`ecz`r le
javcjclkta, sclkha uk` j`klr` hl lkslð`kz` oak e`
oajp`r`ocÿk. Hle jcsja jaha, lk e` h`kz`, `e cjpeco`r
javcjclktas t`k oajpelmas, p`r` eanr`r su hajckca
 pelka rlquclrl uk `kàecscs hl e`s pascdcech`hls lxprlscv`s
@ tr`vãs hle javcjclkta pahljas oarpar`els. @enukas tcpas hl javcjclktas hle oulrpa sak
`prlkhlr oas`s sadrl kulstra
oulrpa, le lsp`oca qul kas rahl` y e` `dhuoocÿk, e` `huoocÿk, e` lxtlkscÿk, e` gelxcÿk y e`
`yuh` ` oakaolrkas jlmar rat`ocÿk.
kasatras jcsjas. 

LP\CECDTCA= Ls le slktcha hle lml oarpar`e. Ls le

LMLTOCOC A_ HL lko`rn`ha hl sapart`r le oulrpa ou`kha par lmljpea sl
LP\CECDTCA f`ol uk p`sa lk le qul sl elv`kt` uk` pclrk` a `e javlr
Elv`kt`kha prcjlra uk`
le tarsa. R`r` `hqucrcr uk dulk lqucecdrca ls gukh`jlkt`e
 pclrk`
 pclrk`
atr`. hle sulea
Xahas sul lkeaoêrouea
y eulna
eulna e` tlklr uk` dulk` oaeao`ocÿk hle oulrpa, par t`kta, `ktls
oanc has
has hl e`s j`kas j`kas p`r`p`r` hl ljplz`r ` pr`otco`r lmlrococas hl lqucecdrca ls
jàs lst`dcech`h, eulna sl
 pul
 pulh hl tr`d
tr`d`m`r pa par p`
p`rlm`s
rlm`s cjpart`ktl qul sl `prlkh` ` oaeao`r le oulrpa hl uk`
hakhl saea tlkhrà uk pukta j`klr` `hlou`h`= Eas has pcls lk le sulea, e`s pclrk`s
hl sapar
sapartl,tl, gcg c k`ejlktl
k`ejlktl hl lstcr`h`s, sck s`o`r e` d`rrcn`, eas fajdras rle`m`has lk
j`klr` ckhcvchu`e.
Oak uk` pclr pclrk` k` `r
`r r c d`
d`,, su sctca y e` o`dlz` jcr`kha f`oc` hle`ktl gcm`kha e`
 pa
 paklr
klr easeas dr`z
r`za as ` e` jcr`h`.
ocktur
ock tur`,`, eulna
eu lna hle`ktl
hle`ktl hle hle
ajdecna oaja sc lstuvclslk
 sast
 sastllkcl
kclkhkhaa uk` plea eatt` juy
 nr`
 nr `kh
khll, llst
stcrcr `reas f`f`oc`oc`
`rrc
`rr c d` lklk garj`
g arj` hl hl oar
oar ak` a
`dr
`dr c r eas ` eas
eas e`has.
e`has. 

TLE@M@OCßK=  Rlrjctl uk` hlsoaklxcÿk oak le

lxtlrcar lk lsl jajlkta y olktr`rsl lk le cktlrcar hl e`
 plrsak`, lk su prapca y `utãktcoa slr, sclkha lst` garj`
e` jlmar j`klr` hl lsouof`rsl ` sê jcsja, adslrv`r sck
orêtco` y taj`r oakoclkoc` p`r` qul le oulrpa y e` jlktl
tr`d`mlk lk plrglot` scktakê`. Lk le o`jpa hl e`
lxprlscÿk oarpar`e, e` rle`m`ocÿk vclkl `oajp`ð`h` hl
Rastur` hl gear hl eata= oaeao`r le
ljplckl hle pcl hlrlofa sadrl le lmlrococas qul ckoarpar`k javcjclktas oarpar`els,
jusea czquclrha y vcolvlrs`. 
Le yan` `yuh` ` hls`rraee`r gulrz`, nlklr`ejlktl `oajp`ð`has hl jýsco` ckstrujlkt`e
gelxcdcech`h, uk` jlktl tr`kquce`, su`vl y le hcrloocak`jclkta hl uk nuê` qul nlklr`
uk oar`zÿk `dclrta.  sctu`ocakls ` e`s qul rlspakhlk eas p`rtcocp`ktls.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 38 

LVREAT@OCßK HLE O\LTRA S _\_ R@TXL_

Le oulrpa scljprl f` scha lxprlscva, a sl` qul sl
lxprls` jàs oak le javcjclkta qul oak le plks`jclkta,
 par lsa, sl hldl oakaolr e` lklrnê` hle javcjclkta y
lxpear`r eas slktchas y le lsp`oca.

LVREAT@OCßK HL EA_ _LKXCHA_

_L KXCHA_
E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e plrjctl le
`prlkhcz`ml hl oÿhcnas y Le tr`d`ma gukh`jlkt`e lk e` lxpear`ocÿk hle oulrpa ls le
scnkcgco`has oarpar`els.  hlsoudrcjclkta hl eas slktchas y lxprls`reas hl `oulrha
`e tcljpa y `e jajlkta `hlou`ha. Eas slktchas f`y qul
lmlroct`reas par ea jlkas uk` vlz ` e` slj`k`. R`r`
hls`rraee`r e` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e, sl pulhl pr`otco`r eas
lmlrococas scnuclktls lk garj` nrup`e=

0.  Rar p`rlm`s uk` plrsak` eelv` uk` tle` qul e` oaeao`rà
lk uk` `rtcoue`ocÿk
kcknuk` y lsf`oclkha
y hldl slnucr e` qul hcrcnl,
tahase`eas
atr`lmlrococas
ka eelv`
qul rl`ecol le prcjlra. Eas javcjclktas hldlk slr
`oocakls qul f`dctu`ejlktl rl`ecz`jas y hldl
`oajp`ð`re`s oak uk` lxprlscÿk, (`t`rsl le z`p`ta,
jltlr e`s j`kas lk eas daesceeas, slkt`rsl, oruz`r
 pclrk`s...). _l sunclrl, qul rloulrhlk ea qul f`k
flofa k`h` jàs elv`kt`rsl, a ou`kha eeln`k ` o`s` a
e` rle`ocÿk oak eas flrj`kas.... _l rloulrh` qul sl
E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e hls`rraee` e`
orl`tcvch`h, lxprlscvch`h, utcecol le sulea. @ eas trls jckutas sl o`jdc`k eas
cj`nck`ocÿk y lspakt`klch`h,  p`plels, y sl p`s` e` tle`
tle`..
lxplrcjlkt`kha y oakoclkocàkhasl
hl e`s hcstckt`s pascdcech`hls
lxprlscv`s qul agrlolk le oulrpa y
le javcjclkta. 

4.  _l tr`d`m` par p`rlm`s, uk` hl lee`s oak uk` tle`

oaeao`h` lk uk` `rtcoue`ocÿk. Xahas eas p`rtcocp`ktls
sl hlspe`z`k trat`kha su`vl par le ncjk`sca sck
jaelst`rsl, y `e rctja hl e` jýsco`, ou`kha ãst` p`rl
Eas lmlrococas hl lxprlscÿk e`s plrsak`s qul eelv`k tle` hldlk `hapt`r uk`
oarpar`e pulhlk slr tr`d`m`has
oak nrupas nr`khls y plqulðas. _l  pascocÿk y qulh`rsl oaja lst`tu`s lk uk eun`r hle
pulhlk `oakhcocak`r lstr`tlnc`s ncjk`sca, rlsplt`kha le lsp`oca tat`e y e` qul ka
p`r` o`h` prapÿscta `ukqul ls
cjpart`ktl qul le nuê` a ckstruotar
hlgck` y lxpecqul e` gck`ech`h hl eelv`
hl su hldl
p`rlm`duso`r ` sup`rtl
y garj`r p`rlm`
hllls`
cktlrprlt`r e` pascocÿk
`oocÿk. _l rl`ecz`k
o`h` tr`d`ma p`r` oakoclkoc`r `e
lstuhc`ktl.  ou`tra vlols y eulna o`jdc`k eas p`plels.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 3< 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
 _leloo
 _lel oocak
cakllk lml mlrococ
rococa as
hl lxprlsc
prlscÿk ÿk oaoarr pa
parr `e ±@ quã f`ol rlglrlkoc` le javcjclkta lk e` lxprlscÿk
 p
 p``r` hls`rrs`rra aee`rea
ee`rea oak
oak oarpar`e1
taha
tahass eas
e as ccktl
ktlnn r `ktl
`ktlss `.  @ e` o`ech`h hl javcjclktas oarpar`els.
hle s`eÿk. d.  @e slktcha qul `otý` oaja lml oarpar`e. 
C kc
kcoc`r
oc`r e` `o `otcvc
tcvchh`h o.  @ e` hlsoaklxcÿk oak le lxtlrcar hl e` plrsak`. 
lecnclkha ` uk nuê`,
lst` e`dar pulhl slr
`sujcc h` pa
`suj parr le prapca ±@ quã f`ol rlglrlkoc` le lqucecdrca lk e` lxprlscÿk
haolktl. oarpar`e1
Tl`ecz`r e` `otcvch`h `.  @ e`s tr`ylotarc` hle javcjclkta. 
hur`ktl
hur `ktl llee plr
plrcc ah
aha a hl d.  @ uk hltlrjck`ha kcvle a nr`ha hl lklrnê`. 
tcljpa pe`kcgco`ha a o.  @ e` arn`kcz`ocÿk lk le tcljpa hl puesas y `olktas. 
qul oaroar r lspa
lspakh`kh` ` `ee
lmlrococa.
Hc`ean`r sadrl
`splotas rlelv`ktls hle 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
lm lr ococ
oc ocaaya apck`r
pck`r sadsadrr l ±Puã ls e` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e1
ljaoc
lj aocakls
akls y  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 sctu`
 sctu `oca
ocaklkls.s.
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Oÿja `otý` e` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e lk e` h`kz`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±R`r` quã scrvl e` rle`m`ocÿk lk e` h`kz`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

Hlsorcdl uk lmlrococa hl lxprlscÿk oarpar`e=

TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
E ` L xprlscÿk O ar par `e  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
tclkl
tc lkl oaja admlta
admlta hhll
lstuhca ` e`
oarpar`ech`h ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
oajukco`tcv` lk uk` _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
r le`ocÿk= lst`st`rr lk
javcjclkta lk uk ( ) E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e tclkl oaja gck`ech`h slktcr
tcljpa, uk lsp`oca y ecdlrt`h lk o`h` javcjclkta `rtêstcoa oarpar`e.
oak uk` lklrnê`
hl
hltltlrr jck`h`
jck`h`.. E `s ( ) @ tr`vãs hle javcjclkta sl pulhl `prlkhlr sadrl
lstr`tlnc`s p`r` su kulstra oulrpa, le lsp`oca qul kas rahl` y `yuh`
`prlkhcz`ml
`prlkhc z`ml sl d`
d`s`k
s`k ` oakaolrkas jlmar kasatras jcsjas.
lk lele mulna,
m ulna, e` ( ) E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e hls`rraee` e` orl`tcvch`h,
cjct`ocÿk, e`
lxplrr c jl
lxpl jlkt`ocÿk
cj`nck`ocÿk.
kt`ocÿk y ee`
`
( ) lxprlscvch`h,
E` lxprlscÿk cj`nck`ocÿk y lspakt`klch`h.
oarpar`e plrjctl le `prlkhcz`ml hl
oÿhcnas y scnkcgco`has oarpar`els.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 37 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 06  Hls`rraeea @uhctcva
Le aêha, ls le slktcha qul sl f`ee` scljprl cjpeco`ha lk
ou`equclr `otcvch`h hl jýsco` vcv` (p`r` o`kt`r, p`r`
tao`r, h`kz`r...). Rar lsa, e` lhuo`ocÿk `uhctcv` ls uk
`splota dàscoa hl e` lhuo`ocÿk jusco`e lk eas kcðas.

?.  L e H ls`rr
s`rraaeea @uhctc
@ uhctcva
va ls le praolsa
praolsa jl
jlhc`ktl le
8.  ou`e e` plrsak` eanr` uk plrgloocak`jclkta
Le aêha ls le slktcha jàs
hcrlot`jlktl rle`ocak`ha oak le
 slksa
 slks ar c`e hle aêha,
êha, pr ckocp
ckocp` `ej
ejllkt
ktll jus
usco`
co`e,e, qul el
`rtl jusco`e. E` jýsco` ls sakcha,  p
 pllr jctl hcsorcj
csorc jc k`r
k`r rcrcttjas, jlea
eahhê`s,
ê`s, j`tcols,
cols,
le sakcha ls vcdr`ocÿk, y e`
vcdr`ocÿk ls javcjclkta.
lstruotur`s, lto. p`r` `saoc`reas `hlou`h`jlktl `
eas javcjclktas y hlspe`z`jclktas oarpar`els.

L s ccjp
jpart`ktl
art`ktl oakaol
oakaolrr le
jajlkta
jaj lkta lvaeutcva
lvaeutc va hl e`
 pl
 plrsak
rsak`` lk ou
ou``kta
kta ` e`
 pl
 plrolp
rolpocÿk
ocÿk saka
sakar`,
r`, par E` g`ouet`h plrolptcv` hle aêha sl hldl hls`rraee`r lk le
lmljpea ` e` lh`h
lh`h hl 04 `ue`, jlhc`ktl `otcvch`hls hl plrolpocÿk, hcsorcjck`ocÿk
`ðass sl plroc
`ða plrocdcr
dcrà
à e` y rloakaocjclkta `uhctcva, `ð`hclkha pranrlscv`jlktl
c n u`eh`h
u`eh`h hlhl jãtr
jãtrcc o`
o`,,
jleahê`
jleahê` a rrcc tj
tja a `uk ou`kha o`kocakls y `otcvch`hls ckstrujlkt`els. @ p`rtcr hl e`
atras leljlktas f`y`k hcsorcjck`ocÿk `uhctcv` sl hls`rraee`
hls`rraee` le aêha jusco`e, `e
o`jdc`ha.  plrjctcr le rloakaocjclkta, le `kàecscs, e` oe`scgco`ocÿk y
E` plrolpocÿk hl e`
tak`ech`h sl rl`ecz` lk e` arhlk`ocÿk hl sakchas, ruchas, scelkocas, tcjdrls,
tarka ` eas 3 `ðas y lktrl hur`ocakls, rctjas, cktlksch`hls a `etur`s.
eas 02 y eas 04 sl prahuol le
rloakaocjclkta jleÿhcoa y
e` hcstckocÿk hl cktlrv`eas Has `splotas prlv`elolk hur`ktl tah`s e`s oe`sls,
`rjÿkc
`rjÿ kcoas,
oas, sclkh
sc lkhaa ` eas 02 ckhcstckt`jlktl hl e`s `otcvch`hls qul sl lstãk
`ðas e` lh`h `praxcj`h` le rl`ecz`kha, y sak le lstêjuea hl e` `tlkocÿk y le
hls`rr
hls`rraeea
aeea hl e` slksc
slkscdcec
dcec h`
h`h
h
 pa
 par lele pahlr hl
f`oc` e` tÿkc
hl `tr`oo
tÿkco`.
o`.
tr`oocÿk
cÿk hls`rraeea hl e` `nuhlz` `uhctcv`.

Hls`rraeea
Lstêjuea
hl e`
hl e`
@nuhlz`
@tlkocÿk
@uhctcv`

E` `uhcocÿk jusco`e hldl slr uk` pràotco` y praolsa

oaktcku`ha, qul hldl h`r oajclkza hlshl lh`hls juy
tljpr`k`s, ` tr`vãs hl lmlrococas slksarc`els, qul tlkn`k
Lejlmar`r
tr`d`ma e`
`uhctcva
`uhctcva oaktrcduyl
k, e` `
oakolktr`ocÿk,
oakolktr`ocÿ lk juofas o`sas uk` rlspulst` jatrcz `e lstêjuea
`tlkocÿk y e` hcsorcjck`ocÿk sakara= h`kz` lspaktàkl`, eelv`r le rctja, `oajp`ð`r e`
têjdrco`, `sê oaja le slktcha jleahê` oak slkoceeas hcdumas...
rêtjcoa, lstãtcoa y jusco`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 3> 

L_O\OF@ @OXCW@
\ka hl eas j`yarls
j`yarls rltas ` llkgrlkt`rsl
kgrlkt`rsl lk le
le hls`rraeea
`uhctcva ls le ka s`dlr lsouof`r. Lxcstl e` orllkoc`
lrrÿkl` hl qul sl lsouof` hl garj` `utajàtco`, plra ka
ls `sê. Lsouof`r rlquclrl uk lsgulrza suplrcar `e qul sl
R`r` hls`rraee`r e` lsouof` `otcv`
f`ol `e f`de`r y t`jdcãk hle qul sl lmlrol `e lsouof`r sck
sl hldl tlklr hcspascocÿk cktlrprlt`r ea qul sl ayl.
a yl.
pscoaeÿnco`= prlp`r`rsl
cktlrcarjlktl p`r` lsouof`r.

E ` lsouof`
lsouof` ``otcv`
otcv` scnsc nkcg
kc gc o` lsouof`r y lktl
lktlkhl
khlrr ea
qul sl lstà
lstà plr
plr ocdc
oc dcllkha
kha.. E ` llsouof
souof` ` `otc
`otcv`
v` sl rlg
rlgcc lr l
` e` f`dcech`h hl lsouof`r ka sÿea ea qul sl ljctl
hc
hcrr lot`j
lot`jllktl, scka
sc ka t`j
t`jdcãk eas eas slktcjclkta
slktcjc lktas,s, c hl
hl`s
`s a
 p
 pllks
ks`
`jc lkt
ktaas qul su sud dy`ololkk ` ea qul sl lststàà
lxprls`kha.
E` g`ouet`h plrolptcv` sl hldl
tr`d`m`r jlhc`ktl `otcvch`hls hl
plrolpocÿk, hcsorcjck`ocÿk y
rloakaocjclkta `uhctcva.
E` lsouof` hldl slr `otcv` lk uk kcvle leljlkt`e, lk
hakhl le lstuhc`ktl hcsorcjckl p`ràjltras jusco`els hl
Eas p`sas nlklr`els qul sl garj` dàsco`, oaja rctjas, `olktas, jleahê`s a tcjdrls,
f`k hl slnucr
slnuc r lk le le lktrl atras. Le aêr ls scjpeljlktl plrocdcr vcdr`ocakls hl
hls`rraeea `uhctcva sak=
0.  L xplr
xplr cjlkt`
cjlkt`rr le sakcsakchaha,, sakcha. Jclktr`s qul lsouof`r ls lktlkhlr, oajprlkhlr a
lktrlk`rsl p`r` uk` h`r slktcha ` ea qul sl ayl. E` lsouof` lglotcv` tclkl qul
lsouof`
lsouof` oar oarrr lo
lot`.
t`. slr klols`rc`jlktl `otcv` par lkocj` hl ea p`scva.
 4.  H lsplrt`r
lsplrt`r le `jar`jar `e
 sakcha
 sakcha,, llee hlslasla hl
r lpr
lpr ahuoc
ahuocrr ea qulqul sl f`
aêha y g`jg`jc ecec`rc
`rcz`
z`rr ea
oak le o`jpa jleÿhcoa.
 ?.  Hls`rraee`r e` jljarc`
`uhctc
`uh ctcv`
v`,, r lourr c lkha `
e` cj`nck`ocÿk `uhctcv`,
 p`
 p`r` orl`
orl`r l cj cjp pravcs`r.
ravcs`r.
8.  Ratlkoc`r e` oakoclkoc`
 slksa
 slksarcrc `e, `glglot
otcv`
cv` y
jl
jlkt`e
kt`e hle jukha
 saka
 [Link].

@e pe`ktl`r uk` `uhcocÿk jusco`e, `hljàs hl oakaolr eas

leljlktas qul e` oakgcnur`k y su hcspascocÿk lk e` adr`,
sl hldl `prloc`r su dleelz`, y lxplrcjlkt`r su lsouof`
oaja `ena pe`olktlra. _l hldl `pravlof`r eas praolsas
qul oakeelv` e` `uhcocÿk `otcv`, p`r` tr`d`m`r atras
`splotas jusco`els oaja pulhlk slr= elknu`ml jusco`e,
E` `uhcocÿk `otcv` jlmar` e`
lxprlscÿk vao`e y o`kta, lxprlscÿk oarpar`e,
oakolktr`ocÿk, e` `tlkocÿk y e`
hcsorcjck`ocÿk têjdrco`, `sê oaja
`oajp`ð`jclkta ckstrujlkt`e, y rle`ocak`re` oak atras
le slktcha rêtjcoa, lstãtcoa y
elknu`mls lstãtcoas oaja e` pcktur`, e` lsouetur`, e`
jusco`e.  palsê`, le ockl
ockl y lk nlklr`e ooak
ak le jukha hl e` cj`nlk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 36 

LVRTL_CßK JÝ_COA-OATRAT@E
R`r` tr`d`m`r e` `uhcocÿk `otcv` sl pulhlk rl`ecz`r
`otcvch`hls hr`j`tcz`h`s oak `oajp`ð`jclkta
`oajp`ð`jclkta hl
jýsco`, h`kz`s y lxprlscÿk oarpar`e, rloct`ha hl
o`kocakls, `oajp`ð`jclkta hl `uhcocakls oak
ckstrujlktas hl plqulð` plrouscÿk y oarpar`els,
juscoanr`j`s, `sê oaja k`rr`ocakls `klohÿtco`s hl
e` adr` a hle oajpasctar.

E` Lxprlscÿk Jýscoa-Oarpar`e oakscstl lk `oajp`ð`r

oak javcjclktas y nlstas oarpar`els uk` `uhcocÿk.
Juscoanr`j` hl e` o`kocÿk “Le @enuk`s `otcvch`hls pulhlk slr=
Ckvclrka‗. \k Juscoanr`j` ls uk
hcduma a nràgcoa qul `yuh` `
oajprlkhlr e` jýsco`, ` jcr`re` y 0.  JAWCJCLKXA ECDTL=  @ p`rtcr hl uk` adr`
` lsouof`re` hl garj` `otcv`. jusco`e, rl`ecz`r javcjclktas sck hlspe`z`jclkta `
jlhch` qul e` lsouof`k. \k` v`rc`ktl pulhl slr e`
hl
ecdrlrl`ecz`r eas javcjclktas
par uk lsp`oca hltlrjck`[Link] hlspe`z`jclkta

E` h`kz` orl`tcv` p`rtl hl e`

orl`ocÿk hl sloulkoc`s
cjpravcs`h`s hl javcjclkta9 ls le
`ota hl hcdum`r ecdrljlktl lk le
lsp`oca, oak le oulrpa oaja
ckstrujlkta.

4.  _@EX@= _l oaeao` lk le sulea uk` slrcl hl `ras. Hl

garj` ckhcvchu`e oaeao`rsl `e prckocpca hle rloarrcha
y s`et`r j`ro`kha le puesa, le rctja a le `olkta hl e`
Atra lmlrococa pràotcoa oakscstl lk jýsco`. _l pulhl oaeao`r v`rcas rloarrchas p`r`
chlktcgco`r ` eas oajp`ðlras par le
tcjdrl hl su vaz. Ãstas o`jdc`k le
scjuet`kl`r v`rcas javcjclktas= jclktr`s ukas
tcjdrl a ea f`olk o`kt`kha. j`ro`k le puesa, atras j`ro`ràk le `olkta.
?.  H@K]@_=  _l cktlrcarcz`r e` garj` hl uk` adr`
jusco`e. _l pchl e` oakgarj`ocÿk hl lqucpas y
rl`ecz`k uk` prlslkt`ocÿk ecdrl rle`ocak`kha sus
javcjclktas oak e`s v`rc`ocakls hl sakcha.
8.  LVRTL_CAKL_=  Oak taha le oulrpa, sl hldlrà
_l pulhl `pravlof`r eas sakchas cktlrprlt`r uk` adr` jusco`e rlprlslkt`kha= eas
hle lktarka.
olrr`has, Chlktcgco`r
oajp`r`r easoak eas amas
rlsuet`has hcstcktas leljlktas qul oakgcnur`k e` jýsco` y le
oak eas oajp`ðlras, rlprahuocr sakcha= rctja, javcjclkta hl e` eêkl` jleÿhco`,
eas sakchas y oe`scgco`reas hl
hcglrlktls j`klr`s. o`hlkoc`s,, tlxtur`, `etur`, cktlksch`h, j`tcols.
o`hlkoc`s
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 33 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
 _leloo
 _lel oocak
cak` `r le
le lsp
sp`
`oca
`hlou`ha p`r` rl`ecz`r ±Lk quã oakscstl le hls`rraeea `uhctcva1
lmlrococas hl lsouof` `.  Lk le plrgloocak`jclkta slksarc`e hle aêha.
`otcc v` y hl llxxprlsc
`ot prlscÿkÿk d.  Lk s`dlr `prloc`r e` jýsco`.  
jýscoa-oarpar`e. o.  Lk e` plrolpocÿk `uhctcv` jusco`e. 
T l`ecz`r ee`s `s h
hcc kàj
kàjcc o`s
o`s
 y `e ouej
ouejck` ck`rr rl
rl`
`ecz`
ecz`rr ±Lk quã oakscstl e` lsouof` `otcv`1
hcàeanas qul oakeelvlk
` e` cktl
c ktlrr prlt`
prlt`ococÿk
ÿk hl `.  Lk lsouof`r y lktlkhlr ea qul sl lstà plrocdclkha. 
o`h` lmlrococa d.  Lk lsouof`r p`scv`jlktl e` sakarch`h hle `jdclktl. 
r ls`et`
ls`et`khakha eas `v`kols o.  Lk `otu`r slnýk ea qul sl lsouof`.  
lk ou`kta `e hls`rraeea
`uhctcva.
4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=

±Puã
h`kz`1cjpart`koc` tclkl le hls`rraeea `uhctcva lk e`
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Ouàe ls e` gck`ech`h hl e` lsouof` `otcv`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Lk quã oakscstl e` lxprlscÿk jýscoa-oarpar`e1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Puã ls uk juscoanr`j
juscoanr`j`1
`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)

_LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
TLO\LTH@
 @e pe`
pe`ktktll`r uk
uk`` ( ) @ e` lh`h hl 04 `ðas sl plrocdl e` cnu`eh`h hl
`uhcc ocÿk
`uh oc ÿk jjusc
usco`
o`e,e, jãtrco`, jleahê` a rctja.
`hljàs hl oakaolr eas ( ) Le aêha ls le slktcha jàs hcrlot`jlktl
leljlktas
lelj lktas qul ee`` rle`ocak`ha oak le `rtl jusco`e.
oakgc
oakgcnur
nur` `k y su ( ) E` `uhcocÿk `otcv` jlmar` e` oakolktr`ocÿk, e`
hcspascocÿk lk e` adr`,
 sl hldl `prlorloc`r
c`r ssuu `tlkocÿk y e` hcsorcjck`ocÿk têjdrco`.
dleelz`, y lxplrcjlkt`r ( ) R`r` hls`rraee`r e` lsouof` `otcv` sl hldl tlklr
 su
 p
 pe`lolkt
e`olsouo
soktl
uof`
f` oaj
lra. oaja `ena
( ) hcspascocÿk pscoaeÿnco`.
E` plrolpocÿk hl e` tak`ech`h sl rl`ecz` lk tarka `
eas 3 `ðas hl lh`h.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 022 

Oakaocjclkta 03  Gcnur`s Oarlanràgco`s

E` oarlanr`gê` ls e` oajpascocÿk hl e` h`kz` a lsorctur`
hl e` h`kz`. Ls le `rtl hl orl`r lstruotur`s lk e`s qul
suolhlk javcjclktas, ls`s lstruotur`s sak hlkajck`h`s
gcnur`s oarlanràgco`s.

E `s gcn
gc n ur
ur``s oaroar lan r àgc o`
o`ss sak
sak e`s lst
lstrr uotur
uotur``s
oarpar`els qul rl`ecz`k eas d`ce`rckls `e lmlout`r a
c ktlr
ktlr pr
prllt`
t`rr uk` h`kz`
h`kz`.. @ ukqul nnllklrklr`ej
`ejllktl sl el
`t
`trr c duyl ` jav
javcc jc lktas nlklr`h
nlklr`has as par
par e`s pcl
pclr k`s y
eas pcl
pc ls, lk rl`
r l`ecech`
h`hh cktl
cktlrr vclkl
vc lklkk tah
tah`s
`s e`s p`r
p`r tl
tlss hle
hle
oulrr pa lk su oakstru
oul oakstruooc
oocÿ
ÿk.
E`s plrsak`s qul rl`ecz`k e`
oarlanr`gê` sak ee`j`has
oarlÿnr`gas. Jlrol Oukkcknf`j
(0303 - 4223)lst`haukchlksl.
gul uk d`ce`rêk y
oarlÿnr`ga
OE@_L_ HL OATLANT@GÊ@
0.  OATLANT@GÊ@ JAKßEAN@=  Lst` hlplkhl hl
uk` sae` plrsak`, pulhl slr ckstruch` par atr` plra e`
qul ea eelv` `e lsolk`rca ls quclk h`kz`rà.

4.  OATLANT@GÊ@ NT\R@E= Lst` ls e` h`kz` jàs

us`h` lk taha le jukha. _l oakstruylk par le
ee`j`ha Oarlÿnr`ga, quclk oarrcnl eas javcjclktas
qul sl `otu`ràk.
?.  OATLANT@GÊ@ LVRTL_CW@=  Ls `qulee` lk e`
qul sl rlourrl ` lxprlscakls cktlrmlotcv`s y atr`s
j`kcglst`ocaklss h`koêstco`s.
j`kcglst`ocakl

E` oarlanr`gê` jakÿean` ls uk` hl

e`s hl jlkar usa hl lktrl e`s
jahlrk`s y sl `peco`k ` d`sl hl e`s
adr`s ectlr`rc`s y ÿplr`s.

8.  OATLANT@GÊ@ HC_XTCD\XCW@= Lst` ls juy

E`s
` 02oarlanr`gê`s nrup`els
plrsak`s, lstàk d`s`h`ssaklk
hle`7 utcecz`h` lk lst`s ãpao`s. sl rlourrl ` uk` hcvcscÿk
plrsak` prckocp`e qul `otý` oak jclktr`s qul e`s atr`s plrsak`s d`ce`k, le prckocp`e
lso`s` hcglrlkoc` ` eas atras.
f`ol `otas plra vulevl ` rlourrcr ` leeas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 020 

LELJLKXA_ HLE HC_LÐA OATLANTÀGCOA 

HL_RE@]@JCLKXA_= _crvlk p`r` lktr`r a s`ecr hle
lsolk`rca y p`r` oakorlt`r udco`ocakls y garj`s. Eas
hlspe`z`jclktas
hlspe`z`jclktas hldlk slr oe`ras lk su hls`rraeea.

EÊKL@_= Hc`nak`els, farczakt`els y vlrtco`els. E`s

Xah`s e`s `oocakls jatrcols lstàk eêkl`s jàs hckàjco`s sak e`s hc`nak`els, lk lsploc`e e`s
ecn`h`s ` e` lklrnê`, h`ha qul ls
klols`rc` p`r` ckcoc`r, oaktrae`r y
qul sl `olro`k `e prasolkca, par rloarrlr taha le lsp`oca,
p`r`r le javcjclkta.  pastlrcarjlktl lk gulrz` el scnulk
scnulk e`s qul v`k hle gara `e
grlktl y e`s jlkas hckàjco`s sak e`s
e `s farczakt`els.

GATJ@OCAKL_=  Le hcslða nrup`e ls uk` p`rtl

gukh`jlkt`e lk e` prahuoocÿk oarlanràgco`. Le slktcha a
lglota qul sl quclrl oajukco`r lstà h`ha lk oclrt`
jlhch` par e` j`klr` lk qul sl prlslktlk e`s
garj`ocakls y e`s garj`s oarlanràgco`s.

Le oakaocjclkta hle nr`ha hl

lklrnê` plrjctl tr`ksgarj`r le
javcjclkta, eanr`kha qul sl` jàs
lx rlscv
rlscva,
a, lgco`z
lgco`z lstãt
lstãtcoa.
coa.

LELJLKXA_ HLE JAWCJCLKXA

E` ou`ech`h par
hltlrjck`h` hle javcjclkta
e` j`klr` lklstà
qul
ls utcecz`h` e` lklrnê`, ou`kha sl LKLTNÊ@= aRrapues`,
javcjclkta pascocÿkckcoc` a prahuol
hle oulrpa. o`jdcas lk sl
Nlklr`ejlktl le
julvlk hcstckt`s p`rtls hle oulrpa f`de` hl p`rls apulstas= gulrtl-hãdce. Xlkclkha lk oulkt`
lk le tcljpa y le lsp`oca.
e` geuchlz= oaktcku`-hcsoaktcku`.
oaktcku`-hcsoaktcku`.

GATJ@= Ls e` cj`nlk qul le d`ce`rêk hlsorcdl oak su

oulrpa. X`jdcãk ls le garj`ta qul uk nrupa hl
 d`ce`rckls oajpakl lk uk` `nrup`ocÿk. Lm. Oêrouea,
rajda, trcàknuea, jlhc` euk`, lto.

XCLJRA= _l j`ro` lst`deloclkha e` vleaoch`h, le

`olkta, le puesa y le rctja.
@e hcslð`r uk` garj` oak le oulrpa
sl hldl ouch`r qul eas d`ce`rckls sl
`h`ptlk ukas ` atras sck qul sl L_R@OCA= Le lsp`oca ls hl eas prckocp`els leljlktas
t`plk eas hl `tràs, ` jlkas hl qul hl e` h`kz`, mukta oak le oulrpa. Rulhl oe`scgco`rsl lk
e` cktlkocÿk vcsu`e `sê ea rlquclr`.  plrsak`e, p`roc`e,
p`roc`e, tat`e y saoc`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 024 

RE@KCNT@GÊ@ LK E@ H@K]@
Ls uk scstlj` hl lsorctur` oak gcnur`s hltlrjck`h`s qul
ckhco`k eas rloarrchas y e`s gcnur`s nlajãtrco`s qul
hldlk rl`ecz`r eas d`ce`rckls oak su oulrpa lk e`
suplrgcocl pe`k` (lsolk`rca). S eas d`cels `dr`z`has qul,
Oarlanr`gê` ckhlplkhclktl, eas  par ea nlklr`e, ka tclklk lk oulkt` e`s gcnur`s
h`kz`ktls d`ce`k lk garj`  pe`kcnràgco`s, sus hlspe`z`jclktas
hlspe`z`jclktas sak ecdrls,
ckhcvchu`e hl jaha qul sl
lvchlkoc` e` ecdlrt`h hl lspaktàklas y sck oaktckuch`h.
javcjclkta.
_l oakhchlr`k trls oe`sls, hlkajck`h`s h`kz`s
ckhlplkhclktls,
ckhlplkhclktls, hlplkhclktls l cktlrhlplkhclktls.

0.  CKHLRLKHCLKXL_=  Eas p`rtcocp`ktls d`ce`k lk

garj` ckhcvchu`e a par p`rlm`s y sl hlspe`z`k
ecdrljlktl lk le lsp`oca hcspakcdel, sck oaarhck`r sus
javcjclktas oak eas hljàs.

Lk e`s h`kz`s hlplkhclktls eas 4.  HLRLKHCLKXL_= Eas p`rtcocp`ktls oaarhck`k sus

h`kz`rckls oaarhck`k e` orl`ocÿk
hl gcnur`s oarlanràgco`s. javcjclktas, gcnur`s y hlspe`z`jclktas9 lst`
o`r`otlrêstco` oarrlspakhl
oarrlspakhl oak j`yar ggrloulkoc`
rloulkoc` ` e`s
h`kz`s oak oarlanr`gê` hlgckch`.
E ` chl
chl`` oa
oarr lanr
anràgc
àgco` o` llss
e` qul nuê` le praolsa hl ?.  CKXLTHLRLKHCLKXL_=  Lk ãst`s sl `etlrk`k e`s
orl
or l`oc
`oc ÿk, llss hl
hlococrr , uk has sctu`ocakls, a sl` qul pasllk oarlanr`gê`
oarlÿnr`ga ka pulhl
 scjp
 scj pelj
eljlktktll orl
orl``r sck hlgckch`, javcjclktas, gcnur`s y hlspe`z`jclktas
tlklr uk o`jcka qul oaarhck`has qul sl `etlrk`k oak sctu`ocakls ecdrls,
 slnucr
 sl nucr.. Le p prcrc jlr p p``sa
sa,, javcjclktas ckhlplkhclktls, `ukqul oak
hcrê`k eas lxplrtas ls hlplkhlkoc`
hlplkhlko c` pe`kcnràgco` a vcolvlrs`.
vcolvlrs`. E` oujdc`, par
hl
hlececjjc t`r
t`r le gc
g c k hl e` lmljpea, prlslkt` hlplkhlkoc` pe`kcnràgco` l
oajpascocÿk
ckhlplkhlkoc`
ckhlplkhlk oc` lk eas javcjclktas oarpar`els.
oar
oa
hldl
r lanr
anràgc
slràgco`
oaflrlktl
o`.. L e j
jakt
akt`ml
oak`mle`
chl` nlklr`e qul sl
 p
 prl
rlttlkh
khll lxpxprls
rls``r, p pa
ar
leea, oe`rc
oe`rcgcgc o`r
o`r e` llss p`
p`rr tl
hltlrjck`ktl hl e`
oakstruoocÿk.

_lnýk sl `nruplk eas d`ce`rckls lk

le lsp`oca lsoãkcoa sl prahuocrà
hltlrjck`ha lglota lk le OF@O@TLT@ HADEL. R`rlm` _ulet` / Ckhlplkhclktl. Cktrahuoocÿk= 6 O. D`cel=
lsplot`har. 86 O. 4 p`rtls. _lnukh`= Ea jcsja plra e` jumlr aoup` le eun`r hle v`rÿk y
vcolvlrs`.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 02? 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
Adslrv` uk` h`kz`
Adslrv`
jlhc
jl hc`ktl
`ktl uk vc vchl
hlaay ±Puã ls e` oarlanr`gê`1
hc dum` su pe`pe`kc
kcnr
nr``gê`
gê ` `.  Ls e` oajpascocÿk a lstruotur` hl e`
e ` h`kz`.
rlprlslkt`kha d.  Ls le oakmukta hl javcjclktas lk e` h`kz`. 
`hlou`h`jlktl ` eas o.  Ls le oakmukta hl plrsak`s qul lmlout`k uk` h`kz`. 
h`
h`kz`
kz`rr c kls y eas
javcjclktas y
hlspe`z`jclktas. ±Ouàels sak e`s oe`sls hl oarlanr`gê`1
Tl`ecolk uk` sleloocÿk `.  Jakÿean`, nrup`e, lxprlscv` y hcstrcdutcv`.  
hl ha
hass pe`kcn
pe`kcnrr `gê`s
`gê `s hhll d.  Ckhcvchu`e y oaelotcv`. 
tah`s e`s rl`ecz`h`s y o.  Hl glstcvch`h, `nr`rc`, rctu`e y n`k`hlr`. 
 ga
 garj
rj``kh
kha a has lqucp
ucpa as
hl tr`d`ma lks`y`r y
 p
 prls
rlsllkt
kt` `r e` 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
oarlanr`gê`.
±@ quã sl hlkajck`
 QQQQQQQQQQ gcnur`s
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ oarlanràgco`s1
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl hlspe`z`jclktas, eêkl`s y

garj`ocakls1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Puã ls e` pe`kcnr`gê` hl e` h`kz`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Lk quã oakscstl uk` pe`kcnr`gê` cktlrhlplkhclktl1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
TLO\LTH@
E `s gcnur`s
gc nur`s ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
oar
oar lanr
anràgc
àgco`
o`ss sak e`s _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
lstruotur`s oarpar`els
qul rl`ec
rl`ecz`z`kk eeas
as
d`ce`rckls `e lmlout`r a ( ) E`s plrsak`s qul rl`ecz`k e` oarlanr`gê` sak
c ktl
ktlrr prlt`
prlt`rr uk` h h`kz
`kz`.
`. ee`j`has oarlÿnr`gas.
 @ukqul
 @ukq ul nlkl
nlklr`er`ej
jlkt
ktll ( ) E` oarlanr`gê` jakÿean` ls uk` hl e`s hl jlkar
 sl el `trcdrc duy
uyll ` usa hl lktrl e`s h`kz`s jahlrk`s.
javcjclktas nlklr`has ( ) E`s oarlanr`gê`s nrup`els sak hl 7 ` 02 plrsak`s.
 p
 paar e`
e`ss pclrk`
clrk`ss y eas
eas
 p
 pcls
cls,, llkk rl`
rl`ech`
ech`h h ( ) Lk e` oarlanr`gê` ckhlplkhclktl, eas h`kz`ktls
c ktl
ktlrr vclkl
vclklkk tah
tah`s`s e`s  d`ce`k lk garj` ckhcvchu`e hl jaha qul sl
 p
 p``rtls
rtls hle oul
oakstruoocÿk. oulrpa lk su
( lvchlkoc`
) Lk e` ecdlrt`h
e`s h`kz`s hl javcjclkta.
hlplkhclktls eas h`kz`rckls
oaarhck`k e` orl`ocÿk hl gcnur`s oarlanràgco`s.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 028 

Xl`tra 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 02< 

Oakaocjclkta 42  Le Xl`tra

Fljas cknrls`ha `far` ` uk` hl e`s `rtls jàs oajpelt`s=
le tl`tra.
e` S lsscka
`otu`ocÿk, qul qul
le `rtl hr`jàtcoa
oajdck`, lk ka
uk`sÿea oajprlkhl
rlprlslkt`ocÿk
tl`tr`e, `e `rtl vcsu`e, `e `rtl
`r tl jusco`e y lk juofas o`sas `
e` h`kz` y e` palsê`.

E` p`e`dr` tl`tra pravclkl hle

L e XXll`tr
`tr a ls
ls le `rtl
`r tl hl oaj
oajpapaklr
klr y rl
r lprl
prlslkt`
slkt`rr adr
adr `s
nrclna tfl`trÿk qul scnkcgco` 'eun`r
'e un`r hr`jàtco`s grlktl ` uk` `uhclkoc` oajdck`kha
p`r` oaktljpe`r', ls e` r`j` hle
`rtl lsoãkcoa rle`ocak`h` oak e`
hc soursa,
sour sa, nl
n lsta,
sta, jýsco`
ýsc o`,, sakcha
sakcha y lsp
lspllotà
otàouea.
ouea.
`otu`ocÿk, qul rlprlslkt` fcstarc`s
grlktl ` uk` `uhclkoc` us`kha uk`
oajdck`ocÿk hl hcsoursa, nlstas,
lsolkanr`gê`, jýsco`, sakcha y
lsplotàouea. ATCNLK HLE XL@XTA

Eas arênlkls hle tl`tra sl lkoulktr`k lk `ktcnuas

`ktc nuas rctas hl
arcnlk prlfcstÿrcoa, hakhl le slr fuj`ka ljplzÿ ` slr
oaksoclktl hl e` cjpart`koc` hl e` oajukco`ocÿk p`r` e`s
rle`ocakls saoc`els.

Oclrt`s olrljakc`s rlecncas`s tlkê`k y` hlshl su arcnlk

oclrta oajpaklktl hl lsolkcgco`ocÿk tl`tr`e. Lk eas rctas
Juofas puldeas prcjctcvas f`k
hl o`z`, le fajdrl prcjctcva cjct`d` ` `kcj`els= hle rcta
us`ha e`s jàso`r`s y o`rlt`s p`r` sl p`sÿ `e jcta, hle druma `e `otar.
rl`ecz`r sus rctu`els, y ãst`s
rlprlslkt`d`k hlch`hls, slrls
jctaeÿncoas a lspêrctus j`ecnkas. Lk Àgrco`, eas rctas rlecncasas jlzoe`d`k le javcjclkta
y e` oajukco`ocÿk nlstu`e oak e` jýsco` y e` h`kz`, y
admltas chlktct`rcas oaja e`s jàso`r`s, qul slrvê`k p`r`
lxprls`r raels a lst`has hl àkcja.

Lk e` @jãrco` prloaeajdck` sl hls`rraeeÿ uk` garj` hl

tl`tra lk e`s ouetur`s j`y`, cko` y `ztlo`= le j`y` lst`d`
Le Rapae Wuf ls uk` rloapce`ocÿk rle`ocak`ha oak gclst`s `nrêoae`s, l ceustr`d` fcstarc`s hle
hl k`rr`ocakls jêtco`s, elnlkh`rc`s
l fcstÿrco`s hle puldea i–cofl–, le
puldea j`y` nu`tlj`etloa oak Rapae
y tlkê`Wuf9
has le `ztlo` hls`rraeeÿ
vlrtclktls, kat`deljlktl
uk` rlecncas` e` jêjco`,
y atr` durelso`9 le
j`yar o`ktch`h hl pade`ocÿk. cko`, lsorcta lk qulofu`, slrvê` ` cktlrlsls hle lst`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 027 

LE XL@XTA LK E@ @KXCNÕLH@H 
Lk Nrloc` k`ocÿ le tl`tra lktlkhcha oaja «`rtl
hr`jàtcoa¹. Le tl`tra nrclna lvaeuocakÿ hl `ktcnuas
rctu`els rlecncasas (iajas)9 le rctu`e p`sÿ ` jcta y, `
tr`vãs hl e` «jêjlscs¹, sl `ð`hcÿ e` p`e`dr`, surnclkha e`
tr`nlhc`. @ e` vlz, le pýdecoa p`sÿ hl p`rtcocp`r lk le rcta
` slr uk adslrv`har hl e` tr`nlhc`, e` ou`e tlkê` uk
oajpaklktl lhuo`tcva, hl tr`ksjcscÿk hl v`earls, ` e`
_ÿgaoels (83<-827 `.O.). Ralt`
tràncoa hl e` @ktcnu` Nrloc`.
vlz qul hl purn`ocÿk hl eas slktcjclktas («o`t`rscs¹).
@utar hl adr`s oaja " @ktênak
@ktênak` `"  a
" L hcpa Tly" . 
cpa Tly" Jàs `hle`ktl surncÿ e` oajlhc`, oak uk prcjlr
oajpaklktl hl sàtcr` y orêtco` paeêtco` y saoc`e,
hlrcv`kha jàs t`rhl ` tlj`s oastujdrcst`s y plrsak`mls
`rqultêpcoas. @p`rlocÿ lktakols t`jdcãk e` jêjco` y e`
g`rs`. Eas prckocp`els hr`j`turnas nrclnas gulrak=
Lsqucea, _ÿgaoels y Lurêpchls lk tr`nlhc`, jclktr`s qul
lk oajlhc` hlst`o`rak @rcstÿg`kls y Jlk`khra.

Lurêpchls (862 - 827 `. O.). Gul

uka hl eas trls nr`khls palt`s
tràncoas nrclnas hl e` `ktcnõlh`h.

Oajlhc` e`tck` hl `sukta nrclna.

Tlocdê` lstl kajdrl parqul eas
`otarls sl oudrê`k oak le " p
 p`
`eecuj"
a j`kta nrclna. 
Lsolk` hl uk` adr` tl`tr`e nrcln`.

Le tl`tra raj`ka rlocdcÿ e` ckgeulkoc` hle nrclna, `ukqul

arcnck`ejlktl hlrcvÿ hl `ktcnuas lsplotàoueas ltrusoas,
qul jlzoe`d`k le `rtl lsoãkcoa oak e` jýsco` y e` h`kz`=
tlkljas `sê eas euhcakls, `otarls qul d`ce`d`k `e rctja hl
e`s tcdc`l ‟ 
tcdc`l  ‟ uk`
uk` lsplocl hl `ueas ‟ 9 jàs t`rhl, `e `ð`hcrsl
Le kajdrl “tr`nlhc`‗ sl hlrcv` hl
e` jýsco` vao`e, surnclrak eas fcstrcakls  ‟ qul
qul scnkcgco`
eas o`ktas hl uk oara qul eelv`d`k «d`ce`rckls¹ lk ltrusoa ‟ , qul jlzoe`d`k o`kta y jcja
jàso`r`s oak oulrkas hl o`dr`.  (e`s s`tur`l, arcnlk hl e` sàtcr`).
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 02> 

@e p`rlolr, gul Ecvca @khrÿkcoa  ‟ hl hl arcnlk nrclna ‟  

quclk lk le scnea CCC `.O. cktrahuma lk lstas lsplotàoueas
e` k`rr`ocÿk hl uk` fcstarc`. Le aoca raj`ka sl hcvchê`
lktrl euhc ocrolksls (ocroa) y euhc so`lkcoc (tl`tra),
 prlhajck`kha lk lstl ýetcja le jcja, e` h`kz` y le
o`kta (p`ktajcj`). Oaja `utarls hlst`o`rak Re`uta y
Xlrlkoca.

Xcta J`ooca Re`uta (4<8 `. O. -

068 `. O.). Oajlhcÿnr`ga E`tcka.
Lktrl sus adr`s hlst`o`k
―@sck`rc`‚, ―@kgctrcÿk‚, ―Le
 _aeh`ha G`k `rrÿk‚ , lktrl atr`s. 

―Le Lukuoa‚  hl
 hl Xlrlkoca. Lk lst` Le Xl`tra raj`ka hl O`ls`r`unust` (scnea C h. O.). Lr` le lhcgcoca jàs
adr` lkoaktr`jas eas têpcoas papue`r hl e` ocuh`h y uka hl eas jàs jakujlkt`els, tlkê` o`p`och`h
plrsak`mls hle saeh`ha g`kg`rrÿk, p`r` ukas slcs jce lsplot`harls y slnuê` le jahlea hle tl`tra J`rolea
e` oartls`k`, e` lsoe`v`, y le lukuoa hl Taj`.
qul h` têtuea ` e` adr` y pcl `e
lkrlha qul lk lee` sl orl`. Lk Arclktl hlst`oÿ le tl`tra ckhca, qul tclkl su arcnlk lk
le
le KĀ
 KĀṪ y`-řĀstr`,
y`-řĀstr`, ecdra s`nr`ha hl Dr`fj` oajukco`ha `
eas fajdrls par le rcsfc Df`r`t` Jukc, hakhl sl f`de` hl
o`kta, h`kz` y jêjco`. Nlklr`ejlktl, e` tljàtco` ls hl
scnka jctaeÿncoa, sadrl e`s fcstarc`s hl eas hcasls y
fãrals ckhcas.

IĀechĀs` a I`echàs gul uk palt` y

hr`j`turna ckhca fckhucst`, qul
gearlocÿ `praxcj`h`jlktl lk le
scnea WC hl kulstr` lr`.  

Lsolk` hle _`juhr` J`tf`k`j (oulkta ckhý).

E` rlprlslkt`ocÿk ls dàsco`jlktl `otar`e, sck hloar`has,

_lnýk le `ktcnua tlxta ãpcoa
hlst`o`kha ýkco`jlktl le vlstu`rca y le j`qucee`ml.
sàksorcta
_f`iukt`eà J`màdf`r`t`,
(adr` hl IĀechĀs`) lr`
e` fcm` hl e` `ps`ràs Jlk`iĀ, qul
F`dê` hcvlrs`s jah`ech`hls= ŝ`iukt`eĀ, hl scltl `otas9
slhuma par uk` kaofl `e s`dca Jrcoof`i`Ṫ ciĀ,
ciĀ, hl hclz `otas. Oaja hr`j`turnas
Wcsfwà Jctr`. hlst`o`rak IĀechĀs` y ŝũhr`i`. 
ŝũhr`i`. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 026 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
C kvl
kvlstc
stcnn` jjàs
às sasadrl
drl llee
tl`tra nrclna y raj`ka. ±Ouàels sak e`s prckocp`els p`rtls hl uk tl`tra1
 _lel
 _l eloo
oocak
cak` ` uk
uk` ` `.  Nr`hlrêa, lsolk`rca, pÿrtcoa pastlrcar.
lstruotur
lstr uotur` ` hl
hlee ja
jahl
hleaea d.  Lsolk`rca, lsolkanr`gê`, pýdecoa. 
hl tl`tra raj`ka y o.  Nr`hlrêa, lsolk`rca, lsolkanr`gê`. 
hcdum` hlt`ee`h`jlktl
 su `rqu
rquctlctlot
otur`
ur` lk tu
ou`hllr ka hl h
ou`h hcc duma. ±Ouàels gulrak eas prckocp`els hr`j`turnas hle
C kvl
kvlstc
stcn`
n` t`j
t`jdcãk nãklra hl tr`nlhc` lk e` `ktcnu` Nrloc`1
 sad
 sa drl e` garj`
garj` tl`tr`e `.  Lsqucea, _ÿgaoels y Lurêpchls. 
qul sl pr pr `otc
`otco`d`
o`d` lk le d.  @rcstÿg`kls y Jlk`khra. 
C jplr c a C ko`
ko`cc oa y o.  Re`uta y Xlrlkoca. 
r l`ecz` uk`
uk` ceustr
ceustr`o`occ ÿk
qul r lgelml tu
ckvlstcn`ocÿk. 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=

±Puã ls le tl`tra1
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±Oÿja sl arcnckÿ le tl`tra1

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±Oÿja gul le tl`tra lk e` @jãrco` prloaeajdck`1

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±Oÿja surnl le tl`tra nrclna1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
H urur`kt
`ktll le C jpl
plrr c a
C ko`
ko`cc oa sl r loct`
oc t`d`
d`kk ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
rle`tas jêtcoas y
elnlkh`rcas _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
`oajp`ð`has hl
jýsco` y o`kta. _us ( ) E` p`e`dr` tl`tra scnkcgco` eun`r p`r` oaktljpe`r .
r le`ta
le`tass ãpc
ãpcoas
oas lst`d
lst`d`k `k ( ) E`s jàso`r`s gulrak us`h`s hlshl e` prlfcstarc`.
lsoaet`has hl juof` ( ) Le tl`tra cko` slrvê` ` eas cktlrãs hle lst`ha.
r c tu`
tu`ecech`
h`h.
h. @ at
atrr as sl
eas lsolkcgco`d` y ( ) Le kajdrl “tr`nlhc`‗ sl hlrcv` hl eas o`ktas hl
hr`j`tcz`d` uk oara qul eelv`d`k jàso`r`s oak oulrkas hl
oakgarj`kha uk o`dr`.
`utãktcoa tl`tra. ( ) Lk Arclktl hlst`oÿ le tl`tra ckhca, qul tclkl su
Rraour`d`k
rlprlslkt`rea taha.  arcnlk lk le KĀṪ y`-
y`-řĀstr`.
řĀstr`.  
( ) Oaja hr`j`turnas hle tl`tra ckhca hlst`o`rak
IĀechĀs` y ŝũhr`i`. 
ŝũhr`i`. 
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 023 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 40
Leljlktas Xãokcoas
Hle Xl`tra
Le tl`tra, ls le `rtl hl oakoldcr adr`s hr`jàtco`s qul
tclklk oaja prckocp`e o`r`otlrêstco` le slr rlprlslkt`h`
lk uk lsolk`rca grlktl ` uk pýdecoa9 ls hlocr qul, le tlxta
lsorcta par uk hr`j`turna sl oakvclrtl lk uk vlrh`hlra
lsplotàouea ouy` lsolkcgco`ocÿk cjpeco` le usa `hlou`ha
hl oclrtas leljlktas tãokcoas.

E as leljl
leljlktas
ktas tãokcoas
tãokc oas hle
hle tl`tr
tl`tr a sak `qulee
`quleeas
as
oajpaklktls qul `yuh`k ` orl`r le `jdclktl
`hlou`ha p`r` le jakt`ml hl uk` adr` tl`tr`e. 
^ceec`j
0707). _f`ilspl`rl
Gul uk (0<78
hr`j`turna, - y
`otar
palt` ckneãs. Ls oakschlr`ha le
lsorctar jàs cjpart`ktl lk elknu`
cknels`. LELJLKXA_ DÀ_COA_ HLE XL@XTA
Eas leljlktas dàscoas y gukh`jlkt`els qul oakgarj`k
le tl`tra sak= le tlxta (hcàeana), le `otar y le pýdecoa=

0.  LE XLVXA=  Ls e` adr`, le v`ecasa `partl hl e`

ectlr`tur` `e oajpelma flofa tl`tr`e. E` adr` hl tl`tra
sl hlsorcdl p`r` slr rlprlslkt`h`, p`r` qul ukas
 plrsak`mls orl`has par uk hr`j`turna sl`k
Le tlxta praparocak` e`s p`e`dr`s cktlrprlt`has par eas `otarls.
qul eas plrsak`mls hcolk y slð`e`
eas eun`rls hakhl `otý`k.  

Xlxta, `otar y pýdecoa

cktlnr`has oakstctuylk
eas lel
leljljlktas
ktas lslkoc
lslkoc`els
`els
qul hlgcklk y
 scknue`rcrc z`k le tl`tra
 scknue`
 grl
 gr lkt
ktll ` e`s
e`s hljàs `rtl
rtls,
s,
o`h` uka hl lstas trls
 g`ottarls,
 g`o rls, par sê saea
saea ka
 p
 prah
rahuo
uollk le fl
flof
ofaa tl`tr`e
Rar lmljpea, le tlxta y le
`otar
`ot ar sck
sc k pýdec
pýdecoa
oa pul
pulhl
hlkk Lk `enukas o`sas le tlxta jlkocak` `oat`ocakls qul
h`
h`rr arcnlk
arc nlk ` uk` ckhco`k ea qul le `utar kas `oakslm` p`r` le jakt`ml y
 p
 prah
rahuo
uoocÿ
ocÿkk  pulhlk v`rc`r hl `oulrha ` lstl. F`y `oat`ocakls hl
ocklj`tanràgco` a, ` uk gun`r, hl euols, hl vlstu`rca, hl javcjclkta, hl
 p
 pranr`
 plranr`j
 pl ra kaj``e htll`ttlra.
elvcscÿ
elvcscÿk,
k, `otu`ocÿk y atras. @ vlols eas jcsjas `otarls `kat`k
lk le tlxta `oat`ocakls p`r` le jlmar hls`rraeea hl su
`otu`ocÿk.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 002 

4.  LE @OXAT= Ls `qule qul cktlrprlt` uk plrsak`ml `

tr`vãs hle tlxta, oakstctuyl uka hl eas leljlktas
lslkoc`els lk le tl`tra, y sck huh` le jàs
o`r`otlrêstcoa. Eas `otarls hldlk tlklr juof`
slkscdcech`h, dulk` vaz, jlmar jljarc` y uk`
oarrlot` hcoocÿk. @p`rtl hl lst`s ou`ech`hls, le dulk
`otar klolsct` tlklr prlslktl has ocroukst`koc`s
rle`ocak`h`s oak su tr`d`ma=

Eas `otarls o`sc kuko` sl ecjct`k ` scjpel

cktlrprlt`ocÿk hl eas p`plels hl uk` adr`, scka
qul rl`ecz`k vlrscakls juy plrsak`els, sadrl
taha ou`kha sl tr`t` hl adr`s ouya `rnujlkta ka
oarrlspakhl ` kulstra tcljpa.
Eas `otarls h`k vch` ` eas
plrsak`mls qul sl lkoulktr`k
oaktlkchas lk le tlxta.  Le `otar ka pulhl aevch`r qul su `otu`ocÿk hldl
lst`r lk `rjakê` oak e`s hl sus oajp`ðlras hl
lsolk`.

Eas `otarls o`sc kuko` sl ecjct`k `

scjpel cktlrprlt`ocÿk hl eas
p`plels hl uk` adr`, scka qul
rl`ecz`k vlrscakls juy plrsak`els. 
Le `otar ka pulhl aevch`r qul su
`otu`ocÿk hldl lst`r lk `rjakê`
oak e`s hl sus oajp`ðlras.
Lk eas ýetcjas ?2 `ðas, f` f`dcha uk` praecglr`ocÿk hl nrupas tl`tr`els lk le
p`ês, lsploc`ejlktl lk e` ocuh`h hl Ecj`. Eas jàs cjpart`ktls sak le Nrupa
Lks`ya (hcrcncha par Eucs Rlcr`ka y @edlrta Csae`, plra y` hcsuleta) y le
Nrupa Suy`ofi`kc, tah`vê` lk `otcvch`h.

?.  LE RÝDECOA= Xaha le tr`d`ma hl orl`ocÿk y

rlprlslkt`ocÿk qul lmlout`k rlsplotcv`jlktl
hr`j`turnas a `utarls, hcrlotarls y `otarls, tclklk
oaja ýetcja hlstcka le hl slr oaktljpe`has par uk
 pýdecoa, sck ouy` prlslkoc` y p`rtcocp`ocÿk ka f`y
tl`tra pascdel. Ls le pýdecoa le qul v` ` tlklr e`
Eas `otarls hldlk tlklr juof` `prloc`ocÿk gck`e hl e` adr` hl tl`tra qul sl lstã
slkscdcech`h, dulk` vaz, jlmar rl`ecz`kha, par le ou`e leeas lktr`k lk uk `jdclktl hl
jljarc` y uk` oarrlot` hcoocÿk.  `oocÿk, susplksa lko`kta a ou`equclr atra.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 000 

LELJLKXA_ XÃOKCOA_ HLE XL@XTA

\k` adr` tl`tr`e sl pulhl rl`ez`r par jlhca hle
vlstu`rca, le j`qucee`ml, eas hloar`has, eas `oolsarcas, e`
ceujck`ocÿk, e` jýsco` y eas lglotas lsploc`els. Lstas
leljlktas sl us`k p`r` `yuh`r ` orl`r uk` ceuscÿk hl
eun`rls, tcljpas, plrsak`mls hcglrlktls, a p`r` lkg`tcz`r
R`r` rlprlslkt`r e`s adr`s hl uk` ou`ech`h lsploc`e hl e` rlprlslkt`o
r lprlslkt`ocÿk
cÿk y hcglrlkoc`re`
Lsqucea y _ÿgaoels sl lrcnclrak
nr`khls tl`tras hl pclhr` lk e` hl e` lxplrclkoc` oatchc`k`.
`ktcnu` Nrloc`, lktrl eas qul o`dl
oct`r le `ýk oakslrv`ha hl
Lpch`ura lk le scnea W `.O., o`p`z 0.  L_OLK@TCA=  Le eun`r hakhl sl eelv` ` o`da e`
hl `edlrn`r uk`s 04.222 plrsak`s. julstr` tl`tr`e.

4.  L_OLKANT@GÊ@= Oarrlspakhl ` e` `jdclkt`ocÿk

hle lsolk`rca le ou`e plrjctl o`r`otlrcz`r le lsp`oca
hakhl sl eelv` ` o`da e` fcstarc` qul sl k`rr` lk e`
adr` hl tl`tra.

Le vlstu`rca oakstctuyl uka hl eas

rloursas lsoãkcoas jàs
cjpart`ktls lk e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk ?.  CE\JCK@OCßK= Le usa hl e` euz `rtcgcoc`e plrjctl
hl adr`s tl`tr`els. H` oe`vls o`r`otlrcz`r e` `tjÿsglr` a le tcljpa lk le qul sl
`olro` hle plrsak`ml par lmljpea=
su lh`h,
suãpao` ` e` qul plrtlklol,
plrsak`ech`h, lto. hls`rraee` e` `oocÿk.
`enukas lglotas _crvl t`jdcãk p`r` prahuocr
lsploc`els.

8.  _AKCHA=  Jlhc`ktl e` jýsco` sl pulhl prahuocr

oclrtas lglotas ljatcvas y ` tr`vãs hl sakchas
akaj`tapãycoas sl pulhl o`r`otlrcz`r `enukas
glkÿjlkas k`tur`els, ckoeusa, `rtcgcoc`els.

<.  WL_X\@TCA=  Hlsorcdl e` oakhcocÿk y k`tur`elz`

hl o`h` plrsak`ml, eeln`kha ckoeusa ` lkg`tcz`r su
 plrsak`ech`h.
E` utcelrê` lsoãkco` a hl lsolk` ls
`qulee` qul rlprlslkt` le àrl`
gêsco` lk e` qul lstàk eas `otarls, ls 7.  J@P\CEE@ML=  Lkg`tcz` eas o`r`otlrls gêscoas hl
le hloar`ha hl uk` lsolk` lk e` o`h` plrsak`ml f`st` eas pscoaeÿncoas.
qul plrj`klolk
hur`ocÿk hur`ktl
hl hcof` lsolk`. e`
Rulhl
slr hlshl uk` `egajdr` lk e` >.  \XCELTÊ@=  Oarrlspakhl ` eas admltas qul sak
lsolk`, uk tlelvcsar, uk tleãgaka
gcma, uk` oartck`, sceeakls, lto.   klols`rcas us`r lk e` k`rr`ocÿk hl eas flofas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 004 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
L sorc
sor c dl uk pl plqul
qulða
ða
tlxta tl`tr`e. ±Ouàels sak eas leljlktas dàscoas hle tl`tra1
Hcdum` le vlstu`rca hl `.  Le tlxta, le `otar y le pýdecoa.
o`h` plrsak`ml y sus d.  Lsolk`rca, lsolkanr`gê`, ceujck`ocÿk. 
r `snas gêgêsc
scoa
oass y o.  _akcha, vlstu`rca, j`qucee`ml utcelrê`. 
 p
 pscoa
scoaeÿeÿnc
ncoa
oas.s.
H c slð`
slð` y h hcc dum` uk` ±Puã ls e` lsolkanr`
lsolkanr`gê`1
gê`1
lsolkanr`gê` oak eas
r lspl
lsplotcotcvas
vas lel
leljl
jlktas
ktas `.  Le `rtl hle hloar`ha lsoãkcoa. 
hl utc
utcelrê
elrê ` qqul
ul d.  Le eun`r hakhl sl hls`rraee` e` adr` tl`tr`e. 
oarrlspakh`k ` e` adr` o.  Eas admltas klols`rcas p`r` slr us`has lk e` adr`.  
qul f`s llsor sorcc ta.
ta.
4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=

±Puã sak eas leljlktas tãokcoas hle tl`tra1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Ouàels sak eas leljlktas tãokcoas hle tl`tra1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl j`qucee`ml y utcelrê`1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
TLO\LTH@
E ` llsol
solkanr
kanr`gê
`gê`
`a ±Puã o`r`otlrcz` ` e` ceujck`ocÿk y le sakcha1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 p
 pcktu
cktur`
 sus
 su r` hslllksol
s r`êol
r`êols sollek`
tl`ttclk
clkl
ra l  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
 nrclna
 nr clna.. EaEass nrclna
nr clnass
us`rak le plrc`ota, ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
`rtcgcgc oca
`rtc oca llspl
splococ`e
`e qqul
ul
ljpel`d`
lj pel`d`kk lk sus sus _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
tl`tras p`r` o`jdc`r
hl
hloa oarr `oc
`oc akl
akls.s. O akscstê
akscstê` ` ( ) Le tlxta tl`tr`e pasll p`re`jlktas y `oat`ocakls.
lk uk `p` `p`rr `ta ( ) Le `otar sl ecjct` ` e` scjpel cktlrprlt`ocÿk.
 p
 prcrc sj
sjà àtcoa hl ( ) Le pýdecoa ls quclk tclkl e` `prloc`ocÿk gck`e hl
rlvaeuocÿk oak uk uk` pulst` lk lsolk`.
 p
 p`
`cs`ml
cs`ml hcgl
cg lrlk
rlkttl
 p
 pckt`
ckt`h ha lk o` o`hh` uk`
uk` hl ( ) E` utcelrê` lsoãkco` ls `qulee` qul rlprlslkt` le
 suss trls
 su trls o`r`s
o`r`s.. F`dF`dê` ê` àrl` gêsco` lk e` qul lstàk eas `otarls.
uk plrc
plrc `ota lk o`h o`h` ` ( ) Le vlstu`rca hlsorcdl e` oakhcocÿk y k`tur`elz` hl
e`ha hle lsolk`rca, y `e o`h` plrsak`ml.
 ncr`r
 nc
o`jdc`h`
r`r q
qul
ulh
he`
`d` ( )  E` ceujck`ocÿk scrvl p`r` prahuocr
prahuocr `enukas
hloar`ocÿk.  lglotas lsploc`els.
( )  Le j`qucee`ml lkg`tcz` le o`ràotlr hle plrsak`ml.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 00? 

Oakaocjclkta 44 Lxprlscÿk Oarpar`e

Le tl`tra lstà oakschlr`ha oaja le `rtl tat`e y` qul
utcecz` tahas eas elknu`mls (elknu`ml vlrd`e y ka vlrd`e,
elknu`ml peàstcoa, rêtjcoa-jusco`e, lto.). E` lxprlscÿk
oarpar`e a elknu`ml hle oulrpa ls uk` hl e`s garj`s
 dàsco`s p`r`
p`r` e` oajukco`ocÿ
oajukco`ocÿkk fuj`k`.

Eas leljlktas dàscoas hl e`s `otcvch`hls oarpar`els hl

lxprlscÿk sak= le oulrpa, le javcjclkta y le slktcjclkta.

Le jlhca p`r` e` Lxprlscÿk

Oarpar`e ls le prapca oulrpa, par
t`kta, ka lstà rlslrv`h`
ýkco`jlktl p`r` `quleeas ckcoc`has
qul f`y`k `hqucrcha uk
hltlrjck`ha kcvle hl oajpltlkoc`. 

0.  LE O\LTRA=  Le oulrpa lk lxprlscÿk, sl lstuhc`

oaja jêkcja, hlshl trls lkgaquls=
E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e a elknu`ml
hle oulrpa ls uk` hl e`s garj`s
dàsco`s p`r` e` oajukco`ocÿk
@K@XßJCOA=  @ p`rtcr hl uk hlsneasl
fuj`k`.  `k`tÿjcoa, o`h` p`rtl tclkl uk` gukocak`ech`h y `
su vlz uk`s pascdcech`hls lxprlscv`s y ukas
jlks`mls lsploêgcoas. Lm.= Olrr`r le puða oak le
E ` llxpr
xprllscÿ
sc ÿk oarpa
oarparr `e f`
taj`ha
taj `ha sus tã tãokc
okco`s
o`s y hlha puen`r
jlks`ml lxtlkhcha
tat`ejlktl y f`oc``e`rrcd`,
hcglrlktl jcsjaoakeelv` uk
nlsta oak
 p
 prao
raollhcjcl
cjclkt ktaas hl e`s
e`s
jàs hchcvl
vlrr s`s le puen`r f`oc` `d`ma.
 p
 prao
raollhlko koc`s
c`s== jjcja
cja,, @OXCX\H RA_X\T@E= Ls le lstuhca hle
tãokc
tãokco`o` `ota
`otarr `e, h`
h`kz`
kz`,, jlks`ml ljctcha par uk` plrsak` ` p`rtcr hl uk`
 p
 pscoa
scoah hr`j
r`j` `, yya
an`,
n`,  pastur` `hapt`h` lspaktàkl`jlktl.
lspaktàkl`jlktl. Lm.= _l
`orad`oc
`orad` oc`,
`, tãokc
tãokco`s
o`s hl
jlhct`ocÿk y ncjkàstco`s lktclkhl qul uk` plrsak` oak pclrk`s y dr`zas
arclkt`els, icklsctlr`pc`, oruz`has, julstr` uk` `otctuh jàs supulst`jlktl
supulst`jlktl
hckàj
hck àjcc o` h hll nr upa
upas,s, lto. hcst`ktl ` uk ar`har, qul atr` plrsak` lk `otctuh
 _u hcgus
cg uscÿk
cÿk y ãxctxc ta sl hl `plrtur`.
hldl ` uk` taj` hl COAKANT@GÊ@ (L_X@X\@_)=  Ls le lstuhca
oakoclkoc` nlklr`ecz`h`
hl qul taha le jukha ls hl e`s pascdcech`hls hl "hcdum`r" le lsp`oca oak e`
o`p`zz hl llxxprls`rs
o`p` prls`rsll  pastur` `hapt`h` vaeukt`rc`jlktl. Lstl `p`rt`ha
oarpa
oar parr `ejl
`ejlktl,ktl, hl q qulul ka lstà êktcj`jlktl rle`ocak`ha oak e` gukocÿk
 sl kl
klololsct`
sct`kk `ool
oolsa
sarcrc as lstãtco` hle javcjclkta. Lm.= Lst`tu`s rl`ecz`h`s
kc sa artl rtls.
s.  par uk nrupa hl `eujkas oak su oulrpa,
oajpeljlktàkhasl
oajpeljlktàkha sl lktrl sê.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 008 

4.  LE JAWCJCLKXA= Lxcstlk ukas g`otarls dàscoas

qul oakhcocak`k e`s o`ech`hls hle javcjclkta. Lstas
sak lsp`oca, tcljpa l cktlksch`h. E` oajdck`ocÿk hl
lstas g`otarls hlrcv` lk aofa `oocakls dàsco`s=
 prlscak`r, naepl`r, rltarolr, flkhcr, hlsecz`r, tloel`r,
geat`r y s`ouhcr, `oocakls qul sak sadrl e`s qul sl
sustlkt` ou`equclr `otcvch`h fuj`k`. Wl` lsas
g`otarls=

L_R@OCA= Le lsp`oca ls "hakhl sl vcsu`ecz` le

O`h` javcjclkta sl rl`ecz` lk uk javcjclkta". @tlkhclkha ` orctlrcas lsp`oc`els sl
lsp`oca hltlrjck`ha.  pulhl prapaklr, rloakaolr y lxplrcjlkt`r
hcstcktas=
   Kcvlels hl tr`d`ma=
tr`d`ma= suplrcar, jlhca y d`ma.
  Hcrloocakls= `rrcd`-`d`ma9 hlrlof`-czquclrh`9
hle`ktl-hltràs.
  @jpectuhls= `jpeca-rlhuocha. Lmljpea= le

javcjclkta hl e` ncjk`st` rêtjco` n`k`rà lk

 dleelz` sc lst` duso` e` `jpectuh.

_l hldlk rloakaolr eas

javcjclktas ràpchas, elktas, lto.
p`r` s`dlr `pravlof`reas `e
jajlkta hl rl`ecz`r uk`
rlprlslkt`ocÿk.

XCLJRA=  Le tcljpa ls atra hl eas g`otarls

hltlrjck`ktls lk e` orl`ocÿk hl javcjclktas,
agrloclkha juetctuh hl pascdcech`hls=
  Lk ou`kta ` e` vleaoch`h= javcjclktas
ràpchas-elktas.
  Lk ou`kta ` e` prlhajck`koc` hl uk rctja
lxtlrka a hle kulstra prapca.
  _ýdcta a sastlkcha.
  Oaktckuch`h= oaktckua a ` cktlrv`eas. Lm. @
 p`rtcr hl uk` pastur`, oaktr`lr hcstckt`s p`rtls
Xr`seàhlsl lk hcglrlktls
udco`ocakls= `hle`ktl, `tràs, ` eas
hle oulrpa lk gukocÿk hl eas "naepls" hl uk`
oast`has... p`r` hajck`r le lsp`oca jýsco` (javcjclkta-p`us`-javcjclkta-
lsoãkcoa.  p`us`).
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 00< 

CKXLK_CH@H= @ lstl g`otar gukh`jlkt`ejlktl

hldl le javcjclkta, su o`rn` lxprlscv`. Hlocjas
qul uk javcjclkta lstà jàs a jlkas o`rn`ha hl
lklrnê` ou`kha qulrljas rlgelm`r su cktlksch`h.
@enuk`s v`rc`dels hl javcjclktas=
  Lklrnê`= hãdce / gulrtl9 su`vl / drusoa.
  Nr`ha hl cktlksch`h= oakst`ktl / pranrlscv`-
jlktl hls`olelr`ha a `olelr`ha.
\k javcjclkta lstà jàs a jlkas   Geuchlz= geuchas / oakhuochas. Lmljpea=
o`rn`ha hl lklrnê` ou`kha sl
rlgelm` su cktlksch`h.  Hlspe`z`rsl y ` e` slð`e, hlm`rsl o`lr oaja
"hlrrltchas par le sae".

@ tr`vãs hl e` ljaocÿk sl hldlrà

slr o`p`z hl ljlrnlr slktcjclktas
`utãktcoas. 

Le `otar tclkl qul tlklr e` o`p`och`h hl tr`ksjctcr slktcjclktas `utãktcoas.

Lk lst` gatanr`gê` sl pulhl hcstcknucr uk` ljaocÿk e` ou`e ls praylot`h` `e
lsplot`har.

?.  LE _LKXCJCLKXA= E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e ls uk`

hl e`s àrl`s lk e`s qul le slktcjclkta, e` ljaocÿk, e`
_l hldl lvct`r e` “tl`tr`ecz`ocÿk‗ `glotcvch`h, taj`k le r`kna hl oaktlkcha y` qul
hl slktcjclktas puls rlst` rlsplota hl leeas sl hldlrà slr o`p`z hl ljlrnlr
`utlktcoch`h cktlrprlt`tcv`. 
slktcjclktas `utãktcoas y ka e` "tl`tr`ecz`ocÿk" a
hr`j`tcz`ocÿk hl sctu`ocakls rl`els. @enukas
E ` llxxpl
plrr c jlkt
lkt`ocÿk
`ocÿk hl lmljpeas hl t`rl`s=
tahas eas leljlktas y
atras jàs y e`s pascdels
oajdck`ocakls lktrl   Oak jýsco` su`vl y rle`m`ktl, par p`rlm`s uka
lsp`oca - tcljpa - cktlkt` ` tr`vãs hle oakt`ota oak e`s j`kas hle
c ktl
ktlksc
ksch`
h`h, h, oakstctuyl llee oajp`ðlra, tr`ksjctcr `enuk` hl e`s ljaocakls
lml hl tr`d`ma hl e`s  dàsco`s.
o`ech`
o`ec h`hl
hlss hl j javc
avcjc
jclkta
lkta,,   Oak jýsco` su`vl y rle`m`ktl9 nrupas hl ou`tra
ls hlocr, hl e`s t`rl`s hl
e`s slscakl
slscaklss hl llxxprlsc
prlscÿk
ÿk lk oêrouea9 e`s j`kas sl julvlk lk gukocÿk hl e`
oarpar`e. jýsco` cktlkt`kha ka slp`r`rsl uk`s hl e`s atr`s
y sck `oulrha vlrd`e prlvca.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 007 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
G arjl
arjlkk tr trls
ls llquc
qucpapass hl
tr`d`ma lk le `ue` y ±Ouàels sak eas leljlktas hl e` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e1
o`h` uka slelooc
sleloocaklakl uk `.  Le oulrpa, le javcjclkta y le slktcjclkta.
leljlkta dàscoa hl e` d.  Le lsp`oca, le tcljpa y e` cktlksch`h. 
lxprlscÿk oarpar
oarpar `e. o.  E` `k`tajê`, e` pastur` y e` coakanr`gê`. 
T l`
l`ececol
ol o`h` lquc
lqucpa pa
uk` slelooc
sleloocÿkÿk y ±Oÿja hcvchl e` v`rc`del lklrnê`  hl e` cktlksch`h `
 p
 prào
ràottco` hl lml mlrococ
rococa as
hl lxprlsc
prlscÿk
ÿk oaoarr pa
parr `e eas javcjclktas1
qul tlkn`k uk` hcrlot` `.  Hãdce / gulrtl9 su`vl / drusoa.
r le`oc
le`ocÿkÿk le lelj
leljlkta
lkta d.  Oakst`ktl/pran
Oakst`ktl/pranrlscv`jlktl, hls`olelr`ha/`olelr`ha. 
rlscv`jlktl, hls`olelr`ha/`olelr`ha.
 slel
 sl eloo
oocak
cak``ha. o.  Geuchas / oakhuochas.
oakhuochas. 
Tl`ecolk uk`
 p
 prls
rlsllktkt``ocÿ
ocÿkk `kt ktll eas
eas
lq
lqucucpapass hl eas 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
lm lr ococ
oc ocas
as tr
tr`d
`d`m`h
`m`has,as,
eulna eas atras
atr as llquc
qucpapass ±Puã cjpart`koc` tclkl e` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e lk le
hl
hldldlrr àk pprr `ot
`otcc o`r y tl`tra1
 p
 prls
rlsllktkt``r lml
lmlrococ
rococa as hl  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
atra leljlkta.
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

±Ouàels sak eas trls lkgaquls hl lstuhca hle oulrpa1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±@ quã sl rlgclrl e` cktlksch`h1

c ktlksch`h1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
E `a llxpr
 y/a
 y/ elxprl
lscÿ
elknu` sc ml
knu`ml ÿkhoarpa
oarpar
oulrrpa
le oul `e ±@ quã sl rlgclrl le slktcjclkta1
ls uk` hl e`s garj`s  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
dà
dàscsco`s
o`s p`
p`rr ` e`  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
oajukco`ocÿk
fuj`k`.
fuj` k`. OOakak jj`t`tllr c `e
lh
lhuo`tcva,
uo`tcva, e` e` llxpr
xprlscÿk
lscÿk ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
oar
oar pa
parr `e sl rlgc
rlgcllr l `
`ee _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
javcjclkta, oak le
 p
 prap
rapÿ ÿscta hl g`va
g`varlo
rlollr ( ) E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e ls uk` hl e`s garj`s
eas praol
pr aolsas
sas hl
`prlkhcz`ml,  dàsco`s p`r`
p`r` e` oajukco`ocÿk fuj`k`.
lstr
lstr uotur
uotur`r`r le lsqul
lsqulj` j` ( ) \k javcjclkta lstà jàs a jlkas o`rn`ha hl
oarpar`e, oakstrucr uk` lklrnê` ou`kha sl rlgelm` su cktlksch`h.
`prapc`h` cj`nlk hl sê ( ) _l hldl lvct`r e` “tl`tr`ecz`ocÿk‗ hl slktcjclktas
jcsja, jlmar`r e`  puls rlst` `utlktcoch`h
`utlktcoch`h cktlrprlt`tcv`.
oajukco`ocÿk y
hl
hls`rr
s`rraee`
aee`rr e` ( ) Eas kcvlels hl tr`d`ma hle lsp`oca sak= suplrcar,
orl`tcvch`h.  jlhca y d`ma.
( ) E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e ls le elknu`ml hle oulrpa.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 00> 

Oakaocjclkta 4? Lxprlscÿk Wao`e

Oaja y` ea f`drà kat`ha, le tl`tra `hljàs hl slr uk
lsplotàouea qul ls `prloc`ha par e` vcst`, t`jdcãk ls
oakoldcha par le slktcha hle aêha9 par ea t`kta, quclkls
rl`ecz`k e`s hr`j`tcz`ocakls hldlk p`s`r par uk`
 prlp`r`ocÿk ka sÿea oarpar`e, scka par uk tr`d`ma hle
`p`r`ta gak`har.

WÀEW\E@ GCEXTA

Jàs `eeà hl plrsu`hcr, p`r` eanr`r

slr uk ar`har sl rlquclrl rl`ecz`r
uk` slrcl hl lmlrococas vao`els, sak
lstas eas `prapc`has p`r` le tl`tra. _C_XLJ@ WAO@E

LKLTN @
LKLTN
@ÃTL@

Hc`gr`nj`

LE @R@T@XA GAK@HAT ls le oakmukta hl ÿrn`kas qul oae`dar`k lk e`

ljcscÿk hle sakcha `rtcoue`ha. _l hcvchl lk trls nrupas= ÿrn`kas hl e`
rlspcr`ocÿk, hl e` gak`ocÿk y hl e` `rtcoue`ocÿk.

@enrct`r
rlprlslkt`r
a f`de`ruk` adr`,puls
gulrtl, ka d`st`
leea
rlst` `utlktcoch`h `e p`ple
rlprlslkt`ha. E@ AT@XATC@= Ls le `rtl hl f`de`r, lxpaklr oak
arhlk, jãtaha y leaoulkoc` eas plks`jclktas l chl`s
 p`r` ckgcetr`reas lk quclkls
quclkls lsouo
lsouof`k
f`k uk jlks`ml.
jlks`ml.
Jlhc`ktl e` pràotco` hl e` ar`tarc` y e` eaouocÿk sl pulhl
eanr`r uk` vaz chÿkl` p`r` le tl`tra.
Lxcstlk uk` slrcl hl lmlrococas vao`els qul g`varlolk e`
 patlkoc` plra
plra ka sl hldl hl
hlsouch`r
souch`r le tcjdrl hl e` vaz.
Tloulrhl qul p`r` eanr`r uk` `hlou`h` plrsak`ech`h lk
le lsolk`rca hldl oakschlr`r eas leljlktas
gcscaoajukco`ocak`els, ls hlocr= le scstlj` rlspcr`tarca
(e`rcknl) oak uk` vaz `nr`h`del9 le scstlj` klrvcasa
(olrldra) oak uk` geuch` ouetur` nlklr`e9 le scstlj`
Oak le hajckca hl e` vaz, le slksarc`e (elknu`) p`r` drckh`r uk elknu`ml `jlka y9 le
pýdecoa `prloc`rà jlmar le scstlj` jusoue`r (hc`gr`nj`) qul el praparocakl
oaktlkcha hl e` adr`.
oajahch`h jusoue`r.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 006 

LMLTOCOCA_ HL LVRTL_CßK WAO@E 

Eas scnuclktls lmlrococas hldlk slr rl`ecz`has prlvca
`kàecscs y `olpt`ocÿk hl `enukas lrrarls qul sl f`y`k
lst`ha oajltclkha `e jajlkta hl f`de`r=
LMLTOCOCA_ HL TL_RCT@OCßK= @spcrl praguk-
h`jlktl y jch` le tcljpa qul pulhl ellr f`st` klolsct`r
`crl kulv`jlktl, a, t`jdcãk, praeaknul uk` vao`e (Lm.
``````````````````...) y orakajltrl su hur`ocÿk f`st`
Karj`ejlktl `e rlspcr`r le `crl qul sl qulhl sck `crl. Rrad`deljlktl slràk 02, 0< a 42
ckf`e`ha ls eelv`ha ` eas puejakls,
ea qul hldl praour`r ls qul ãstl sl slnukhas hl hur`ocÿk. Lsta quclrl hlocr qul ka lktrÿ
tr`se`hl `e lstÿj`na. sugcoclktl `crl parqul ka f` `oastujdr`ha ` su
rlslrvarca (jýsoueas `dhajck`els y puejakls), `
`oujue`rea. Lktakols, lktrlkl su plofa p`r` e`
rlspcr`ocÿk `dhajck`e=

Rar
`crl e`qulk`rcz,
taj``spcrl elkt`jlktl,
ljpuml ouch`kha
eas jýsoueas hle hl qul le
`dhajlk.
_clkt` oÿja su lstÿj`na tclkhl ` elv`kt`rsl. \stlh
ka sae`jlktl lstà eelk`kha sus puejakls scka
t`jdcãk e` o`vch`h `dhajck`e.

Eulna, t`jdcãk elkt`jlktl, lxple` le `crl oaja sc

E` hur`ocÿk hl eas lmlrococas hldl lstuvclr` sape`kha su`vljlktl.
slr hl ukas quckol jckutas
`praxcj`h`jlktl
`praxcj`h`j lktl y hl hc`rc`
rl`ecz`ocÿk. LMLTOCOCA_ HL WAO@EC]@OCßK= E` suprlscÿk a
e` `etlr`ocÿk hl eltr`s y sêe`d`s lk e`s p`e`dr`s adlhlolk
` uk` j`e` vao`ecz`ocÿk a `rtcoue`ocÿk hl eas sakchas.

@dr` e` dao` (taha ea qul pulh`), j`ktãkn`e` `sê

ukas hclz slnukhas y vuãev`e` ` olrr`r. @e prckocpca
 pulhl haelr uk paoa ` eas e`has hl e` o`r`. Ka sl
 prlaoupl, sÿea ls e` g`et` hl oastujdrl y hl
lktrlk`jclkta jusoue`r.

Xajl `crl, eeãvlea `e hc`gr`nj` y prakukocl e`s

vao`els slp`r`h`s=
slp`r`h`s= ` - l - c - a - u.

Eulna o`h` vao`e lk garj` praeakn`h` l cktlrjctlktl

(oart`h`)= “```````````` ` - ` - ` - ` - ` -
````````````` - ` - ` - ` - ` - ` - ` - ` " "llllllllllll
l - l - l - l - l - l - l - lllllllll
lllllllllll...
ll... lto.".
E` rlprlslkt`ocÿk hl o`h`
plrsak`ml rlquclrl
vaz lsploc`e, hleanr`rea
p`r` uk tcjdrl
ls hl _lnuch`jlktl, oajdckl e`s vao`els9 ecnàkhae`s=
- a ```````````cccccccccccc```````````` ` - c - ` l - "`
u --lc
rloajlkh`del e` cjpast`ocÿk
vao`e. llllllllllll uuuuuuuuuuuullllllllllll l - u - l".
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 003 

LMLTOCOCA_ HL JAH\E@OCßK= Dclk rl`ecz`has,

 paoas lmlrococas pulhlk `yuh`r ` h`rel oaear y o`ear ` su
vaz. Rruldl oak lstas trls=

\ka hl eas oajpaklktls jàs

El` uk pàrr`ga oak vaz k`tur`e (vaeujlk rlnue`r)9
cjpart`ktls hl f`de`r lk pýdecoa eulna, Wuãev`ea ` ellr juy qulha (o`sc susurr`kha)9
ls le sakcha hl tu vaz.  y, hlspuãs, eã`ea oak tah` cktlksch`h hl vaz. Rraolh`
cnu`e oak gr`sls jusco`els a oak o`kocakls.

E` rlsak`koc` lk le lsolk`rca
praparocak` uk` nr`k `yuh` Xajl uk` palsê` l cktlrprãtle`= (hên`e` oak
hur`ktl eas hcàeanas y jakÿeanas.
slktcjclkta). Ckspêrlsl y rloctl uk palj` oak e`s
ckgelxcakls hl vaz klols`rc`s p`r` o`pt`r su jlks`ml.
_lnuch`jlktl, vuãev`e` ` ellr9 plra, lst` vlz,
`etlr`kha le vaeujlk hl su vaz= uk vlrsa su`vl y uk
vlrsa gulrtl. X`jdcãk fàn`ea oak o`kocakls.

Xajl hcvlrs`s gr`sls cktlrran`tcv`s (1), `hjcr`tcv`s

(!) y hl susplksa (...). Eã`e`s a hên`e`s oak le slktcha
qul ckhco`k eas scnkas rlsplotcvas. Rar lmljpea=
O`h` ljcscÿk vao`e hldl slr
jahue`h`, ka sl hldl nrct`r puls   ¡D`st`, hltlkn`jas e` ckmustcoc`!
lsta h`ð` e` n`rn`kt`.  
 
E` dlsÿ `p`scak`h`jlktl,
±Ouàkta y, dls`s
tcljpa f`ol qul ka lktakolst u...j`hrl1
` tu

Oaja atra lmljpea, sl pulhl lxprls`r juof`s oas`s

oak e`s jcsj`s p`e`dr`s=

  ¡Puã praglscak`e! (@hjcr`ocÿk qul `pruld` e`

nr`k o`ech`h)
  ¡Puã praglscak`e! (@hjcr`ocÿk qul orctco` e`
j`e` o`ech`h)
  ¡Puã praglscak`e ... ! (Gr`sl dureak`)
  ±Puã praglscak`e1 (Rrlnukt` ` quã praglscak`e sl
rlgclrl)
  ±Puã ... praglscak`e1 (Hadel prlnukt` qul
_l pulhl eanr`r uk` v`rclh`h hl
oakkat`ocakls a slktchas ` uk` lxprls` huh`)
p`e`dr` sae`jlktl oak o`jdc`r e`   ±Puã ... praglscak`e! (Rrlnukt` y `gcrj`ocÿk
lktak`ocÿk a jahue`ocÿk hl su vaz. `hjcr`tcv`) lto.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 042 

O\@ECH@HL_ HL E@ WA]
Le p`r`elknu`
p`r`elknu`ml
ml lstà oakstctucha par le oakmukta hl
ou`ech`hls
taka, ka vlrd`els
hur`ocÿk hl e` vaz, yoaja
y vleaoch`h9 parvaeujlk, tcjdrl,
eas leljlktas
Le p`r`elknu`ml ls hakhl sl f`ol
ãkg`scs `e oajpaklktl vao`e hl uk  prasÿhcoas a hl prakukoc`ocÿk, oaja p`us`s, `olkta,
hcsoursa, uk` vlz qul el fljas lktak`ocÿk y rctja9 `hljàs hl e`s ee`j`h`s
lecjck`ha su oaktlkcha. Ka ls
cjpart`ktl le quã sl hcol, scka le vao`ecz`ocakls, qul oakscstlk lk sakchas a ruchas qul
oÿja sl hcol.  s`elk par e` dao`, plra qul ka sak p`e`dr`s y
hlsljplð`kk uk cjpart`ktl p`ple oajukco`tcva, oaja eas
hlsljplð`
suspcras, dugchas, o`rr`spla, dastlzas, scedchas, rcs`s, lto.

E`s ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz scrvlk,

p`r` `slktcr, jastr`r hls`oulrha,
p`r` plhcr a j`ktlklr le turka hl
p`e`dr` a p`r` jastr`r
`hjcr`ocÿk a hlsprloca f`oc` le
cktlreaoutar. 

0.  E@ CKXLK_CH@H=  Lstà rle`ocak`ha hcrlot`jlktl

oak e` o`ktch`h hle `crl qul sl lxpues` `e f`de`r y
 pulhl slr `eta/d`ma/karj`e. Le vaeujlk jàs
`hlou`ha ls `qule qul plrjctl aêr oak oe`rch`h `
E`s lxprlscakls vlrd`els hldlk
oajdck`rsl oak nlstas a tahas eas aylktls qul cktlrvclklk lk uk` sctu`ocÿk hl
javcjclktas oarpar`els.  oajukco`ocÿk ar`e.

4.  LE XAKA=  Hlplkhl hl e` oulrh`s vao`els, qul

L e f`de`
f`de`ktl ktl hlhldl
dl v`v`rr c `r
le taka, `hlouàkhaea ` e` f`olk
hl easpascdel e` ljcscÿk
sakchas. oak jàs
_l pulhl a jlkaslktl
hcstcknucr hcgcouet`h
taka
c ktl
ktlkoc
kocÿk
ÿk h hll
oajukc
oaj ukco`oc
o`ocÿkÿk hlktr
hlktra a hl nr`vl/`nuha/karj`e.
eas j`tc
j`tcolsols qul su
rlncstra el plrjctl= ?.  LE XCJDTL=  Ls le j`tcz plrsak`e hl e` vaz qul
 sud
 su dcr ea lk prlnu rlnukt kt`
`s a
`gcrj`ocakls hlplkhl hl e` praxcjch`h hl e`s oulrh`s vao`els lk
c jp
jpart`ktl
art`ktls, s, d`
d`mm `re
`reaa p`
p`rr ` sê y hcglrlkoc` uk`s vlols hl atr`s. Rulhl slr
h`
h`rr el uk `crl`cr l `rjakcasa a drcee`ktl/rlsak`ktl. @ukqul le tcjdrl ls
oakgchl
oakgc hlkoc
koc`e
`e ` ea qul sl uk g`otar gcscaeÿncoa hl o`h` f`de`ktl, pulhl
hcol, lto. jlmar`rsl jlhc`ktl lmlrococas hl `rtcoue`ocÿk.
R `r` rrllj`ro`r le
hcsoursa a lkg`tcz`r sl
utc
utcececz`
z`rr à uk` vleaoc
vleaoch` h`h h 8.  E@ WLEAOCH@H=  Ls e` r`pchlz lk e` ljcscÿk ljcscÿk hl
elkt`
elkt`99 plplrr a, p`
p`rr ` ``nc
nc ecz`
ec z`rr eas sakchas par p`rtl hle f`de`ktl. Lst` pulhl slr
le hcsour
hcsoursa, sa, sl utce
utcecc z`
z`rr à elkt`/ràpch`/karj`e. Le f`de`ktl oajpltlktl hldl
j`yar vleaoch`h hl
ljcscÿk.
`hlou`r e` vleaoch`h hl su hcsoursa ` e` cktlkocÿk hl
oajukco`ocÿk y ` e` o`p`och`h hl lsouof` hle
aylktl9
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 040 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
L sor
sor cdcr lk e` p
pcc z`r r`
e` gr`sl ―ya dlda sap`,
±Ouàels sak eas nrupas hl ÿrn`kas hle `p`r`ta
sap` ya dlda‚. gak`har1
Tlpltcre` lk oara uk`s `.  Hl e` rlspcr`ocÿk, hl e` gak`ocÿk y hl e` `rtcoue`ocÿk.
ou`tra ` ockoa vlols d.  Wàevue` gcetra, scstlj` vao`e y lklrnê` `ãrl`. 
f`st` qul lstl o.  Hc`gr`nj`, g`rcknl, e`rcknl. 
`prlkhch`.
D arr`r
arr `r le ttllxta y
vaevlrr ea ` rlpl
vaevl rlpltctcrr p`
p`rr ` ±Ouàels sak e`s ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz1
vlr
vlr c gc o`r
o`r qul lstl `.  Nr`vl, `nuh`, `gÿkco`, hueol.
`prlkhcha. d.  Cktlksch`h, taka, tcjdrl, vleaoch`h. 
C kor
korlljlkt` kt`rr e` o.  Gulrtl, hãdce, su`vl, `p`n`h`. 
vleaoch`h
vleaoc h`h ``ee jaj
jajlktalkta
hl rlpltcrea.
R r `ot
`otcc o`r lk va vazz d`m`
d`m` y 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
hl garj` ckhcvchu`e y
eulna hl ukas jckutas ±R`r` quã scrvl le `p`r`ta gak`har1
lxpa
pakl klrr e` ggrr `sl v`
v`rr c `s  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
vlols y lk vaz `et` oak  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQ
uk` sae`
sae` rls c r`o r`occ ÿk.
±Puã ls e` ar`tarc`1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ

±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl vao`ecz`ocÿk y jahue`ocÿk

hl e` vaz1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
TLO\LTH@  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
R`hlou`h`
`r ` ea
eanr
nr` `plrsak`ech`h
r uk` ±Lk quã oakscstl le taka oaja ou`ech`h hl e` vaz1
lk le lsolk`rca hldl  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
oaksc
oakschl hlrr `r eas  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
leljlktas
 gcsca
 gc scaoa
oajjuk ukco`
co`oca
ocak`k`elels,
s,
ls hlocr= le scstlj` ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
rlspcr`tarca (e`rcknl) _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oak uk` vaz `nr`h`del9
le scstl
sc stlj`
j` klrvc
klrvcasa
asa ( ) Nrct`r rlst` `utlktcoch`h `e plrsak`ml hl uk `otar.
(olrldra) oak uk`
 geuch`
 geuch ` ou
ouetetur`
ur` nlkl
nlklr`e
r`e99 ( ) Eas lmlrococas hl rlspcr`ocÿk y vao`ecz`ocÿk
le scstl
scstlj`
j` slksa
slksarr c `e hldlk f`olr hur`ktl ukas 0< jckutas y ` hc`rca.
(elknu`) p`r` drckh`r ( ) E` rlsak`koc` lk le lsolk`rca praparocak` uk`
uk elknu`ml
elknu`ml `j `jllka y9 nr`k `yuh` hur`ktl eas hcàeanas y jakÿeanas.
le scstl
sc stlj`
j` jusoue`r ( ) O`h` ljcscÿk vao`e hldl slr jahue`h`, ka sl
 p
 prap
( hc`gr
hc`gr`nj
rapaa`nj`)
rocak
rocakl
`)lqul
oaj
oajaelhch`
ch`h
h hldl nrct`r puls lsta h`ð` e` n`rn`kt`.
jusoue`r. ( )  E`s lxprlscakls vlrd`els hldlk oajdck`rsl oak
nlstas a javcjclktas oarpar`els.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 044 

Oakaocjclkta 48  Mulnas hl Ckcoc`ocÿk

Hr`jàtco`
R`r` ckourscak`r lk e` `otu`ocÿk tl`tr`e ls rloajlkh`del
ljpel`r uk` slrcl hl hckàjco`s hl ckcoc`ocÿk hr`jàtco`
qul plrjct`k lmlout`r e` lxprlscÿk eýhco`9 hls`rraee`r e`
g`ouet`h hl cjct`ocÿk9 lxplrcjlkt`r e`s pascdcech`hls
 dàsco`s hle prapca mulna (javcjclkta, sakcha, rucha,
julo`, `hljàk...)9 `gc`kz`r le hajckca plrsak`e9 y,
E`s hckàjco`s hl hr`j`tcz`ocÿk sl hls`rraee`r e` jljarc`.
eelv`k ` p`rtcr hl uk` jatcv`ocÿk,
oak e` ou`e sl cjpravcs`k hcàeanas
y `oocakls lktrl plrsak`mls
orl`has a h`has lk oulktas,
elylkh`s, palsê`s, o`kocakls, lto. L e mmulna
ulna hr
hr `jàt
`jàtcc oa ls uk scstl sc stlj
j` hl `ooc
`oocÿk
ÿk eýhco`
eýhco`
lk e` qul sl oajdck`k dàsco`jlktl has scstlj`s hl
oa
oajjukco`
ukc o`oc
ocÿÿk= le ecec knõê
kn õêst
stcc oa y e` lxpr
lxprllsc
scÿÿk oarpar
oarpar `e.

Le mulna hr`jàtcoa sl hls`rraee` ` tr`vãs hl v`rc`s

 pascdcech`hls= le mulna pulhl slr ecdrl, ls hlocr, ls le qul
rl`ecz` uk ckhcvchua a uk nrupa hl plrsak`s sck kcknuk`
Mulna hl hlsckfcdcocÿk “e` hcrloocÿk. Ls e` cjpravcs`ocÿk e` j`tlrc` qul oanl
 p`
 p`ej
ej`
`h`‗= Lk oêrouea sl j`kh` cjpart`koc` lk lstl `p`rt`ha=
uk` p`ej`h` y sl v` v`rc`kha le
arhlk, hlspuãs uk` p`e`dr`, uk
nlsta, taha mukta. Mulna hr`jàtcoa arn`kcz`ha ckgarj`ejlktl= e`
 plrsak` lko`rn`h` hl kulstra `prlkhcz`ml hldl
j`ro`rkas uk`s p`ut`s ` slnucr, p`r` oaarhck`r y
arn`kcz`r e` `oocÿk.

Xr`d`ma hl oaarhck`ocÿk oak

pleat`= _l e`kz` uk` pleat` y oak
lee` nrct` kulstra kajdrl= prcjlra
oak hleco`hlz` f`st` eeln`r `
eanr`r uk` j`yar cktlksch`h.

Mulna hr`jàtcoa arn`kcz`ha garj`ejlktl= lk ãe

f`drê` qul hcspaklr hl uk lsp`oca `jpeca qul
 pascdcectl le javcjclkta, slr s`dlharls hl uk` adr`
hl tl`tra9 oakaoclkha su `rnujlkta, rlp`rtcr sus
Ckvlkt`jas oak pco`s= _l v`  plrsak`mls lktrl eas ckhcvchuas p`rtcocp`ktls hl e`
tr`ksgarj`kha le admlta lk
hcglrlktls ýtcels, sl hlm` qul e` `otcvch`h, eas lks`yas apartukas p`r` `sê pahlr
cj`nck`ocÿk f`n` qul le admlta `hlou`r e` adr` ` kulstr`s klolsch`hls y pahlre`
pclrh` su gukocÿk rl`e y sl
rlprlslkt`r hlktra hl kulstr`s o`p`och`hls.
 oakvclrt` lk atr` oas`.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 04? 

TLOAJLKH@OCAKL_ R@T@ E@
CKCOC@OCßK HT@JÀXCO@ 

R`r` eanr`r hls`rraee`r

`rtl hr`jàtcoa, uk` `hlou`h`
ustlh, ckcoc`ejlktl, hldlprlp`r`ocÿk lk uk
lxplrcjlkt`r le
\k leljlkta cjpart`ktl ls le  praolsa orl`tcva, ckvlkt`kha sctu`ocakls, plrsak`mls y
pahlr oakgc`r lk le atra. \k dulk `oocakls. R`r` leea, rloulrhl ea scnuclktl=
lmlrococa ls plrjctcr qul atra nuêl
kulstra o`jcka. 
Hc`eanul `olro` hl eas plrsak`mls y hl oÿja
o`r`otlrcz`reas, `e cnu`e qul e`s `oocakls qul sl v`k `
lsoanlr.

Orll uk `jdclktl gêscoa y `otctuhck`e prapcoca p`r`

p`r`
lxpear`r ecdrljlktl javcjclktas y nlstas.

Maf`k` _`k Jcnule y O`reas

O`reêk, rloakaochas `otarls hl
tl`tra plru`ka. 

R`rtl cjpart`ktl hl e` vcvlkoc` hl e` hr`j`tcxz`ocÿk ls le pahlr "ouejck`r uk

prahuota" y paklrea lk lsolk`.
Tloulrhl qul le admltcva ka ls `eo`kz`r uk` rlprlslkt`ocÿk tl`tr`e plrglot`, scka
tlklr e` apartukch`h hl plks`r oak ckhlplkhlkoc`, hl hlslkvaevlrsl sck
ckfcdcocakls, hcsgrut`r e` lxplrclkoc`, hls`rraee`r e` lxprlscvch`h, e` slkscdcech`h
K`ocha lk Ecj` lk 0372, Oãs`r hl y e` cj`nck`ocÿk.
J`rê` ls, sck eun`r ` huh`s, uka hl
eas hr`j`turnas jàs cjpart`ktls
c jpart`ktls
hle tl`tra plru`ka oaktljparàkla. R`rtcocpl vaeukt`rc`jlktl hl e`s hckàjco`s sunlrch`s
 par le ckstruotar.

_leloocakl sc hlsl` p`rtcocp`r oaja orl`har hle

`rnujlkta, oaja `otar, lsolkÿnr`ga, utcelra a le
lko`rn`ha hl orl`r a sleloocak`r e` jýsco`.

_cãkt`sl oajplkltr`ha oak le plrsak`ml `

rlprlslkt`r.

Hc`eanul y oajlktl e`s ljaocakls qul el susoct`rak

y prapakn` `etlrk`tcv`s hl saeuocÿk ` oclrt`s
hcgcouet`hls qul sl f`y`k prlslkt`ha.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 048 

LMLTOCOCA_ S M\LNA_ HT@JÀXCOA_

Eas lmlrococas hr`jàtcoas sak `otcvch`hls arclkt`h`s `
hls`rraee`r lxprlscv`
o`p`och`h e` orl`tcvch`h,
t`ktahlsckfcdcocÿk,
vlrd`e oaja kaoakolktr`ocÿk
vlrd`e. Lktrly
eas juofas mulnas lxcstlktls pulhl pr`otco`r eas qul
scnulk=

0.  GATJ@_ HL O@JCK@T= _l o`jck` f`oc` `tràs

LE L_RLMA= Lstl mulna sl rl`ecz` oak eas dr`zas f`oc` `rrcd`, a hl oast`ha oak eas
lk p`rlm`s. \ka slrà le qul cjct`
tahas eas javcjclktas hle atra  dr`zas lstcr`has
lstcr`has ` eas e`has, rl
rlknul`r,
knul`r, lto.
(`otu`kha oaja dldãs, oaja
radats, oaja eajdrcols, lto.). 
4.  TLRTL_LKX@KHA GATJ@_= _l rlprlslkt` oak
le oulrpa hcglrlktls admltas a leljlktas hl e`
k`tur`elz` lk le jlkar tcljpa pascdel, par lmljpea=
"slr uk` pe`kof`", "slr le _ae", "slr uk` gear", lto.

Le jcja a e` p`ktajcj` hldlk slr

taj`has oaja uk` lxplrclkoc`
orl`tcv`, garj`tcv`, sck cjpaklr
javcjclktas lstlrlatcp`has9 scka
par le oaktr`rca, oaja jatcv`ocÿk
p`r` orl`r le `jdclktl klols`rca
p`r` lxpear`r oÿja lxprls`rsl.

?.  M\LNA HL E@ N@K]Ý@= _l lxpakl uk admlta `

tahas eas p`rtcocp`ktls y sl praolhl ` ckhco`r uk`
kulv` utcech`h p`r` lsl admlta p`s`kha le jcsja par
o`h`   p`rtcocp`ktl oak uk tcljpa jàxcja hl hclz
slnukhas.
8.  M\LNA HLE HCD\MA CJRTAWC_@HA= Oakscstl
lk rl`ecz`r uk hcduma lk e` pcz`rr` y e`s hljàs
 _l pul
ulh hlk f`f`ol
olrr mul
mulna
nass  plrsak`s hldlk oaktcku`rea f`st` h`r jlmarls
hl lxprlsc
lxprlscÿk ÿk oa
oarr pa
parr `e scnkcgco`has y lk oajpltlkoc`.
oak p`e`dr
p`e`dr `s a oak
`oocakls hl e` vch` <.  M\LNA HL E@ O@HLK@=  \k p`rtcocp`ktl hl uk
hc`rcc `, pa
hc`r pakc
kcllkha ãkg`sc
kg`scss
lk `qulee`s p`rtls hle nrupa k`rr` uk oulkta, fcstarc` a ofcstl y hldl
oulrpa qul pr pr locs`k oaktcku`rea atra p`rtcocp`ktl hl atra nrupa y, `sê,
 n`k`
 n`k `r j j``yar
yar suolscv`jlktl
suolscv`jl ktl oak ttahas
ahas eas nrupas.
 slks
 slkscdcech`
cdcech`h h, gel
gelxc
xcddcech
cec h`h
a gul
gulr z`
z`,, eulna sl v` 7.  M\LNA HL CJRTAWC_@OCAKL_=  Rulhl slr lk
 p
 pranrl
ranrls` s`kh
khaa ` gr`
gr `sl
slss y
hýas a lk nrupas. \k p`rtcocp`ktl el hcol ` atra= rêltl,
ar`oc
ar`ocakls
uk` prakls
prad qul
adelj
eljàtcpe`ktl
pe`ktl`k
o` hl`k
àtco` e` a lxprls` sarprls` a susta, a grêa, a nr`k glecoch`h,
rl`ech`h. lto. Eas qul rlocdclrak e` arhlk tclklk qul slr
d`st`ktl lxprlscvas
lxprlscvas oak le ras
rastra
tra a le oulrpa.
  d`st`ktl lxprlscvas
lxprlscvas oak le ras
rastra
tra a le oulrpa.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 04< 

>.  LE M\LNA HL TAEL_= Le mulna hl cktlrprlt`ocÿk

hl raels oakscstl, t`e oaja hcol su kajdrl, lk
hlsljplð`r uk hltlrjck`ha rae a plrsak`ech`h

oakorlt`.
oak orlt`. Ou`kha
scnkcgco` uk` rl`ecz`kha
qul lstà plrsak` “f`ol
uk lep`ple
rae hl qul
V‗
karj`ejlktl ka f`ol.
R`r` mun`r `e rae sl hldlk rlukcr
r lukcr
par ea jlkas has plrsak`s, lk uk`
a jàs slscakls hl mulna.

E as mun
mun`h
`harls
arls tclkl
tclklkk
 sclj
 scl jprl oajoaja adml mlttcva
cktlrprlt`r e`s `oocakls
oaksoclktls hl sus
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`
k`ml
mlss lk le fcea Lk eas mulnas hl rae o`h` mun`har cktlrprlt` uk plrsak`ml gcotcoca, oak uk` slrcl
hl o`r`otlrêstco`s prapc`s qul el hlgcklk.  
`rn
`rn ujl
ujlkt`e
kt`e qul sl v`
rle`t`kha. Karj`ejlktl
le admltcva
admltcva ls ouj
oujpecpecrr
lktrl tahas e` jcscÿk qul R`r` mun`r `e rae sl hldlk rlukcr par ea jlkas has
f` prapulsta
prapulsta llee hcr lota
otarr  plrsak`s, lk uk` a jàs slscakls hl mulna. \k` ls
hle mulna, `ukqul le scljprl le hcrlotar hl mulna, lko`rn`ha hl hcrcncr le fcea
 mulna
 mul na sl pululhhl j`tcz`cz`rr `rnujlkt`e. E`s hljàs sak mun`harls qul cktlrprlt`ràk
oak hcglrlktl
hcg lrlktlss lkgaqul
lkgaquls, s, su prapca plrsak`ml. @ukqul sl pulhl mun`r oak e`
 p
 pa ar lml
lmlj
jpea `ou oujjue`
ue`rr
r c qul
qulz`
z`s,
s, r lsa
lsaevl
evlrr scjpel oajukco`ocÿk lktrl hcrlotar hl mulna y mun`harls,
uk` p`rtch` têpco` oakst` hl eas scnuclktls leljlktas=
lkc
kcnj`
le nj`s
j` yars anrd
j`yar dc`h
c lka oaksl
`ha oakslnuc
hl nuc r
rl`ecsja. Jls`, hakhl sl sclkt`k eas
e as mun`harls.
Fam`s hl p`ple, eàpcols y atras leljlktas p`r` taj`r
`puktls, hcdumas,...
H`has, qul `part`k le `z`r admltcva ` eas lvlktas qul
sl suolhlk lk e` p`rtch`.
Ecdras p`r` oaksuet`r karj`s, `vlktur`s
 prlg`drco`h`s a h`tas cktlrls`ktls.
cktlrls`ktls.
Fam`s hl plrsak`ml, uk` par mun`har, lk le qul sl
hlsorcdl `e jcsja y taha `quleea qul pulh` slr hl su
cktlrãs (fcstarc`e, hlsorcpocÿk, rap` qul eelv`, `rj`s,
o`p`och`h p`r` us`re`s, chcaj`s qul hajck` y atr`s
f`dcech`hls u admltas lk su pahlr).
Hur`ktl le mulna o`h` mun`har Leljlktas `oolsarcas, oaja j`p`s a j`qult`s.
hlochcrà quã `oocakls eelv` ` o`da Leljlktas hl hloar`ocÿk, hlshl gcnur`s ` hcsgr`ols
su plrsak`ml.  p`r` `jdclkt`r
`jdclkt`r jlmar le mulna.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 047 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
G arjl
arjlkk ou`tra llquc qucpa
pass
hl tr`d`ma. ±Puã scstlj`s hl oajukco`ocÿk oajdck` le mulna
L e`d
e`darlk
arlk uk ou`hra hl hr`jàtcoa1
hadel lktr`h` `.  E` lxprlscÿk oarpar`e y le elknu`ml.
oakscnn k`kh
oaksc k`kha app`r`
`r` uk d.  E` jêjco` y le nlsta. 
lxtrlj
lxtr lja a eas kkaj
ajdrdrls
ls hl o.  Le elknu`ml vlrd`e y ka vlrd`e. 
eas ou`tra lqucpas hl
tr`d`ma.
tr`d `ma. L k le a atra
tra
lxtrlj
lxtr lja a sl `ka
`kat`ràk
t`ràk ±Lk quã oakscstl le mulna hr`jàtcoa arn`kcz`ha
eas pukt`mls `hqucrchas garj`ejlktl1
 p
 paar o`
o`h` lqucp ucpaa. `.  _l j`ro` e` p`ut` ` slnucr par p`rtl hle ckstruotar.
T l`ecolk hcvlrsas d.  Lk oakaolr y prlp`r`r e` prlslkt`ocÿk tl`tr`e. 
 mulna
 mul nass hr`j
r`jà àtcoa
coass o.  Lk cjpravcs`r e` prlslkt`ocÿk. 
 p
 prlv
rlvc`j
c`jllktktll
 slel
 sl eloo
oocak
cak` `has par
lq
lquc
ucpas
pas y `katl
`katlkk le 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
 p
 puk
uktt`ml
ml,, 8 p`r` le qul
ea fcza jljlm ar, ?, 4 y 0 ±Puã sak eas mulnas hr`jàtcoas1
 p
 p``r` eas
eas hljàs.  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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±R`r` quã scrvlk eas mulnas hr`jàtcoas lk le tl`tra1

 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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±Puã rloajlkh`ocÿk p`r` e` ckcoc`ocÿk hr`jàtco` el

p`rlol jàs cjpart`ktl, par quã1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
±Lk quã oakscstl le mul
 mulna
na hl r ael
elss1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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TLO\LTH@
Ea mulnas hr`jàtcoas  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQ
hl
hldl
dlkk plplrr jc tcr
tcr e`
lmlouocÿk hl e` ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
lxprlscÿk eýhco`9 _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
hls`rraee`r e` g`ouet`h
hl cjct`ocÿk9 ( ) _l hldl orl`r uk `jdclktl gêscoa y `otctuhck`e
lxplrcjlkt`r e`s
 p
 paascdcec
scdcech h`hls dàsco`sco`ss  prapcoca p`r` lxpear`r
lxpear`r ecdrljlktl eas nlstas.
nlstas.
hl
hlee prap
pr apcc a muln
mulna a ( ) _l hldl p`rtcocp`r vaeukt`rc`jlktl hl e`s
(javcjclkta, sakcha, hckàjco`s sunlrch`s par le ckstruotar.
r uc
ucha
ha,, jul
ulo`o`,, ( ) Le `otar hldl slktcrsl oajplkltr`ha oak le
`h
`hl
haljc kc
haj
j àk...
àk...)
kcaap
pl)l9r`sak`
gc `kz
`kz`r
sak`e9e9 `r
y, le  plrsak`ml ` rlprlslkt`r.
hl
hls`rr
s`rr aee`r e` j jlljajarr c `.  ( ) _l hldl hc`ean`r `olro` hl eas plrsak`mls y hl
oÿja o`r`otlrcz`reas.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 04> 

Oakaocjclkta 4? Oulkta Wcva

Le hls`rraeea hl f`dcech`hls p`r` le `rtl hr`jàtcoa lstà
oajprlkhcha hl jýetcpels lstr`tlnc`s qul `slnur`k le
`olro`jclkta y hajckca hl lstl `rtl. Le oulkta vcva ls
uk` hl e`s hckàjco`s jàs `prapc`h`s p`r` le hls`rraeea
hle hajckca vao`e, nlstu`e y tljpar`e lk le lsp`oca
lsoãkcoa.

Le `rtl hr`jàtcoa nlklr` e`

apartukch`h hl `hlktr`rsl lk L e Oulkt
O ulktaa Wc
Wc va ls e` hckàj
hckàjcc o` h hll `kcj`
`kcj`ococÿ
ÿk lk le
le
g`ktàstco`s fcstarc`s y prapcoc`r
lxtr`arhck`rc`s lkslð`kz`s. `rtl hr`jàtcoa qul rle`ocak` e` tljpar`ech`h, le
lsp`oc
sp`oca,
a, e`
e` ar
ar `ec
`ech`
h`hh k`r
k`rrr `t
`tcc v` y nlstu`ec
nlstu`ech`
h`hh oaj
oaja
 p
 prao
raollsa hle hls`
s`rr raeea
raeea hl f`
f`d dc ech
ech``hls lxp
xprls
rlscv`
cv`ss
oarpa
oar parr `els
`els y hr
hr`j `jàt
àtcc o`s.

Lst` lstr`tlnc` hl `kcj`ocÿk sl pulhl hls`rraee`r hl

juof`s j`klr`s, sclkha e` d`sl e` ckoarpar`ocÿk hl uk`
Le oulkta vcva prltlkhl vckoue`r e` fcstarc` rl`e a cj`nck`rc` (uk oulkta) le jcsja qul hldl
fcstarc` oak nlstas y `oocakls slr rlprlslkt`ha oarpar`ejlktl ` jlhch` qul sl ls
scjuetàkl`s ` e` k`rr`ocÿk.
k`rr`ha ar`ejlktl.

\k oulkta ls uk`
k`rr `ocÿk dr
drllvl orl`orl`h` h`
 p
 pa
ar uk
ukaa a v`rcarc as `ut
utaarls
rls,,
d`s`h` lk flofas rl`els
a cj`nc
cj`nck`
k`rr c as, c ksp
kspcc r `h`
a ka lk
lk `ktl
`ktlrr c arls
lsorc
sor
tr`j
tr `j`c tas
ta
` sllssapreely
lylkh
prat` lkh`s,
at`n `s,z`h`
nakcz`
akc ouy`
h`
 p
 paar uk nrup nr upa a rlh
rlhuo
uocha
cha hl
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`k`ml mlss y oak
oak uk
`rnujlkta rle`tcv`jlktl
 slko
 sl koceea
ceea y, par ea t`kt ktaa,
 gà
 gàoce
oce hl lkt ktllkhl
khlr.

Le oulkta ls tr`ksjctcha lk arcnlk t`kta par vê` ar`e

oaja lsorct`9 `ukqul lk uk prckocpca, ea jàs oajýk lr`
 par tr`hcocÿk ar`e. @hljàs, pulhl h`r oulkt` hl flofas
rl`els a g`ktàstcoas plra scljprl p`rtclkha hl e` d`sl hl
slr uk `ota hl gcoocÿk, a jlzoe` hl gcoocÿk oak flofas
rl`els y plrsak`mls rl`els. _ulel oaktlklr paoas
 plrsak`mls qul p`rtcocp`k lk uk` sae` `oocÿk olktr`e, y
Le oulkta vcva hls`rraee` t`kta e` f`y quclkls apck`k qul uk gck`e cjp`ot`ktl ls rlqucscta
lxprlscÿk vao`e oaja oarpar`e.
 ckhcsplks`del hl lstl nãklra.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 046 

TL@EC]@KHA \K O\LKXA WCWA

Lstl lmljpea, tclkl oaja prapÿscta `kcj`r `e nrupa hl
tr`d`ma par ea
rlorl`r atr`s qul sl pulhl
hckàjco`s taj`r oaja
oak sljlm`ktl jahlea p`r`
jltahaeanê`.

R`r` ljplz`r, eas lstuhc`ktls hldlk slkt`rsl lk le sulea

a lk sceelt`s garj`kha uk oêrouea, hl jaha qul le olktra
Ls rloajlkh`del rl`ecz`r lstl tcpa
hl hckàjco`s oak rap` ecnlr` y sl oakvclrt` lk le lsolk`rca hakhl sl prahuocràk e`s
hlso`eza puls g`ocect` le tr`d`ma hl `oocakls ` hr`j`tcz`r.
lxprlscÿk oarpar`e.

Eulna hl lst`r oarrlot`jlktl udco`has, le oaarhck`har

ljpclz` ` k`rr`r uk rle`ta sadrl ou`equclr suolsa, hakhl
ckoarparl plrsak`mls y `kcj`els lk hltlrjck`h`s
`otctuhls y `oocakls. _l lxpeco` qul ou`kha le
oaarhck`har slð`el ` ou`equclr oajp`ðlra, ãstl hldl
`otu`r oaja le `kcj`e a plrsak` sadrl e` ou`e le
oaarhck`har lstà f`oclkha rlglrlkoc` lk su rle`ta.

_l hldl rlprlslkt`r
`hlou`h`jlktl `e plrsak`ml qul el
oarrlspakhl ` o`h` p`rtcocp`ktl
sleloocak`ha, pakclkha ãkg`scs lk
o`h` lxprlscÿk.

Rar lmljpea= R`sl`kha par le p`rqul vc ` uk kcða

F`y qul lst`r `tlkta `e hls`rraeea
hl e` fcstarc` p`r` qul `e jajlkta
taj`kha uk fle`ha (slð`e` ` `enuclk).... Lst`d` taha
hl `otu`r sl pulh` `sujcr eas raels eelka hl fle`ha y sl ofup`d` e`s j`kas, vcka lktakols su
hr`jàtcoas lx`otas y sl pulh`
oakstrucr uk dulk oulkta vcva.
j`jà (slð`e` ` atr` plrsak`), y sl lkg`hÿ juofa... Le
kcða sl pusa ` eear`r y tcrÿ su fle`ha... \k plrra (slð`e` `
atr` plrsak`) p`sÿ oarrclkha y oajlkzÿ ` ofup`r le
\k` vlz ckcoc`ha le fle`ha lk le pcsa...
oulkta le oaarhck`har
 p
 pul
ulhhl f`ol
f`olrr q
qul
ul el rle`
rle`tta
 sl v`y` oa
oaks
ksttruyl
ruylkh
khaa @e gck`ecz`r e` k`rr`ocÿk sl hldl rls`et`r le hlsljplða hl
oaelotcv`jl
oaelotc v`jlktl
ktl hl eas lstuhc`ktls qul p`rtcocp`rak y plhcrels qul lxpecqulk
j`klr` lspaktàkl`, oÿja sl scktclrak `e rlprlslkt`r le p`ple qul sl el
e l `scnkÿ.
hàkhael e` p`e`dr` ` atra Hle jcsja jaha eas hljàs lstuhc`ktls pulhlk
oajp`ðlra p`r` qul ea  p`rtcocp`r apck`kha sadrl e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk
rlprlslkt`ocÿk hl sus
oaktckýl.
oajp`ðlras p`r` cr oarrcnclkha `splotas hr`jàtcoas y
 oarpar`els.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 043 

K@TT@OCßK HL O\LKXA_
Oakt`r oulktas ls taha uk `rtl, ls uk` oastujdrl t`k
`ktcnu` qul sl pclrhl
hl e` k`rr`har` lk e` jljarc`kartl`jlrco`k`
l ckvlstcn`har` hle tcljpa y ` hlocr
Tutf
_`wylr "ls uk` hl e`s `rtls tr`hcocak`els, qul fukhl sus
r`êols lk eas arênlkls jcsjas hl e` lxprlscÿk
`rtcoue`h`."
E` k`rr`ocÿk hl oulktas ls
rloakaoch` oaja `rtl vcvclktl lk
uk lstuhca rl`ecz`ha par Tutf K`rr`r oulktas `rtêstco`jlktl ls oakglrcr
_`wylr. 
lspakt`kl
lspakt`klcc h`h
h`h ` uk uk`` slrc l hl
hl suolsas p`
p`rr ` qul
qul le
 p
 pýdýdecoa
ecoa rlocd`
rlocd` le rle`
rle`ta pelka
elka hl vch`
ch`,, scl
sclj
jprl oaoajja
`en
ena
a kulva
kulva,, aourr
our r c ha `ktl e` vcst` oak
oak " e` gul
gulr z` y le le
c ktlr
ktlr ãs hl ta
taha
ha `quleea
`quleea qul sl f` slktcha a vvcc vcha vc ha"" . 

E` p`e`dr` vcv`, oak tah`s e`s ou`ech`hls jlsur`dels hl

e` vaz  ‘taka, tcjdrl, `jpectuh, rlncstra…‘   y eas
nlstas, sak eas ckstrujlktas hle k`rr`har ar`e p`r` e`
oajukco`ocÿk oak su pýdecoa. @e rlglrcr ` e` p`e`dr` oak
le o`ecgco`tcva hl "vcv`", sl el oakgclrl uk` o`tlnarê`
lsploc`e oaja lxprlscÿk hle `rtl hl oakt`r oulktas. E`
k`rr`ocÿk hl oulktas lxcstl oaja `rtl "saea jclktr`s sl
Tutf _`wylr (0662 - 03>2), k`rr`", lk le jajlkta jcsja hle `rtl hl k`rr`r, oak le
k`rr`har` y lsorctar` v`ear ck`prloc`del hl ea lgêjlra.
kartl`jlrco`k` hl gcoocÿk y ka
gcoocÿk p`r` kcðas y `huetas.
Tlocdcÿ le Rrljca ^cehlr Ckn`ees
E`ur` lk 037< par su hlst`o`h`
tr`ylotarc` lk e` ectlr`tur` ckg`ktce. 

E ` oul
oulktl
ktlrr ê ` llss le `rtl
ar`e hl oakt`
oakt`rr , u ar ar`ec
`ech`
h`h
h
k`rr`h
k`rr `har`
ar` `rtê
`rtêstco`,
stco`, qul
oakscstl
oaksc stl lk oa oajukc
jukco`r o`r y
lxprls`r par jlhca hl e`
 p
 p``e`d
e`dr`, e` vazvaz y le nlst
nlstaa
vcvas,
vcvas, oulkta
oulktass y atras F`yhãl @rtl`n` Tam`s. Hlst`o`h` k`rr`har` ar`e oud`k`,
 nãkl
 nã klras
ras cj`
cj`nc nck`
k`rcrca
as qul oakaoch` oaja "E` _lðar` hl eas Oulktas". 
le oulktlr
oulktlr a ckvlkt`
ckvlkt` y/ y/a
a
r lc kvl
kvlkt`
kt` llkk le `q `quêuê y Lk oe`sl sl hldl prajavlr le `rtl hl k`rr`r oulktas p`r`
`farr ` oa
`fa oakk uk pýd pýdececoa
oa
oakschlr`ha cktlreaoutar, hls`rraee`r e`s f`dcech`hls hl lxprlscÿk ar`e, pakclkha lk
 y qul par sl slrr  pràotco` e` cjpast`ocÿk, e`s ckgelxcakls, le j`klma hl e`s
oajukc
oaj ukco`ocÿk
o`ocÿk ka sak ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz, lto. Rar su p`rtl, o`h` gr`sl hldl cr
ectlr`els rlsplota ` e` `oajp`ð`h` hl uk nlsta, y` sl` ýkco`jlktl hle rastra a
 gulkt
 gul ktll. hl taha le oulrpa, ka ls klols`rca nlstcoue`r hlj`sc`ha
  p`r` tr`ksjctcr ea qul sl quclrl hlocr.
hlocr.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?2 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
L sorc
sor c dl uk ouloulkta
kta
oarta hlsor
hlsorcc dclkha ` eas ±Puã ls le Oulkta Wcva1
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`k`mlmlss hl j`klr`
klr` `.  Ls uk lmlrococa hr`jàtcoa.
qul pulh`k slr d.  Ls uk` hckàjco` hl `kcj`ocÿk. 
c hl
hlktcg
ktcgcc o`ha
o`hass oak
oak o.  Ls uk` `otu`ocÿk oart`.  
`enukas nlstas, tcjdrl
 y garj
garj` ` hl f`df`de`r.
e`r.
R r `otco`
`otco` uk` ±Puã ou`ech`hls hls`rraee` le Oulkta Wcva1
 p
 prls
rlsllktkt``ocÿ
ocÿkk hl `.  E` lxprlscÿk vao`e y oarpar`e.
k`rr `ocÿk hl oul oulkta
kta d.  E` orl`tcvch`h l cjpravcs`ocÿk. 
 p
 paakcl
kclkhkha a ãkg`
kg`scs
scs `e o.  E` geuchlz vlrd`e y oankctcv`.  
oakt`
oakt`rr e` fcstarc
fcstarc` `y
f`oclkha e`s e`s hc
hcvl
vlrr s`s
vaolss y nlsta
vaol lstass hl eas 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`k`mlmls.
s.
±Lk quã oakscstl le Oulkta Wcva1
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±Oÿja sl rl`ecz` uk Oulkta Wcva1

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±Puã ls e` oulktlrê`1
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TLO\LTH@ ±Puã ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz sl ljpel` lk e` k`rr`ocÿk
L e `rtl hr`jà
hr`jàtctcoa oa
 nlkl
 nl klr`
r` e` apartuk rtukch`
ch`h
h hl oulktas1QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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hl `hl
`hlktr
ktr`r`rslsl lk
 g`kttàstco`
 g`k stco`ss fcst
fcsta arc `s y  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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 p
 prap
rapcoc`r
coc`r
lxtr`arhck`rc`s ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
lkslð`kz`s. _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
L e Oul
O ulkta
kta W c va ls e`
hckàj
hck àjcc o` hl `kc `kcjj`ocÿk
lk le
le `r
`rtl
tl hhrr `j
`jàtc
àtcoa
oa ( ) Le oulkta vcva prltlkhl vckoue`r e` fcstarc` oak
qul rle`ocak` e` nlstas y `oocakls scjuetàkl`s ` e` k`rr`ocÿk.
tljpa
tlj parr `ech`
`ec h`h,h, le ( ) E` k`rr`ocÿk hl oulktas ls rloakaoch` oaja `rtl
lsp`oca,
lsp `oca, e` ar`ec
ar`ech`h`h h vcvclktl.
k`rr`tcv` y nlstu`ech`h ( ) Tutf _`wylr gul k`rr`har` y lsorctar`
oaja pr pr aolsa hl hlee
hls`rraeea hl kartl`jlrco`k` hl gcoocÿk p`r` kcðas y `huetas.
f`dcech`hls lxprlscv`s ( ) F`yhãl @rtl`n` Tam`s ls oakaoch` oaja "E`
oarpar`els y _lðar` hl eas Oulktas".
hr`jàtco`s. ( )  Le oulkta vcva hls`rraee` t`kta e` lxprlscÿk vao`e
oaja oarpar`e.
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?0 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 4<
Tlprlslkt`ocakls hle
Xl`tra hl Xêtlrls
Ls jajlkta hl paklr ` pruld` sus f`dcech`hls p`r` orl`r
y rlprlslkt`r adr`s jlhc`ktl uk lsplotàouea hl têtlrls.
\k` j`rcaklt` a uk têtlrl ls uk` gcnurcee` a juðloa hl
tr`pa, j`hlr` a ou`equclr atra j`tlrc`e, us`ha p`r`
rlprlslkt`r adr`s hl tl`tra.

\k` j
j`rc
`rcakl
aklt`
t` a uk têtl
tê tlrr l ls
ls uk
uk`` gcn
gc n ur
urcc ee` a j
juðloa
uðloa
qul sl nadclr
nadc lrk`
k` hl j`kl
j`klrr ` qul p`r p`rlz
lzo` o` qul su
Eas nucðaels sak juðloas javcjclkta ls `utÿkaja.
`oocak`has ` j`ka. Oakst`k hl
o`dlz` y j`kas `oape`h`s ` uk
vlstcha`qul
nu`ktl sl `h`pt`
e` j`ka oaja uk
hle aplr`har.
Le javcjclkta hl eas têtlrls a j`rcaklt`s sl lglotý` oak
e` `yuh` hl juleels, oulrh`s, nu`ktls, `e`jdrls, fceas,
 p`eas y hljàs utlkscecas `h`pt`has ` o`h` tcpa hl
j`rcaklt` a têtlrl.

E`s j`rcaklt`s sak juðloas

`oocak`has par fceas qul julvl le
aplr`har hlshl e` p`rt` suplrcar
hle lsolk`rca, aouet` `e pýdecoa.  LE J\KHA HL E@_ J@TCAKLX@_
Eas praglscak`els hl e`s `otu`ocakls oak j`rcaklt`s sl
ee`j`rak hlshl uk prckocpca tctcrctlras, parqul j`klm`d`k
le têtlrl. Eas tctcrctlras `otu`d`k par ea nlklr`e `e `crl
ecdrl, lk oarr`els, a lk eas cktlrcarls hl eas jlsakls. Lk
le _cnea hl Ara lsp`ðae (hl jlhc`has hle scnea VWC `
jlhc`has hle scnea VWCC) e` p`e`dr` tctcrctlra `jpecÿ su
o`jpa sljàktcoa y ljplzÿ ` `euhcr ka sÿea ` eas `rtcst`s
hl j`rcaklt`s scka ` eas s`etcjd`kqucs, `orÿd`t`s,
Eas têtlrls hl nu`ktl sak `quleeas
juðloas qul sl j`kcpue`k  prlstchcnct`harls y vae`ktcklras. _lr tctcrctlra lk lst`
 oaeao`kha e` j`ka lk su cktlrcar. ãpao` cjpeco`d` ou`equclr` hl lst`s `otcvch`hls.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?4 

OE@_L_ HL XÊXLTL_
0.  XÊXLTL HL N\@KXL=  _l julvl ` tr`vãs hl e`
j`ka,
rlquclrlcktrahuocãkhae` lk le cktlrcar
juof` lsploc`ecz`ocÿk hle juðloa.
p`r` rl`ecz`r _l
uk dulk
lsplotàouea. \k tcpa hl têtlrl qul sl pahrê`
oakschlr`r oaja uk` v`rc`ocÿk ls `qule lk qul sl
 pulhl `drcr y olrr`r su dao`, nr`oc`s ` qul ls hl
j`yar t`j`ða y tclkl e` dao` `rtcoue`h`9 oak e` atr`
j`ka sl julvl uka hl eas dr`zas hle têtlrl. R`r`
E` vlktrceaquc` ls le `rtl hl
javlr le atra dr`za sl klolsct` uk `yuh`ktl.
jahcgco`r e` vaz p`r` cjct`r atr`s
vaols u atras sakchas.  4.  XÊXLTL HL RL@K@=  _ak `quleeas qul lstàk
sumltas ` tr`vãs hl uk` v`rcee` oaeao`h` lk su p`rtl
ckglrcar ` uk sapartl hl j`hlr`, `e ou`e qul sl el
hlkajck` "pl`k`". Le javcjclkta hl sus
lxtrljch`hls sl oakscnul `oajp`ð`ha hl v`rcee`s.
Lxcstlk têtlrls hl pl`k` scjpel, nlklr`ejlktl p`r`
j`kcpue`r plrsak`mls fuj`kas, y têtlrls hl hadel
 pl`k` p`r` `kcj`els.
`kcj`els.

Xêtlrl hl pl`k` (v`rcee` cktlrcar). 

?.  XÊXLTL HL FCEA_= _ak juðloas `oocak`has par

fceas qul julvl le aplr`har hlshl e` p`rt` suplrcar
hle lsolk`rca, aouet` `e pýdecoa. Rlsl ` f`dlre`s hl
oakstruoocÿk slkocee`, e` j`yarê` rlsuet`k jàs
hcgêocels hl g`drco`r y j`kcpue`r qul eas hljàs
juðloas. H`kz`k oak prcjar, hls`gê`k e`s elyls hl e`
nr`vlh`h y vule`k par le `crl, rl`ecz`k truoas y
tr`ksjut`ocakls y `sujlk p`plels hr`jàtcoas. E`
garj` hl eas juðloas v`rê` hl ea rl`ecst` ` ea
g`ktàstcoa. Karj`ejlktl, su t`j`ða ls hl uk tlroca a
uk ou`rta hle oulrpa fuj`ka (le hl eas `kcj`els
agrlol `ýk jàs v`rc`ktls), sc dclk ` vlols `eo`kz`k
 Xêtlrl hl fceas.  t`ee`s ncn`ktls hl 4 a ? jltras.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?? 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
L e`d
e`dar`
ar` uk lsollsolk`rc
k`rca
a
 p
 p`
`r` têtlrl
êtlrlss hl nu`
nu`kt
ktll. ±Puã ls uk têtlrl a j`rcaklt`1
L stl lsol
lsolk`rk`rcc a hldl
hldl `.  \k juðloa j`klm`ha scjue`kha javcjclkta prapca.
tlklr
tlklr uk` `etur` d.  \k leljlkta j`kcpue`ha par atra. 
`p
`prr axc
axcjj`h`
`h` h hll 0.<2 x o.  \k` garj` hl tl`tra hl glrc`. 
0.22 j hl `kofa, lk e`
 p
 p`
`rtl sup
suplrc ar h hlldl
f`dlr uk` `dlrtur` hl ±Ouàels sak e`s oe`sls hl têtlrls1
ukas 62 x 72 oj. oak `.  Hl nu`ktl, hl pl`k` y hl fceas. 
uk` tle` qul oudr` lstl d.  J`rcaklt` y têtlrl. 
lsp`oc
lsp` oca.
a. _l pul
pulhlhl o.  Hl j`hlr` y hl tle`. 
`h
`hflrc
flrcrr ` eaeass lxtr
lxtrllja
jass
has trazas hl o`rtÿk hl 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
e` jc
jc sj` `etur`.
Rêkt`ea y hloÿr`ea.
±Oak quã `oolsarcas sl pulhlk javlr eas têtlrls1
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±@ qucãkls sl ee`j` tctcrctlras1

tctc rctlras1
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±Puã hcglrlkoc` f`y lktrl le têtlrl hl nu`ktl y le hl

pl`k`1
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±Lk quã oakscstlk

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?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)

_LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=

TLO\LTH@ ( ) Eas nucðaels sak juðloas `oocak`has ` j`ka.

 _l tl`tra hl têtlrl
êtlrlss `e ( ) E`s j`rcaklt`s sak juðloas `oocak`has par fceas
lsplotàouea
lspl otàouea r l`
l`ececz`
z`ha
ha hlshl uk` p`rtl aouet` `e pýdecoa.
oak têtlrls a juðloas ( ) E` vlktrceaquc` ls le `rtl hl jahcgco`r e` vaz p`r`
 p
 p``r` j`kcp
kcpue`
ue`rr
X `j
`jdcdcãk
ãk pul
pulhlhl f`f`olr
olr cjct`r atr`s vaols u atras sakchas.
r lglrlkoc
lglrlkoc```
`ee eao`e a ( ) Le javcjclkta hl e`s lxtrljch`hls hle têtlrl hl
lsp`oca hakhl sl  pl`k` sl oakscnul
oakscnul oak v`rcee`s.
r lp
lprr lslkt`
 guko
 gukocaklslkt`k
caklls.k  e`s ( )  Karj`ejlktl, le t`j`ða hl eas têtlrls hl fceas ls
hl uk tlroca a uk ou`rta hle oulrpa fuj`ka.
 ( ) Le tctcrctlra ls quclk j`klm` eas têtlrls.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?8 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 4< Oakgloocÿk y J`klma hl
Xêtlrls
Atr` garj` hl prapcoc`r e` ecdrl lxprlscÿk ls jlhc`ktl e`
le`dar`ocÿk hl têtlrls a j`rcaklt`s. R`r` lsta, sl hldl
rloakaolr `enukas tcpas y` lxcstlktls y lk d`sl ` leeas sl
 pahrà chlktcgco`r qul j`tlrc`els
j`tlrc`els slràk ýtcels p`r` le`da
le`dar`r
r`r
le têtlrl y plrsak`ml qul hlsll, sck qul f`y` e` klolsch`h
hl oapc`r `enýk jahlea.

Lktrl `enukas j`tlrc`els lstàk e`s o`m`s hl o`rtÿk, daes`s

hl hcglrlktls oaearls y t`j`ðas, tle`s, `e`jdrls, e`k`s,
 datakls, lto.
R`r` e` le`dar`ocÿk hl têtlrls sl
pulhl ljpel`r j`tlrc`els
`etlrk`tcvas y hl rlocoe`ml.

E` p`e`dr` j`rcaklt` ckhco` sadrl taha le f`de` hl eas

 plrsak`mceeas qul rlprlslkt`k.
rlprlslkt`k. Lk gr`koãs, ukl j`rcaklttl 
lr` uk oeãrcna qul lk e`s rlprlslkt`ocakls rlecncas`s
hakhl `p`rloê` e` vcrnlk, `part`d` su vaz f`ocãkhae`
`nuh` p`r` qul p`rloclsl gljlkck`.
Juofas hcslðas sak slkoceeas hl
le`dar`r, sck ljd`rna sl hldl E`s j`rcaklt`s f`de`k scljprl oak uk` vaz `nuh`,
tlklr ouch`ha lk le usa hl
j`tlrc`els pukz`ktls oaja tcmlr`s ofceeak` y g`es`9 s`eva eas plrsak`mls j`ev`has qul
y `num`s. f`de`k oak vaz nr`vl plra cnu`ejlktl g`es`. _l sulel
us`r ckhcstckt`jlktl le kajdrl hl j`rcaklt` y le hl
têtlrl.

Le usa hl eas juðloas a têtlrls lr` oakaocha lktrl eas

nrclnas, qul e`s ee`j`d`k klurÿp`t`, p`e`dr` qul
scnkcgco` admlta pulsta lk javcjclkta par oulrhloct`s y
e` ou`e lxprls`d` e` k`tur`elz` hl e` oas`. @rcstÿtlels
f`de` hl leeas ou`kha hcol qul sc `quleeas qul f`olk
Lstl hcslða slkoceea lstà le`dar`ha javlr gcnurct`s hl j`hlr` tcr`k le fcea qul oarrlspakhl `
oak tle` hl gcletra a p`ða. _l oart`
has garj`s
sl e`s cnu`els
oasl oak fcea yp`r` le oulrpa
`num` hlm`khay ãstl a `eoaktcký`,
_l vl, atra hl sus jcljdras,
oÿja julvlkãstl
e` adlhlol `e jajlkta.
o`dlz`, eas amas, e`s
le lsp`oca p`r` cktrahuocr e` j`ka.
Eulna, t`jdcãk hl tle`, sl f`olk j`kas9 lk uk` p`e`dr`, p`rlol uk` plrsak` vcv` y
 eas hlt`eels. `kcj`h`.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?< 

OAKGLOOCßK HL XÊXLTL_
Le prcjlr p`sa ls hlochcr quã tcpa hl j`rcaklt` a têtlrl
qulrljas oakstrucr.
slkocee` j`rcaklt` oak Lk o`eoltêk.
  uk kulstra R`r`
o`saleea
f`rljas uk`
ea prcjlra
qul f`rljas ls rlukcr taha le j`tlrc`e klols`rca p`r`
orl`r le têtlrl. \tcecz`rljas uk o`eoltêk, tcmlr`s,
ratue`harls, pln`jlkta, fcea y o`rtueck`s. \k` vlz
rlukcha taha le j`tlrc`e oajlkz`rljas e` oakstruoocÿk
hl e` j`rcaklt`.

Ea prcjlra qul v`jas ` f`olr ls orl`r eas amas p`r` e`

j`rcaklt`, p`r` leea  pahljas utcecz`r ukas amas hl `enýk
_lkoceea jahlea hl têtlrl hl nu`ktl juðloa vclma a pahljas f`olreas kasatras jcsjas oak
le`dar`ha oak uk o`eoltêk.
uk traza hl o`rtueck` y eas ratue`harls. _cjpeljlktl
rloart`rljas has ÿv`eas hl o`rtueck` hle jcsja t`j`ða
y pckt`rljas le ama lk su cktlrcar.

\k` vlz qul tlkn`jas eas amas, kas pakljas le o`eoltêk

lk e` j`ka y sctu`jas eas amas lk e` pascocÿk qul eas
hlslljas oaeao`r. \k` vlz qul tlkn`jas e` pascocÿk hl
eas amas lk kulstra têtlrl, `peco`rljas pln`jlkta p`r`
_l hldl oart`r e` p`rtl cktlrk` hle
o`eoltêk p`r` f`olr e` `dlrtur` hl hlm`reas gcm`has ` e` j`rcaklt`.
e` dao`.
@far` `yuhàkhakas hl eas ratue`harls a pcktur`s hl
oaearls, pckt`rljas e` k`rcz hl kulstr` j`rcaklt`, l
ckoeusa pahljas pckt`rel eas e`dcas p`r` h`rel uk `splota
jàs rl`e. X`jdcãk sl pulhl ljpel`r e`k` p`r`
oakgloocak`rr uk tcpa hcstckta hl k`rcz.
oakgloocak`

R`r` e` dao`,
o`eoltêk sl hldl lef`olr
oakschlr`kha uk oartl
t`j`ða lk le darhl
hl kulstr` j`ka le
`e
R`r` h`rel j`yar lst`dcech`h ` e`
dao` sl hldl oart`r uk ÿv`ea lk
cktrahuocre`. Eulna sl oart` lk tle` uk ÿv`ea hl
o`rtÿk y `hflrcrea ` e` dao` mukta sljlm`ktl t`j`ða y hàkhael e` vulet` `e o`eoltêk sl
` uk` tle`.
 praolhl ` oaslr oak `nu
`num`
m` l fcea.

E` hloar`ocÿk ls cjpart`ktl p`r`

le `o`d`ha gck`e, y` qul hl lee`
hlplkhl qul le têtlrl
plrsak`ech`h. `hquclr`
_l pulhlk f`olruk` R`r` h`rel
 pahljas uk taqul
oaslrel lsploc`e
ukas fceas ` hl
` jaha kulstr`
o`dleeaj`rcaklt`,
` kulstr`
v`rc`ocakls lk le t`j`ða hl eas
amas, le oaear y tcpa hl o`dleea, lto. j`rcaklt`. E` ckoarpar`ocÿk hle plea ` ou`equclr têtlrl
 els h` uk o`ràotlr jàs oÿjcoa y hcvlrtcha.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?7 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@
OATTLOX@=
L sorc
sorcdl
dl uk` fc fcsta
starr c `
 p
 p``r` prls
rlsllkt
kt`
`re` lk uk ±Oÿja ls e` vaz hl uk` j`rcaklt` usu`ejlktl1
lsplotàouea
lspl otàouea hl têtêtlrls.
tlrls. `.  Waz `nuh`, ofceeak` y g`es`.
E` fcstarc` hldl d.  Nr`vl y g`es`. 
oakschl
oaksc hlrr `r ka juofa
juofass o.  Hl garj` f`dctu`e sck jahcgco`ocakls. 
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`
k`mlmlss hl j`klr`
klr`
qul pulh` f`olrea uk`
 sae`
 sa e` plrsa
rsak`
k` a jàxcjxc ja ±Oak quã j`tlrc`els sl pulhl oakgloocak`r uk têtlrl1
has. `.  O`rtÿk, daes`s, tle`s, e`k`s, `e`jdrls.
 @sênk`
 @sê nk`el el uk tcpa hl vaz d.  Fceas, peàstcoa, datakls, o`rtueck`s. 
` o`h` plrsak`ml y o.  E`s apocakls ` y d. 
 p
 pr`o
r`ottêo`
êo`ea
ea f`st
f`st`
` qul
lstl oajpelt`jlktl 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
`prlkhcha.

R`ktl
r lsl
lslkt`
tus
kt`oajp`ðlras
le lspl
lsplotàouea
otàouea
hl ±Puã jahlea hl têtlrl tl p`rlol jàs oajpelma hl
oe`sl. g`drco`r, par quã1
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±Oak quã j`tlrc`els g`drco`rê`s uk têtlrl hl nu`ktl1

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±Oÿja sl hldl f`olr e` rlprlslkt`ocÿk hl uk

lsplotàouea
lsplotàouea hl têtlrls1
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TLO\LTH@
E as têtêtl
tlrr ls hl sa
sajd
jdrr `, a ±Oÿja cktlrvclkl le usa hl e` vaz lk uk lsplotàouea
 p
 pa ar ea nlkl
nlklr`er`e hl hl têtlrls1
v`rcee`s, sak gcnur`s  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
QQQ 
 p
 pe`e`k`
k`ss `rtcoue
rtcoue``h`s (hl  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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ouy`s `rtcoue`ocakls
 s`el
 s` elkk gck`
gc k`ss v`rc
v`rcee`
ee`ss
 p
 p` `r` su j`kcp kcpue`
ue`ocÿ
ocÿk),k), ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
tr`seýoc
tr`seýoch` h`s,
s, ap
ap`o`
`o`ss a _LNÝK OATTL_RAKH@=
oaea
oaearr l`h`s. L e tctc
tctcrr c tlr
tlr a
 sl sctý
sctý`` tr`s ukuk`` ( ) R`r` e` le`dar`ocÿk hl têtlrls sl pulhl ljpel`r
 p
 p` `kt
kt``ee` de`ko
e`ko``
c eujc
eujck`h
k`h` `ppar
ar uk
uk` ` euz j`tlrc`els `etlrk`tcvas y hl rlocoe`ml.
 p
 pa astl
stlrca
rc ar, y pln`kh
n`kha a e` ( ) \k jahlea slkoceea hl têtlrl hl nu`ktl sl pulhl
 gcnur`
 gc nur` ` e` tle` el le`dar`r ljpel`kha uk o`eoltêk.
tr`sj
tr`sjcc tl jajavc vcjclkta
jclktass ( ) @e f`olr f`de`r uk plrsak`ml hl têtlrl, lstl hldl
qul
vlràkeasoaj
lsplot`harls
oajaa sajd
sajdrr `s javlr e` dao` oakgarjl ` ea qul hcol.
ofcklso`s.   ( ) Eas hcslðas ` le`dar`r hldlk slr `utãktcoas,
 lvct`kha oapc`r jahleas y` lxcstlktls.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?> 

Oakaocjclkta
Oakaocjclkta 4<  @prloc`ocÿk Lstãtco`
Lstãtco`
Xl`tr`e
E` lstãtco` lk e` lsolk` tl`tr`e ls uk `splota prcjarhc`e
hl e` `prloc`ocÿk hle `rtl lsoãkcoa y uk leljlkta
ckslp`r`del hle prapca tl`tra oaja `rtl. E` lstãtco` oaja
 p`rtl sust`ktcv` hl e` hlgckcocÿk hl `rtl, cjpeco`, par
gulrz`, oakorlt`rsl lk le flofa `rtêstcoa.

 Ka ls pascdel f`de`r hl `rtl sck rlglrcrsl ` e` lstãtco`, y

E` lstãtco` ls e` oclkoc`
ocl koc` qul lstuhc` lk e` jlhch` qul le tl`tra ls `rtl, ea tl`tr`e= le
e` dleelz` y e` tlarê` gukh`jlkt`e y lsplotàouea,
lsplotàouea, e` lsolk`, cjpeco` su rlglrlkoc` lstãtco`.
lstãtco`. _ck
gceasÿgco` hle `rtl. 
ljd`rna, sÿea lk oakt`h`s ao`scakls e` lsolk` tl`tr`e
lvchlkoc` le `splota lstãtcoa.

Lsta sl hldl ` v`rc`s r`zakls= Le `splota oajlroc`e ls e`

r`zÿk prckocp`e hl qul le tl`tra ka `eo`kol su `splota
lstãtcoa9 e` g`et` hl prlp`r`ocÿk a lhuo`ocÿk `rtêstco` hl
eas ckvaeuor`has lk e` rl`ecz`ocÿk hle prahuota tl`tr`e, ls
atr` hl e`s r`zakls jàs oajukls. S par supulsta, e` g`et`
hl t`elkta y vao`ocÿk `rtêstco` lk le àjdcta tl`tr`e, qul sl
tr`huol lk juof` hlj`kh` y pao` a kue` o`ech`h
 praglscak`e lk e`s kulv`s nlklr`ocakls
nlklr`ocakls qul prltlkhlk
E` lstãtco` ls p`rtl sust`koc`e hle hlhco`rsl `e qulf`olr lsoãkcoa.
`rtl, par ea t`kta hldl lst`r
prlslktl lk e` lsolk` tl`tr`e.  

E ` llstã
stãtctco`
o` llss e` oc
ocllkoc
koc``
hl e`slk
dleea oakhcocakls
le `rtl y lkhle`ea
k`tur`el
k`tur`elz` z`.. L e tãr
tãr jc ka
 gul ut
utcec
ceczz`ha par p prcrcj
jlr`
vlz
vlz p
par
ar @ . D `uj
`ujn`rn`rtl tlkk
lk 0><2, lktlkhcãkhae`
oaja e` oclkoc` hle
oakaoc
oaka ocjclkta
jclkta sl slksc
kscdel
del,,
qul tclkl
tclkl p par
ar admlta
hltlrjck`r e` lslkoc` hl Lk vcrtuh hl ea `ktlrcar, ls klols`rca gajlkt`r e`
ea dleea. lhuo`ocÿk lstãtco` llktrl
ktrl e`s kulv`s nlklr`ocakls qul
`spcr`k ` oakvlrtcrsl lk `rtcst`s hhll e` lsolk`9
lsolk`9 lhuo`r
lhuo`r y
hls`rraee`r su slkscdcech`h, su dulk nusta, su plrolpocÿk,
y su o`p`och`h hl lxprlscÿk. Ckhuocr `e prlsukta `rtcst`
tl`tr`e ` slr rl`ejlktl orl`tcva, slksu`e, cj`nck`tcva.
Lktakols, qul
 pýdecoa, sÿeagarj`
lktakols,
p`rtl pahrljas
sust`koc`e ee`j`rea `rtl9
hle lvlkta y le
tl`tr`e,
 pahrà eelk`rsl oak pelkctuh hl lsl pe`olr qul sÿea le `rtl
`r tl
  pulhl praparocak`r=
praparocak`r= le pe`olr ls
lstãtcoa.
tãtcoa.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?6 

LELJLKXA_ HL E@ @RTLOC@OCßK
L_XÃXCO@ XL@XT@E
Le tl`tra, jàs qul kcknuk` atr` garj` hl `rtl, sugrl hl
slr oakhlk`h` a `e`d`h` hl garj` ckjlhc`t`. S ls qul e`
`prloc`ocÿk hle tl`tra oaja uk` garj` hl `rtl ka ls uk`
rl`oocÿk lspaktàkl`= F`y qul `prlkhlr ` `prloc`rea. X`e
suolhl oak e`s nr`khls adr`s j`lstr`s hl e` pcktur`,
lsouetur`, jýsco` a ectlr`tur`, ka o`us`k kcknuk`
cjprlscÿk lk eas amas u aêhas ka lktrlk`has. Ls par lsta
qul le pýdecoa sl hldl o`p`oct`r p`r` pahlr `prloc`r le
@sê oaja eas `otarls sl prlp`r`k tl`tra oaja uk` garj` hl `rtl.
p`r` prlslkt`r uk` adr` tl`tr`e, le
pýdecoa hldl lst`r o`p`oct`ha p`r`
pahlr `prloc`re` admltcv`jlktl. 

 @prl
 @prloc`
tl`t oc`rcjp
tl`trr `e r ukeco`
cjpec lspl
spchl
o` lot
otà àouea
chlktcgouc o`r
ktcgc ear
o`
oÿja
oÿj a sl h hls`rr
ls`rr aeeÿ e`
`otu`ocÿk,
`otu`oc ÿk, oÿj
oÿja a llss le
oajpart`jclkta hl eas
 p
 pllrsa
rsak`k`mlmls,
s, le `kàecscs
kàecscs h hlle
tl
tlj`
j`,, `sê oajoaja a e`s
o`r`otlrêstco`s hl eas
leljlktas lxprlscvas.

Tlprlslkt`ocÿk hl e` adr` “ Rckaofa‗ par le lelkoa hl

tl`tra lsp`ðae E` Dcocoelt`.

Le `rtl tclkl e` o`p`och`h lxprlscv` hl j`kcglst`r

flrjasur`, gl`eh`h, slrclh`h, rchêouea, tr`nlhc`, oajlhc`,
scjltrê`, `scjltrê`.
`scjltrê`. Rar lleea
eea e`s adr`s hl tl`tra pulhlk
tlklr lst`s garj`s lxprlscv`s lk su hls`rraeea, sck plrhlr
Le tl`tra pasll garj`s lxprlscv`s
lk su hls`rraeea sck plrhlr su v`ear su v`ear lstãtcoa oaja adr` `rtêstco`.
lstãtcoa. 
Le nusta ka ls `prloc`ocÿk, ls uk` rlspulst` plrsak`e qul
rlvle` prlglrlkoc`s sudmltcv`s. E` `prloc`ocÿk prltlkhl
slr admltcv`. Rar ea t`kta, ka ls vàecha lk uk`
`prloc`ocÿk, lxprls`r sc e` adr` tl`tr`e ls hl kulstra
`nr`ha a ka, y` qul lstl tcpa hl rlspulst`s pulhl rlgelm`r
uk` hcstarscÿk. Rar lmljpea, sc sl `prloc` uk` adr` tl`tr`e
ouya tlj` olktr`e ls e` vcaelkoc` y le `nr`ha ls par eas
E` `prloc`ocÿk hldl slr admltcv`, tlj`spar
adr` rajàktcoas,
tr`t`r uk ka sl pulhl
tlj` hlocr
hcglrlktl qulprlglrlkoc`s.
` e`s el hls`nr`hÿ _l
e`
`uk par lkocj` hl eas nustas
plrsak`els hl quclk rl`ecz` e`  pulhl hlsorcdcr e` tljàtco` hr`j`tcz`h` ajctclkha
 v`ear`ocÿk.   p`e`dr`s rlglrch`s
rlglrch`s `e nusta plrsak`e.
plrsak`e.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 0?3 

@prloc`r uk lsplotàouea tl`tr`e cjpeco` chlktcgco`r oÿja

sl hls`rraeeÿ e` `otu`ocÿk, oÿja ls le oajpart`jclkta hl
eas plrsak`mls, le `kàecscs hle tlj`, `sê oaja e`s
o`r`otlrêstco`s hl eas leljlktas lxprlscvas. S ±quã ls ea
qul sl `prloc` hle tl`tra1 Ruls e` lxplrclkoc` tat`e oaja
rlsuet`ha hl e` suj` hl sus oajpaklktls. Lstas sak
`enukas oajpaklktls rle`ocak`has oak le `rtl hl e`
`prloc`ocÿk tl`tr`e=
@e `prloc`r uk` adr` tl`tr`e sl
`k`ecz` le hls`rraeea hl e` 0.  OAKOLRXA=  Ls e` chl` a chl`s hltràs hl e`s
`otu`ocÿk, le oajpart`jclkta hl
eas plrsak`mls, le tlj` y eas
cjànlkls hl uk` pulst` lk lsolk` y qul ls le sapartl
leljlktas lxprlscvas.  orl`tcva y ukcgco`har hle orl`har lsoãkcoa.

4.  RTAR\L_X@=  Ls e` garj` oaja le hcrlotar

cktlrprlt` e` adr` y orl` su prapca jukha ` tr`vãs hle
 pe`ktl`jclkta qul orl` lk le lsp`oca lsoãkcoa. E`
 prapulst` hlst`o` gukh`jlkt`ejlktl le lstuhca hle
sudtlxta hl e` adr`.

Hldl f`dlr cktlrprlt`ocÿk y

orl`ocÿk p`r` qul e` prapulst`
tlkn` kcvle hl “`rtl‗. 

 @prloc`rr a
 @prloc` ad
dr`s tl`tr`el
r`els
`hlou`h`jlktl ls uk
 p
 prao
raollsa qul sl hls`
oak e` pràotco`,
s`rr
pràotco`, pa
rr aee`
parr lsa ?.  LELJLKXA_ WC_\@EL_=  E` lstãtco` vcsu`e hl
uk` adr` e` oajpaklk e` lsolkanr`gê`, vlstu`rca l
ls rloaj
r loajlkh`d
lkh`del
el ceujck`ocÿk, o`h` uk` oak sus prapcas oÿhcnas y
adslrv`r juof`s y
v`rc`h`s rlslkt`ocakls. v`earls hl cktlksch`h, oaearls, tlxtur`s, eêkl`s,
javcjclkta, o`echlz, lto.

8.  L_R@OCA _AKATA= Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk hl sakchas

y jýsco` orl`ha lsploc`ejlktl p`r` uk jakt`ml
lsoãkcoa lsploêgcoa
lsploêgcoa slnýk e` prapulst` hle hcrlotar.

<.  CKXLTRTLX@OCßK= Eas `otarls sak rlspaks`dels

hl cktlrprlt`r gukh`jlkt`ejlktl le sudtlxta hl uk`
adr` slnýk eas p`ràjltras oakolptu`els prapulstas.

E` ceujck`ocÿk `êse` admltas, gcm` e` Ckoeuyl y`

eêkl`s le hcàeana
sl` hl (ka e` garj`
garj` oajaljaocak`e
lkãrnco`, sl hcolk e`sa
`tlkocÿk lk e`s lsolk`s a hcvlrtch`), e` orl`ocÿk hle plrsak`ml y eas admltcvas
 plrsak`mls, orl` `jdclktls
`oarhls ` e` fcstarc`.  hle jcsja.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 082 

TLRTL_LKX@OCßK HL ADT@_ XL@XT@EL_

Jlhc`ktl le `rtl hr`jàtcoa e` plrsak` pulhl
hlslkvaevlrsl sck ckfcdcocakls, plks`r oak
ckhlplkhlkoc`, hcsgrut`r e`s lxplrclkoc`s, hls`rraee`r su
lxprlscvch`h, su slkscdcech`h y su cj`nck`ocÿk. \k`
rlprlslkt`ocÿk tl`tr`e plrglot` sÿea sl eanr` hlm`kha hl
 plks`r lk leea. Rraourl oujpecr oak e`s rloajlkh`ocakls
y paklr juofa hl su p`rtl (cktlkscÿk, orl`tcvch`h) y le
rlsuet`ha slrà jàs qul s`tcsg`otarca.

DE@KO@ KCLWL_
(@h`pt`ocÿk)
(_l lsouof` jýsco`, l cknrls` De`ko` Kclvls lk `otctuh
trcstl par e` julrtl hl su p`hrl)
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@=   ¡Af! Pul hlshcof` sclkta `e s`dlr qul jc
 p`hrl ` julrta. S `far` tlkhrã qul sapart`r ` jc
j`hr`str` oaja e` plrsak` qul nadclrkl le rlcka. ¡Hcas
jêa! Xl pcha qul el hls s`dchurê` p`r` qul rlckl oak
 pruhlkoc` y mustcoc` (s`el hl ls
lsolk`
olk` eear`kha).
(Cknrls` e` j`hr`str` lk `otctuh prlpatlktl).
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= ¡Rar  ¡Rar gck `o`dã oak e` vch` hle rly!
r ly! K`hcl
sasplof`rà qul ya ea fcol, @far` le rlcka ls jêa, hl jc
saect`. (H` has p`ej`h`s) ¡Lsplma jàncoa! (Cknrls` le
lsplma).
L_RLMA=
L_RLMA= ¡J`khl
 ¡J`khl ustlh su j`mlst`h!
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= Lsplma Lsplma hcjl ±qucãk ls e` jàs pahlras`
hl tahas eas rlckas1
L_RLMA= D`r`oi
L_RLMA=  D`r`oi Ad`j`, su j`mlst`h. ¡Ka, ka! Rlrhÿk,
ls ustlh.
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= ±S  ±S qucãk ls e` jàs flrjas` hl tahas eas
rlckas1
L_RLMA= ¡_f`icr`,
L_RLMA=  ¡_f`icr`, puls! ¡Ka, ka! Ls ustlh. @ukqul ka,
ls De`ko` Kclvls.
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@=   ±Oÿja qul De`ko` Kclvls, sc lee`
tah`vê` ls uk` kcð`1
L_RLMA= ¡Lr`
L_RLMA=  ¡Lr` uk` kcð`! Fay `o`d` hl oujpecr 06 `ðas,
rlouãrhlel qul tclkl qul s`o`r su HKC.
J@HT@_XT@= Ka
J@HT@_XT@=  Ka pulhl slr. Rrcjlra tuvl qul j`t`r `e
 p`hrl y `far` ` e` fcm` -qul oajpeco`ha ls slr j`hr`str`.
±Puã pulha f`olr1 (o`jck` plks`tcv`)... ¡S` sã! ¡Eucs
Nuceelrja! (Cknrls` le elð`har!
E\C_=
E\C_= ¡J`khl
 ¡J`khl ustlh su j`mlst`h!
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@=   Eucs Nuceelrja, ±oakaols ` De`ko`
 Kclvls1
E\C_= _c
E\C_=  _c oe`ra, ls jc `jcn`.
 J@HT@_XT@= Ruls
J@HT@_XT@= Ruls lktakols vl y tràljl
tr àljl su oar`zÿk.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 080 

E\C_= Jl lstà pchclkha qul e` `slsckl.

E\C_= Jl
J@HT@_XT@=   Xÿj`ea oaja quclr`s, sÿea vl y f`zea
J@HT@_XT@=
(s`el hl lsolk` mukta `e lsplma).
E\C_=
E\C_= ±Puã
`jcn`,  ±Puã
±quã pulha f`olr1 (o`jck`
vay f`olr1 Ka pulhaplks`tcva).
j`t`r ` jc¡S`
prapc`
sã!
¡De`ko` Kclvls, De`ko` Kclvls!
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@=   ±Puã p`s` Eucs Nuceelrja1 ±Rar quã lstàs
nrct`kha1
E\C_=
E\C_= @jcn`
 @jcn` tl tlkna uk` j`e` katcoc`, tu j`hr`str` jl
f` plhcha qul el lktrlnul tu oar`zÿk.
DE@KO@= A
DE@KO@=  A sl` qul ±tlkhràs qul j`t`rjl1
E\C_=
E\C_=   _c `jcn`, plra sl f` aourrcha uk` dulk` chl`
¡fuyl ea jàs elmas hle rlcka plrhcãkhatl lk le dasqul!
¡Oarrl! ¡Rar `fê ka... par `fê t`jpaoa... par `fê sê!
(De`ko` Kclvls s`el oarrclkha hl lsolk`. Eucs Nuceelrja
`ecst` su rcgel, `pukt` y hcsp`r`. _`el hl lsolk` s`o`kha
su ouofceea l cknrls` eulna oak uk oar`zÿk
lks`knrlkt`ha
lks`knrl kt`ha lk e` j`ka. Cknrls` e` j`hr`str`).
J@HT@_XT@= ±Puã
J@HT@_XT@= ±Puã p`sÿ aê uk hcsp`ra1
E\C_= @o`da
E\C_=  @o`da hl oujpecr oak su j`kh`ta.
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@=   ±S` j`t`stl ` De`ko` Kclvls1 ¡Puã
lgco`z! (Le elð`har s`el hl lsolk` praour`kha ka slr
vcsta). ¡Lsplma jàncoa!
L_RLMA= ¡J`khl
L_RLMA=  ¡J`khl ustlh su j`mlst`h!
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= Lsplma  Lsplma hcjl ±qucãk ls e` jàs pahlras`
hl tahas eas rlckas1
L_RLMA=
L_RLMA= @e`k
 @e`k N`roê`, su j`mlst`h. ¡Ka, ka! Rlrhÿk, ls
ustlh.
J@HT@_XT@= ±S
J@HT@_XT@=  ±S qucãk ls e` jàs flrjas` hl tahas eas
rlckas1
L_RLMA= 
L_RLMA=
ustlh.   ¡E` ka,
@ukqul Xcnrls` hle Arclktl,
ls De`ko` Kclvls. puls! ¡Ka, ka! Ls
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= ±Oÿja  ±Oÿja qul De`ko` Kclvls1 ¡_c lee` y`
lstà julrt`! Jcr` `fê lstà su oar`zÿk.
L_RLMA= ¡@f,
L_RLMA=  ¡@f, `f! Ka lstà julrt`, Eucs Nuceelrja tl f`
lkn`ð`ha,, lsl ls le oar`zÿk hl uk vlk`ha.
lkn`ð`ha
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@=   ¡Ka pulhl slr! ¡Eucs Nuceelrja ya tl
j`ta! Ka pulhl slr. R`r` `o`d`r oak De`ko` Kclvls
tlkna qul f`olrea ya jcsj`. Lsplma pàs`jl e` aee`, e`
oaock`, le `nu` y eas oakhcjlktas. (Rrlkhl e` oaock` y
 prlp`r` uk` pÿocj`) F`dlr lsplma, pàs`jl= uð`s hl n`ta
 p`kzÿk, pleas hl n`ta ocj`rrÿk, jcle hl `dlm` saetlr`,
amas hl n`eea oclna y uk paqucta hl `mcka-jlk -sap`
ckst`ktàkl` lk trls jckutas-. Lsplma pàs`jl e`s
j`kz`k`s (sujlrnl e`s j`kz`k`s lk e` pÿocj`) ¡oak
lsta `o`d`rã oak De`ko` Kclvls! Rlra ka pulha cr `sê,
 lsplma pàs`jl uk v`sa (sl scrvl e` pÿocj` y sl

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 084 

tr`ksgarj` lk uk` `koc`k`). ¡@far` sê! ¡W`jas lsplma `

`o`d`r oak De`ko` Kclvls! (_`el hl lsolk` mukta `e
lsplma)
(@p`rlol
 dasqul De`ko`
y eeln` ` e`Kclvls
o`s` hlo`ks`h` hl f`dlr
eas lk`kas oarrcha par le
hle dasqul).
DE@KO@= 
DE@KO@=  ¡Af! Pul o`ks`h` qul lstay. Orla qul y`
lstay `euock`kha, lstay vclkha e`s oas`s plqulð`s (tao`
eas admltas hl e` o`sct`). Hl vlrh`h sak plqulð`s, plra
±qucãk vcvcrà `quê1 Dulka ka cjpart` lstay juy
o`ks`h`, orla qul jl vay ` harjcr (sl `oulst` lk uk`
o`jct`. _l lsouof` qul sl `olro`k eas lk`kas o`kt`kha).
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_=   (O`kt`kha) _ajas eas lk`kas, lk`kas,
lk`kas...
NLKCA= ¡@eta!
NLKCA=  ¡@eta! @enuclk lstà hurjclkha lk kulstr` o`j`.
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_=   ¡@f, sê, sê, sê! ¡@fffffffffff...! (Oarrlk
hlsp`varchas y sl udco`k ` uk oast`ha hl e` o`jct` lk e`
qul hulrjl De`ko` Kclvls. Xaktêk sl `olro` ` De`ko`
 Kclvls y e` julvl
julvl ecnlr`jlktl p`r`p`r` hlsplrt`re`).
DE@KO@= (@sust`h`)
DE@KO@=  (@sust`h`) ±Pucãkls sak ustlhls1
NLKCA=   Kasatras sajas eas lk`kas hle dasqul y ±tý
NLKCA=
qucãk lrls1
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@=   Sa say e` prckols` De`ko` Kclvls y lstay
`quê parqul jc j`hr`str` qucsa j`t`rjl y ea ýkcoa qul
fcol gul oarrlr y eelnuã `quê.
NT\ÐßK=
NT\ÐßK= ¡Ahca  ¡Ahca ` e`s prckols`s! Jlmar v`jas ` oajlr.
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_= ¡_c,  ¡_c, ` oajlr! (_l v`k oajlr slkt`has lk e`s
sceelt`s. Nlkca rloanl eas pe`tas y sl eas lktrln` ` De`ko`
 Kclvls).
NLKCA= ¡@
NLKCA=  ¡@ vlr sc e`v`s eas pe`tas! (_`el hl lsolk`).
NT\ÐßK=
NT\ÐßK= ¡@  ¡@ vlr sc d`rrls e` o`s`! (_`el hl lsolk`).
XAKXÊK= ¡@
XAKXÊK=
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@=   ¡@ vlr `j`dels.
  Pul sc...! (_`el
(_ `elDulka
hl lsolk`
tahaoarrclkha).
ea qul f`y qul
f`olr par uk ou`rta hakhl harjcr.
(sl pakl ` d`rrlr e` f`dct`ocÿk. Cknrls` e` j`hr`str`)
J@HT@_XT@=   ¡Fae` fcmct`! Wlkna ` tr`lrtl lst`s
J@HT@_XT@=
rcquêscj`s j`kz`k`s.
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= ¡Af, ¡Af, nr`oc`s! Rlra ka tlkna pe`t` lstay `num`.
J@HT@_XT@= Ka
J@HT@_XT@=  Ka tl prlaoupls fcmct`, tl e` rln`ea, plra
oÿjle`.
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= ¡Lkslrca,
 ¡Lkslrca, nr`oc`s dulk` jumlr!
J@HT@_XT@= ¡_ê,
J@HT@_XT@=  ¡_ê, plra oajl!
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= ¡Nr`oc`s!
 ¡Nr`oc`s! ±Rlra lstà hueol1
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= ¡_ê,  ¡_ê, plra oajl!
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= ¡Nr`oc`s!
 ¡Nr`oc`s! ±Rlra lstà e`v`h`1
J@HT@_XT@=
J@HT@_XT@= ¡_ê,  ¡_ê, plra oajl!
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= ¡Nr`oc`s!
 ¡Nr`oc`s! ±Rlra ls plru`k`1
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 08? 

J@HT@_XT@=  ¡S` puls, oajl! (De`ko` Kclvls oajl

J@HT@_XT@= 
e` j`kz`k` y sl v` scktclkha j`e y o`l sadrl e` o`j`).
¡Rar gck `o`dã oak De`ko` Kclvls! Jlmar jl vay `ktls
qul vlkn`k
lsouof` ` eas lsas
lk`kaslk`kas ahcasas
qul eeln`k (s`el hl lsolk`. _l
o`kt`kha).
LK@KA_=   (O`kt`kha) _ajas eas lk`kas, lk`kas,
LK@KA_=
lk`kas...
NLKCA=
NLKCA= ¡@eta!
 ¡@eta! De`ko` Kclvls sê qul p`r` hurjclkha.
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_= ¡@f, ¡@f, sê, sê, sê!
NLKCA= ¡Ka
NLKCA=  ¡Ka jcrlk! Ka lstà harjch`, lstà flofcz`h` par
f`dlr oajcha ls` j`kz`k`.
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_= ±Flofcz`h`1
 ±Flofcz`h`1 ¡Kaaaaaaa!
NT\ÐßK=
NT\ÐßK=   ¡Ahca eas flofczas , y e` ýkco` garj` qul
hlspclrtl ls qul vlkn` uk prêkocpl y e` hlspclrtl ¡ahca `
eas prêkocpls! (Eas lk`kas eear`k. Cknrls` le prêkocpl hl
Ckne`tlrr`).
RTÊKOCRL= ¡@dr`k
RTÊKOCRL=  ¡@dr`k o`jpa! _ay le prêkocpl hl Ckne`tlrr`
y jl hcrcma `e p`e`oca hl tahas eas rlckas.
NT\ÐßK=
NT\ÐßK= ¡D`f! ¡D`f! Hcol qul ls uk prêkocpl.
RTÊKOCRL=   Oe`ra qul say uk prêkocpl, jcr` `quê lstàk
RTÊKOCRL=
jcs haoujlktas.
LK@KA_= ¡@f, sê, sê, sê!
LK@KA_= ¡@f,
NLKCA=
NLKCA= Pul
 Pul dulka qul vcka slðar prêkocpl. E` prckols`
De`ko` Kclvls lst` flofcz`h` par f`dlr oajcha uk`
j`kz`k`.
RTÊKOCRL=
RTÊKOCRL= (Jcr`kha
 (Jcr`kha ` De`ko` Kclvls) ±Hl vlr`s ls uk`
 prckols`1
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= Oe`ra,
 Oe`ra, `quê lstàk jcs haoujlktas.
RTÊKOCRL=   ¡@f, dclk! Ruls `dr`k o`jpa qul vay `
RTÊKOCRL=
lktr`r lk `oocÿk (sl `oajah` le plck`ha y el h` uk dlsa `
De`ko`
DE@KO@=Kclvls.
DE@KO@=  Lee` hlspclrt`
  ±Hÿkhl elkt`jlktl).
lstay, qucãk say, hl hÿkhl vlkna y
`hÿkhl vay1
RTÊKOCRL= Rrckols`
RTÊKOCRL=  Rrckols` De`ko` Kclvls as fl hlsplrt`ha hl
su tarjlktasa sulða.
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@=   ±S qucãk tl f` hcofa qul lr` tarjlktasa,
`o`sa ka s`dê`s qul lst`d` sað`kha oak Orcstc`k Jlclr1
RTÊKOCRL= Rlra
RTÊKOCRL=  Rlra prckols` `far` v`s ` lst`r dclk.
LK@KA_=
LK@KA_= ¡Pul
 ¡Pul sl o`slk, qul sl o`slk...!
RTÊKOCRL=
RTÊKOCRL=   (_l `rrahcee`) Rrckols` De`ko` Kclvls
`olpt`s o`s`rtl oakjcna.
DE@KO@= ±Xclkls
DE@KO@=  ±Xclkls o`rra1
RTÊKOCRL=
RTÊKOCRL= F`st`
 F`st` `vcÿk tlkna.
DE@KO@=
DE@KO@= Jl  Jl o`sa (sl ayl jýsco` hl j`trcjakca y sl
v`k hl lsolk` oanchas hle dr`za slnuchas par eas
lk`kas).
 GCK

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 088 

JCHCLKHA OAKAOCJCLKXA_
@OXCWCH@HL_ HL
LVRTL_CßK 0.  TL_RAKHL J@TO@KHA E@ @EXLTK@XCW@
@TXÊ_XCO@ OATTLOX@=
L e`da
e`darr ` uk lsqulj
lsqulj` ` hl
`p
`prr loc
loc `ocÿk tl`
tl`trtr`e
`e oak ±@ quã sl rlgclrl le oakolpta  oaja leljlkta hl e`
lsp`
sp`ococas
as pp`r`
`r` llsor
sorcc dcr `prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e1
lk o`h` leljlktas hl e` `.  Ls e` chl` nlklr`e qul lknead` e` adr` tl`tr`e.
`p
`prr loc
loc `ocÿk lstã
lstãtctco`
o` d.  Ls e` garj` oaja le hcrlotar cktlrprlt` e` adr`.  
tl`tr`e. o.  Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk hl sakchas y jýsco`.  
Adslrvlk uk vchla hl
uk` adr` hl tl`tra qul
 sunc
 su ncllr` su pragl
raglsasar.r. ± @ quã sl rlgclrl e` prapulst`  oaja leljlkta hl e`
Oajpeltlk e` gcof` hl `prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e1
`kàecscs uk` vlz `.  Ls e` chl` nlklr`e qul lknead` e` adr` tl`tr`e.
ouejck`h` e` d.  Ls e` garj` oaja le hcrlotar cktlrprlt` e` adr`.
 p
 pray
raylloocÿk
oocÿk hle vch
vchlla. o.  Ls e` oajdck`ocÿk hl sakchas y jýsco`.  
O aj
ajp` p`rr t`k
t`k sus
s us
ap
apcc kcakl
kc aklss y rrlsp
lspulst`
ulst`s.
s. 4.  TL_RAKHL E@_ _CN\CLKXL_ RTLN\KX@_=
±Puã ls e` lstãtco` tl`tr`e1
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±Puã lktclkhl par `prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e1

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±Puã sl rlquclrl p`r` pahlr `prloc`r lstãtco`jlktl

uk` adr` hl tl`tra1
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leljl
jlktas
ktas vcsu
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a gaj
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e` lhuo`ocÿk lstãtco` `prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e1
lktrl e`s kulv`s  QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
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lk `rtcst`s hl e` ?.  J@TO@ WLTH@HLTA (W) A G@E_A (G)
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k, y ( ) E` lstãtco` ls e` oclkoc` qul lstuhc` e` dleelz` y e`
 su o`p
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`h hl tlarê` gukh`jlkt`e y gceasÿgco` hle `rtl.
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uocr `e ( ) Le pýdecoa hldl lst`r o`p`oct`ha p`r` pahlr
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rlsu
suktktaa `rtcst` tl`tr`e
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slksu`e l ( ) Le tl`tra pasll garj`s lxprlscv`s lk su hls`rraeea
cj`nck`tcva.  sck plrhlr su v`ear lstãtcoa.
 ( ) E` `prloc`ocÿk tl`tr`e hldl slr admltcv`.

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 08< 

ÊKHCOL

Rrlslkt`ocÿk 28
Cktrahuoocÿk 2<
Oaktlkchas 27

@TXL_ WC_\@EL_
 @rtls vcsu`els. Oakolpta, oe`scgco`ocÿk. 26
Hcsocpeck`s `rtêstco`s. 02
Leljlktas oakstctutcvas hl e`s `rtls vcsu`els= eêkl`, oaear, garj`. 0?
J`tlrc`els ka oakvlkocak`els. Tlocoe`dels. K`tur`els. 44
Hcduma dàscoa. Eckl`e y nlajãtrcoa. 46
Lstuhca dàscoa hl eas oaearls= prcj`rcas, sloukh`rcas, tlroc`rcas. ?8
Xãokco`s orl`tcv`s. Dchcjlkscak`els= h`otceapcktur`, lst`rocha, lsnr`ff`ha. ?3
Xrchcjlkscak`els= jahle`ha, t`ee`ha. 84

JÝ_CO@
Le sakcha= Oe`sls y ou`ech`hls. 83
Jýsco`= Oakolpta y arcnlk. <?
Leljlktas hl e` jýsco`= Tctja - jleahê`. <6
Le plkt`nr`j`= Eêkl`s `hcocak`els suplrcarls l ckglrcarls. 74
Oe`vls a ee`vls. 7?
O`ecnr`gê` Jusco`e. 78
E`s gcnur`s hl hur`ocÿk y sus scelkocas. 77
\dco`ocÿk hl e`s kat`s jusco`els lk le plkt`nr`j`. 76
_aegla f`de`ha y rêtjcoa= lmlrococas. >2
E` vaz= oe`scgco`ocÿk. >8
Xãokco` vao`e= pastur`, rlspcr`ocÿk y hcoocÿk. Tlplrtarca. ><
Ckstrujlktas jusco`els. >6

H@K]@
H`kz`. Oakolptu`ecz`ocÿk y oe`scgco`ocÿk. 6?
Leljlktas hl e` h`kz`. Oulrpa y lsp`oca. Xcljpa. 66
Lxprlscÿk oarpar`e. Javcjclkta, lqucecdrca y rle`m`ocÿk. 34
Hls`rraeea `uhctcva. Lsouof` `otcv`. 37
Gcnur`s oarlanràgco`s. 022

XL@XTA
Le Xl`tra. Oakolpta. Fcstarc` hle tl`tra. 02<
Leljlktas tãokcoas hle Xl`tra. 023
Lxprlscÿk oarpar`e. 00?
Lxprlscÿk vao`e. Ou`ech`hls hl e` vaz. 00>
Mulnas hl ckcoc`ocÿk hr`jàtco`. Lmlrococas peàstcoas y vao`els. 044
Oulkta vcva. K`rr`ocÿk hl oulktas. 04>
Tlprlslkt`ocakls hle tl`tra hl Xêtlrls. 0?0
Oakgloocÿk y j`klma hl têtlrls. 0?8
 @prloc`ocÿk lstãtco` tl`tr`e.  0?>
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els

DCDECANT@GÊ@087 

Lhuo`ocÿk par le @rtl, Arclkt`ocakls p`r` le Xr`d`ma Rlh`nÿncoa, Jckcstlrca hl

Lhuo`ocÿk, 4227
Fcstarc` hle Hcduma, e` Rcktur` y le Nr`d`ha, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl
_loukh`rc`, G`soêouea 0, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hl e` Lsouetur` y @rquctlotur`, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`,
G`soêouea 4, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hl e` Jýsco` lk le Rlrý, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`,
G`soêouea 4, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hl e` Jýsco` hle Jukha, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`,
G`soêouea ?, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hle Xl`tra, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`, G`soêouea 8,
Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hl e` H`kz`, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`, G`soêouea <,
Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Fcstarc` hl e`s @rtls Jlhcàtco`s, _lrcl 0 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`,
G`soêouea 7, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
 @rtl lk le Rlrý, _lrcl 4 p`r` lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`,
_ loukh`rc`, G`soêouea 0, Jckcstlrca
hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Tctas y Gclst`s= Arcnlk hl e` h`kz` y le Xl`tra lk le Rlrý, _lrcl 4 p`r`
lstuhc`ktls hl _loukh`rc`, G`soêouea 0, Jckcstlrca hl Lhuo`ocÿk 422>
Lhuo`ocÿk @rtêstco`, G. @olvlha Jcm`rls
Hcduma y Rcktur`, Lhcocakls Kulv` Elktl
Orl`ocÿk @rtêstco` y Orl`ocÿk Lspcrctu`e, Ajr``j Jcif`ée @áv`kfav, 033>
Jltahaeanê` hle Hcduma, Lrklsta G`drln`rt
Ceustr`ocÿk Orl`har`, @khrlw Eaajcs
 @rtl y Rlrolpocÿk Wcsu`e, Tuhaeg @rflcj
Fcstarc` hle @rtl, W`rcas @utarls
Oÿja Hcdum`r y Rckt`r, Lrklst Deuj
E`s d`kh`s sakar`s oaja d`sl hl e` `uhcocÿk `otcv`= lxplrclkoc`s lhuo`tcv`s
p`r` le hls`rraeea jusco`e ckg`ktce, Flrkàkhlz, M. T., Flrkàkhlz, M. @. y Hl
Jay`, J. W. 4200
E`s Oajpltlkoc`s @rtêstco`s lk e` Lkslð`kz` hle @rtl, _cevc` Glrkàkhlz* y
Nlr`rha Of`vlra, 4204
 @rtls Wcsu`els, ^ceey N`ehas Grê`s
Lhuo`ocÿk @rtêstco`, Gãecx Fu`jàk
 @rtl y Orl`tcvch`h, Lhn`r \rh`y J`krcqul
Hcoocak`rca Lkocoeapãhcoa _aplk`
Oÿja F`olr Xl`tra lk jc Lsoule`, Nuceelrja Tajlra Rlr`et`
Lhuo`ocÿk Jusco`e, @qucels Fckastraz`
Jýsco`, @rj`kha Ofàvlz Rckta, 0367
Jc Jukha hle @rtl, Tlkã R`ofloa Jlen`r, 0364
Jýsco`, Glrk`kha Juðaz Nÿjlz, 03>4  
Jýsco`, Hr. Gr`kocsoa Ruen`r Wch`e, \khãocj` Lhcocÿk, 03><  
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 08> 

Dclk`vlktur`has eas qul jl f`k

oajprlkhcha. X`kta plar p`r`
`quleeas qul ka f`k qulrcha
oajprlkhlrjl= ka qulh`rà kc
r`stra hl leeas, parqul e`
Cktlecnlkoc` oÿsjco` ka pclks`
taelr`r par jàs tcljpa lklrný-
jlkas qul ka `otý`k slnýk sus
elyls. F`y qul `rjakcz`rsl oak e`
cktlecnlkoc` oÿsjco`, vcdr`r `e
ukêsaka oak lee` y orl`r e`
vlrh`hlr` dleelz`.
Ajr``j Jcif`ée @áv`kfav
 

"@TXL" - 0½ hl _loukh`rc`  ‟ Gr`ki Xlkarca Tas`els 086