Revólver

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Este artículo trata sobre el arma de fuego. Para otros usos, véase Revolver
(desambiguación).
"Six shooter" redirige aquí. Para otros usos, véase Six shooter (desambiguación).

Ejército de Acción Única Colt

Disparo de un Smith & Wesson Modelo 686 .357 Magnum

Un revólver (también llamado tirador de seis o pistola de rueda[1] [2]) es una
pistola de repetición que tiene al menos un cañón y utiliza un cilindro giratorio
que contiene múltiples cámaras (cada una con un solo cartucho) para disparar. Antes
de disparar una ronda, amartillando el martillo gira parcialmente el cilindro,
indexando una de las cámaras del cilindro en alineación con el cañón, lo que
permite que la bala se dispare a través del orificio. El amartillado del martillo
se puede lograr tirando manualmente del martillo hacia atrás (como en la acción
simple), a través de un enlace interno que transmite un movimiento hacia atrás del
gatillo (como en la doble acción), o ambos (como en la doble / simple acción). Al
girar secuencialmente a través de cada cámara, el revólver permite al usuario
disparar varias veces hasta tener que recargar el arma, a diferencia de las armas
de fuego de un solo disparo más antiguas que tenían que recargarse después de cada
disparo.

Aunque ampliamente superados en conveniencia y capacidad de municiones por las

pistolas semiautomáticas, los revólveres siguen siendo populares como pistolas de
respaldo y fuera de servicio entre los agentes de la ley y los guardias de
seguridad estadounidenses y todavía son comunes en el sector privado estadounidense
como armas de fuego defensivas, deportivas y de caza. Los modelos de revólveres
famosos incluyen el Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, el Webley, el Colt Single Action Army,
el Colt Official Police, Smith & Wesson Modelo 10, el Smith & Wesson Modelo 29 de
la fama de Dirty Harry, el Nagant M1895 y el Colt Python.

Aunque la mayoría de las armas que usan un mecanismo de revólver son pistolas,
otras armas de fuego también pueden tener una acción de revólver. Estos incluyen
algunos modelos de rifles, escopetas, lanzagranadas y cañones. Las armas de
revólver difieren de las armas rotativas estilo Gatling en que en un revólver solo
giran las cámaras, mientras que en un arma rotativa hay múltiples acciones
completas de armas de fuego con sus propios cañones que giran alrededor de una
alimentación de munición común.

Contenido
1 Historia
1.1 Patentes
2 Diseño
3 Carga y descarga
3.1 Cilindro de carga frontal
3.2 Diseños de cilindros fijos
3.3 Cilindro de rotura superior
3.4 Cilindro de punta
3.5 Cilindro oscilante
3.6 Otros diseños
4 Acción
4.1 Acción única
4.2 Doble acción
4.3 Otro
5 Revólver impreso en 3D
6 Uso con supresores
7 Revólveres automáticos
8 Armas largas giratorias
8.1 Rifles
8.2 Escopetas
8.3 Otras armas
9 Seis cañones
10 Marcas y fabricantes notables
11 Galería
12 Ver también
13 Referencias
14 Enlaces externos
Historia
En el desarrollo de armas de fuego, un factor limitante importante fue el tiempo
requerido para recargar el arma después de que fue disparada. Mientras el usuario
estaba recargando, el arma era inútil, lo que permitía a un adversario atacar al
usuario. Se desarrollaron varios enfoques para el problema del aumento de la
velocidad de disparo, el primero con armas de varios cañones que permitían dos o
más disparos sin recargar. [3] Las armas posteriores presentaban múltiples cañones
que giraban a lo largo de un solo eje.

Una pistola giratoria de tres cañones en Venecia data de al menos 1548. [4] Durante
finales del siglo 16 en China, Zhao Shi-zhen inventó el Xun Lei Chong, una lanza de
revólver mosquete de cinco cañones. Casi al mismo tiempo, los primeros ejemplos de
lo que hoy se llama un revólver se hicieron en Alemania. Estas armas presentaban un
solo cañón con un cilindro giratorio que sostenía el polvo y la bola. Pronto serían
fabricados por muchos fabricantes de armas europeos, en numerosos diseños y
configuraciones. [5] Sin embargo, estas armas eran complicadas, difíciles de usar y
prohibitivamente caras de fabricar, y como tales no estaban ampliamente
distribuidas.

A principios del siglo 19, las pistolas de cañón múltiple llamadas "cajas de
pimienta" eran populares. Originalmente eran cargadores de bozal, pero en 1837, la
armera belga Mariette inventó una caja de pimienta sin martillo con un gatillo de
anillo y cañones de apagado que se podían desenroscar. [6]

En 1836, el estadounidense Samuel Colt patentó un revólver popular que llevó al uso
generalizado del revólver. [7] Según Colt, se le ocurrió la idea del revólver
mientras estaba en el mar, inspirado en el capstán, que tenía un mecanismo de
trinquete y pata, una versión de la cual se usaba en sus armas para girar el
cilindro amartillando el martillo. Esto proporcionó una forma confiable y repetible
de indexar cada ronda y eliminó la necesidad de girar manualmente el cilindro. Los
revólveres proliferaron en gran parte debido a la habilidad de Colt como vendedor,
pero su influencia también se extendió de otras maneras. La calidad de construcción
de las armas de su compañía se hizo famosa, y sus armerías en América e Inglaterra
entrenaron a varias generaciones seminales de fabricantes de herramientas y otros
maquinistas, que tuvieron una gran influencia en otros esfuerzos de fabricación del
siguiente medio siglo. [8]

Detalle de un revólver matchlock de 8 cámaras (Alemania c. 1580)

Colt Paterson 2º modelo de correa

Los primeros revólveres eran caplocks y cargadores de bozal: el usuario vertía

polvo negro en cada cámara, golpeaba una bala encima de ella y luego colocaba una
tapa de percusión en el pezón en la parte posterior de cada cámara, donde el
martillo caería sobre ella. Esto era similar a cargar una pistola tradicional de un
solo disparo con bozal, excepto que el polvo y el disparo podían cargarse
directamente en la parte delantera del cilindro en lugar de tener que cargarse a lo
largo de toda la longitud del cañón. Es importante destacar que esto permitió que
el cañón en sí fuera fusilado, ya que el usuario no estaba obligado a forzar la
bala ajustada por el cañón para cargarla (una pistola tradicional de carga de bozal
tenía un disparo de ánima lisa y relativamente holgado, lo que permitía una carga
fácil, pero daba mucha menos precisión). Al disparar el siguiente disparo, el
usuario levantaba su pistola verticalmente mientras amartillaba el martillo hacia
atrás para dejar que los fragmentos de la tapa de percusión de ráfaga se cayeran
para no atascar el mecanismo. Algunos de los revólveres de gorra y bola más
populares fueron el modelo Colt Modelo 1851 "Navy", el modelo "Army" de 1860 y los
revólveres de percusión de bolsillo Colt, todos los cuales vieron un uso extensivo
en la Guerra Civil Estadounidense. Aunque los revólveres estadounidenses eran los
más comunes, los fabricantes de armas europeos también fabricaban numerosos
revólveres en ese momento, muchos de los cuales llegaron a manos de las fuerzas
estadounidenses. Estos incluían los revólveres Lefaucheux y LeMat de una sola
acción y los revólveres Beaumont-Adams y Tranter, las primeras armas de doble
acción a pesar de ser cargadores de bozal. [9]

A Smith & Wesson Model 1, 2nd issue; a two patent date variety shown next to a
period box of .22 Short black powder cartridges
In 1854, Eugene Lefaucheux introduced the Lefaucheux Model 1854, the first revolver
to use self-contained metallic cartridges rather than loose powder, pistol ball,
and percussion caps. It is a single-action, pinfire revolver holding six rounds.
[10]

On November 17, 1856, Daniel B. Wesson and Horace Smith signed an agreement for the
exclusive use of the Rollin White Patent at a rate of 25 cents for every revolver.
Smith & Wesson began production late in 1857, and enjoyed years of exclusive
production of rear-loading cartridge revolvers in America due to their association
with Rollin White, who held the patent[11] and vigorously defended it against any
perceived infringement by other manufacturers (much as Colt had done with his
original patent on the revolver). Although White held the patent, other
manufacturers were able to sell firearms using the design, provided they were
willing to pay royalties.[12][13]

After White's patent expired in April 1869, a third extension was refused. Other
gun-makers were then allowed to produce their own weapons using the rear-loading
method, without having to pay a royalty on each gun sold. Early guns were often
conversions of earlier cap-and-ball revolvers, modified to accept metallic
cartridges loaded from the rear, but later models, such as the Colt Model 1872
"open top" and the Smith & Wesson Model 3, were designed from the start as
cartridge revolvers.[12]

Colt Single Action Army, serial No. 5773, issued to 7th Cavalry during the Indian
War period
In 1873, Colt introduced the famous Model 1873, also known as the Single Action
Army, the "Colt .45" (not to be confused with Colt-made models of the M1911 semi-
automatic) or simply, "the Peacemaker", one of the most famous handguns ever made.
[14] This popular design, which was a culmination of many of the advances
introduced in earlier weapons, fired 6 metallic cartridges and was offered in over
30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. It is still in production, along
with numerous clones and lookalikes, and its overall appearance has remained the
same since 1873. Although originally made for the United States Army, the Model
1873 was widely distributed and popular with civilians, ranchers, lawmen, and
outlaws alike.[citation needed] Its design has influenced countless other
revolvers. Colt has discontinued its production twice, but brought it back due to
popular demand and continues to make it to this day.

In the U.S., the traditional single-action revolver still reigned supreme until the
late 19th century. In Europe, however, arms makers were quick to adopt the double-
action trigger. While the U.S. was producing weapons like the Model 1873, the
Europeans were building double-action models like the French MAS Modèle 1873 and
the somewhat later British Enfield Mk I and II revolvers (Britain relied on
cartridge conversions of the earlier Beaumont–Adams double-action prior to this).
Colt's first attempt at a double action revolver to compete with the European
manufacturers was the Colt Model 1877, which earned lasting notoriety for its
overly complex, expensive and fragile trigger mechanism, which in addition to
failing frequently, also had a terrible trigger pull unless given the attentions of
a competent gunsmith.

Smith & Wesson M&P revolver

In 1889, Colt introduced the Model 1889, the first truly modern double action
revolver, which differed from earlier double action revolvers by having a "swing-
out" cylinder, as opposed to a "top-break" or "side-loading" cylinder. Swing out
cylinders quickly caught on, because they combined the best features of earlier
designs. Top-break actions gave the ability to eject all empty shells
simultaneously, and exposed all chambers for easy reloading, but having the frame
hinged into two halves weakened the gun and negatively affected accuracy, due to
lack of rigidity. "Side-loaders", like the earlier Colt Model 1871 and 1873, gave a
rigid frame, but required the user to eject and load one chamber at a time as they
rotated the cylinder to line each chamber up with the side-mounted loading gate.
[15] Smith & Wesson followed seven years later with the Hand Ejector, Model 1896 in
.32 S&W Long caliber, followed by the very similar, yet improved, Model 1899 (later
known as the Model 10), which introduced the new .38 Special cartridge. The Model
10 went on to become the best selling handgun of the 20th century, at 6,000,000
units, and the .38 Special is still the most popular chambering for revolvers in
the world. These new guns were an improvement over the Colt 1889 design since they
incorporated a combined center-pin and ejector rod to lock the cylinder in
position. The 1889 did not use a center pin and the cylinder was prone to move out
of alignment.[15]

Revolvers have remained popular to the present day in many areas, although in the
military and law enforcement, they have largely been supplanted by magazine-fed
semi-automatic pistols such as the Beretta M9 and the SIG Sauer M17, especially in
circumstances where reload time and higher cartridge capacity are deemed important.
[16]

Patents
Elisha Collier of Boston, Massachusetts, patented a flintlock revolver in Britain
in 1818, and significant numbers were being produced in London by 1822.[17] The
origination of this invention is in doubt, as similar designs were patented in the
same year by Artemus Wheeler in the United States, and by Cornelius Coolidge in
France.[18] Samuel Colt submitted a British patent for his revolver in 1835 and an
American patent (number 138) on February 25, 1836, for a Revolving gun, and made
the first production model on March 5 of that year.[19]

Another revolver patent was issued to Samuel Colt on August 29, 1839. The February
25, 1836, patent was then reissued as U.S. Patent RE00124 entitled Revolving gun on
October 24, 1848. This was followed by U.S. Patent 0,007,613 on September 3, 1850,
for a Revolver, and by U.S. Patent 0,007,629 on September 10, 1850, for a Revolver.
U.S. Patent 5,333,531 was issued to Roger C. Field for an economical device for
minimizing the flash gap of a revolver between the barrel and the cylinder. In
1855, Rollin White patented the bored-through cylinder entitled Improvement in
revolving fire-arms U.S. Patent 00,093,653. In 1856, Horace Smith & Daniel Wesson
formed a partnership (S&W), developed and manufactured a revolver chambered for a
self-contained metallic cartridge.[20]

Design

Details of a Schmidt M1882, showing the hammer, chambers for the ammunition in the
cylinder, and the mechanism to rotate the cylinder. Revolver of the Gendarmerie of
Vaud, on display at Morges castle museum.
A revolver works by having several firing chambers arranged in a circle in a
cylindrical block that are brought into alignment with the firing mechanism and
barrel one at a time. In contrast, other repeating firearms, such as bolt-action,
lever-action, pump-action, and semi-automatic, have a single firing chamber and a
mechanism to load and extract cartridges into it.[21]

A single-action revolver requires the hammer to be pulled back by hand before each
shot, which also revolves the cylinder. This leaves the trigger with just one
"single action" left to perform - releasing the hammer to fire the shot - so the
force and distance required to pull the trigger can be minimal. In contrast, with a
self-cocking revolver, one long squeeze of the trigger pulls back the hammer and
revolves the cylinder, then finally fires the shot. They can generally be fired
faster than a single-action, but with reduced accuracy in the hands of most
shooters.[21]

Most modern revolvers are "traditional double-action", which means they may operate
either in single-action or self-cocking mode. The accepted meaning of "double-
action" has, confusingly, come to be the same as "self-cocking", so modern
revolvers that cannot be pre-cocked are called "double-action-only".[21] These are
intended for concealed carry, because the hammer of a traditional design is prone
to snagging on clothes when drawn. Most revolvers do not come with accessory rails,
which are used for mounting lights and lasers, except for the Smith & Wesson M&P R8
(.357 Magnum),[22] Smith & Wesson Model 325 Thunder Ranch (.45 ACP),[23] and all
versions of the Chiappa Rhino (.357 Magnum, 9×19mm, .40 S&W, or 9×21mm) except for
the 2" and 3" models, respectively.[24] However, certain revolvers, such as the
Taurus Judge and Charter Arms revolvers, can be fitted with accessory rails.[25]

An advertisement for Iver Johnson revolvers claimed they were safe enough for
children to handle.
Most commonly, such revolvers have 5 or 6 chambers, hence the common names of "six-
gun" or "six-shooter".[26] However, some revolvers have 7, 8, 9, or 10 chambers,
[26] often depending on the caliber, and at least one revolver has 12 chambers (the
US Fire Arms Model 12/22).[27] Each chamber has to be reloaded manually, which
makes reloading a revolver a much slower procedure than reloading a semi-automatic
pistol.[26]

Compared to autoloading handguns, a revolver is often much simpler to operate and

may have greater reliability.[26] For example, should a semiautomatic pistol fail
to fire, clearing the chamber requires manually cycling the action to remove the
errant round, as cycling the action normally depends on the energy of a cartridge
firing.[26] With a revolver, this is not necessary as none of the energy for
cycling the revolver comes from the firing of the cartridge, but is supplied by the
user either through cocking the hammer or, in a double-action design, by just
squeezing the trigger.[26] Another significant advantage of revolvers is superior
ergonomics, particularly for users with small hands.[26] A revolver's grip does not
hold a magazine, and it can be designed or customized much more than the grip of a
typical semi-automatic.[26] Partially because of these reasons, revolvers still
hold significant market share as concealed carry and home-defense weapons.[26]
A revolver can be kept loaded and ready to fire without fatiguing any springs and
is not very dependent on lubrication for proper firing.[26] Additionally, in the
case of double-action-only revolvers there is no risk of accidental discharge from
dropping alone, as the hammer is cocked by the trigger pull.[26] However, the
revolver's clockwork-like internal parts are relatively delicate and can become
misaligned after a severe impact, and its revolving cylinder can become jammed by
excessive dirt or debris.[26]

Over the long period of development of the revolver, many calibers have been used.
[28] Some of these have proved more durable during periods of standardization and
some have entered general public awareness. Among these are the .22 rimfire, a
caliber popular for target shooting and teaching novice shooters; .38 Special
and .357 Magnum, known for police use; the .44 Magnum, famous from Clint Eastwood's
Dirty Harry films; and the .45 Colt, used in the Colt revolver of the Wild West.
Introduced in 2003, the Smith & Wesson Model 500 is one of the most powerful
revolvers, utilizing the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge.[29]

Because the rounds in a revolver are headspaced on the rim, some revolvers are
capable of chambering more than one type of ammunition. The .44 Magnum round will
also chamber the .44 Special and .44 Russian, likewise the .357 Magnum will safely
chamber .38 Special, .38 Long Colt, and .38 Short Colt. In 1996, a revolver known
as the Medusa M47 was made that could chamber 25 different cartridges with bullet
diameters between .355" and .357".[30]

The LeMat Percussion Revolver, with 9 revolving chambers firing bullets and a
center shotgun barrel firing lead shot, was used by the Confederate troops in the
American Civil War.

LeMat Revolver, an unusual pinfire cartridge model

Revolver technology lives on in other weapons used by the military. Some
autocannons and grenade launchers use mechanisms similar to revolvers, and some
riot shotguns use spring-loaded cylinders holding up to 12 rounds.[31] In addition
to serving as backup guns, revolvers still fill the specialized niche role as a
shield gun; law enforcement personnel using a "bulletproof" gun shield sometimes
opt for a revolver instead of a self-loading pistol, because the slide of a pistol
may strike the front of the shield when fired. Revolvers do not suffer from this
disadvantage. A second revolver may be secured behind the shield to provide a quick
means of continuity of fire. Many police also still use revolvers as their duty
weapon due to their relative mechanical simplicity and user friendliness.[32]

With the advancement of technology and design in 2010, major revolver manufacturers
started producing polymer frame revolvers like the Ruger LCR, Smith & Wesson
Bodyguard 38, and Taurus Protector Polymer. The new innovative design incorporates
advanced polymer technology that lowers weight significantly, helps absorbs recoil,
and strong enough to handle .38 Special +P and .357 Magnum loads. The polymer is
only used on the lower frame and joined to a metal alloy upper frame, barrel, and
cylinder. Polymer technology is considered one of the major advancements in
revolver history because the frame has always been metal alloy and mostly a one
piece frame design.[33]

Another recent development in revolver technology is the Chiappa Rhino, a revolver

introduced by Italian manufacturer Chiappa in 2009, and first sold in the U.S. in
2010. The Rhino, built with the U.S. concealed carry market in mind, is designed so
the bullet fires from the bottom chamber of the cylinder instead of the top chamber
as in standard revolvers. This is intended to reduce muzzle flip, allowing for
faster and more accurate repeat shots. In addition, the cylinder cross-section is
hexagonal instead of circular, further reducing the weapon's profile.[24]
Loading and unloading
Front-loading cylinder
The first revolvers were front loading (also referred to as muzzleloading), and
were a bit like muskets in that the powder and bullet were loaded separately. These
were caplocks or "cap and ball" revolvers, because the caplock method of priming
was the first to be compact enough to make a practical revolver feasible. When
loading, each chamber in the cylinder was rotated out of line with the barrel, and
charged from the front with loose powder and an oversized bullet. Next, the chamber
was aligned with the ramming lever underneath the barrel. Pulling the lever would
drive a rammer into the chamber, pushing the ball securely in place. Finally, the
user would place percussion caps on the nipples on the rear face of the cylinder.
[9]

After each shot, a user was advised to raise his revolver vertically while cocking
back the hammer so as to allow the fragments of the spent percussion cap to fall
out safely. Otherwise, the fragments could fall into the revolver's mechanism and
jam it. Caplock revolvers were vulnerable to "chain fires", wherein hot gas from a
shot ignited the powder in the other chambers. This could be prevented by sealing
the chambers with cotton, wax, or grease. Chain fire led to the shots hitting the
shooters hand, which is one of the main reasons why revolver rifles were uncommon.
By the time metallic cartridges became common, more effective mechanisms for a
repeating rifle, such as lever-action, had been developed.[34]

Loading a cylinder in this manner was a slow and awkward process and generally
could not be done in the midst of battle.[35] Some soldiers solved this by carrying
multiple revolvers in the field. Another solution was to use a revolver with a
detachable cylinder design. These revolvers allowed the shooter to quickly remove a
cylinder and replace it with a full one.[21]

Colt 1851 Navy with powder flask

Front reloading a cap and ball pistol

Remington Model 1858

Fixed cylinder designs

A fixed-cylinder Nagant M1895 with gate open for loading

In many of the first generation of cartridge revolvers (especially those that were
converted after manufacture), the base pin on which the cylinder revolved was
removed, and the cylinder taken from the revolver for loading. Most revolvers using
this method of loading are single-action revolvers, although Iver Johnson produced
double-action models with removable cylinders. The removable-cylinder design is
employed in some modern "micro-revolvers" (usually chambered in .22 rimfire), in
order to simplify their design. These weapons are small enough to fit in the palm
of the hand.[33]

Later single-action revolver models with a fixed cylinder used a loading gate at
the rear of the cylinder that allowed insertion of one cartridge at a time for
loading, while a rod under the barrel could be pressed rearward to eject the fired
case.[36]

The loading gate on the original Colt designs (and on nearly all single-action
revolvers since, such as the famous Colt Single Action Army) is on the right side,
which was done to facilitate loading while on horseback; with the revolver held in
the left hand with the reins of the horse, the cartridges can be ejected and loaded
with the right hand.[37]

Because the cylinders in these types of revolvers are firmly attached at the front
and rear of the frame, and the frame is typically full thickness all the way
around, fixed cylinder revolvers are inherently strong designs. Accordingly, many
modern large caliber hunting revolvers tend to be based on the fixed cylinder
design. Fixed cylinder revolvers can fire the strongest and most powerful
cartridges, but at the price of being the slowest to load or unload, as they cannot
use speedloaders or moon clips for loading, as only one chamber is exposed at a
time to the loading gate.[38]

Top-break cylinder

An IOF .32 top-break revolver

In a top-break revolver, the frame is hinged at the bottom front of the cylinder.
Releasing the lock and pushing the barrel down exposes the rear face of the
cylinder. In most top-break revolvers, this act also operates an extractor that
pushes the cartridges in the chambers back far enough that they will fall free, or
can be removed easily. Fresh rounds are then inserted into the cylinder. The barrel
and cylinder are then rotated back and locked in place, and the revolver is ready
to fire.[21]

Top-break revolvers are able to be loaded more rapidly than fixed frame revolvers,
especially with the aid of a speedloader or moon clip. However, this design is much
weaker and cannot handle high pressure rounds. While this design is mostly obsolete
today, supplanted by the stronger yet equally convenient swing-out cylinder design,
manufacturers have begun making reproductions of late 19th century designs for use
in cowboy action shooting.[21]

The first top-break revolver was patented in France and Britain at the end of
December in 1858 by Devisme.[39] The most commonly found top-break revolvers were
manufactured by Smith & Wesson, Webley & Scott, Iver Johnson, Harrington &
Richardson, Manhattan Fire Arms, Meriden Arms and Forehand & Wadsworth.[40]

Tip-up cylinder

Smith & Wesson Model 1 Third Issue open

The tip-up revolver was the first design to be used with metallic cartridges in the
Smith & Wesson Model 1, on which the barrel pivoted upwards, hinged on the forward
end of the topstrap. On the S&W tip-up revolvers, the barrel release catch is
located on both sides of the frame in front of the trigger. Smith & Wesson
discontinued it in the third series of the Smith & Wesson Model 1 1/2 but it was
fairly widely used in Europe in the 19th century, after a patent by Spirlet in
1870, which also included an ejector star.[41]

Swing-out cylinder

A swing-out cylinder revolver.

The most modern method of loading and unloading a revolver is by means of the
swing-out cylinder.[42] The first swing-out cylinder revolver was patented in
France and Britain at the end of December in 1858 by Devisme.[39] The cylinder is
mounted on a pivot that is parallel to the chambers, and the cylinder swings out
and down (to the left in most cases). An extractor is fitted, operated by a rod
projecting from the front of the cylinder assembly. When pressed, it will push all
fired rounds free simultaneously (as in top-break models, the travel is designed to
not completely extract longer, unfired rounds). The cylinder may then be loaded,
individually or again with the use of a speedloader, closed, and latched in place.
[21]

The pivoting part that supports the cylinder is called the crane; it is the weak
point of swing-out cylinder designs. Using the method often portrayed in movies and
television of flipping the cylinder open and closed with a flick of the wrist can
in fact cause the crane to bend over time, throwing the cylinder out of alignment
with the barrel. Lack of alignment between chamber and barrel is a dangerous
condition, as it can impede the bullet's transition from chamber to barrel. This
gives rise to higher pressures in the chamber, bullet damage, and the potential for
an explosion if the bullet becomes stuck.[43]

The shock of firing can exert a great deal of stress on the crane, as in most
designs the cylinder is only held closed at one point, the rear of the cylinder.
Stronger designs, such as the Ruger Super Redhawk, use a lock in the crane as well
as the lock at the rear of the cylinder. This latch provides a more secure bond
between cylinder and frame, and allows the use of larger, more powerful cartridges.
Swing-out cylinders are rather strong, but not as strong as fixed cylinders, and
great care must be taken with the cylinder when loading, so as not to damage the
crane.[43]

Other designs
One unique design was designed by Merwin Hulbert in which the barrel and cylinder
assembly were rotated 90° and pulled forward to eject shells from the cylinder.

Action
Single-action

From Top: Replica of 1849 vintage. .44 Colt Revolving Holster Pistol (Dragoon);
Colt Single Action Army Model 1873; Ruger (New Model) Super Blackhawk- Mid and late
20th Century.
In a single-action revolver, the hammer is manually cocked, usually with the thumb
of the firing or supporting hand. This action advances the cylinder to the next
round and locks the cylinder in place with the chamber aligned with the barrel. The
trigger, when pulled, releases the hammer, which fires the round in the chamber. To
fire again, the hammer must be manually cocked again. This is called "single-
action" because the trigger only performs a single action, of releasing the hammer.
Because only a single action is performed and trigger pull is lightened, firing a
revolver in this way allows most shooters to achieve greater accuracy.
Additionally, the need to cock the hammer manually acts as a safety. Unfortunately
with some revolvers, since the hammer rests on the primer or nipple, accidental
discharge from impact is more likely if all 6 chambers are loaded. The Colt
Paterson Revolver, the Walker Colt, the Colt's Dragoon and the Colt Single Action
Army pistol of the American Frontier era are all good examples of this system.[21]

Double-action

Colt Anaconda .44 Magnum double-action revolver

In double-action (DA), the stroke of the trigger pull generates two actions:

The hammer is pulled back to the cocked position which also indexes the cylinder to
the next round.
The hammer is released to strike the firing pin.
Thus, DA means that a cocking action separate from the trigger pull is unnecessary;
every trigger pull will result in a complete cycle. This allows uncocked carry,
while also allowing draw-and-fire using only the trigger. A longer and harder
trigger stroke is the trade-off. However, this drawback can also be viewed as a
safety feature, as the gun is safer against accidental discharges from being
dropped.[21]
Most double-action revolvers may be fired in two ways.[21]

The first way is single-action; that is, exactly the same as a single-action
revolver; the hammer is cocked with the thumb, which indexes the cylinder, and when
the trigger is pulled, the hammer is tripped.
The second way is double-action, or from a hammer-down position. In this case, the
trigger first cocks the hammer and revolves the cylinder, then trips the hammer at
the rear of the trigger stroke, firing the round in the chamber.

Enfield No. 2 Mk I* double-action-only revolver. Note the spurless hammer.

Certain revolvers, called double-action-only (DAO) or, more correctly but less
commonly, self-cocking, lack the latch that enables the hammer to be locked to the
rear, and thus can only be fired in the double-action mode. With no way to lock the
hammer back, DAO designs tend to have bobbed or spurless hammers, and may even have
the hammer completely covered by the revolver's frame (i.e., shrouded or hooded).
These are generally intended for concealed carrying, where a hammer spur could snag
when the revolver is drawn. The potential reduction in accuracy in aimed fire is
offset by the increased capability for concealment.[44]

DA and DAO revolvers were the standard-issue sidearm of countless police

departments for many decades. Only in the 1980s and 1990s did the semiautomatic
pistol begin to make serious inroads after the advent of safe actions. The reasons
for these choices are the modes of carry and use. Double action is good for high-
stress situations because it allows a mode of carry in which "draw and pull the
trigger" is the only requirement—no safety catch release nor separate cocking
stroke is required.[44]

Other
In the cap-and-ball days of the mid 19th century, two revolver models, the English
Tranter and the American Savage "Figure Eight", used a method whereby the hammer
was cocked by the shooter's middle finger pulling on a second trigger below the
main trigger.

Iver Johnson made an unusual model from 1940 to 1947 called the Trigger Cocking
Double Action. If the hammer was down, pulling the trigger would cock the hammer.
If the trigger was pulled with the hammer cocked, it would then fire. This meant
that to fire the revolver from a hammer down state, the trigger must be pulled
twice.[45]

3D printed revolver
See also: List of 3D printed weapons and parts
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of
the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or
create a new section, as appropriate. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove
this template message)
The Zig zag revolver is a 3D printed .38 Revolver made public in May 2014.[46][47]
It was created by a $500 3D-printer using plastic filament, but the name of the
printer was not revealed by the creator.[47] It was created by a Japanese citizen
from Kawasaki named Yoshitomo Imura.[47] He was arrested in May 2014 after he had
posted a video online of himself firing a 3D printed Zig Zag revolver.[46] It is
the first 3D printed Japanese gun in the world which can discharge live cartridges.
[47]

Use with suppressors

As a general rule, revolvers cannot be effective with a sound suppressor
("silencer"), as there is usually a small gap between the revolving cylinder and
the barrel which a bullet must traverse or jump when fired. From this opening, a
rather loud report is produced. A suppressor can only suppress noise coming from
the muzzle.[48]

A suppressible revolver design does exist in the Nagant M1895, a Belgian designed
revolver used by Imperial Russia and later the Soviet Union from 1895 through World
War II. This revolver uses a unique cartridge whose case extends beyond the tip of
the bullet, and a cylinder that moves forward to place the end of the cartridge
inside the barrel when ready to fire. This bridges the gap between the cylinder and
the barrel, and expands to seal the gap when fired. While the tiny gap between
cylinder and barrel on most revolvers is insignificant to the internal ballistics,
the seal is especially effective when used with a suppressor, and a number of
suppressed Nagant revolvers have been used since its invention.[49]

There is a modern revolver of Russian design, the OTs-38,[50] which uses ammunition
that incorporates the silencing mechanism into the cartridge case, making the gap
between cylinder and barrel irrelevant as far as the suppression issue is
concerned. The OTs-38 does need an unusually close and precise fit between the
cylinder and barrel due to the shape of bullet in the special ammunition (Soviet
SP-4), which was originally designed for use in a semi-automatic.

Additionally, the US Military experimented with designing a special version of the

Smith & Wesson Model 29 for Tunnel Rats, called the Quiet Special Purpose Revolver
or QSPR. Using special .40 caliber ammunition, it never entered official service.
[51]

Automatic revolvers
Main article: Automatic revolver
The term "automatic revolver" has two different meanings, the first being used in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when "automatic" referred not to
the operational mechanism of firing, but of extraction and ejection of spent
casings. An "automatic revolver" in this context is one which extracts empty fired
cases "automatically", i.e., upon breaking open the action, rather than requiring
manual extraction of each case individually with a sliding rod or pin (as in the
Colt Single Action Army design). This term was widely used in the advertising of
the period as a way to distinguish such revolvers from the far more common rod-
extraction types.[52]

In the second sense, "automatic revolver" refers to the mechanism of firing rather
than extraction. Double-action revolvers use a long trigger pull to cock the
hammer, thus negating the need to manually cock the hammer between shots. The
disadvantage of this is that the long, heavy pull cocking the hammer makes the
double-action revolver much harder to shoot accurately than a single-action
revolver (although cocking the hammer of a double-action reduces the length and
weight of the trigger pull). A rare class of revolvers, called automatic for its
firing design, attempts to overcome this restriction, giving the high speed of a
double-action with the trigger effort of a single-action. The Webley-Fosbery
Automatic Revolver is the most famous commercial example. It was recoil-operated,
and the cylinder and barrel recoiled backwards to cock the hammer and revolve the
cylinder. Cam grooves were milled on the outside of the cylinder to provide a means
of advancing to the next chamber—half a turn as the cylinder moved back, and half a
turn as it moved forward. .38 caliber versions held eight shots, .455 caliber
versions six. At the time, the few available automatic pistols were larger, less
reliable, and more expensive. The automatic revolver was popular when it first came
out, but was quickly superseded by the creation of reliable, inexpensive semi-
automatic pistols.[53]

In 1997, the Mateba company developed a type of recoil-operated automatic revolver,

commercially named the Mateba Autorevolver, which uses the recoil energy to auto-
rotate a normal revolver cylinder holding six or seven cartridges, depending on the
model. The company has made several versions of its Autorevolver, including longer-
barrelled and carbine variations, chambered in .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum and .454
Casull.[54]

The Pancor Jackhammer is a combat shotgun based on a similar mechanism to an

automatic revolver. It uses a blow-forward action to move the barrel forward (which
unlocks it from the cylinder) and then rotate the cylinder and cock the hammer.[55]

Revolving long guns

Circuit Judge carbine.

Revolvers were not limited to handguns and as a longer barrelled arm is more useful
in military applications than a sidearm, the idea was applied to both rifles and
shotguns throughout the history of the revolver mechanism with mixed degrees of
success.[56]

Rifles
Revolving rifles were an attempt to increase the rate of fire of rifles by
combining them with the revolving firing mechanism that had been developed earlier
for revolving pistols. Colt began experimenting with revolving rifles in the early
19th century, making them in a variety of calibers and barrel lengths. Colt
revolving rifles were the first repeating rifles adopted by the U.S. Government,
but they had their problems. They were officially given to soldiers because of
their rate of fire. But after firing six shots, the shooter had to take an
excessive amount of time to reload. Also, on occasion Colt rifles discharged all
their rounds at once, endangering the shooter. Even so, an early model was used in
the Seminole Wars in 1838.[57][58] During the Civil War a LeMat Carbine was made
based on the LeMat revolver.[59]

Shotguns
Colt briefly manufactured several revolving shotguns that were met with mixed
success. The Colt Model 1839 Shotgun was manufactured between 1839 and 1841. Later,
the Colt Model 1855 Shotgun, based on the Model 1855 revolving rifle, was
manufactured between 1860 and 1863. Because of their low production numbers and age
they are among the rarest of all Colt firearms.[60]

The Armsel Striker was a modern take on the revolving shotgun that held 10 rounds
of 12 Gauge ammunition in its cylinder. It was copied by Cobray as the
Streetsweeper.[16][61]

Taurus manufactures a carbine variant of the Taurus Judge revolver along with its
Australian partner company, Rossi known as the Taurus/Rossi Circuit Judge. It comes
in the original combination chambering of .410 bore and .45 Long Colt, as well as
the .44 Magnum chambering. The rifle has small blast shields attached to the
cylinder to protect the shooter from hot gases escaping between the cylinder and
barrel.[62]

Closeup of MTs255
The MTs255 (Russian: МЦ255) is a shotgun fed by a 5-round internal revolving
cylinder. It is produced by the TsKIB SOO, Central Design, and Research Bureau of
Sporting and Hunting Arms. They are available in 12, 20, 28, and 32 gauges,
and .410 bore.

Other weapons
The Hawk MM-1, Milkor MGL, RG-6, and RGP-40 are grenade launchers that use a
revolver action. Because the cylinders are much more massive, they use a spring-
wound mechanism to index the cylinder.

Revolver cannons use a motor-driven revolver-like mechanism to fire medium caliber

ammunition.

Six gun
A six gun is a revolver that holds six cartridges. The cylinder in a six gun is
often called a "wheel", and the six gun is itself often called a "wheel gun".[63]
[64] Although a "six gun" can refer to any six-chambered revolver, it is typically
a reference to the Colt Single Action Army, or its modern look-alikes such as the
Ruger Vaquero and Beretta Stampede.

Until the 1970s, when older-design revolvers such as the Colt Single Action Army
and Ruger Blackhawk were re-engineered with drop safeties (such as firing pin
blocks, hammer blocks, or transfer bars) that prevent the firing pin from
contacting the cartridge's primer unless the trigger is pulled, safe carry required
the hammer being positioned over an empty chamber, reducing the available
cartridges from six to five, or, on some models, in between chambers on either a
pin or in a groove for that purpose, thus keeping the full six rounds available.
This kept the uncocked hammer from resting directly on the primer of a cartridge.
If not used in this manner, the hammer rests directly on a primer and unintentional
firing may occur if the gun is dropped or the hammer is struck. Some holster makers
provided a thick leather thong to place underneath the hammer that both allowed the
carry of a gun fully loaded with all six rounds and secured the gun in the holster
to help prevent its accidental loss.

Six guns are used commonly by single-action shooting enthusiasts in shooting

competitions, designed to mimic the gunfights of the Old West, and for general
target shooting, hunting and personal defense.[65]

Notable brands and manufacturers

Robert Adams
Armscor
Astra
Charter Arms
Chiappa Firearms
Cimarron Firearms
Colt's Manufacturing Company
Fabrique Nationale de Herstal
Freedom Arms
Griswold and Gunnison
Harrington & Richardson
Iver Johnson
Janz (revolvers)
Kimber Manufacturing
Korth
Magnum Research
Manurhin
Mateba Arms
Meriden Firearms Co.
Merwin Hulbert
Nagant
North American Arms
Remington Arms
Rossi
Royal Small Arms Factory
Sturm, Ruger & Co.
Smith & Wesson
Taurus Firearms
United States Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company
A. Uberti, Srl.
William Tranter
Webley & Scott
Dan Wesson Firearms
Gallery

Mateba Autorevolver

Colt Anaconda .44 Magnum revolver

Colt Python .357 Magnum revolvers

Smith & Wesson Model 625 for IPSC shooting

Smith & Wesson Model 625JM, as designed by Jerry Miculek.

Alfa Proj Model Alfa Para 9mm caliber

Taurus .357 Magnum Model 605

Taurus .45 Colt/.410 bore Model 4510 'The Judge'

IOF .32 Revolver in .32 S&W

Colt 1849 Pocket Model, made 1850–1873.

Belgian-made Lefaucheux revolver, c. 1860-1865

A Russian Nagant M1895

A Smith & Wesson Model 29

North American Arms (NAA) mini revolver in .22 LR. It can fold into its own grip
for safe belt clip carry.
See also
Gunspinning
List of revolvers
Mini-revolvers
Russian roulette
Turret gun
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Revolvers.
U.S. Patent RE124—Revolving gun
U.S. Patent 1,304—Improvement in firearms
U.S. Patent 7,613—Revolver
U.S. Patent 7,629—Revolver
U.S. Patent 12,648—Repeating firearm
U.S. Patent 12,649—Revolver
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