BY JUAN SEBASTIAN CRUZ OLAYA

GRAMMAR
WITHOUT
DYING
WHILE
TRYING
Toda la gramática del nivel B1 condensada en un
eBook simple y rápido de asimilar. Ideal para
hispanos.

www.
coachjuan
.co
 Designed and structured by

Juan Sebastián Cruz Olaya

English Coach

Hola, soy Juan Cruz, ingeniero bilingüe y coach de

inglés certificado internacionalmente.

Durante 6 años me he dedicado al estudio del inglés

como lengua extranjera. También me he capacitado
internacionalmente para alcanzar el nivel avanzado,
C1.

A lo largo de este eBook encontrarán toda la

gramática del nivel B1 de una forma simple y creativa.
De manera complementaria, encontrarán ejercicios
para practicar lo que han aprendido.

Al finalizar este libro, habrán alcanzado nociones

propias del nivel B2.
 Why do we need
grammar?
Grammar is an important aspect of a language where
learners' and teachers’ opinions vary. Some students
love to find out or learn the proper usage of the rules
while some don't want to do grammar exercises. While
some love it, others hate it and think that it is the most
boring part of learning a new language. Whatever your
stand is, you cannot escape from learning it; it is vital in
every sentence you read or write, speak or hear.
Grammar is simply the word for the rules that people
follow when they use a language. We need those rules
in the same way as we need the rules in any game.

La gramática es un aspecto importante de un idioma en el que las

opiniones de los alumnos y los profesores varían. A algunos
estudiantes les encanta descubrir o aprender el uso correcto de las
reglas, mientras que otros no quieren hacer ejercicios de gramática.
Mientras que algunos la aman, otros la odian y piensan que es la
parte más aburrida de aprender un nuevo idioma. Cualquiera que
sea su postura, no puede escaparse de aprender gramática; es vital
en cada oración que lee o escribe, habla o escucha. La gramática es
simplemente la palabra para las reglas que las personas siguen
cuando usan un idioma. Necesitamos esas reglas de la misma
manera que necesitamos las reglas de cualquier juego.
 What topics will
you learn?

1.1. Manner Adverbs vs. Adjectives

1.2. Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs

2.1. Present Perfect

2.2. Present perfect and simple past questions and answers

3.1. Superlatives
3.2. Questions with HOW + Adjective ...?

4.1. Verb patterns: let, make, help, have, get, want, ask, tell
4.2. Used to and Would

5.1. Talking about quantities of food

5.2. Too, too much, too many, and enough

6.1. Talking about the future

6.2. What's advisable / necessary / preferable

7.1 Relative clauses

7.2. Phrasal verbs

8.1. Wishes and imaginary situations or events

8.2. Asking about imaginary situations or events

9.1. Questions within sentences

9.2. Separable phrasal verbs; how to, where to, what to

10.1. Present perfect continuous vs. Present perfect

10.2. Already, just, still, and yet with present perfect

11.1. Modal verbs for speculating

11.2. Adjectives ending in -ed and ing

12.1. The simple past passive

12.2. The simple present and past passive with by + agent
 Unit 1
They Way We are
1.1. Manner Adverbs vs.
Adjectives.
Introduction

Adverbs
Los adverbios de modo nos indican cómo se desarrolla una acción. Se colocan
generalmente después del verbo principal o después del complemento de objeto.

Ejemplos:
He swims well.
He ran quickly.
James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
He plays the flute beautifully. (después del complemento de objeto)
He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (después del complemento de objeto)

El adverbio de modo no debe colocarse entre el verbo y el objeto directo, sino antes del
verbo o al final de la proposición.

He ate the chocolate cake greedily.

He ate greedily the chocolate cake. He greedily ate the chocolate cake.
He gave us generously the money. He gave us the money generously.
He generously gave us the money.

Si hay una preposición antes del complemento de objeto, es posible colocar el adverbio de
modo antes de la preposición o después del complemento de objeto.

Ejemplos:
The child ran happily towards his mother.
The child ran towards his mother happily.

En inglés, los adverbios deben colocarse siempre después de los verbos que no tienen
complemento de objeto (intransitivos):

Ejemplos:
The town grew quickly after 1997.
He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
Estos adverbios de uso corriente casi siempre se colocan directamente después del verbo
al que modifican: well, badly, hard, y fast.

Ejemplos:
He swam well despite being tired.
The rain fell hard during the storm.

Adjectives
En inglés, los adjetivos describen personas, lugares y cosas. Es de aclarar que los adjetivos
en inglés son invariables. No concuerdan con el nombre al que modifican, es decir, no
cambian su forma dependiendo del género o el número del nombre.

Ejemplos:
This is a hot potato.
Those are some hot potatoes.

Para subrayar o reforzar el significado de un adjetivo, utlizamos very y really delante del
adjetivo que queremos enfatizar.

Ejemplos:
This is a very hot potato.
Those are some really hot potatoes.

Los adjetivos en inglés suelen anteceder al nombre al que modifican.

Ejemplos:
The beautiful girl ignored me.
The fast red car drove away.

También podemos utilizar los adjetivos después de verbos de estado y sensación como to
be (ser), to seem (parecer), to look (parecer) y to become (volverse).

Ejemplos:
Italy is beautiful.
I don't think she seems nice at all.
You look tired.
The night became dark.

Adjectives
modify Adverbs
nouns modify
Remember that...
verbs
 Compact Grammar

Como vimos, el adverbio modifica al verbo y el adjetivo modifica al sustantivo. Veamos

unas estructuras definidas:

VERB + MANNER ADVERB ADJECTIVE + NOUN

I wait patiently in lines. I'm a patient person.

He doesn't sing very well. He's not a good singer.
He drives very fast. He's a fast driver.
She drives carefully. She's a careful driver.
ly = mente

Así mismo, debemos tener en consideración el hecho de los adverbios se forman a partir
de los adjectivos. Y así como existen adjectivos regulares e irregulares, también lo serán
los adjetivos:

REGULAR -LY ADVERBS IRREGULAR ADVERBS

Patient + ly = Patiently Good → Well

Careful + ly = Carefully Late → Late
Easy + ly = Easily Fast → Fast
Automatic + ly = Automatically Hard → Hard

In a real
conversation...
Los adjetivos de modo más comunes cuya terminación
es -ly, son:
QUICKLY PROPERLY
EASILY BADLY
DIFFERENTLY STRONGLY
AUTOMATICALLY CAREFULLY
SLOWLY FULLY
Let's practice
1.2. Adverbs before
adjectives and adverbs.
Introduction

Intensifiers
Los intensificadores se utilizan para fortalecer los adjetivos y adverbios. Algunos ejemplos
son: very, really, extremely, amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, particularly,
remarkably, unusually, so, pretty, etc.

Ejemplos:
It's a very interesting story.
Everyone was pretty excited.
It's a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited.

Abusar de la expresión very puede hacer que nuestras oraciones suenen "débiles", por
ende, sugiero utilizar adjectivos más fuertes.

Very big Very small Very clever

ENORMOUS TINY BRILLIANT
HUGE

Very Bad Very good

Very sure
AWEFUL EXCELLENT
DISGUSTING CERTAIN IDEAL
DREADFUL SPLENDID

Very tasty Very hungry Very cold

DELICIOUS STARVING FREEZING

CHILLY

Very hot Very afraid Very clean

BOILING TERRIFIED SPOTLESS
SCALDING
Con adjetivos fuertes normalmente se utilizan intensificadores como:

Absolutely Really
Completely Quite
Exceptionally Totally
Particularly Utterly

Ejemplos:
The film was absolutely awful.
He was an exceptionally brilliant child.
The food smelled really disgusting.

Prefixes
Los prefijos son letras o grupos de letras que se añaden al principio de una palabra con el
fin de cambiar su significado y/o función de la misma.

kind, able, wise, unkind, unable,

UN healthy, clean,
faithful
unwise, unhealthy,
...

capable, animate, incapable,

IN sane, decent,
definite, active
inanimate, insane,
indecent, ...

Pero "in" cambia cuando va antes de "p", "m", "i" y "r"

possible, patient, impossible,

IM polite, mortal,
moral, mobile
impatient, impolite,
immortal, ...

IL
legal, logical, illegal, ilogical,
legible ilegible

IR
regular, reverent, irregular, irreverent,
relevant, reversible irrelevant,...
 Compact Grammar

Si bien hay gran variedad de intensifiers, es importante reconocer que cada uno de ellos
tiene una intención, ya sea incrementar o reducir la fuerza del adjetivo o adverbio.

To make adjectives and adverbs

stronger, use: She's incredibly talented
He's extremely generous
INCREDIBLY, EXTREMELY, VERY, I am a pretty cool guy
REALLY, SO, PRETTY, and FAIRLY We get along really well

With strong adjective, use these ones: She's absolutely wonderful

The dog was absolutely filthy
ABSOLUTELY or REALLY He's really fantastic
*Never use VERY. She was really terrified after the movie

To make negative expressions stronger, She's not selfish at all

use: I don't like pizza at all
There's nothing suspicious about
AT ALL that at all

If you want to express 100%, use: I completely agree

Sometimes people lose their voices
COMPLETELY completely
TOTALLY She's totally reliable
The man was totally blind

In a real
conversation...
Las personas usan really y pretty mucho más amenudo
en conversaciones que en escritura.
Really es mucho más común.
Let's practice
 Unit 2
Experiences
2.1. Present perfect.

Introduction

Statements
El present perfect se emplea para señalar un vínculo entre el presente y el pasado. El
tiempo en que transcurre la acción es anterior al presente pero inespecífico y, a menudo,
recae un mayor interés sobre el resultado que sobre la propia acción.

Ejemplos:
I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= todavía vivo allí.)
She has been to the cinema twice this week (= la semana todavía no ha terminado.)
We have visited Portugal several times.
I have just finished my work. (="just" indica que la acción se acaba de realizar)
He has read 'War and Peace'. (= lo relevante es el resultado de la acción)

Uses of Present Perfect

Actions that continue in the present
They haven't lived here for years.
She has worked in the bank for five years.

Unfinished time period

I have worked hard this week.
It has rained a lot this year.

Repeated actions
They have seen that film six times
It has happened several times already.

Very recent past actions

Have you just finished work?
I have just eaten.
.

Unknown time dimension

Someone has eaten my soup!
She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
 Present Perfect or
Past Simple?
Utilizamos el present perfect siempre que el tiempo en que se desarrolla la acción no es
relevante o no se especifica. En cambio, empleamos el simple past siempre que se
solicitan o especifican datos sobre el momento o el lugar de la acción.

Compare:

I have lived in Lyon. I lived in Lyon in 1989.

They have eaten Thai food. They ate Thai food last night.
Have you seen 'Avengers'? Where did you see 'Othello'?
We have been to Ireland. When did you go to Ireland?

Present Perfect Past Simple

Compact Grammar

El auxiliar del presente perfecto es Have o Has, según sea la persona. Así mismo, es
importante conjugar el verbo principal en participio pasado.

I have been to Europe

She hasn't gone sailing

Have you seen that movie before?

Pronoun Auxiliary Auxiliary Past

+not participle
 Past Existe la concepción de que los verbos
irregulares son difíciles de memorizar, pues

participle
Verbs
su estructura cambia. Tal es el caso de GO,
cuyo pasado es WENT y su participio es
GONE, ¡Todos diferentes! Sin embargo, el
siguiente método simplica todo:

Verb doesn't Change 2nd & 3rd are the same

Basic Past [Link] Basic Past [Link]

Bet Bet Bet Lose Lost Lost

Cost Cost Cost Buy Bought Bought

Hurt Hurt Hurt Teach Taught Taught

Add ‘-n’ or ‘-en’ from 1st to 3rd Add ‘-n’ or ‘-en’ from 2nd to 3rd
Basic Past [Link] Basic Past [Link]

Drive Drove Driven Steal Stole Stolen

Ride Rode Ridden Choose Chose Chosen

Eat Ate Eaten Break Broke Broken

1st column = 3rd column Vowels change

Basic Past [Link] Basic Past [Link]

Run Ran Run Begin Began Begun

Come Came Come Drink Drank Drunk

Become Became Become Swim Swam Swum

In a real conversation...
Cuando las personas habla de viajar a destinos, usualmente usan
been como alternativa para gone. Sin embargo, esta es la diferencia:
Been indica que la visita ya se completó. "I've been to the UK" (ya se
regresó)
Gone indica que la visita aún no la concluido. "I've gone to the UK"
(Viajó hasta ese país pero no ha regresado)

Let's practice
2.2. Present perfect and
simple past questions.
Introduction

Differences
Se utiliza el pasado simple para acciones que han terminado en el pasado, incluso si han
ocurrido en un pasado reciente. Con el presente perfecto la acción está relacionada con el
presente. En lo que respecta a las preguntas, los interrogantes del pasado simple se
enfocan en un tiempo ya finalizado. Las del presente perfecto, en cambio, indagan por una
acción pasada que aun repercute en el presente.

Ejemplos:
Simple past:
Did you eat breakfast this morning? (la mañana ya acabó)
Did she travel to Morocco last year? (ya es otro año)
When did you go surfing? (indaga por una experiencia pasada)

Present perfect:
Have you eaten breakfast yet this morning? (la mañana aun no ha terminado)
Have you travelled to Morocco this year? (el año aun no ha acabado)
Where have you gone surfing? (experiencia pasada con repercusión en el presente)

Compact Grammar

Present Perfect for Simple past for specific

indefinite times before now events or times in the past

Have you ever gone Did you ever hurt

white-water rafting? for me?

Auxiliary Pronoun Adverb Past Basic verb

*optional
participle
Let's practice
 Unit 3
Wonders of the
world
3.1. Superlatives.

Introduction

Superlative Adjectives
El superlativo se emplea para describir un objeto que se encuentra en el extremo superior o
inferior de una cualidad (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). Se utiliza en
oraciones en las que comparamos un sujeto con un grupo de objetos, como aquí:

Brilliant

Christopher Langan
Fast

Humans in the world

Animals in the world

cheetah
Land animals

Scientists

The cheetah is the fastest animal in the Christopher Langan is the most brilliant
world. man in the world.
Any animal in the world runs faster than it. Any person in the world is more intelligent
than him.

El grupo con el que se efectúa la comparación puede omitirse si se entiende a partir del
contexto. Ejemplo: Bill gates is the richest man (in the world).

Ejemplos:

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is
understood)
 How to form adjectives
En inglés, es simple formar el comparativo y el superlativo de la mayoría de los
adjetivos. La forma dependerá del número de sílabas del adjetivo.

Monosyllabic Two-syllable
adjectives adjectives
Add -est

Happy the happiest **

Tall the tallest
Busy the busiest
fat the fattest
Simple the simplest ***
big the biggest *
Quiet the quietest
sad the saddest

* If the adjective ends in consonant - vowel - consonant, the last consonant must be
doubbled.
** If the adjective ends in "Y", the superlative ends in "iest".
*** If the adjective doesn't end in "Y", you can add "est" or "the most".

Trisyllabic Irregular
adjectives adjectives
The most... The ...
Good the best
Expensive The most expensive
bad the worst
Important The most important
little the least
Difficult The most difficult
much the most
Relevant The most relevant
far the furthest / the farthest
 Compact Grammar

What's the tallest building in the world?

For short adjectives
What's the busiest restaurant?
the + adjective + -est What's the cheapest house?

What's the most beautiful city in Colombia?

For long adjectives
What's the least expensive store?
the + most / least + adj What's the most critical problem?

What's the best way to get the capital?

Irregular superlatives
What's the worst problem in your country?
Good → The best What's the furthest landmark?

Which country has the most tourism?

Superlatives + nouns
Which stadium has the most seats?
The most + noun Which city has the least rate of murder?

In a real
conversation...
La expresión The most + adjective es cerca de 20
veces más común que The least + adjective.
Of the three brothers, Tony spent the least money on
clothes. (Es correcto, aunque no muy común)
On the three brothers, Jhon spent the most money on
clothes. (Es correcto y más común)
Let's practice
3.2. Questions with How +
Adjective ...?
Introduction

WH Questions: Review
Las preguntas de información (también conocidas como WH questions) indagan por
información específica acerca de algo o alguién. Por tanto, no pueden ser respondidas con
un simple Yes o No.

Estas pueden ser utilizadas con el verbo To Be o con cualquier otro auxiliar de la lengua
inglesa, a saber:

Did
Do - Does Had
Have - Has

Present Past

Auxiliary
verbs Future

Will

To Be
Modals
Am-Are-Is
Was - Were
Be going to
Can, Could,
Might, May
Would
Who asks about people. Why asks about a reason.
Who is in the kitchen? Why were the dogs in the garden?
Who did you call? Why had she gone to the bank in a non-
working day?
What asks about things or situations.
What was the problem? Which asks about a choice.
What will you do to solve that problem? Which is your book?
Which decision did you make?
Where asks about a place.
Where are they from? How followed by to be asks about quality or
Where can we go on a rainy day like health.
today? How was the play?
How is your mother?
When asks about time.
When is the exam?
When could you attend my brother?

How + adjective
How seguido por un adjectivo y un To Be indaga qué tanto se aplica ese adjetivo, es decir,
su magnitud. A menudo se utiliza para preguntar por tamaño y distancia. Por su parte, la
forma How much o How many preguntan por cantidadades sobre algo incontable o
contable, respectivamente.

Present Past Future

Size
and How big is the
pizza?
How far was the
museum?
How heavy will it
get after the rain?

distance It's 30 cm across It's was 5 miles I don't know,

away! actually.

Present Past Future

Quantity
How much fruit do How many students How much water
you eat per week? were there? will you drink after
the race?
I don't eat much fruit. Let me count...
I prefer vegetables. around 13. Around 3 liters.
 Compact Grammar

High How long is Mount Everest?

HOW
Long How long is the Nile River?

Wide How wide is the Grand Canyon?

Deep How deep is the Pacific Ocean?

Large How large is the Sahara Desert?

Hot How hot does it get in Death Valley?

Measurements
Unit Metric English
Length Meter (m) Inches (in) / Feet (ft)

Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb)

Volume Liters (L) Gallon (Gal)

Temperature Celsius (°C) Fahrenheit (°F)

Area Square meter (m2) Pounds (lb)

Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) / Hours (hr)

Heat Calories (cal) British Thermal Units (BTU)

Pressure Atmospheres (atm) Punds /sq in (lb/in2)

Some measurements can be followe by and adjective: high, tall,

long, wide, deep.
Let's practice
 Unit 4
Family Life
4.1. Verb patterns: let, make,
help, have, get, want, ask, tell.

Introduction

Basic concepts
Algunas veces en una oración, un verbo sigue a otro. Por ejemplo, I want to buy an
electric car. Aquí, el primer verbo es want y el segundo es buy. En oraciones como estas,
hay diferentes patrones posibles.

(a) I want to buy an electric car.

(b) I hate driving.

En la oración A, el primer verbo esta seguido de un infinitivo. En otras palabras, están

separados por la preposición "to".

En la oración B, el primer verbo esta seguido de un gerundio (-ing).

Los patrones de verbos dependen del primer verbo. Hay varios tipos diferentes de patrones.
Cuando aprendas un nuevo verbo, necesitas aprender el patrón de verbo.

Desafortunadamente, algunos verbos tienen más de un patrón posible. A veces, si un verbo

tiene dos patrones, cada patrón puede tener un significado o uso diferente.

A continuación, están los patrones verbales más importantes del inglés:

verb + infinitive
I want to work with Dr. Laver.
Tim hopes to leave the stockroom soon.
Helen decided to go out with Michal.
Alice might agree to change wards.

verb + verb + ing

I enjoy working on the emergency ward.
Alice doesn't mind working with children.
Tim is considering changing his job.
She stopped smoking 2 years ago.
verb + preposition + verb + ing
He specialises in helping children.
Michal is thinking about cooking dinner.
Michael is planning of travelling abroad.

verb + object + verb

Dad let me keep the cat.
She made me say sorry.
It made me feel sad.

verb + object + to + verb

I don't want him to go. (NOT I don't want that he goes.)
We don't allow people to smoke in the kitchen.
I asked him to pay for the meal.
I advised him to stop smoking. (check also the rule #2)

Existen verbos que siguen dos patrones verbales al tiempo. Los

más relevantes son: like, love, hate, regret y start.

I like to swim every day = I think it is a good idea to do this

I like swimming every day = I enjoy the activity. It gives me
pleasure.

I hate to tell you this = I am sorry to tell you this

I hate flying = I do not like this activity

I regret to tell you this = I am sorry to tell you this

I regret leaving London = I left London in the past, and I am
sorry that I did that

He'll never forget spending so much money on his first

computer = the person is looking back in the past easily.
Don't forget to spend money on the tickets = it has a future
connotation.

Go on* reading the text = to continue with the same thing.

Go on* to read the text = to change the activity.

Go on is a phrasal verb, that is why it works with on.

 Compact Grammar

Además de los verbos descritos en los ejemplos anteriores, a continuación se condensan

los verbos más comunes por cada patrón:

decide / expect / hope / manage /

offer / plan / promise / refuse / want /
wish + infinitive

allow / avoid / detest / enjoy / fancy

love / like / start + verb + ing

look forward / think about / think of /

talk about / apologise for / feel like +
verb + ing

let / make / help / have / get + object +

verb

get / want / ask / tell / expect /

encourage + object + to + verb

In a real
conversation...
Es posible decir o escuchar, por ejemplo, help me to do
something, pero esto es poco común.
Help + verb

help + to + verb
Let's practice
4.2. Used to and Would.

Introduction

Used To
Se usa la estructura used to cuando se quiere hacer referencia a cosas en el pasado que ya
no son ciertas en el presente. Puede referirse a acciones repetidas, estados o situaciones.

Ejemplo:
He used to play football for the local team, but he’s too old now.
That white house over there used to belong to my family. (It belonged to my family in the
past, but not any more.)
She didn't use to write letters on computer.

En los enunciados afirmativos, la forma del used to no cambia.

Así: We used to go to the seaside every summer .

Evite cometer éstos errores:

We are use to go... We use to go... ó We were used to go...

Would
Usa would + verbo para hablar sobre acciones recurrentes en el pasado (NO para
estados).

Ejemplo:
I would fight a lot with my sister when we were young, but now we’re good friends.
When I was a child, my family and I would travel to Italy every summer.

Los siguientes, son ejemplos de usos erróneos de would. En

cualquier caso, debió haberse utilizado used to.

We would live in Spain, but then we moved to the United States.

(stative verb)
My company would only prefer hiring part-time workers. (Stative
verb)
My kids would like to eat ice cream after dinner (Stative verb)
 Stative verbs?
Son verbos que hablan más de estados y no de acciones. Estos verbos no se suelen poner
en la forma continua o con would.

be, understand, like, love, hate, know, sound, depend, remember, prefer, live, etc.

I would understand the problems in my family (incorrect)

I used to understand the problems in my family (correct)

I wouldn't live in a farmhouse (incorrect)

I didn't use to live in a farmhouse (correct)

Compact Grammar

Repeated Actions in the past

I used to go over my sister's house a lot I would play with my niece and nephew

We used to play on a soccer team We would always win

They didn't use to work at nights She'd go to sleep before 10 pm

States or situations

I used to like rock music I would love Selena Gomez

They used to remember the accident They would hate talking about that

My sister used to live in my city She'd live next door

Questions and Negatives

Did you use to like jazz? I didn't use to like jazz

Did they use to commute? They didn't use to commute.
In a real conversation...
Las personas a menudo comienzan una historia con used to y luego
continúan con would.
Si bien used to puede reemplazar el uso de would, lo cierto es que los
nativos prefieren usar menos sílabas cuando hablan.

Let's practice
 Unit 5
Food choices
5.1. Talking about quantities
of food.
Introduction

Countable nouns
Los sustantivos contables se refieren a cosas que se pueden contar utilizando números.
Tienen una forma para el singular y otra para el plural. El singular puede emplear el
determinante a o an. Para preguntar por la cantidad de un nombre contable, se debe utilizar
How many? con el nombre contable en plural.

Ejemplos:
She has three food options.
I own a vegetable garden.
I would like two books please.
She will purchase a few fruits for the kids.
How many friends do you have?

Uncountable nouns
Los nombres incontables se refieren a cosas que no podemos contar. Pueden identificar
ideas o cualidades abstractas y objetos físicos que son demasiado pequeños o amorfos
como para contarlos (líquidos, sustancias en polvo, gases, etc.). Los nombres incontables
llevan el verbo en singular. De manera general, no tienen forma plural.

Ejemplos:
We need some butter to prepare the eggs.
There's a lot of money in that bag!
I can't believe you; there's no evidence she ruined the soup.
There's not too much water in the tank.
How much bread did you buy for the breakfast?

No es posible usar a/an con los sustantivos incontables. Para

expresar una cantidad de un nombre incontable, se usan palabras o
expresiones como some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of, o
unidades de medida como a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a
handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of.

Para preguntar por la cantidad de un nombre incontable utilizamos

"How much?"
 Food containers

A jar of jam Two cups of wine A piece of cake

A box of chocolates A bowl of fruit

A tube of toothpaste

A bottle of wine

A carton of milk

A slide of bread

A bunch of grapes

A can of coke

A plate of rice
A packet of A loaf of bread
potatoes chips
 Weights and measures
Equivalence of weights

Unit Scale Metric

Pund (lb) 1 lb = 16 oz 45,60 g
Ounce (oz) 1 Ounce 28,35 g
Kilogram (kg) 1 kg = 1.000 g 1.000.000 g
Gram (g) 1 g = 1.000 mg 1.000 g
Milligram (mg) - 0,0010 g

Equivalence of volumens

Unit Scale Metric

Gallon (gal) 1 gal = 3,78 l 3.785,40 ml
Liter (l) 1 l = 1,05 qt 1.000 ml
Quart (qt) 1 qt = 16 fl oz 946,35 ml

Compact Grammar
Existen cuantificadores (quantifiers) para cada tipo de sustantivo,
contable o incontable.

Only with countable nouns

(not) many - each - either - (a) few - several -
both - neither - fewer
There are several (many) vegetales in the basket.
Skim milk has fewer calories.
Neither boy understood what was happening.
Colloquial forms for countable nouns
a couple of - hundreds of - thousands of
I'm going to buy a couple of apples.
There were hundreds of apples in the basket.
There are thounsands of residents that need food to get through.

Only with uncountable nouns

(not) much - a bit of - (a / very) little
Would you like a little wine?
Could I have a bit of butter, please?
There's very little food in the fridge.

Colloquial forms for abstract nouns such

as time, money and trouble.
a great deal of - a good deal of
It will probably cost a great deal of money.
He spent a good deal of time watching television.

Quantifiers for countable

and uncountable nouns

plenty of - heaps of - a load of -

loads of - tons of

We have loads of time.

Joe has plenty of friends.
There was heaps of food.
Let's practice
5.2. Too, too much, too
many, and enough.
Introduction

Basic concepts
Too y So se usan para exagerar un adjectivo o un adverbio. Se usa Too para dar a
entender que el adjetivo tiene una connotación negativa. Por su parte, So, exagera las
cualidades positivas del sustantivo.

Ejemplo:
He's too full. (negative connotation)
He's so generous. (positive connotation)
She drives too slowly. (negative connotation)
Those singers look so good. (positive connotation)

Too much y Too many pueden traducirse como "demasiado" y se usan con incontables y
contables, respectivamente. Suelen tener una connotación negativa, es decir, indica una
acción poco favorable.

Ejemplos:
There is too much salt in my soup.
There are too many people in the kitchen.

Enough (bastante) puede usarse cómo un cuantificador cuando se coloca antes de un

nombre, para indicar la cantidad necesaria. Puede usarse en frases afirmativas o negativas.

Ejemplos:
There is enough bread for lunch.
She has enough money.
There are not enough apples for all of us.

Enough como adverbio significa "en el grado necesario". Se coloca después del adjetivo o
adverbio al que modifica y no antes como ocurre con otros adverbios. Puede emplearse
tanto en oraciones negativas como afirmativas.

Ejemplos:
Is your coffee hot enough?
This box isn't big enough.
I got here early enough.
 Compact Grammar

Too / Too much

Enough
/ too many

With I ate too much food I didn't eat enough food

nouns I ate too many cookies I didn't eat enough fries

As I ate too much.

I didn't eat enough
pronouns I ate too many.

With Her salad wasn't filling

He's too full to eat now
Adjectives enough

With She doesn't eat fast

She eats too slowly
Adverbs enough

With She talks too much Maybe she doesn't

verbs while eating listen enough

Too siempre funciona como adverbio

pero tiene dos significados distintos.
Too : "Demasiado"
This is too much food to me.
This problem is too complicated.
Too : "También" - Siempre va al final de la oración.
I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Can I go to the zoo too?
Let's practice
 Unit 6
Managing life
6.1. Talking about the future.

Introduction

Future with Will

A continuación, se listan los usos del futuro simple con Will.

1 Predecir un evento futuro

It will rain tomorrow.
He won't be on time, I'm afraid.

2 Decisiones espontáneas con "I" o"We"

I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
Jhon! Mary had an accident. We'll go to the hospital immediately!

3 Para expresar voluntad

He'll carry your bag for you.
I'm sure, they'll help you.

4 En forma negativa, se expresa rechazo (won't)

The baby won't eat his soup.
I won't leave until I've seen the manager!

5 En forma interrogativa, expresa ofrecimiento (shall I?)

Shall I open the window?
Shall I call him?

6 En forma interrogativa, expresa sugerencia (shall we?)

Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
Shall we tell her what happened?

7 En forma interrogativa, se usa para hacer invitaciones

Will you come to the dance with me?
Will you marry me?
 Future with Be Going To
El uso de going to para referirse a eventos futuros sugiere un vínculo muy sólido con el
presente. Se emplea sobre todo para hablar de nuestros planes e intenciones, o para
realizar predicciones basadas en evidencias actuales. En el discurso cotidiano, going to
suele acortarse como gonna, especialmente en inglés americano, aunque nunca se escribe
así.

Para planes e intenciones

(se basan en el presente, hay mayor certeza)
Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?
I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.
We are going to have dinner together tomorrow.
Aren't you going to stay at the library until your report is finished?

Predecir un evento futuro

(suele haber un indicio previo)
He's going to be a brilliant politician.
I'm going to have a hard time falling asleep.
You're going to be sorry you said that.
Is it going to rain this afternoon?
Aren't they going to come to the party?

Present Continuous
A continuación, se describen los usos del presente continuo, exaltando su uso en futuro.

1 Acciones del momento

I'm teaching English now. // You're learning now.

2 Describir tendencias
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

Eventos futuros programados

3 We're going on holiday tomorrow.
I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
Are they visiting you next winter?

4 Situaciones o eventos temporales

He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.

5 Acciones irritantes con always, constantly, and forever

Harry and Sally are always arguing!
 Future with Simple Present
El simple present se utiliza para hacer afirmaciones sobre eventos futuros, cuando dichas
afirmaciones están basadas en hechos del presente y estos son fijos, como un horario,
programación o calendario.

Ejemplos:
The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.
She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.
The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight.
Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam.
The plane leaves in ten minutes.

Compact Grammar

A continuación, se establecen las correlaciones entre cada tiempo.

Continuous
Be going to

Present

Present
Simple
Will

I'll just stop by my apartament

Decisions when
to change clothes, and then I'll
you're speaking
come right over to meet you

Predictions
You're going to be out of town,
based on what
but you'll be back Friday?
you know

I'm meeting Anna after my

Decisions you
aerobics class.
have made
We're going to have dinner
and fixed
together.

Schedules or I have my aerobics class

timetables tomorro. It starts at 7:00
Let's practice
6.2. What's advisable /
necessary / preferable.
Introduction

What's advisable?
Podemos dar consejos y/o recomendaciones en inglés de diferentes formas. Aquí, es
importante usar los verbos modales had better, ought to. También suele usarse Might
want.

Ejemplos:
You'd better see a doctor. ('d = had)
She'd better prepare her homework more carefully. ('d = had)
This had better not be one of your manipulations.

You ought to rest a little more. (ought to = should)

My mother ought not to spend so much money. (en oraciones negativas no es muy común)

You might want to hire a professional designer if you have little or no free time to
coordinate and shop for home decor items. (might want to ≈ maybe, perhaps)

What's necessary?
Expresar necesidad en inglés puede hacerse a través de dos variaciones: Going to y el
verbo have (got) to.

Ejemplos:
I'm going to have to redo this again; I didn't like the final result.
I've got to make the decision by next week.
You don't have to change the whole color if you don't want.

What's preferable?
Indicar que se quiere hacer algo en lugar de otra cosa suele ser sencillo cuando se utiliza la
expresión would rather. Esta es el equivalente a would prefer.

Ejemplos:
I'd rather stay here for a while. ('d = would)
Would you rather sleep or stay away?

I would prefer to go out.

She'd prefer dancing. ('d = would)
 Compact Grammar

What's...
You'd better do Better always takes the past form, even
something quickly. though it is used to talk about the present
or future. In informal spoken English the
(It's an urgent ‘d’ often dropped (I better go.)
advice)
Advisable

You'd better not add It's used to give strong advice in a specific
anything to my situation. It suggest that something should
schedule. be done to avoid a bad consequence.

I ought to do some It's similar to should but it refers to moral

volunteer work. obligation. Should can also have the
(It's similar to "should") meaning os "It's a good idea to..."

You might want to Want is often used in giving advice (e.g.

take a colleague with You want to be careful). With might it
you. works a suggestion = it's a good idea ...

I'm going to have to Going to can soften the strong sense of

Necessary

do something about obligation that have to has, especially

when the subject is you.
it!

I've got to decide by The expression Have got is mostly used

next week. (mostly in in the UK. In this case, Have is
understood as an auxiliary.
the UK)

You don't have to The expressión don't have to is the

spend money on that. negative of have to, which is mostly used
in the US.
(mostly in US)

Preferable
Would rather = "prefer to" Would is usually contracted to ‘d in
I'd rather not stay here. statements.
Let's practice
 Unit 7
Relationships
7.1. Relative clauses.

Introduction

basic concepts
Una cláusula relativa es un tipo de cláusula dependiente. Tiene un sujeto y un verbo,
pero no puede ser una oración independiente. A veces se le llama “cláusula de adjetivo”
porque funciona como un adjetivo: brinda más información sobre un sustantivo. Una
cláusula relativa siempre comienza con un "pronombre relativo", que sustituye a un
sustantivo, una frase nominal o un pronombre cuando se combinan oraciones.

Stands for Uses

People Who Sustituto para los pronombres

(he, she, we, they)

Sustituto para los pronombres

People Whom objeto (him, her, us, them)

People or Sustituto para los pronombres y

Whose sustantivos posesivos (his, her,
things our, their)

People or Puede ser usado tanto para

That
things
sujetos como objetos.

Things Which Puede ser usado tanto para

sujetos como objetos.
 Relative pronoun
as subject
Ejemplos:
I like the person. The person was nice to me.
I like the person who was nice to me.

I hate the dog. The dog bit me.

I hate the dog that bit me.

I am moving to Louisville, KY. It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

Relative pronoun
as object
Ejemplos:
I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.
I like the bike that my father gave me.

I'm working on the project. My professor assigned it to me.

I'm working on the project that my professor assined to me.

Sebastian is someone I can trust. I can trust Sebastian.

Sebastian is someone who / that I can trust.

Relative clause to
show possession
Ejemplos:
I saw the man whose car you fixed.
That's the neighbor whose tools I borrowed.
He's the boy whose dog got lost.
 Compact Grammar

Subject Object

Before Verb. Before Subject + Verb.

Cannot be omitted. Can be omitted.

People
Who / That Who / That

That's the man who / We need to find people

that stole the money. who / that we can trust.

Things and
Which / That Which / That
Animals

That is the dog which I'll wear the trousers

/ that attacked me which / that I bought in
the other night. Paris.

In a real
conversation...
En las cláusulas relativas tipo sujeto:
Who es más común que That para personas.
That is más común que Which para cosas.
En las cláusulas relativas tipo objeto:
La gente a menudo omite el Who y el That, especialmente
antes de los pronombres. Which no es muy frecuente.
Let's practice
7.2. Phrasal Verbs.

Introduction

Basic concepts
Los famosos phrasal verbs o verbos con preposiciones son unas construcciones que
hacen la vida más fácil a los angloparlantes y más difícil a los que no lo son. Los phrasal
verbs consisten de un verbo seguido de un adverbio o de una preposición y suelen ser
combinaciones de dos o tres palabras.

Existen dos grandes clasificaciones: intransitivos y transitivos, dependiendo de si requieren

o no un objeto directo.

Por si solos expresan una idea completa o

una acción realizada y no hacen referencia a
Intransitivos un sujeto, como por ejemplo, correr o nadar.

I run. / I swim.

Este tipo de verbos no requieren de un complemento directo y aunque se entienden y no

hace falta explicar mucho más, hay que aprenderse lo que significa cada uno ya que a
veces no está tan claro.

Necesitan un objeto para crear una expresión

con sentido. Por ejemplo: yo compro “algo” o
Transitivos él vende “algo”.

I buy... / She sells...

No se puede decir simplemente "yo vendo" o "compro", pues tus interlocutores siempre
preguntarán por ese “algo” que vendes o que compras y que determinará la transitividad del
verbo.

A su vez, los verbos transitivos se pueden dividir en dos subcategorías, por llamarlas de
algún modo:
 Verbos separables
Algunos phrasal verbs se pueden separar, puedes cambiar la posición del adverbio y no
cambiará el significado, o como se suele decir, “el orden de los factores no altera el
producto”.

Si lo que buscas es estar en silencio, puedes “turn the radio off” o “turn off the radio". Si
quieres invitar a tus amigos a cenar, puedes “set up the dining room” o “set the dining
room up” con mantel, vajilla, cubiertos e incluso algunas velas. Con esta versión de los
phrasal verbs te puedes relajar un poco y hacer las cosas a tu manera, total, NO HAY UNA
SOLA FORMA correcta de usarlos.

Verbos Inseparables
Algunos verbos son inseparables, siempre tienen que ir juntos y sus partículas no se
pueden cambiar de sitio. Un buen ejemplo es “go over", que significa revisar algo, mientras
que “get over” es recuperarse de alguna pena o enfermedad. En este caso las partículas
no se pueden cambiar de sitio.

Por ejemplo, “you can take care of my daughter” pero no podrías decir “take of my
daughter care”. Podrías decir “I ran into a friend yesterday” pero no “I ran a friend
into”.

Verbos de tres palabras

Estos verbos de tres palabras son inseparables, siempre los verás unidos y seguidos de un
objeto directo.

Ejemplo:

Mi madre “dropped out of school” (dejó la escuela o la universidad antes de graduarse)

pero más tarde terminó sus estudios. Tuvimos que “cut down on expenses” (reducir los
gastos) después de que mis padres perdieran sus trabajos, ya que entonces no podíamos
gastar tanto dinero. “I get along with my parents” (me llevo bien con mis padres). A veces
hacemos pícnic con el resto de la familia “to catch up” (para ponernos al día). A mi tío le
dijo el doctor que debía “cut down on sugar” (reducir el consumo de azúcar) pero “he
makes up for it” (él lo compensa) montando en bici. Dice que los placeres son
intercambiables, ¡si no puedes tener uno, elige otro!
 Verbos frasales transitivos
e intransitivos
Algunos verbos frasales pueden ser transitivos en una oración y transitivos en otra. Esto se
deberá esclarecer según la intensión comunicativa. Aveces el significado del verbo frasal
cambia dependiendo del rol que juega dentro de la oración, es decir, si es transitivo o
intransitivo.

Transitive Intransitive

He took off his tie The plane will take

when he got home off in ten minutes

Could you woke He woke up.

me up at 8?

I'm trying to work We're going to the

out this crossword. gym to work out.

I stepped in a mud The kids' argument

puddle yesterday. got so loud that
their mother had to
step in.

Bears generally Did you ask your

come out of mom if you can
hibernation in the come out and
Spring. play?

I can't wait to go After she twisted

on this road trip. her ankle, the
runner found it
impossible to go
on.
 Compact Grammar

Phrasal
Verbs

x2 x2 x3
Verb +
Words Verb +
Words Verb + Words
Adverb +
Adverb Preposition
Preposition

All of them All of them

They can be They can be
are are
Transitive Intransitive
transitive transitive

We will I won't put

His car
have to put Did you talk up with
broke
off the about me? your
down.
meeting attitude

She
We have
brought up I don't like I believe in
run out of
three kids to get up. God.
eggs.
all alone.

He is
She I look
I don't looking
called off forward to
wan't to after the
the event. seeing you.
work out. dog.
Let's practice
Unit 8
What if
8.1. Wishes and imaginary
situations or events.
Introduction

Basic concepts
En inglés se usa el verbo Wish o la frase If only para hablar de cosas que queremos pero
que no son posibles. Un poco triste, ¿verdad?

Ejemplos:
I wish I could see you next week.
If only we could stop for a drink.
I wish we had a bigger house.
They are always busy. If only they had more time.
John was very lazy at school. Now he wishes he had worked harder.

Pese a que el verbo Wish y la expresión If

Only se usan en tiempo pasado, su
connotación puede referirse a un deseo
futuro, presente, o pasado.

Wishes for the present

La estructura base es:

I wish + past simple

I wish + past continuous

Ejemplos:
I don't like this place. I wish I lived somewhere more interesting.
These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.
I wish I was taller.
John wishes he wasn't so busy.
I'm freezing. If only it wasn't so cold.
 Wishes for the future
La estructura base es:

I wish + could / would...

Ejemplos:
I don't like my work. I wish I could get a better job.
That's a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
I always have to get home early. If only my parents would let me stay out later.

Wishes for the past

La estructura base es:

I wish + past perfect

Ejemplos:
I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.
Mary wishes she had listened to what her mother told her.
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

Hypothetical situations
Las expresiones que se usan para hablar de hipótesis sin las siguientes:

What Suppossed Supposing Imagine

In case
if...? (that) (that) (if/that)

We think something is likely to happen

Present tense We should phone them in case they are lost.
form Those steps are dangerous. Suppose someone has an accident.

We think something is NOT likely to happen

Past tense
Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do with the money?
form
What if he lost his job? What would happen then?

Refers to those things that did NOT happen

Past perfect Suppose you hadn't passed the test. What would you have done?
tense What if he had lost his job? What would his wife have said?
 Conditionals
A continuación, se describen las estructuras condicionales y se enfatiza en la segunda, que
es la ideal para hablar de hipótesis.

0 Verdades Universales
If you heat ice, It melts.
If I work too much, I cry.

1 Realidad o posibilidad
If It rains today, I'll stay at home.
If I study hard, I'll probably pass the exam.

Hipótesis
2 If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.
I she had more time, she could visite other landmarks.
If I were less busy, I could go away on the weekends.

3 Lamentos
If I had passed my driving test, I would have bought a car.
If they had won the competition, they could have travelled to Beijin.

Compact Grammar

Desesos para el presesnte o futuro. Empezamos con I wish... y la siguiente oración debe ir
en pasado.

I wish + Past form of verb

I wish... I had more free time.

I wish... I weren't too busy with my work.

We wish... we could afford to buy a new house.

She wishes... she didn't live so far

El segundo condicional para eventos improbables (hipótesis).

I wish + Past form of verb

IF MAIN
Clause Clause

Past Would
IF Could Verb
Simple Might

If I were taller, she would like me.

If I won the lottery, I would buy my dream house.
If she lost weight, the dress would fit.
If we lived in France, we could learn French very fast.

It is possible to invert the order. In this case, the comma disappears.

She would like me If I were taller.

I would buy my dream house If I won the lottery.
The dress would fit If she lost weight.
We could learn French very fast If we lived in France.

In a real
conversation...
Las personas tienden a decir más I wish I was / If I
was... que I wish I were / if I were ...
Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que esté correcto. De
hecho, en el inglés escrito, estaría mal escribir If I was
rich, I ....
Let's practice
8.2. Asking about
imaginary situations.
Introduction

Second conditioanl
questions
Los condicionales en inglés no solo se usan de manera afirmativa o negativa. Es común
también utilizarlos de manera interrogativa.

Por cierto, ¿te acuerdas lo que pasaba con el verbo to be en el segundo condicional? Con
todas las personas se convierte en were: if I were, if she were, if he were, if it were, etc.

Veamos preguntas por cada WH:

Examples

What would you think if I sang out of tune?

What
What would you change if it were up to you?

Where would you land if you had a ticket to Colombia?

Where
Where would he go back to if he had the chance?

When would you tell your boss if you had to hand in your notice?
When When would she travel if she had the whole money?

Who would she turn to if he weren’t her friend?

Who Who would help us out if we were in trouble?

How would you do it if it were up to you?

How
How would you build the house if it were your dream house?
 Compact Grammar

The structure of a question in the second conditional is as follows:

Wh Would Subject Verb If Subject Past

[Optional]

What would you change if it were up to you?

I would definitely disrupt the system.
I would change the distribution of wealth in the world.

Would you be president if you had the opportunity?

Yes, I would.
No, I wouldn't.

Let's practice
 Unit 9
Tech savvy?
9.1. Questions within
sentences.
Introduction

Embedded Questions
Una pregunta implícita o embedded question es una pregunta que está incluida en otra
pregunta o enunciado. Son muy ulizadas para preguntar cortésmente por información
(Politely Asking for Information) o para hablar de algo que el hablante desconoce
(Talking About Something Which Is Unknown to the Speaker).

Son comunes después de frases introductorias, tales como:

I wonder...
Could you tell me...
Do you know...
Can you remember...
Let's ask...
We need to find out...
I'd like to know...
Could you tell me...
I'm not sure...
Would you mind explaining...

Rules for using Embedded

Questions
Si la pregunta implícita es parte de una oración afirmativa, termine
con un punto. Si la pregunta está en presente o pasado, omita los
auxiliares do, does, did; en su lugar, ponga el verbo en dicho
tiempo.

Direct Question
What time did he leave?

Indirect Question
I wonder what time he left.
 Si la pregunta implícita incluye un verbo auxiliar o el verbo To Be,
invierta el orden del sujeto y el auxiliar.

Direct Question
What did he say?
Where is the map?

Indirect Question
Coud you tell me what he said?
Do you know where the map is?

Nunca use contracciones verbales al final de la oración. Solo es

posible contraer el verbo To Be en las preguntas directas.

Direct Question
Where's she?

Indirect Question
Do you know where she is?
Do you know where she's?

Cuando no hay WH en la pregunta directa, la pregunta implícita se

introduce con whether, whether or not, e if. En este caso, la
respuesta es corta.

Direct Question
Will he be there?

Indirect Question
Do you know if he will be there?
Do you know whether [or not] he will be there?

Para preguntas directas que incluyan un verbo modal, el

orden también se invierte. También es posible omitirlo.

Direct Question
What should I do?

Indirect Question
Please tell me what I should do.
Please tell me what to do.
 Compact Grammar

Direct Question

Who is she? Where did he go?

Indirect question as a question

Do you know who she is? Can you tell me where he went?
Introductory phrase Question Mark Introductory phrase Question Mark

Indirect question as a statement

He's asking who she is. I wonder where he went.

Introductory phrase Period. Introductory phrase Period.

In a real
conversation...
I don't know es la expresión de tres palabras más común
en inglés.
I don't know if es la expresión de cuatro palabras más
común en inglés.
Example:
Mary: Hi, John. I wanted to ask you something...
John: Sure! Tell me.
Mary: Do you know if Hellen will come today?
John: I hope so. She has to bring the cake for the snacks.
Let's practice
9.2. Separable phrasal verbs;
how to, where to, what to.

Introduction

Transtivie phrasal verbs:

Separable Verbs
Como vimos en un capítulo anterior, los phrasal verbs transitivos necesitan de un objeto o
complemento y pueden ser separables o inseparables.

Si es separable, significa que el verbo y la partícula se pueden separar para poner el objeto
en el medio. Es importante memorizar aquellos verbos que son separables. Por ello, aquí
está la lista de los phrasal verbs más usados en inglés.

Call off = Cancel Call off

Drop off
It was raining heavily. I called off the games. Give out
It was raining heavily. I called the games off. Go over
Puede usarse el pronombre objeto en lugar de "games". Go through
Let down
It was raining heavily. I called them off.
Look over
Pero el pronombre objeto nunca puede ir después de la preposición.
Look up
It was raining heavily. I called off them. Make out
Make up
Pick up

Turn on = switch on
Plug in
Put away
How do you turn on the Nintendo Wii? Put off
Put on
How do you turn the Nintendo Wii on?
Put out
Puede usarse el pronombre objeto en lugar de "Nintendo Wii". Turn down
How do you turn it on? Turn off
Pero el pronombre objeto nunca puede ir después de la preposición. Turn on
Turn up
How do you turn on it?
 Question word + to + verb
Siguiendo con el tema de las preguntas implícitas, es importante traer a colación la quinta
regla vista en el inciso anterior.

Aquí, el infinitivo puede seguir una question word.

Direct Question
What can I do?

Embedded Question
Please tell me what I can do.

Embedded Question with an Infinitive

Please tell me what to do.

Más ejemplos:
Let me show you what to do.
Can you show me how to turn the TV on.
Do you know where to plug the XBOX in?

Compact Grammar
turn on the television?
Phrasal Object
Is it possible to...
turn the television on?
How do you...
Verb Object Preposition
Could you...
turn it on?
Introductory phrase
Object pronoun

Eventhough it is possible to use object pronouns in phrasal

verbs, never place "it" after the preposition.

Could you tell me how to turn on it?

Do you know where to plug in it?
Let's practice
 Unit 10
What's up?
10.1. Present Perfect
Continuous vs Present Perfect.
Introduction

Present Perfect review

En el capítulo 2 de este eBook se abordó el tema del present perfect y sus diferencias con
el past simple. La conclusión principal es que el present perfect se utiliza para mostrar
los resultados de una actividad o para indicar cuántas veces ésta ha ocurrido.

Ejemplos:

How many times

Where have you
have you visited
been to this year?
France?

I've been to I've been there

France and 6 times so far.
Italy.

Present Perfect continuous

El present perfect continuous se refiere a un periodo temporal inespecífico situado entre
el pasado y el presente. El hablante se refiere a algo que empezó y que puede no haber
concluido en ese periodo de tiempo. Le interesa tanto la duración como el resultado, y
es posible que dicho proceso acabe de terminar o que aún no haya finalizado.

They have eaten Thai food* He has been crying all night*
I have written a novel* I have been living here for years*
* result. * duration
Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
 Since - For - In
for duration
Empleando el present perfect podemos definir un periodo de tiempo anterior al momento
presente, considerando bien su duración, caso en el que utilizamos for + periodo
temporal. Podemos también definir el inicio o punto de partida utilizando since + momento
concreto.

For y Since pueden asimismo emplearse con el present perfect continuous y el past
perfect.

Since admite únicamente tiempos verbales perfectos.

She has been living in Turkey since 2010.

They haven't come since you called.

Por su parte, For, puede también emplearse con el simple past.

She lived in Turkey for 11 years.
They were out for 2 days.

Since
I have been working for my uncle since June 2020.
It has been snowing since 10 o'clock.
They have been living here since they got married.

For
It has been snowing for five hours.
It has been raining for two hours.
He has been planning a trip for a year.

In
La preposición In se utiliza únicamente en enunciados negativos.

Due to the pandemic I haven't been out in months.

She hasn't seen her parents in years!
Mary is sick. She hasn't been eating in days. (sonaría más natural en presente perfecto)
Mary is sick. She hasn't eaten in days.
 Compact Grammar

The auxiliary verb of Present Perfect Continuous is Have or Has. The main verb will
always be Been. Finally, the secondary verb has to have ing.

Outgoing or repeated
activity that started
before now and
continues into the
present.

I have been going to ottery class

Present Perfect Continuous

Show the results of an

activity or how many
times it has happened.

I have edited 3 videos since 9 am

Present Perfect

Uses of Since, for, and in for duration.

With points in time Since

... since 2010.
... since this morning.

For Periods of time(Gaps).

... for 11 years.
... for 4 hours.

Only in negatives. In
.... in months!
... in years!
Let's practice
10.2. Already, just, still, and
yet with present perfect.
Introduction

Basic concepts
Utilizamos los adverbios already, just, still y yet más a menudo en el presente perfecto,
aunque podemos usarlos en otros tiempos verbales. Estos adverbios se utilizan en
referencia a tiempo y su posición dentro de la oración depende de cuál de ellos estemos
utilizando.

Se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que

Already
se esperaba y es traducido como "ya" en español. Already
generalmente va entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo.

Ejemplos:
They have already finished their homework.
Jacob has already left work.
The train has already arrived.

Se utiliza para acciones que han ocurrido hace poco tiempo y

Just
se traduce como “acabar de” o “justo”. Al igual que con
already, just va antes del verbo o entre el auxiliar y el verbo en
la frase.

I just ate, but I'm already hungry again.

Where's Jacob? He's just left.
Beth has just moved to New York.

Se usa para acciones o acontecimientos que todavía no han

Still
ocurrido, sobre todo cuando esperamos que ya hubieran
ocurrido. Se traduce como “aún” o “todavía”. Es con frecuencia
usado también con otros tiempos verbales, pero still siempre
va antes del verbo, independientemente del tiempo verbal que
utilicemos.

I took two pills, but I still have a headache.

Is Jacob still working at the hospital?
They still haven't finished their homework.
 Es usado para algo que esperabamos que sucediera, pero

Yet
todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas
e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como
"aún"’ o “todavía” y en preguntas como “ya”. En contraste con
los otros adverbios de esta lección, yet va al final de la frase.

Ejemplos:
I'm really hungry. I haven't eaten yet.
Jacob hasn't left his job at the hospital yet.
Have they finished their homework yet?

Compact Grammar
Have you seen oul yet?
At the end of questions

Yes, I've already seen it.

After Have or Has

Yes, I've ust seen it.

After Have or Has

No, I haven't seen it yet.

At the end of negative
sentences

No, I haven't seen it already.

At the end of negative
sentences

No, I still haven't seen it.

before Have or Has

In a real
conversation...
El 17% de los usos de Yet son en preguntas, mientras
que, el 83%, se hace en oraciones negativas.
Let's practice
 Unit 11
Impressions
11.1. Modal verbs for
speculating.
Introduction

Basic concepts
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo
principal, a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares be, do y have que sí pueden funcionar como
un verbo principal.

Estos verbos indican:

Habilidad - Permiso - Consejo - Obligación - Posibilidad - Especulación

Purpose of modal verbs

ABILITY David can speak three languages.

Can, Could He could speak fluent French when he was 5.

PERMISSION Can I sit in that chair, please?

Could I open the window?
Can, Could, May May I borrow your dictionary?

ADVICE You should buy that car. (opinión subjetiva)

You ought to follow the university's policy. (verdad
Should, Ought to objetiva)

OBLIGATION I must memorize all of these rules.

You have to take off your shoes before you
Might, Have to get into the mosque.
 POSSIBILITY It looks nice, but it might be very expensive.
Might, May, Could, Richard may be coming to see us tomorrow.
I think I can solve this issue.
Can

Modals for speculating

She must She must

be genius. work pretty
hard.
I bet she's a I bet she works
genius. hard.

She must He could be

not go out one of her
I bet she much. It's possible friends.
doesn't go out he's one of her
much. friends.

She must be He may be

graduating her professor.
I bet she's today. Maybe he's
graduating her professor.
today.

She can't She might

be more be feeling
It's not than 12. sad.
Maybe she's
possible she's
feeling sad.
more than 12.
 Compact Grammar

Verb % of certainty Example

90-100% She must be in the garden.
Must I am (quite) sure it's true She must be a model.
90-100% She can't be his daughter.
Can't I am (quite) sure it's not true They can't be dead!
Might & 30-50% He may be professor.
May Perhaps it's true She might take the next bus.
Might not 30-50% He may not have the solution
May not Perhaps it's not true They may not be there.
Should Expectation You should stay home.
Outght to I hope it's true or possible You ought to follow the rules.

To speculate about actions in progress

modal + be + ing verb

They are in Dubai. They must be having a great time.
You're always hungry. I think that you might not be eating enough protein.
New study suggests that air pollution may be making people unhappy.

In a real
conversation...
Cerca del 90% de los usos de los verbos modales Must
y Might se da en las oraciones afirmativas.
He isn't here. He might be at home.
En oraciones negativas, la gente usa Must not y Might
not sin contracciones.
He might not remember who you are.
Let's practice
 11.2. Adjectives ending in -
ed and -ing.
Introduction

Basic concepts
Las terminaciones -ed y -ing no sólo se usan para formar los tiempos verbales del pasado y
presente continuo, también se usan con adjetivos. Estos adjetivos están compuestos de un
verbo y estas dos terminaciones, pero ten en cuenta que el sentido cambia dependiendo de
que terminación se use.

-ed Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en -ed indican o describen emociones. Estos adjetivos suelen
acabar en “-ado” o “-ido” en español y van generalmente después del verbo “estar”.

Ejemplos:
I was so bored in that lesson, I almost fell asleep.
He was surprised to see Helen after all those years.
She was really tired and went to bed early.

-ing Adjectives
Los adjetivos que terminan en -ing indican o describen una cosa que causa una
emoción. A diferencia de los adjetivos que terminan en (“‑ed”), no hay regla en español
para formar estos adjetivos y van después del verbo “ser”.

Ejemplos:
Have you seen that film? It's really frightening.
I could listen to her for hours. She's so interesting.
I can't sleep! That noise is really annoying!

Steve is embarrased Steve is embarrasing

I am bored I am boring
She's depressed She's depressing
 Common adjectives
Verb -ing Adjective -ed Adjective

Amaze Amazing Amazed

Annoy Annoying Annoyed
Astonish Astonishing Astonished
Bore Boring Bored
Convince Convincing Convinced
Disgust Disgusting Disgusted
Embarrass Embarrassing Embarrassed
Exicte Exicting Exicted
Exhaust Exhausting Exhausted
Depress Depressing Depressed
Dissappoint Dissappointing Dissappointed
Frighten Frightening Frightened
Interest Interesting Interested
Relax Relaxing Relaxed
Satisfy Satisfying Satisfied
Shock Shocking Shocked
Surprise Surprising Surprised
Terrfy Terrfying Terrfied
Tire Tiring Tired
Worry Worrying Worried
 Compact Grammar

-ing Adjective -ed Adjective

This causes a feeling Describes the feeling
My job is quite boring, that's why I feel bored all the time.
Astronomy class was interesting so I was interested.
She did annoying things. For that reason I was annoyed.
As a result of that exciting trip, the girl was excited.

In a real
conversation...
Los adjetivos interesting, interested, amazing,
surprised, worried, scared, excited, exciting y boring
hacen parte del top 2.000 de las palabras más usadas en
inglés.
No es correcto decir scaring cuando se quiere utilizar
como adjetivo. En su defecto, se debe usar scary*.
I'm scared of spiders. They are very scary. (= adjetivo)
Thanks for scaring the stalker man. (=verb)
Mother, Finn's scaring Flora again. (=verb)
*Scary también hace parte del top 2.000.
Let's practice
 Unit 12
In the news
12.1. The simple past passive.

Introduction

Difference between
active and passive voice
Cuando el sujeto de una oración realiza la acción del verbo, decimos que la oración está en
voz activa. Las oraciones en voz activa tienen un tono fuerte, directo y claro. Hasta ahora
hemos hablado de la voz activa donde enfocamos la acción del verbo en el sujeto. Pero
cuando queremos dar más importancia a la acción y no a quien la ha realizado, utilizamos la
voz pasiva.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Present
She writes letters every day Letters are written every day

Past Past
Mark wrote the book. The book was written.
The boy found a bag on a bus A bag was found on a bus.
The authorities closed the The airport was closed.
airport.

Focused on the Focused on the

"doer" "receiver" or object
 Uses of the passive voice
To avoid responsibility or when we don't know
who did the action
A civilian has been killed.
The car was stolen.
The lake was completely contaminated.

When the action is more important

than the agent
The letter was delivered yesterday.
The house was painted three days ago.
Your package will be delivered within three working days.

No podemos usar la voz pasiva con verbos intransitivos como

die, arrive o go. Verbos intransitivos son verbos que no llevan
un objeto directo, por ende, solo pueden ser usados en voz
activa.

Compact Grammar

Present tense

The gardener waters the flowers every night

Doer Verb in active Receiver
voice

The flowers are watered every night by the gardener

The receiver becomes Verb in passive voice Doer.
subject. be + past participle It is optional.
Past tense

A student found a bag on a bus

Doer Verb in Receiver
active voice

A bag was found on a bus by a student

The Verb in passive voice Agent.
receiver be + past participle It is optional.
becomes
subject.

The accident didn't injure the passengers

Doer Verb in active voice Receiver

The passengers weren't injured by the accident

The receiver becomes subject. Verb in passive voice Agent.
be + past participle It is optional.

In a real
conversation...
La voz pasiva is aproximadamente 5 veces más común
en las noticias escritas que en una conversación, pero
las personas amenudo usan la voz pasiva para hablar
sobre eventos noticiosos.
An unknown number of people were killed at the
Pentagon.
Some people trapped in the rubble for hours were
rescued.
A bomb was put in the hall of a building at midnight.
Let's practice
12.2. The simple past passive
with by + agent.
Introduction

by + agent
Anteriormente vimos que la voz pasiva presta más atención a la acción en sí misma que al
agente. Sin embargo, cuando el agente (doer) es relevante o necesario para transmitir el
mensaje correctamente, es indispensable usar la preposición by seguido del agente.

Ejemplos:
Three families were rescued by emergency workers.
The fires were caused by careless campers.
A shopping mall was damaged by a tornado.

Adverbs with the passive

Dado que la voz pasiva se centra principalmente en la acción, es relevante abordar el uso
de los adverbios en dicho tipo de oraciones. He aquí algunos ejemplos:

Badly A mall was badly damaged by the storm

Seriously No one was seriously injured.

Completely The forest was completely destroyed.

Temporarily Power was temporarily disrupted.

Partially Haiti was partially destroyed in 2010.

Violently They were violently arrested.

Well This house was well designed by the architec.

 Compact Grammar

Past tense

The woman was violently abused by her husband.

Adverb goes before Agent
the verb This gives more information.

Every year animals are illegally hunted by traffickers.

The adverb goes Agent
before the verb This doesn't give more
information.

Let's practice
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