Taller de gramática Starter Repaso básico de tiempos

Referencia
A FORMAS DEL PRESENTE Y DEL PASADO ejercicios 1–10, páginas 2–4

1 Se usa el presente simple para: 5 Se usa el pasado simple para:

• hechos y estados. • acciones que finalizaron en el pasado.
My brother works in a bank. Dad drove to work this morning.
• hábitos y acciones que se repiten. • estados del pasado.
We often go swimming on Saturday mornings. We thought the film was excellent.
• verbos de estado. • cosas que se repetían en el pasado.
I don’t understand this homework. She entered many cycling races when she was
2 Se usa el presente continuo para: younger.
• acciones que se están desarrollando en el 6 Se usa el pasado continuo para:
momento. • acciones que se desarrollaron en un momento
We’re having lunch in a pizza restaurant. concreto del pasado.
• situaciones temporales. We were walking in the park at 10.30 a.m.
I’m staying with my grandparents for the • acciones del pasado que son interrumpidas por
summer. otras acciones.
3 Se usa el presente perfecto simple para: She was running for the bus when she tripped and
• acciones o estados del pasado que cut her leg.
empezaron en el pasado y que se alargan 7 Se usa el pasado perfecto simple para:
hasta el presente. • una acción que ha ocurrido antes que otra
They’ve lived in this town for six years. acción en el pasado.
• acciones del pasado que afectan al By the time she arrived, Paul had already left.
presente. (First Paul left. Then she arrived.)
My phone battery has died. (So I can’t call you.) 8 Se usa el pasado perfecto continuo para:
• experiencias del pasado (cuando no • enfatizar cuánto duró una acción que ocurrió
especificamos cuándo han ocurrido). antes que otra acción del pasado.
They’ve met twice before. I needed a holiday after my exams because I had
4 Se usa el presente perfecto continuo para: been studying hard for months.
• enfatizar cuánto duró una acción que 9 Se usa used to para:
empezó en el pasado y que continúa en el • acciones que se repetían en el pasado.
presente. He used to play computer games for hours.
He’s been working on his history essay for hours. • estados del pasado que ya no son ciertos.
• una acción que se interrumpió She used to hate eggs when she was younger.
recientemente y que afecta al presente. 10 Se usa would + infinitivo para:
The children have been baking cakes. • acciones que se repetían en el pasado, pero no
(There’s flour all over the kitchen worktop.) para estados del pasado.
On New Year’s Day, we would wrap up warm and go
for a walk.

B FORMAS DEL FUTURO ejercicios 11 y 12, página 4

1 Se usa will para: 2 Se usa be going to para:

• predicciones generales sobre el futuro. • planes e intenciones.
I think the exhibition will be really interesting. I’m going to get a part-time job this summer.
• promesas, ofertas y advertencias. • predicciones del futuro a partir de evidencias
Don’t worry. I won’t forget to call you que se tienen en el presente.
tomorrow. Dan’s just crashed Mum’s car. She isn’t going to
• decisiones que se toman mientras se está be happy.
hablando.
You know what? I think I’ll come with you.

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 3 Se usa el futuro continuo para: 4 Se usa el futuro perfecto para:
• acciones o eventos que se desarrollarán en • acciones o eventos que habrán finalizado antes
el futuro. de un momento determinado del futuro.
This time next week, I’ll be relaxing on a By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished my
beach. I can’t wait! homework.

C USO DEL FUTURO CON PRESENTE CONTINUO Y PRESENTE SIMPLE ejercicio 13, página 4

1 Se usa el presente continuo para actividades 2 Se usa el presente simple para eventos del futuro
programadas y planes seguros del futuro. que siguen un horario.
We’re meeting at the cinema at seven o’clock. Our train arrives at ten o’clock.
¡Atención! Se usa be going to + infinitivo o el
presente continuo para hablar de planes. Se
suele usar el presente continuo para planes a
corto plazo, y se suele especificar la hora y el
lugar.
I’m going to meet him later. (Tengo planeado
hacer esto, pero no sé cuándo.)
I’m meeting him at ten o’clock. (Ya está
planeado.)

D FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS ejercicio 14, página 4

1 Las preguntas con formas verbales continuas 4 En una pregunta de objeto, la partícula interrogativa
se construyen con el verbo principal + -ing. funciona como el objeto de la frase. Se invierte el
Where were you going yesterday? orden de las palabras y se usa un verbo auxiliar.
2 Las preguntas con formas verbales simples se Who does Thomas like? Thomas likes me.
construyen con el verbo principal en infinitivo. 5 Se suelen hacer preguntas negativas cuando se
Where did you go yesterday? quiere confirmar lo que se está afirmando.
3 En una pregunta de sujeto, la partícula You’re late. Didn’t you catch the six o’clock bus?
interrogativa funciona como el sujeto de la 6 Se usa How long en lugar de When para preguntar la
frase. El orden de las palabras no se invierte y duración de algo.
no hay verbo auxiliar. How long have you been a police officer? For seven years.
Who likes Thomas? I like Thomas. When did you become a police officer? When I was 21.

Práctica
PRESENTE SIMPLE Y PRESENTE CONTINUO PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE Y CONTINUO

1 Copia y elige las opciones correctas. 2 Escribe las palabras en el orden correcto para
I can’t talk now because I eat / ’m eating my dinner. formar frases.
1 It snows / It’s snowing at the moment. for / hours! / been / I’ve / waiting / three / over
2 It snows / It’s snowing every year in Siberia. I’ve been waiting for over three hours!
3 Do you know / Are you knowing Jessica? 1 studying / you / How / here? / long / been / have
4 Does it rain / Is it raining now? 2 the / three / been / years. / has / Ethan / guitar /
5 You can have the newspaper – I don’t read / ’m not learning / for
reading it. 3 working / for / Olivia / long. / been / hasn’t / here
6 I don’t understand / ’m not understanding – could 4 well / week. / I / been / haven’t / feeling / this
you speak more slowly? 5 all / They’ve / playing / computer / on / day. /
been / the

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3 Copia las frases y corrige el error. Solo una frase PASADO SIMPLE Y PASADO PERFECTO
es correcta.
I’ve working as a waitress for fifteen years. worked 7 Copia la segunda frase completándola con los
verbos de la primera frase en pasado simple o
1 Diana has forgot her homework.
pasado perfecto simple.
2 I don’t want to come because I already saw that
film. We ate the cake. Mum came in.
3 Cristina and Elena have just arrived home. After we had eaten the cake, Mum came in.
4 Alex has been losing his watch. 1 Alex ran past the goalkeeper. Then he scored
a goal.
5 Pedro haven’t been bungee jumping before.
After Alex … past the goalkeeper, he … a goal.
6 Did you eaten anything since yesterday?
2 All the students arrived. Then the lesson began.
4 Copia las frases completándolas con el presente By the time the lesson … , all the students … .
perfecto simple o el presente perfecto continuo, 3 The bird saw the cat. Then the bird flew away.
y con las siguientes palabras. The bird … away because it … the cat.
You look tired – you / play / football / all day? 4 Stephen finished his popcorn. Then the
You look tired – have you been playing football all day? film began.
1 Please can we stop and rest – we / walk / for Stephen … his popcorn before the film … .
hours. 5 Liz broke her toe. Then she went to the hospital.
2 Eric is very excited – he / never / visit / Cyprus / Liz … to the hospital because she … her toe.
before.
3 you / see / Tom Cruise’s new film yet? 8 Copia las frases completándolas con los
4 Where’s the watch I lent you – what / you / do / verbos en paréntesis en pasado perfecto
with it? simple o pasado perfecto continuo. No se
puede usar ningún otro tiempo verbal.
5 Your face is red – what / you / do?
After they had eaten (eat), they went out for
5 Vuelve a escribir el texto con las formas a walk.
correctas de los verbos en paréntesis. 1 By the time she arrived at school, the rain …
(stop).
Andrés Iniesta is (be) a Spanish footballer. 2 The teacher was angry because the class …
He usually (1) … (play) in midfield and he (not remember) to do their project.
(2) … (score) many goals for Barcelona since he 3 They … (talk) for hours by the time they went
(3) … (start) playing for them in 2002. Before that, to bed.
he (4) … (be) in the Barcelona Youth Academy.
4 Agni … (never / see) so much food before.
Nowadays he regularly (5) … (make) a valuable
5 … (you / watch) TV continuously since four
contribution as part of the Spanish national team.
o’clock in the morning?

PASADO SIMPLE Y PASADO CONTINUO USED TO O WOULD

6 Completa el texto con los verbos del recuadro en 9 Escribe frases con used to o would + infinitivo
su forma de pasado simple o pasado continuo. utilizando las siguientes palabras. Es posible
que ambas formas sean válidas.
be ​beat ​focus ​grow up ​see ​start ​study
Mr Patel / take / his dog / for / walk / every day.
Mr Patel used to / would take his dog for a walk
Penelope Cruz was (be) born in 1974 in Madrid, every day.
Spain. When she (1) …, she had no ambition to
1 Every summer / Julia / go / holiday / Lanzarote.
be an actress and (2) … on dance instead. She
2 Gonzalo / work / supermarket?
(3) … Pedro Almodóvar’s film Tie Me Up! Tie Me
Down! when she was a teenager, and then she 3 I / live / Greece / when / I / be / child.
(4) … to take an interest in acting. While she 4 When / he / be / teenager / he / not smoke.
(5) … at high school, she attended casting calls, 5 100 years ago / people / not have / televisions.
and got her big break in 1989 when she (6) … 6 you / play / street / when / you / be / young?
300 other girls to win an audition at a talent
agency.

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 PASADO SIMPLE O PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE 4 I joined the company last June. By next June,
I will have worked / will be working here for a
10
Completa el texto con los verbos en paréntesis en year.
su forma de pasado simple o presente perfecto 5 Every morning, Jane leaves the house at 8
simple. a.m., and it takes her half an hour to cycle to
work. Tomorrow at 8.10 a.m., Jane will have
Since the early 2000s, Spaniards have dominated cycled / will be cycling to work.
(dominate) a large number of sports – Fernando 6 I won’t be here at 4 p.m. because I will be
Alonso (1) (win) two Formula One Championships walking / will have walked the dog.
in 2005 and 2006. The Spanish football team
7 In the future, do you think robots will be
(2) (be) successful in the 2010 World Cup, as well
performing / will have performed more and
as the 2008 and 2012 UEFA Cups. In tennis, Rafael
more tasks for humans?
Nadal (3) (become) the youngest player ever to
8 Your train arrives at 11.30 a.m. but Jayne
win the four Grand Slam tournaments. All this
has planned to go cycling at 10 a.m. She will
sporting success (4) (have) a positive effect on
be leaving / will have left by the time you get
young Spanish people today, and they (5) (never /
here.
have) access to such excellent facilities and
training before.
FORMAS DEL FUTURO

WILL O BE GOING TO 13
Completa el texto con los verbos del
recuadro en presente simple, presente
11
Copia las frases completándolas con los verbos en continuo o be going to + infinitivo.
el recuadro con will o con be going to.
arrive ​go ​leave ​see ​show ​stay ​take
be ​drive ​miss ​not / rain ​ring (x2) ​see

You’re late – we’re going to miss the start of the film. Hi Sam,
1 Sorry, I can’t come over tonight – I … a film Guess what! I’m going to Rome tomorrow
with Jack. morning! My plane (1) … at 10.15 and (2) … at
12.30. I (3) … with my Aunty Sofia who lives
2 I’m sure it … on your wedding day!
near the city. She (4) … me the sights, and my
3 Look at that clear sky – it … a beautiful day.
cousin Thomas (5) … me clubbing! I’ve already
4 I’m leaving now – I … you home if you like. bought tickets for the opera too. We (6) … La
5 ‘It’s Claire’s birthday today.’ Bohème on Tuesday evening. I’m so excited!
‘Really? Oh, I … her up then.’ Love,
6 ‘It’s Claire’s birthday today.’ Annie
‘Yes, I know. I … her up later.’
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
FUTURO PERFECTO O FUTURO CONTINUO
14
Copia las frases completándolas con las
12
Copia y elige las opciones correctas.
palabras y las expresiones del recuadro.
My guitar lesson starts at 10 a.m. By 10.15 a.m. the
lesson will have started / will be starting. didn’t ​do ​how long ​play ​
1 Tomorrow morning, Tony is playing tennis playing ​weren’t ​when ​who
between 11 a.m. and 12 p.m. At 11.30 a.m. he What video game were you playing last night?
will have played / will be playing tennis. 1 ‘What … you want?’ ‘I want a dog.’
2 I’m going to Portugal on Tuesday morning. 2 ‘… have you been a teacher?’ ‘For ten years.’
By Tuesday evening, I will have gone / will be going
3 … usually wins the football league?
to Portugal.
4 … you at school in Derby in the 1990s?
3 I’m trying to save for my holiday, but I keep
I remember you.
spending all my money. By the time I go on
holiday, I will have spent / will be spending all 5 ‘What game do you … ?’ ‘Chess.’
my money. 6 ‘… did she leave?’ ‘She left late.’
7 … they bring a present to the party? That’s
bad!

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Taller de gramática Unidad 1 Estilo indirecto

Referencia
A CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES ejercicios 1–3, páginas 6 y 7

1 Se usa el estilo indirecto para explicar lo que ha dicho otra persona sin citar las palabras
exactas. En el lenguaje formal, se usa that al inicio de una oración de estilo indirecto,
aunque en el lenguaje hablado informal se suele omitir.
‘I have a headache,’ said the woman.  The woman said (that) she had a headache.
2 Cuando se cambia el estilo directo al estilo indirecto, se cambia el verbo a un tiempo
anterior del pasado.

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Presente simple Pasado simple
Presente continuo Pasado continuo
Presente perfecto simple Pasado perfecto simple
Pasado simple Pasado perfecto simple
Pasado perfecto simple Pasado perfecto simple
am / is / are going to was / were going to

El pasado perfecto simple permanece igual en el estilo indirecto.

‘They had visited.’  He said that they had visited.
3 La mayoría de los verbos modales y semimodales (como should, could, would y might) permanecen
igual en el estilo indirecto.
‘You could help him.’  She said that I could help him.
Sin embargo, will, can y must sí cambian en el estilo indirecto.

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

will would
can could
must had to

‘I will buy it.’  She said that she would buy it.
4 Cuando se cambia el estilo directo al estilo indirecto, se deben cambiar las palabras que hacen
referencia a la persona de la cual se está hablando. Estas palabras incluyen pronombres
y adjetivos posesivos.
‘We have already eaten,’ he said.  H  e said that they had already eaten.
‘Our house is quite big,’ she said.  S
 he said that their house was quite big.
Se deben cambiar las palabras o expresiones de tiempo que mencione la persona que está hablando.

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

now then, at that time
today that day
tonight that night
this (morning / week / month / year) that (morning / week / month / year)
yesterday the day before
last (week / month / year) the (week / month / year) before
(two days / a year) ago (two days / a year) earlier
tomorrow the next / following day
next (week / month / year) the next / following (week / month / year)

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 B VERBOS Y ESTRUCTURAS DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO ejercicios 4–6, página 7

Los verbos del estilo indirecto pueden utilizar 2 Con los verbos tell (+ objeto), promise (+ objeto),
diferentes estructuras. Además, algunos verbos say, announce, deny y admit, se usa verbo + that.
pueden utilizar más de una estructura. ‘I’ll call you.’  She told me that she would call me.
1 Con los verbos offer, promise, agree, tell (+ objeto), ‘I like it.’  He said that he liked it.
ask (+ objeto), advise (+ objeto), order (+ objeto), 3 Con los verbos apologize for, accuse (+ objeto) of,
warn (+ objeto) y remind (+ objeto), se usa verbo + suggest, admit y congratulate (+ objeto) on, se usa
to + infinitivo. En las oraciones negativas, se usa verbo + -ing.
verbo + not + to + infinitivo. ‘I’m sorry I broke it.’  He apologized for breaking it.
‘Shall I drive you?’  He offered to drive us. ‘You stole it.’  He accused me of stealing it.
‘Stay for dinner.’  She asked me to stay for dinner.
‘I wouldn’t drive if I were you.’  He advised me not
to drive.
‘Don’t do it.’  He ordered me not to do it.

C PREGUNTAS EN EL ESTILO INDIRECTO ejercicio 7, página 7

1 Las preguntas en el estilo indirecto 2 Si una pregunta en el estilo directo utiliza una
invierten el orden de las palabras con partícula interrogativa, se utiliza esa misma partícula
respecto a las preguntas en estilo directo interrogativa en la pregunta en el estilo indirecto.
(el mismo orden que en una oración ‘What’s the time?’  She asked me what the time was.
afirmativa). 3 Si una pregunta en el estilo directo no utiliza una
• Verbo + sujeto (pregunta en el estilo partícula interrogativa, se utiliza if o whether en la
directo) pregunta en el estilo indirecto.
‘Where are you from?’ she asked. ‘Are you happy?’ he asked her. 
• Sujeto + verbo (pregunta en el estilo He asked her if / whether she was happy.
indirecto)
She asked me where I was from.

Práctica
1 Lee el artículo. A continuación, 2 Copia la segunda frase de cada pareja de frases y
completa el resumen cambiando los corrige el error. Solo una frase es correcta.
verbos en negrita al estilo indirecto. Joe said, ‘I saw Ana yesterday.’
Joe said that he had seen Ana yesterday.
A recent study by the Keck School
the day before
of Medicine shows how teenagers
who (1) see photographs on social 1 Tom said, ‘I’m going to the cinema tonight.’
networking sites of their friends Tom said that he had been going to the cinema that
drinking alcohol (2) are more likely night.
to try it themselves. The study’s main 2 My aunt said, ‘I’ll check my messages before we leave.’
investigator said, ‘Our study (3) shows My aunt said that she would check my messages
that adolescents (4) can be influenced before we left.
by their friends’ online pictures.’ 3 ‘We must wait for your brother to arrive,’ said Mum.
I read an article that said that a recent Mum said that we have to wait for my brother
study showed how teenagers who (1) … to arrive.
photographs on social networking sites of 4 ‘I didn’t see him yesterday,’ said Sarah.
their friends drinking alcohol (2) … more Sarah said that she haven’t seen him the day before.
likely to try it themselves. The study’s main 5 ‘I hadn’t visited the site until today,’ said Stephen.
investigator said that their study (3) … that Stephen said that he hadn’t visited the site until that
adolescents (4) … be influenced by their day.
friends’ online pictures.

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3 Vuelve a escribir las frases en estilo 5 Tu profesor/a te ha explicado cómo velar por tu
indirecto. seguridad en las redes sociales. Redacta lo que ha dicho
‘I check my Facebook page every ten en estilo indirecto.
minutes,’ Sarah said. ‘You must take internet safety seriously.’
Sarah said that she checked her Facebook page He ordered us to take internet safety seriously.
every ten minutes. 1 ‘Learn how to use the privacy features of any social
1 Lucy said, ‘I spoke to my friend on Skype networking site that you use.’
yesterday.’ He told us …
2 ‘I’ll take a photo of you,’ said Max to me. 2 ‘I’m happy to recommend some safe websites if you like.’
3 ‘You must tell me if you change your email He offered …
address,’ said my mother. 3 ‘Never give any personal information about yourself such
4 ‘You’ve been online for too long, Peter,’ as your phone number, address or school.’
said Dad. He advised us …
5 ‘We’ve never used this website before,’ 4 ‘Some people lie about their identities online.’
they said. He accused some people of …
6 Stephanie said, ‘I’m going to look it up on 5 ‘I will help you to sort out any problems you have online.’
the internet now to find out more.’
He promised …
4 Lee las frases de estilo directo. A
6 Copia las preguntas en estilo indirecto completándolas.
continuación, elije la opción correcta del
estilo indirecto y cópiala. Ana: Hey, Nat, what are you doing on here so late?
‘Don’t do that again,’ said his teacher. Nat: Just checking my messages. (1) Did you see where
His teacher ordered / promised him never Marco checked in on Facebook?
to do it again. Ana: No, I didn’t. Where (2) is he?
1 ‘You’ve broken my phone, Marta,’ Nat: He’s at the Pavello Olimpic de Badalona.
said Manuel. Ana: Really? What (3) ’s he doing there?
Manuel suggested / accused Marta of Nat: He must be at the concert tonight! (4) Did you know
breaking his phone. he was going?
2 Miriam said, ‘I’ll take a photo of you.’ Ana: No, I didn’t! Why (5) didn’t he tell us?
Miriam offered / apologized to take a Nat: I don’t know … We’ll have to ask him tomorrow!
photo of them.
3 ‘I don’t think it’s a good idea to use your Ana asked Nat what she was doing on there so late.
real name online,’ he said. 1 Nat asked Ana if … where Marco had checked in.
He advised / asked her not to use her real 2 Ana asked Nat where … .
name online. 3 Ana asked Nat what … there.
4 ‘I’m sorry I didn’t call you,’ said Claudia. 4 Nat asked Ana whether … that he was going to
Claudia ordered / apologized for not the concert.
calling me. 5 Ana asked Nat why … them.
5 ‘The test has been cancelled,’ said the
teacher.
7 Escribe preguntas en el estilo indirecto para estas
respuestas.
The teacher announced / suggested that
the test had been cancelled. Beatriz told Silvia, ‘I’m eating my dinner now.’
6 ‘I didn’t know that he was a member,’ Silvia asked Beatriz what she was doing at that time.
said Stella. 1 ‘My birthday is on 16 July,’ Harriet told Alex.
Stella denied / promised knowing that he 2 ‘I’m crying because I’m cutting an onion,’ Lucy told Joe.
was a member. 3 ‘The tall boy is my brother,’ Victor told Raul.
4 ‘Yes, I like carrots,’ Julia told Ruben.
5 ‘I had a sandwich for lunch,’ Tomas told Sonia.
6 ‘No, I’m not a member of [Link],’ Caroline told Fran.

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Taller de gramática Unidad 2 Oraciones de relativo

Referencia
A PRONOMBRES Y ADVERBIOS RELATIVOS ejercicios 1 y 2, página 9

Se usan los pronombres y adverbios relativos • Se usa which o that para hacer referencia a cosas.
para añadir una oración de relativo a la oración I only watch sports which / that interest me.
principal. • Se usa where para hacer referencia a lugares.
• Se usa who o that para hacer referencia a This is the gym where he used to exercise.
personas. • Se usa that o when para hacer una mención temporal.
The player who / that scored the goal is happy. October is the month when I start university.
• Se usa whose para expresar posesión.
That’s the man whose racket I borrowed.

B ORACIONES DE RELATIVO ESPECIFICATIVAS Y EXPLICATIVAS ejercicios 3 y 4, página 9

1 Las oraciones de relativo especificativas dan 3 Las oraciones de relativo explicativas dan
información fundamental sobre el sustantivo información que no es importante sobre el
con el que van. Sin la oración de relativo, la sustantivo con el que van. Si se elimina la oración
frase quedaría incompleta y no tendría sentido. de relativo, la frase sigue teniendo sentido.
Compara: Compara:
That’s the athlete. World Cup tickets are on sale now.
That’s the athlete who won the gold medal. World Cup tickets, which cost €200, are on sale now.
2 Se pueden omitir who, when, where, which o that 4 Siempre se usa una coma para separar una
si este pronombre es el objeto de una oración de oración de relativo explicativa del resto de la
relativo especificativa, aunque no se puede omitir oración. En las oraciones de relativo explicativas
whose. Es una práctica muy común en el habla no se puede omitir who, which, when o where, ni
inglesa. se puede empezar con that.
These are the trainers (which / that) he wore when His football kit, which his dad bought, was expensive.
he broke the world record.

C THAT, WHAT Y WHICH ejercicios 5 y 6, página 9

1 Se usa that: 2 Se usa which para hacer referencia a:

• para hacer referencia a un sustantivo o varios • un sustantivo o varios sustantivos que
sustantivos que le precede/n. le precede/n.
Tennis is the sport that I love most. Football is a game which I enjoy playing.
• después de all, everything, nothing, something y • la oración completa que le precede.
adjetivos superlativos. We played a match today, which was
All that he wants is to win this race. exciting.
Don’t believe everything that you read. 3 What no hace referencia a un sustantivo
Do the best that you can. que le precede, sino que funciona como
• para sustituir when, who o which en un estilo informal. un sustantivo y un pronombre relativo
Winter is the season that we go swimming. que significa «la/s cosa/s que».
John is the guy that you’re looking for. I couldn’t believe what he was saying.
• para sustituir where en un estilo informal si se añade
una preposición de lugar al final de la oración.
This is the pool that we go swimming in.

D ESTRUCTURAS FORMAS E INFORMALES ejercicio 7, página 9

1 En el estilo informal, las preposiciones en las 2 En el estilo formal, las preposiciones en las oraciones
oraciones de relativo van después del verbo. de relativo van delante de which y whom.
Use the kit which you’ve been provided with. Please use the kit with which you have been provided.
Jesse Owens is the athlete who we heard about Jesse Owens is the athlete about whom we heard in class.
in class.

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Práctica
1 Copia y elige las opciones correctas. 5 Copia las frases completándolas con
The hospital who / where I was born no longer exists. that, what o which. Escribe el pronombre
1 The students where / who passed their exams celebrated. en paréntesis si se puede omitir.
2 The man who’s / whose laptop was stolen called the police. Yoga is something (that) I do every day.
3 Football is a sport that / where many people enjoy. 1 I did a ten-kilometre run yesterday, …
4 18 June is when / that I had my first karate lesson. was tiring.
5 This is the swimming pool that / where I go every week. 2 Kate is the girl … we were talking about
yesterday.
2 Completa el texto con pronombres o adverbios relativos. 3 Let me see … you bought at the shops
today.
The 1980s and 1990s were times when teenagers regularly 4 This is the hardest workout … I have
used to win men’s tennis Grand Slams. Paris was the ever done.
place (1) … the youngest man ever won a Grand Slam – 5 Do you remember … the teacher
Michael Chang won the French Open, aged seventeen, in told you to do?
1989. Today, however, the game is dominated by men in
their 30s, such as Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic, (2) … 6 Copia las frases y corrige el error. Solo
experience and strength are too much for younger players. una frase es correcta. ¿En qué frases se
Boris Becker, (3) … was only seventeen (4) … he first won puede omitir el pronombre?
Wimbledon, thinks this is caused by poor coaching. Others Is there anything what I can do for you?
believe it is due to the increased physical requirements that
of the game today, (5) … mean that men have to train for 1 This is the football what I used when I
years to become strong enough to compete. was a child.
2 I go running three times a week, that
3 Copia las frases añadiendo una coma donde sea necesario. keeps me fit.
Tacha el pronombre de relativo si se puede omitir. 3 Here’s something what you can wear if
Tom’s friend, who lives in Dubai, is an architect. you get cold.
1 This is the triathlon that I took part in last year. 4 I didn’t hear that he said.
2 The race which is five kilometres long is in London. 5 This is the highest mountain which he
3 Usain Bolt who is the fastest man in the world ran in the has ever climbed.
London Olympics.
4 14 June is the date when we first met.
7 Copia las frases uniéndolas de dos
formas (estilo formal e informal) con los
5 We met him on Sunday when we were visiting friends.
pronombres relativos.
4 Copia la segunda frase completándola con una oración This is the event. We’ve been preparing for
de relativo especificativa o explicativa. Añade una coma this event all year.
donde sea necesario. Informal: This is the event which we’ve been
Isa lives in New York. She went to see the US Open final. preparing for all year.
Isa, who lives in New York, went to see the US Open final. Formal: This is the event for which we have
1 Miguel is very tall. He’s good at basketball. been preparing all year.
Miguel … is good at basketball. 1 These are the main problems. We need
to concentrate on them.
2 Sam is a footballer. He scored the most goals last year.
a Informal: These are the main
Sam is the footballer … last year.
problems …
3 Rafael Nadal comes from Majorca. He’s won twenty
b Formal: These are the main
Grand Slam titles.
problems …
Rafael Nadal … has won twenty Grand Slam titles.
2 Seville is the city. We were talking about
4 The Thames is a river in London. The famous Oxford vs
Seville yesterday.
Cambridge boat race is held there.
a Informal: Seville is the city …
The Thames is the river in London … is held.
b Formal: Seville is the city …
5 This is my tennis racket. I used it when I won the final.
This is the tennis racket … the final.

Realiza todas las actividades

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Taller de gramática Unidad 3 Pasivas y causativas

Referencia
A FORMAS ACTIVA Y PASIVA ejercicios 1–4, páginas 11 y 12

1 Se forma la voz pasiva con be + participio 5 Algunos verbos no tienen una forma pasiva.
pasado. Se usa be con el mismo tiempo verbal Entre ellos, están los verbos intransitivos (que no
que se usaría en la oración en voz activa. van acompañados de un objeto), como die, sleep
Consumers buy many products online. (Active)  y swim.
Many products are bought online by consumers. Se usa la pasiva para poner énfasis en la acción
(Passive) (el verbo) y no en quién o qué (complemento
2 El presente simple de la pasiva se forma así: agente) ha realizado esa acción. Compara:
I bought a new phone last week. (Activa: es
Afirmativa / Negativa / Interrogativa importante decir quién lo compró).
I am (’m) Thousands of new phones are bought every day.
participio (Pasiva: no es importante decir quién los
You / We / They are (’re)
pasado compra).
He / She / It is (’s)
I am not (’m not) 6 En oraciones activas, el sujeto del verbo es
participio también el complemento agente (es decir,
You / We / They are not (aren’t)
pasado la persona que realiza la acción). Cuando
He / She / It is not (isn’t)
cambiamos una oración activa a pasiva, el objeto
Am I
de la oración activa se convierte en el sujeto.
Are you / we / they participio pasado ?
Añadimos by + complemento agente al final de
Is he / she / it
la oración pasiva para indicar quién realiza la
acción.
3 Cuando se usa la pasiva con otros tiempos
verbales, se usa be en el mismo tiempo verbal activa  pasiva
que se usaría en la oración en voz activa:
Dior designed this coat.
Activa Pasiva sujeto verbo objeto
Presente continuo (complemento (forma activa)
is / are eating is being eaten agente)
Presente perfecto
has / have eaten has / have been eaten
Pasado simple This coat was designed by Dior.
ate was / were eaten
sujeto verbo (forma by +
Pasado perfecto simple pasiva) complemento
had eaten had been eaten agente
will
will eat will be eaten Se puede omitir by + complemento agente en
going to una oración pasiva:
is / are going to eat is / are going to be eaten • cuando se desconoce el complemento agente.
Verbos modales My bag has been taken. (No sé quién lo robó).
can / must / should eat can / must / should be eaten • cuando el complemento agente es muy
evidente o no es relevante.
4 Algunos verbos irregulares tienen participios The thief was arrested. (El agente —la policía —
pasados muy diferentes. es evidente).
Consulta la lista de verbos irregulares en las
• si no queremos nombrar el complemento
páginas 133–134 en el libro del estudiante. agente.
The mirror was broken while we were moving it.
(No queremos decir quién lo rompió).
No se puede omitir siempre by +
complemento agente. Algunas oraciones
necesitan un complemento agente porque
aporta información relevante.
The book was written by Charles Dickens.

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 B PASIVA CON DOS OBJETOS ejercicio 5, página 12

Cuando una oración activa tiene dos objetos, Sujeto Verbo Objeto 1 Objeto 2
se pueden formar dos oraciones pasivas.
Para construir este tipo de oraciones en Activa: They gave Sophia the present.
pasiva, uno de los objetos pasa a ser el sujeto, Pasiva: The present was given to Sophia.
mientras que el otro sigue siendo objeto.
Se pone énfasis en el objeto que pasa a Pasiva: Sophia was given the
ser sujeto. present.

C PASIVA DE IMPERSONAL Y DE INFINITIVO ejercicios 6 y 7, página 12

1 Las noticias suelen usar la siguiente construcción de pasiva 2 También se pueden construir pasivas
junto con verbos como believe, think, rumour y report: de infinitivo en tiempo presente y
It + (be) + participio pasado + that. perfecto.
They believe that the thief got away.  The thief is believed to have got away.
It is believed that the thief got away. Sales are thought to be going up.
They think that sales are going up.  The shop is rumoured to be closing.
It is thought that sales are going up. Shoplifters are reported to have been
They spread a rumour that the shop will close.  arrested.
It is rumoured that the shop will close.
They reported that the shoplifters have been arrested. 
It is reported that the shoplifters have been arrested.

D CAUSATIVA ejercicios 8 y 9, página 12

1 Se usa have o get + objeto + participio pasado 2 Se usa have + objeto + participio pasado cuando
cuando una persona realiza una tarea para alguien nos hace algo malo.
nosotros. I’ve had my Facebook account hacked.
I have / get my grocery shopping delivered.

Práctica
1 Completa el segundo texto con los verbos en su forma correcta de la voz pasiva.

Helping homeless teens Helping homeless teens

There are about 1,100 homeless teenagers who High schools in Clark County, Nevada (1) … by
(1) attend high schools in Clark County, Nevada. about 1,100 homeless teenagers. Homeless young
Project 150 is an organization that (2) is helping people (2) … by an organization called Project 150.
homeless young people. Every August, they Every August, a Back-to-School Teen Shopping Day
(3) hold a Back-to-School Teen Shopping Day. (3) … . A room (4) … with a wide range of clothes,
Organizers (4) set up a room with a wide range which (5) … by the local community. Teenagers
of clothes, which the local community (5) have (6) … a bag when they walk in and they (7) … to
donated. They (6) give teenagers a bag when take whatever they need.
they walk in and (7) tell them to take whatever
they need.

Realiza todas las actividades

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2 Escribe frases utilizando las siguientes 5 Vuelve a escribir las frases en voz pasiva
palabras y by. Omite el complemento agente de dos formas diferentes. Omite el
si no es necesario. complemento agente.
more than / 500 books / buy / people / yesterday. He gave a €20 note to the shop assistant.
More than 500 books were bought yesterday. The shop assistant was given a €20 note.
1 shoplifter / arrest / someone / this morning. A €20 note was given to the shop assistant.
2 shoppers / offer / discounts / someone / 1 They showed the dress to the girl.
next week. 2 Someone gave some money to Naomi.
3 the ring / steal / someone / from / the jewellers / 3 Someone offered me a refund.
last week. 4 Someone has sent a letter to Simone.
4 the new shopping centre / open / mayor /
tomorrow? 6 Copia y ordena las palabras para formar frases.
5 this shirt / wear / Mohamed Salah / next season? rumoured / there / It / be / is / problems. / that / will
It is rumoured that there will be problems.
3 Copia este texto y corrige otros cinco errores en
1 reported / away. / Consumers / staying / be /
el uso de la pasiva.
are / to
spent 2 cheaper. / online / believed / It / that / is /
More time is spending by Americans in shopping
are / sales
malls than anywhere else (except home and work).
The largest mall in the USA was been opened in 3 rumoured / be / The / fake. / watches / to / are
1992 in Minnesota. 4 are / that / It / satisfied. / is / customers / thought
• More than 500 stores, 50 restaurants, fourteen
7 Vuelve a escribir las frases utilizando las formas
cinema screens and an amusement park have
de pasiva impersonal y de infinitivo.
found there.
• It is visit by over 40 million people each year. They think that recycling is a good idea.
• More than 5,000 weddings have being It is thought that recycling is a good idea.
performed there. Recycling is thought to be a good idea.
• Over 400 other events are being held inside the 1 They report that organic items are popular.
mall every year. 2 They think that a personal shopper is a luxury.
3 They think that buying items from this website
4 Copia las frases completándolas con las is risky.
formas pasivas. 4 They believe that this shopkeeper is dishonest.
He told the children the truth.
8 Copia las frases completándolas con las formas
a The children were told the truth. correctas de los verbos en el recuadro.
b The truth was told to the children.
break into ​deliver ​fix ​paint ​refund ​smash
1 He gave the waiter a tip.
a A tip … to the waiter. I’m going to get my car fixed tomorrow.
b The waiter … a tip. 1 They’re having their new sofa … today.
2 Someone passed the ball to Ramirez. 2 Carlos had his car … last night and the stereo
a Ramirez … the ball. was stolen.
b The ball … to Ramirez. 3 Rita got her bedroom … purple last month.
3 Someone sent three texts to Mario. 4 My neighbours had their window … with a brick.
a Mario … three texts. 5 Rachel had her money … by the bank.
b Three texts … to Mario. 9 Copia las frases y corrige el error. Solo una frase
4 He brought us the bill. es correcta.
a The bill … to us. I got my house burgled yesterday. had
b We … the bill. 1 They had a photo taking yesterday.
5 She taught them French. 2 I had my leg been bitten by a dog.
a French … to them. 3 Theo always has his hair cut by his mother.
b They … French. 4 Sandra got her purse stolen in the city centre.
5 The shoppers had their bags pack.

Realiza todas las actividades

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Taller de gramática Unidad 4 
Condicionales, deseos y arrepentimientos

Referencia
A AS LONG AS, EVEN IF, PROVIDED THAT Y UNLESS B CONDICIONALES Y MODALES
ejercicios 1 y 2, página 15 ejercicios 3–6, páginas 15 y 16

1 Las oraciones condicionales suelen empezar 1 Las oraciones condicionales se componen de dos
con if. En algunos casos, se puede sustituir if por cláusulas: una cláusula condicional (que empieza
unless, provided that o as long as. con if) y una cláusula de resultado.
2 Se puede usar unless para expresar if … not en 2 Se puede alterar el orden de estas dos cláusulas,
oraciones condicionales negativas. Compara: pero cuando se pone la cláusula condicional al
We’ll be late if we don’t leave now. principio, debe ir seguida de una coma.
We’ll be late unless we leave now.
Cláusula condicional Cláusula de
3 Se puede usar even if en lugar de if para indicar
resultado
que el resultado es el mismo independientemente
de la condición. Compara: If the train times change, I’ll text you.
The workers won’t strike if their wages are increased.
(Los trabajadores harán huelga. Pero si les Cláusula de Cláusula condicional
aumentan el sueldo, no harán huelga). resultado
The workers will strike even if their wages are
I’ll text you if the train times change.
increased. (Los trabajadores harán huelga tanto si
les aumentan el sueldo como si no).
3 Hay varios tipos de condicionales para indicar
4 Se puede usar provided that o as long as diferentes grados de probabilidad.
(normalmente en las oraciones condicionales del
primer tipo) para indicar but only if. Compara: Condicional cero
Crime levels will continue to fall but only if we keep
if + presente simple presente simple
the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall as long as we keep presente simple if + presente simple
the same number of police officers.
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
Crime levels will continue to fall provided that we
keep the same number of police officers. The ground gets wet if it rains.
Se usa la condicional cero cuando el resultado es
siempre el mismo.
If people eat unhealthy food, they become overweight.

Primer tipo de condicional

if + presente simple will + infinitivo

will + infinitivo if + presente simple

If you do the race, I’ll sponsor you.

I’ll sponsor you if you do the race.
Se usa el primer tipo de condicional:
• para hablar de eventos posibles o probables
del futuro.
If we all take part in the protest, we’ll make
a difference.
• para hacer promesas y advertencias.
You won’t make a difference if you don’t take part
in the protest.
No se puede usar will en la cláusula condicional.

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 Se pueden usar modales en lugar de will en la Tercer tipo de condicional
cláusula de resultado en las oraciones condicionales
del primer tipo para: if + pasado perfecto, would have +
• indicar posibilidad. participio pasado
If you vote for him, he may / might win the election. would have + participio if + pasado perfecto
• expresar permiso. pasado
If you’ve filled out the form, you can vote
If you had applied, you would have got an interview.
immediately.
You would have got an interview if you had applied.
• indicar obligación.
Se usa el tercer tipo de condicional para describir
If you agree with his policies, you must vote for him.
eventos hipotéticos del pasado (es decir, eventos que
• realizar una sugerencia.
no han ocurrido).
If you’re interested in politics, you should vote.
We wouldn’t have missed the bus if we’d got up early.
Se pueden usar modales en la cláusula condicional
(No nos levantamos pronto, así que perdimos el
en las oraciones condicionales del primer tipo.
autobús).
If you can’t walk, I’ll give you a lift.
Se pueden usar modales en la cláusula de resultado
Segundo tipo de condicional en las oraciones condicionales del tercer tipo para:
• indicar una capacidad.
if + pasado simple would + infinitivo If I had posted my form in time, I could have voted
would + infinitivo if + pasado simple in the election.
• indicar posibilidad.
If I had a lot of money, I’d set up a commune. If they had known about the election, they might
I’d set up a commune if I had a lot of money. have voted.
Se usa el segundo tipo de condicional: Se puede usar could + infinitivo perfecto en la
• para expresar situaciones imaginarias en el cláusula condicional de una oración condicional del
presente. tercer tipo para hablar de una capacidad.
If I was the president, I would change all the If he could have voted, he would have done.
government policies.
• para expresar eventos imaginarios o poco
probables del futuro.
I’d study economics if I went to Harvard University.
Se puede usar were en lugar de was con I, he, she y
it en la cláusula condicional. Se usa esta expresión
para dar consejos.
I wouldn’t do that if I were you.
Se pueden usar modales en lugar de would en la
cláusula de resultado en las oraciones condicionales
del segundo tipo para:
• indicar una capacidad.
If he had time, he could help in the community.
• indicar posibilidad.
If he won €1 million, he might give it all to charity.
Se usa could en la cláusula condicional en las
oraciones condicionales del segundo tipo para:
• indicar una capacidad.
If I could speak Mandarin, I would help at the
community centre.
• indicar posibilidad.
If you could have any job, what would you do?
• dar permiso.
If we could wear our own clothes, then we would be
happy to come to school.

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 C COMBINACIÓN DE CONDICIONALES D DESEOS Y ARREPENTIMIENTOS
ejercicios 7 y 8, página 16 ejercicios 9 y 10, página 16

Se pueden combinar las condicionales: Se puede usar wish de diferentes formas:

• para imaginar qué resultado tendría en el • para expresar un arrepentimiento del pasado.
presente un cambio en el pasado. Forma: wish + pasado perfecto
Forma: if + pasado perfecto, would + infinitivo I wish I hadn’t voted for him. (Le voté. Ahora me
If I had finished all of my homework last night, arrepiento).
I would be able to go to the cinema now. • para expresar un deseo del presente.
• para imaginar de qué forma una situación Forma: wish + could
diferente en el presente crearía un pasado I wish I could stand for election. (Quiero, pero no
también diferente. puedo).
Forma: if + pasado simple, would have + participio • para expresar un malestar con algo que esté
pasado haciendo alguien en el presente. No se utiliza
If I didn’t like pizza, I wouldn’t have gone to the cuando se habla de uno mismo.
Italian restaurant yesterday. Forma: wish + would
I wish he would stop making that noise.
(Está haciendo ruido. Quiero que pare).

Práctica
1 Copia y elige las opciones correctas. 3 Copia y ordena las palabras para formar frases
John wouldn’t vote unless / provided that he was añadiendo puntuación donde sea necesario. A
required to by law. continuación, escribe qué tipo de condicional se ha
1 There shouldn’t be any trouble even if / provided usado en cada frase.
that the protesters don’t break any laws. millionaire / donate / charity / If / I / I / to / would /
2 The area will continue to be dangerous if / even if was / a / $500,000
CCTV cameras are installed. If I was a millionaire, I would donate $500,000 to charity.
3 The homelessness problem won’t be solved unless / Second conditional
if the community doesn’t do something to help. 1 football. / it / If / play / I / rains / won’t
4 The mayor will stand for re-election as long as / 2 overslept / have / If / wouldn’t / him. / hadn’t / you /
even if we all support him. you / seen
3 if / babies / cry. / they / hungry / are
2 Vuelve a escribir las frases en tu libro de ejercicios 4 me / would / If / had / you / come. / I / invited / have
utilizando las expresiones en negrita.
He’ll come to the party, but only if Sandra invites him. 4 Copia las frases completándolas con las formas
(as long as) correctas de los verbos en paréntesis.
He’ll come to the party as long as Sandra invites him. If you had brought your umbrella, you wouldn’t have
1 Rafaella is determined to join the commune. got (get) wet.
It doesn’t matter if her parents don’t approve. 1 If the police had got more money, they … (put)
(even if) more officers on the street.
2 We won’t be able to take part in the demonstration 2 I’ll call you if I … (get) lost.
if we don’t leave immediately. (unless) 3 … you … (go) fishing if it rains?
3 They’ll stay in the caravan as long as there is 4 If you won the lottery, what … you … (do)?
electricity. (provided that) 5 If you leave ice in the sun, it … (melt).
4 The judge won’t give him a fine if he agrees to
do community service. (as long as)

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5 Copia la segunda frase completándola para 7 Copia la segunda frase completándola para que
que signifique lo mismo que la primera frase. signifique lo mismo que la primera frase, pero
The jury didn’t find him guilty because there usando un verbo modal.
wasn’t enough convincing evidence. It’s possible that I would join a gym if I had more
If there had been more convincing evidence, the jury money.
would have found him guilty. If I had more money, I might join a gym.
1 I haven’t got enough time to learn Spanish. 1 It’s possible that he’ll take a gap year if he
If I … doesn’t get into college.
2 A fire burns wood. If he doesn’t get into college, he … a gap year.
If you put … 2 It would be a good idea to study biology if you
3 Icy roads are the only thing that will stop us want to become a doctor.
from making the journey tomorrow. If you want to become a doctor, you … biology.
If the … 3 I can’t sing, so I didn’t join my local choir.
4 The dog might be hungry later. Will you If I … sing, I would join my local choir.
feed her? 4 If they had known you were ill, it’s possible that
Will you … they wouldn’t have come.
5 John broke the law so he went to prison. If they had known you were ill, they … .
If John … 5 If you live in this country, it’s the law to pay taxes.
If you live in this country, you … taxes.
6 Elige las opciones correctas.
8 Copia las frases con combinaciones de
Have you ever imagined what it would be like condicionales, completándolas con las formas
if you must / could alter the past and change correctas de los verbos.
the course of history? If you’re interested in
If Sarah enjoyed (enjoy) studying biology, she would
this subject, then you (1) might / should read
have got (get) better results in her exam.
Making History by Stephen Fry – he imagines
1 If we … (not argue) yesterday, we … (still / be)
what (2) might / should have happened in a
friends.
world where Adolf Hitler had never been born.
He showed that if Hitler hadn’t been in power, 2 I … (be) relaxing on the beach now if I … (not
another ruthless leader (3) can / could have miss) my flight.
emerged in his place. If this alternative leader 3 Tobias … (chat) to my cousins at the party
had been more effective than Hitler, then yesterday if he … (speak) French.
Germany (4) could / couldn’t have developed
nuclear bombs. What’s more, if Germany had
9 Relaciona 1–4 con A–E.
had nuclear bombs, then they (5) had to / might I wish we could … B
have been able to destroy Stalin’s Soviet Union 1 I wish she would … A fly like a bird.
and dominate Europe. If you (6) could / must 2 I wish I could … B go on holiday together.
change the course of history, would you do it? 3 I wish I hadn’t … C eaten all that cake.
4 I wish it wouldn’t … D rain all day.
E be quiet and go to sleep.
10
Copia la segunda frase completándola para que
signifique lo mismo que la primera frase. Utiliza
entre tres y cinco palabras, incluida wish.
I can’t play the cello. I wish I could play the cello.
1 I should never have shouted at Oscar.
I … at Oscar.
2 Cara misses her fiancé.
Cara … here.
3 Hassan can’t speak French. He really wants to.
Hassan … French.
4 Hannah feels really bad about lying to her friend.
Hannah … to her friend.
5 My neighbour is making a noise and I can’t sleep.
I … quiet.

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Taller de gramática Unidad 5 Verbos modales

Referencia
A USO DE VERBOS MODALES ejercicio 1, página 19

1 Se agregan verbos modales a un verbo principal para darle un significado adicional, p. ej., prohibición,
permiso, capacidad, obligación o falta de obligación, consejo, posibilidad y deducción lógica.
2 Los verbos modales se distinguen por estas Afirmativa / Negativa / Interrogativa
características:
I / You / He / She / It /
• Se pone un verbo en infinitivo sin to después verbo modal infinitivo
We / They
de la mayoría de verbos modales.
She should learn Greek. I / You / He / She / It / verbo modal
infinitivo
We / They + not (n’t)
• Los modales no añaden una -s en la tercera
persona del singular. I / you / he /
I can play the drums. He can play the drums too. Verbo modal she / it / we / infinitivo ?
they
• Los verbos modales no utilizan los auxiliares
do / does para formar oraciones negativas,
I can sing. I mustn’t sing. Should you sing?
interrogativas o respuestas cortas.
She shouldn’t wear that skirt.
Can I speak now?
• Los modales pueden contraerse en sus
formas negativas.
They should not visit.  They shouldn’t visit.
3 Los semimodales, como ought to, son verbos Afirmativa / Negativa / Interrogativa
que comparten algunas características de los
verbos modales. Algunos verbos, como have to, I / You / We / They have
to infinitivo
funcionan de la misma forma que los verbos He / She / It has
modales, pero no comparten algunas de las I / You / We / They don’t
have to infinitivo
características de los modales. He / She / It doesn’t
Do I / you /
we / they
have to infinitivo?
Does he /
she / it

He has to go. He doesn’t have to go. Does he have to go?

B CAPACIDAD, PERMISO Y PROHIBICIÓN ejercicio 2, página 19

1 Se usan can y be able to para hablar de una 4 Se usa couldn’t en general y en situaciones
capacidad general. Las formas negativas son can’t y concretas del pasado.
not be able to / be unable to. I couldn’t ride a bike when I was younger.
I can ride a bike. / I can’t ride a bike. I couldn’t get hold of the new handbag by Dior.
I’m able to attend the fashion show. / I’m not able to 5 Se usan can y be allowed to para expresar un
attend the fashion show. permiso.
2 Se usa could para describir una capacidad del We can wear whatever we like to the party.
pasado. The children are allowed to eat chocolate today.
I could ride a bike when I was a child. 6 Se usa mustn’t o can’t para hablar de prohibición.
3 Se usan was able to y managed to para indicar un You mustn’t wear trainers in this restaurant.
esfuerzo realizado en una situación concreta del Students can’t borrow more than four books at
pasado. Las formas negativas son wasn’t able to y a time.
didn’t manage to.
He was finally able to get to the next level. /
He wasn’t able to get to the next level.
I managed to get hold of the new bag by Dior. /
I didn’t manage to get hold of the new bag by Dior.

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 C OBLIGACIÓN Y FALTA DE OBLIGACIÓN ejercicio 3, página 19

1 En oraciones afirmativas, se pueden usar must, 2 En oraciones negativas, se usan needn’t y don’t
need to y have to para expresar obligaciones. have to cuando no hay obligación.
We must take our passports. We needn’t buy a ticket.
You need to have this vaccination. You don’t have to wear trainers.
We have to wear smart clothes.

D CONSEJOS ejercicio 4, página 19

1 Se usan should, ought to y had better para dar 3 Had better expresa las consecuencias negativas
consejos y recomendaciones. de que no se siga un consejo.
You should go to that meeting. They’d better wear a coat or they’ll be cold.
You shouldn’t wear that dress. You’d better not be late or you’ll miss your exam.
2 Ought to es más formal que should.
He ought to think about retiring.
They ought not to behave like that.

E POSIBILIDAD Y MODALES PERFECTOS ejercicios 5 y 6, página 19

1 Se pueden usar may, might o could para indicar • Se usa must have + participio pasado para expresar
posibilidad. una certeza o para realizar una deducción lógica
I may wear that purple dress. del pasado.
He might study fashion. He must have been sad when he heard the news.
It could be fun. • Se usa can’t have + participio pasado para expresar
2 Se pueden usar may not o might not en la forma algo imposible del pasado.
negativa. It can’t have been John you saw – he’s abroad.
I may not wear that purple dress. • Se usan might have, may have o could have +
He might not study fashion. participio pasado para expresar una posibilidad
3 Se usan must y can’t cuando hacemos una del pasado.
deducción lógica. He might have visited / may have visited / could have
Se usa must cuando se tiene la certeza de que visited his friend.
algo es verdad y can’t cuando se tiene la certeza • Se usa también could have + participio pasado para
de que algo es imposible. sugerir una acción alternativa del pasado, aunque
It must be time for dinner because I’m hungry. ahora sea demasiado tarde.
That can’t be the end already! The shop assistant could have been more helpful.
4 Se pueden usar algunos verbos modales con • Se usa should have + participio pasado cuando
have + participio pasado para hablar de eventos se desea que algo que no ha ocurrido hubiese
pasados. ocurrido en el pasado.
He might have gone to the cinema. He should have studied for that test.
You shouldn’t have opened the door. • Se usa shouldn’t have + participio pasado cuando
se desea que algo que sí ha ocurrido no hubiese
Should she have told him yesterday?
ocurrido.
Afirmativa / Negativa / Interrogativa I shouldn’t have borrowed your jacket without asking.
I / You / We /
verbo participio
They / He / She / have
modal pasado
It
I / You / We /
verbo participio
They / He / She / not have
modal pasado
It
Verbo I / you / we / participio
have ?
modal they / he / she / it pasado

Key 2 nd
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Práctica
1 Copia y elige las opciones correctas. 4 Copia el texto completándolo con los verbos
en el recuadro, y should / ought to o shouldn’t /
Fashion blog ought not to.
Don’t know what clothes you should / needn’t be
find ​ignore ​make ​seize ​take ​undersell
wearing this season? You (1) must / needn’t worry
because we (2) don’t have to / can give you lots
of ideas … The craze for colourful satchels
• Burgundy (3) might / managed to be this Successful businesswoman Julie Deane of
season’s must-have colour because it was all Cambridge Satchels has some words of advice
over the catwalks at Paris and London Fashion for young entrepreneurs:
Weeks. • you should seize any opportunities that come
• You (4) ’d better / mustn’t start growing your your way.
hair because it looks as though hippie style • you (1) … risks.
(5) could / can’t be back! You (6) mustn’t / ought • you (2) … the most of the opportunities to
to look out for long, floral skirts and flared market online.
trousers. • you (3) … your customers. Get to know your
• Remember that you (7) must / don’t have to audience really well, so that you can meet
spend a fortune to look great – you (8) should / their needs.
shouldn’t look in second-hand shops because • you (4) … your product.
you (9) ’d better / may find amazing vintage • you (5) … partners who you can work with to
items for low prices. enhance your brand.

2 Copia las frases completándolas con las 5 Copia las frases completándolas con may,
expresiones del recuadro. might, could, must o can’t.
can’t come ​couldn’t speak ​managed to find ​ We may come to the party – we’re not sure yet.
mustn’t use ​’re allowed to spend ​was able to buy 1 That … be Kiera’s brother because he looks
just like her.
You can’t come into this restaurant without a tie.
2 I don’t know where Leo is – he … be in the
1 I … those new shoes I wanted.
garden.
2 We … our money on whatever we like.
3 He’s just finished the marathon – he … be
3 She … French at all when she arrived here.
feeling tired, but very proud.
4 You … my lipstick again.
4 Rob’s been fired from his job? That … be right
5 I … my keys after hunting for three hours. because he’s just got a promotion and a pay
rise.
3 Vuelve a escribir las normas de la escuela
utilizando los verbos modales que correspondan. 6 Copia la segunda frase completándola para
It’s necessary for students to wear school uniform at que signifique lo mismo que la primera frase,
all times. pero usando un modal perfecto adecuado.
Students must wear school uniform at all times. I’m sure that her jeans were really expensive.
1 Year 10 students are obliged to take exams Her jeans must have been really expensive.
every term. 1 It’s possible that he won the award last night.
2 Year 8 students are obliged to be at school He … the award last night.
by 7.45.
2 It was a bad idea for her to stay up all night
3 Students are not obliged to eat in the school studying.
canteen.
She … up all night studying.
4 Bachillerato students are not obliged to study art.
3 There’s absolutely no way that he enjoyed
that film.
He … that film.
4 It was a mistake that I didn’t eat breakfast.
I … breakfast.
5 We’ve definitely missed the train by now.
We … the train by now.

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Taller de gramática Unidad 6 Estructuras verbales

Referencia
A INFINITIVOS Y GERUNDIOS ejercicios 1 y 2, página 21

VERBO + GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO 3 Algunos verbos (p. ej., begin, hate, like, love, prefer
1 Cuando se usan dos verbos juntos, el segundo y start) pueden ir con gerundio o infinitivo sin que
verbo va en gerundio o en infinitivo. eso cambie su significado.
They enjoy playing tennis. (verbo + gerundio) I love playing the violin. / I love to play the violin.
They want to play tennis. (verbo + to infinitivo) 4 Sin embargo, algunos verbos, como forget, go on,
Estos son algunos de los verbos más comunes mean, regret, remember, stop y try, pueden ir con
que rigen gerundio. (Para la forma negativa, se gerundio o to + infinitivo, pero cada opción tiene un
añade not to al primer verbo). significado diferente. Compara:
remember + to infinitivo = no olvidarse
admit ​advise ​avoid ​can’t help ​can’t imagine ​
I must remember to buy a card for Harriet.
can’t stand ​complete ​consider ​discuss ​dislike ​
don’t mind ​enjoy ​finish ​give up ​imagine remember + gerundio = tener el recuerdo de algo
I remember buying a card for Harriet last year.
I can’t help watching this show. 5 Se usa un gerundio:
He didn’t finish tidying his bedroom. • como sujeto u objeto de un verbo.
2 Estos son algunos de los verbos más comunes Reading is a great way to relax.
que rigen to + infinitivo. (Para la forma negativa,
• después de preposiciones.
se añade not antes de to + infinitivo).
Shakespeare is famous for writing plays and poetry.
afford ​agree ​appear ​arrange ​ask ​attempt ​ • después de be / get used to.
beg ​choose ​dare ​decide ​demand ​deserve ​
I’m used to driving long distances.
expect ​fail ​hesitate ​hope ​intend ​learn ​
manage ​mean ​need ​offer ​prepare ​pretend ​ You’ll soon get used to speaking French.
promise ​refuse ​seem ​threaten ​wait ​want ​ Se usa to + infinitivo:
wish ​’d / would like • después de adjetivos.
I’m very sad to leave you.
I refuse to give up hope.
• para explicar un motivo o una finalidad.
She didn’t want to leave her job.
He went to the shops to buy a coat.

B VERBO + OBJETO + INFINITIVO ejercicios 3 y 4, página 21

1 Estos verbos pueden ir con verbo + to infinitivo o 2 Estos verbos solo pueden ir con verbo + objeto +
con verbo + objeto + to infinitivo: to infinitivo:
ask ​beg ​expect ​help ​mean ​want ​ enable ​force ​invite ​order ​persuade ​
would hate ​would like ​would love ​would prefer remind ​teach ​tell ​warn

I would love to come. / I would love you to come. He reminded me to pay. / They forced him to go.

C PARTICIPIOS Y FRASES DE PARTICIPIO ejercicios 5 y 6, página 21

1 Se forma el participio presente con el verbo + 3 Se pueden usar los participios presentes o pasados
-ing (p. ej., walking). El participio pasado se forma como adjetivos.
con verbo + -ed (p. ej., walked). Hay una serie She was crying when she left the room. 
de participios pasados irregulares (p. ej., gone, Crying, she left the room.
found, forgotten). He was frightened, so he ran as fast as he could. 
2 El participio perfecto se forma con having + Frightened, he ran as fast as he could.
participio pasado: having walked. 4 Cuando ocurre una acción a la vez que otra
Se puede formar el participio perfecto con acción, se usa el participio presente.
verbos en activa y en pasiva: having been given. While he was walking up the stairs, he tripped. 
Walking up the stairs, he tripped.

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 5 Cuando ocurre una acción antes que otra 7 Las frases de participio describen situaciones con
acción, se usa el participio perfecto. menos palabras que otras oraciones. A menudo se
First he had his breakfast. Then he went out.  usan para explicar algo o expresar por qué alguien
Having had his breakfast, he went out. hace algo. Es más común en la lengua escrita.
6 Cuando una acción breve sigue a otra He had been looking for a job for six months without
acción breve, se puede usar el participio success, so he started to give up hope. 
presente en lugar del participio perfecto: Looking for a job for six months without success, he
He picked up his phone. Then he left the started to give up hope.
house.  8 Con los verbos sensoriales, como see, watch, hear,
Picking up his phone, he left the house. feel and notice, el participio presente enfatiza toda la
acción.
I noticed the people leaving.
Si no se usan verbos sensoriales, el participio y la
oración principal deberían tener el mismo sujeto.
Leaving the house, he shut the door.

Práctica
1 Completa el texto con los verbos en 4 Copia la segunda frase completándola con to +
paréntesis en gerundio o en infinitivo. infinitivo o con objeto + to + infinitivo para que
signifique lo mismo que la primera frase.
Getting (get) a job is not easy these days. ‘You must eat your vegetables,’ his mum told him.
Yusuf Hameed has been trying (1) … (look His mum forced him to eat his vegetables.
for) work for some time. He was shocked
1 ‘Please, please, please let us go,’ Sara asked her mum.
(2) … (discover) that it’s his tattoos that
Sara begged … them go.
have prevented him from (3) … (find) a job.
Potential employers decided (4) … (not 2 ‘I’d like to eat some cake,’ said Olivia.
offer) him a position because they felt his Olivia wanted … some cake.
tattoos did not fit the company image. 3 ‘I knew I was going to win the award,’ said Pete.
Hameed now regrets (5) … (have) so many Pete had expected … the award.
tattoos. 4 ‘I really don’t want to lose touch with him,’ she said.
She would like … touch with him.
2 Escribe frases utilizando las siguientes
palabras. 5 Copia las frases y corrige el error. Solo una frase
James / enjoy / work / animals. es correcta.
James enjoys working with animals. Having saying goodbye to his friend, he hung up. said
1 Kay’s interview / seem / go well / yesterday. 1 Looked out of the window, he thought of France.
2 Apply / jobs / be / always / time-consuming. 2 I saw the thief ran away.
3 Josh / be used to / attend / job interviews. 3 Smiling, he closed the book.
4 Angela / be / happy / see / her friends / 4 Having spoke to her boss, she went home.
last night. 5 Having had watched the match, he went to bed.

3 Copia y ordena las palabras para formar 6 Une las frases usando un participio presente o un
frases. participio perfecto.
remain / here. / would / to / I / prefer I paid for my ticket. Then I went into the cinema.
I would prefer to remain here. Having paid for my ticket, I went into the cinema.
1 him / warned / stay / She / to / away. 1 I was hungry. So I ate a snack.
2 to / He / me / not / disagree. / expected 2 Freya bought some stamps. Then she posted the card.
3 boss / staff / work / to / The / persuaded / 3 He felt cold. So he put on a jumper.
overtime. / his 4 Leo had already eaten. So he didn’t go to the
4 stay / night? / Did / Sara / invite / to / you / the restaurant.
5 She didn’t want to watch the film. So she read a book.

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