English
plus
Student’s Companion 4
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2
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Contents
Cómo funciona este libro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Recomendaciones para el estudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Unit 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
End-of-year self-assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Irregular verb list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
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Cómo funciona este libro
Este Student’s Companion es un libro y un cuaderno de referencia que podrás utilizar
tanto en clase como en casa. Incluye toda la gramática y el vocabulario del libro de
texto que necesitarás manejar para preparar tanto los Unit Tests como los Progress
Tests.
Gracias a su formato, podrás utilizarlo junto con tu cuaderno durante las clases de
inglés. Además, podrás llevártelo de un lado para otro, y consultarlo en cualquier
momento.
Material de referencia Notas
El Companion ofrece explicaciones claras Al final de cada sección se incluye
que facilitan el aprendizaje autónomo. suficiente espacio para que añadas tus
También incluye, al final de cada unidad, propias notas. Léelas con regularidad,
una página de autoevaluación que te sobre todo antes de un examen.
permitirá evaluar tu progreso.
My grammar notes
Grammar reference • Utiliza este espacio para añadir
Repasa la forma y el uso de las cualquier explicación gramatical que
estructuras gramaticales que has haya dado tu profesor, u otras que haya
estudiado en clase mediante: descubierto tú mismo.
• tablas ilustrativas • Toma nota de cualquier error
• ejemplos de los aspectos gramaticales gramatical que cometas. Escribe la
y su uso en contexto frase correctamente, junto a la regla
• explicaciones en castellano. gramatical que debes recordar.
Words and expressions to learn My extra vocabulary
Recuerda el vocabulario y las • Anota palabras nuevas que hayas
expresiones que has aprendido en cada aprendido en clase, o en otro lugar, y
unidad. quieras volver a utilizar.
• todo el vocabulario está agrupado por • Anota información útil junto a cada
temas palabra nueva: categoría gramatical
• todas las expresiones clave se agrupan (sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo),
según su función comunicativa pronunciación, definición, traducción
• se ofrece espacio para escribir el y frase de ejemplo. También puedes
significado en tu propia lengua, y así añadir un dibujo o una imagen que te
facilitar el aprendizaje. ayude a recordar con más facilidad.
My notes
• Utiliza este espacio para anotar
aspectos relativos a los contenidos
que has adquirido y las tareas que has
realizado en cada unidad: estrategias
de lectura, pistas de pronunciación,
sitios web útiles, notas culturales,
conectores, etc.
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Recomendaciones para el estudio
Para aprovechar al máximo el tiempo que dedicas al estudio, asegúrate de leer y
repasar con regularidad las notas que tomas en clase. Si repasas la gramática, el
vocabulario y las destrezas, tu nivel de inglés mejorará.
Repasar de forma efectiva Repasar el vocabulario
• Tómate tu tiempo todos los días para • No aprendas demasiadas palabras a la
consultar y repasar los apuntes. Es vez. Establece un máximo, por ejemplo,
mejor dedicar veinte minutos al día que entre 5 y 10 palabras al día. Apréndelas
dos horas una vez por semana. por la mañana y comprueba si las
• Haz una lista de los aspectos concretos recuerdas en otro momento del día.
que necesitas repasar. • Prepara tarjetas de repaso de
• Intenta aplicar técnicas de repaso vocabulario. Anota el nombre del grupo
variadas. Hay personas a las que les léxico en un lado de la tarjeta. En el
gusta repasar en una habitación en otro lado, escribe todas las palabras
silencio o en la biblioteca. Otras, en que componen ese grupo. Comprueba
cambio, prefieren repasar mientras que las recuerdas mientras viajas en
escuchan música de fondo. Si no autobús, o cuando tengas unos minutos
quieres repasar siempre solo, pídele a libres.
un amigo que te acompañe de vez en • Asegúrate de que sabes pronunciar las
cuando. palabras, consultando su transcripción
fonética en la lista del vocabulario.
Repasar la gramática Así, entenderás mejor cómo funciona
• La mejor forma de repasar la gramática el inglés oral, y eso te ayudará a
es practicar siempre que sea posible. expresarte con más claridad.
Asegúrate de que respondes a todas • Si dices las palabras en voz alta de vez
las preguntas sobre gramática que en cuando, las aprenderás con rapidez,
se incluyen en el Student’s Book y el y las incorporarás a tu memoria de larga
Workbook. duración.
• Comprueba tus respuestas y corrige las
que sean incorrectas. Repasar el trabajo de
• Consulta el apartado Grammar destrezas
Reference para entender mejor tus • Vuelve a consultar las páginas de
propios errores, y así evitar cometerlos destrezas del Student’s Book y el
la próxima vez. Workbook.
• Lee las notas que has escrito en tu • Anota en tu Companion cualquier cosa
Companion. que necesites recordar, incluyendo
recomendaciones y estrategias que has
ido adquiriendo.
• Asegúrate de que has completado
todas las tareas del Workbook, y
cualquier otra que haya propuesto tu
profesor.
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Starter unit
Grammar reference
Present simple and present continuous
Usos
El present simple describe estados y hábitos, así como hechos
que se producen con regularidad.
I play the guitar every day. = Toco la guitarra todos los días.
She prefers Italian food. = Ella prefiere la comida italiana.
Con el present simple a menudo se utilizan expresiones como
sometimes, usually, always, never, every morning y once a
week.
El present continuous describe acciones que se están
desarrollando mientras se habla.
‘Where’s Mohammed?’ ‘He’s doing his homework.’ =
“¿Dónde está Mohammed?” “Está haciendo los deberes.”
El present continuous también sirve para describir planes
de futuro.
I’m having lunch with my cousins tomorrow. =
Mañana voy a comer con mis primos.
El present continuous suele incluir expresiones como now,
at the moment y today.
Recuerda que algunos verbos no se utilizan en el present
continuous: believe, belong, hate, imagine, know, like, love,
prefer, remember, think, understand y want.
Question words
Las partículas interrogativas what, where, who, why, when y
how se utilizan para pedir información específica. Se colocan
al comienzo de la frase.
What are you doing now? = ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
Who is your best friend? = ¿Quién es tu mejor amiga?
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Verbs +ing
La forma en -ing del verbo sigue a verbos y expresiones como enjoy,
love, like, hate, don’t mind, can’t stand y be into.
I love reading short stories. He can’t stand playing that
video game. = Me encanta leer cuentos. Él no soporta jugar con ese
videojuego.
La estructura like / love / prefer + ing se utiliza para hablar o preguntar
acerca de gustos y preferencias.
I prefer walking to school with my friends. =
Prefiero ir al instituto andando con mis amigos.
Past simple
Verbs regulars
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They played.
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You /
They didn’t play.
Interrogativa Did I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They play?
Verbos irregulares
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They went.
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They didn’t go.
Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they go?
No hay normas para la formación del past simple de los verbos
irregulares. Hay que aprendérselos de memoria. Consulta la lista de
las páginas 86/87.
Usos
El past simple se utiliza para describir acciones que se completaron
en el pasado. Estas frases a menudo incluyen expresiones que
especifican el momento de la acción.
They walked into town last night. = Anoche caminaron hasta el centro.
I spoke to your brother yesterday. = Ayer hablé con tu hermano.
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Object and subject questions
Preguntas objeto
Cuando la pregunta hace referencia al objeto de la frase, se
utiliza un verbo auxiliar:
‘Who did you invite to your birthday party?’ ‘I asked Georgia.’
= “¿A quién invitaste a tu fiesta de cumpleaños?”
“A Georgia.”
‘What did she give you?’ ‘She gave me some chocolates.’ =
“¿Qué te regaló?” “Unos bombones.”
Preguntas sujeto
Si la pregunta se refiere al sujeto de la frase, no se utiliza el
verbo auxiliar. En este caso, la partícula interrogativa cumple
la función de sujeto.
‘Who gave you this nice clock?’ ‘My grandparents gave me
that clock.’ = “¿Quién te ha dado este reloj tan bonito?”
“Mis abuelos me han dado ese reloj.”
‘How many people came to the show?’ ‘Fifty people came.’
= “¿Cuánta gente acudió al espectáculo?” “Acudieron
cincuenta personas.”
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My grammar notes
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Words to learn
Translate the words.
Expressions with be and have Irregular verbs
be careful be
be early buy
be hungry do
be late eat
be lucky get
be right give
be scared go
be sixteen years old have
be thirsty hear
be wrong make
have a break ride
have a good time see
have a lie in speak
have a look teach
have a party
have a shower
have dinner
have something to eat
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My extra vocabulary
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Unit 1 Generations
Grammar reference
used to
Afirmativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They used to live in Oxford.
Negativa
I/ You / He /She /It /We / You / They didn’t used to live in London.
Usos
La estructura used to + verbo describe hábitos, estados y acciones que se
repetían en el pasado pero dejaron de producirse en un momento dado.
I used to live in Madrid. Now I live in New York. =
Yo vivía en Madrid. Ahora vivo en Nueva York.
I used to like gadgets. Now I prefer fashion. =
Me gustaban los artilugios. Ahora prefiero la moda.
Past perfect and past simple
Past perfect
Afirmativa
I / You / He / She / We / You / They ’d/had finished.
Negativa
I / You / He / She / We / You / They hadn’t met before.
Usos
El past simple describe acciones que se completaron en el pasado.
I went to school yesterday. = Ayer fui al instituto.
El past perfect describe una acción pasada que se completó antes de que se
produjera otra más reciente, también en el pasado.
We had finished our meal when we went to the cinema. = Habíamos acabado
de comer cuando nos fuimos al cine.
(Primera acción: we finished the meal; segunda acción: we went to the
cinema.)
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After y before se utilizan para relacionar hechos desde un punto de vista
cronológico, indicando qué acción sigue o antecede a la otra.
He celebrated after he had finished his exams. =
Después de acabar sus exámenes, lo celebró.
I’d already eaten before we went to the restaurant. =
Yo ya había comido antes de que fuéramos al restaurante.
Past simple and past continuous
Past continuous
Afirmativa Negativa
I was studying. I wasn’t studying.
You were studying. You weren’t studying.
He / She / It was studying. He / She / It wasn’t studying.
We / You / They were We / You / They weren’t
studying. studying.
Interrogativa
Was I studying?
Were you studying?
Was he / she / it studying?
Were we / you / they studying?
Usos
El past simple describe acciones que se completaron en el pasado.
I got a job last week. = La semana pasada encontré trabajo.
El past continuous describe acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el
pasado.
‘What were you doing at six thirty this morning?’ ‘I was getting up.’ =
“¿Qué estabas haciendo a las seis y media de la mañana?” “Me estaba
levantando.”
Unit 1 13
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El past continuous y el past simple se utilizan juntos para indicar que una
acción interrumpió otra. While suele acompañar al past continuous, y when
al past simple.
We had a coffee while we were waiting for the train.
= Mientras estábamos esperando al tren, nos tomamos un café.
I was watching TV when my mum got home. =
Cuando mi madré llegó, yo estaba viendo la tele.
Cuando dos acciones se estaban desarrollando al mismo tiempo, se utilizan
dos verbos en past continuous.
I was reading while it was raining. = Mientras llovía, yo estaba leyendo.
Cuando una acción se produjo después de la otra, o bien ambas se dieron al
mismo tiempo, se utilizan dos verbos en past simple.
I woke up and had a shower. = Me desperté y me di una ducha.
My grammar notes
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Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Nouns: generations
birth
boom
craze
death
fashion
gadget
hairstyle
icon
invention
look
peace
war
Uses of get
get a bus (use transport)
get a driving licence
get a goal (score)
get a job
get a present (for, from)
get away
get better
get dark
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get home, get to school (arrive)
get the flu (an illness)
get tired
get together
get up
get upset
Expressions
Talk about memories
I (can’t) remember it clearly.
I remember -ing …
As far as I remember …
It was about … years ago.
That’s all I can remember.
Talk about events in the past
Did I ever tell you about …?
There were about … of us.
The best bit was …
What happened then?
That sounds great!
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 1 17
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Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 1
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can talk about events that happened in the past.
Page 14: 3
Reading I can read and listen to a text at the same time to find
Page 10: 1 information.
Listening
I can use photos to predict information before listening.
Page 12: 3
Dialogue
I can compare past events with another person.
Page 14: 5
Writing
I can write an account of a decade.
Page 15: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you highlight different tenses when you are
reading English texts?
Yes / No
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My notes
Unit 1 19
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Unit 2 Happy together
Grammar reference
Present perfect + ever and never; just, still, already
and yet
Ever y never se colocan entre el auxiliar y el participio pasado.
Ever se utiliza en la forma interrogativa.
Have you ever visited New York? = ¿Alguna vez has visitado Nueva York?
Never indica que el sujeto no ha realizado una determinada acción, aunque la
frase esté en afirmativa.
Lily has never played tennis. NO Lily hasn’t never played tennis. ✗ =
Lily nunca ha jugado al tenis.
Just indica que una acción se acaba de completar. Se utiliza en afirmativa,
entre el auxiliar have / has y el participio pasado.
We’ve just seen a terrifying film. = Acabamos de ver una película terrorífica.
Still indica que una situación no ha cambiado. Se utiliza en la forma negativa,
y precede al auxiliar have / has.
It’s ten o’clock and you still haven’t finished your homework! =
¡Son las diez y aún no has acabado los deberes!
Already indica que una acción se ha completado antes de lo esperado.
Se utiliza en la forma afirmativa, entre el auxiliar
has / have y el participio pasado.
Cristiano isn’t here. He’s already gone to the bus stop. =
Cristiano no está aquí. Ya se ha ido a la parada del autobús.
Yet se utiliza para hacer referencia a una acción que aún no se ha producido,
o bien si no sabemos si se ha dado o no. Se utiliza en las formas negativa e
interrogativa, siempre al final de la frase.
Has Sergio met your parents yet? = ¿Sergio ya conoce a tus padres?
Carla and Mikel haven’t arrived yet. = Carla y Mikel aún no han llegado.
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Present perfect + for and since
For se utiliza con el present perfect y describe la duración de un estado o
acción que comenzó en el pasado y sigue en el presente. Le sigue la referencia
a un periodo de tiempo: for three months, for five days, etc. Encabeza la
expresión de tiempo.
They’ve lived in this street for two years. (And they still live here.) =
Llevan dos años viviendo en esta calle. (Aún viven aquí.)
Since se utiliza con el present perfect e indica el momento en el que comenzó
una acción. Encabeza la expresión de tiempo:
We’ve known Ines since June. = Conocemos a Inés desde junio.
Present perfect and past simple
El past simple describe una acción o un periodo de tiempo que se completó en
el pasado.
She caught the train at three o’clock. = Cogió / Ha cogido el tren a las tres.
El present perfect describe hechos que comenzaron en el pasado y siguen en
el presente.
I’ve had this mountain bike for two years. =
Hace dos años que tengo esta bici de montaña.
Las frases en past simple suelen incluir expresiones que hacen referencia a
momentos concretos del pasado: yesterday, last night, last month, at nine
o’clock, etc.
En present perfect se utilizan expresiones que indican cuándo se inició una
acción, o bien hacen referencia a un periodo de tiempo: for three years, since
last month, etc.
Present perfect simple and continuous
La afirmativa del present perfect continuous se construye con el sujeto
seguido de have / has + been y el participio presente del verbo principal.
La negativa se forma colocando haven’t / hasn’t + been delante del participio
pasado del verbo principal.
Unit 2 21
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Usos
El present perfect simple indica que una acción se ha completado.
I’ve read this brilliant book. (I’ve finished it.) =
He leído este libro genial. (Lo he acabado.)
El present perfect continuous indica que una acción aún no se ha completado
y puede continuar.
I’ve been reading this brilliant book. (I haven’t finished it and I’ll continue
reading it.) = He estado leyendo este libro genial. (No he acabado, y lo seguiré
leyendo.)
Los verbos que describen acciones prolongadas o repetidas a menudo se
utilizan en el present perfect continuous: learn, try, rain, play, wait, work.
I’ve been waiting for ages! = ¡Llevo un montón de tiempo esperando!
Aquellos verbos que hacen referencia a acciones breves o puntuales suelen
estar en present perfect simple: stop, finish, start, break, die, lose, find, buy.
She’s cut her leg. = Se ha hecho un corte en la pierna.
My grammar notes
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Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Verbs: relationships
ask out
finish with
flirt with
fancy
get married
get on well with
go out with
have an argument with
have got a lot in common
introduce
meet
split up with
Extreme adjectives
awful
brilliant
disgusting
exhausting
fascinating
furious
gorgeous
hilarious
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terrifying
unforgettable
Expressions
Ask about experiences
Have you ever …?
Really? When did you do that?
Where was that?
What did you think of it?
Invite someone out
I haven’t seen you for a while.
I’ve heard it’s…
Do you fancy coming?
That would be great.
I’ll text you.
Ask for advice about a relationship
He’s / She’s absolutely gorgeous.
I’m not sure how I feel about him / her.
I need your advice.
I’m not sure what to do if …
What do you reckon?
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 2 25
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Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 2
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can invite someone out.
Page 24: 3
Reading
I can summarize the main idea in a text.
Page 20: 2
Listening
I can listen for key words to complete a table.
Page 22: 5
Dialogue
I can accept or reject an invitation from another person.
Page 24: 4
Writing
I can ask for advice about a relationship.
Page 25: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you list the prepositions used with different
verbs?
Yes / No
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My notes
Unit 2 27
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Unit 3 Good health
Grammar reference
Ability: can, could, will be able to
Afirmativa
Presente Pasado Futuro
I can swim. We could watch TV. We’ll be able to call them.
Negativa
Presente Pasado Futuro
I can’t swim We couldn’t watch TV. We won’t be able to call them.
Can, could y will be able to tienen una única forma para todas las personas.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They can / could
Can y could se utilizan con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
We couldn’t play chess in 2005. = No pudimos jugar al ajedrez en 2005.
Usos
Can, could y will be able to se utilizan para expresar que alguien o algo tiene
la capacidad de hacer o decir algo. También describen algo que es posible en
una determinada situación.
Presente: I’m cooking now, but you can use the kitchen later. =
Ahora estoy cocinando, pero después puedes utilizar la cocina.
Pasado: I couldn’t swim when I was six. =
Cuando tenía seis años no sabía nadar.
Futuro: I won’t be able to come tonight because I’m busy. =
Esta noche no podré venir porque estoy ocupada.
Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, can’t
Can, could, might y must tienen una única forma para todas las personas.
I / You / He / She/ It / We / They might / may
Después de may, might, could, must y can’t, se utiliza el infinitivo del verbo
sin to.
This may be painful. = Esto puede ser doloroso.
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Usos
La estructura may, might o could + infinitivo describe algo que es posible, pero
no seguro, que suceda. May, might y could significan lo mismo. Couldn’t no se
utiliza para expresar posibilidad.
You might have an operation tomorrow. =
Puede que mañana tengas una operación.
She could be at the hospital already. = Puede que ella ya esté en el hospital.
Must + infinitivo indica que algo es, sin duda, cierto.
He’s got a broken leg. That must be painful. =
Tiene una pierna rota. Eso debe de ser doloroso.
Can’t + infinitivo hace referencia a algo que es imposible.
This can’t be John’s car. He’s too young to drive. =
Este no puede ser el coche de John. Es demasiado joven para conducir.
Advice and obligation: should, must, have to
Should y must tienen una única forma para todas las personas.
I / You / He / She / We /They should / must
El auxiliar do se utiliza para construir la forma negativa de have to:
don’t have to / doesn’t have to.
He doesn’t have to do his homework on Tuesdays. =
Él no tiene que hacer los deberes los martes.
Usos
Should se utiliza para dar consejos.
You should have a vaccination. = Deberías vacunarte.
Must y have to describen referentes importantes como una norma o ley.
You mustn’t smoke inside. = No debéis fumar dentro.
Must a menudo hace referencia a algo que el hablante considera necesario.
You mustn’t be late. = No debéis llegar tarde.
Have to se utiliza cuando las circunstancias obligan a hacer algo.
I have to go to the chemist’s. = Tengo que ir a la farmacia.
Don’t have to indica que no es necesario hacer algo.
We don’t have to clean the house. = No tenemos que limpiar la casa.
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Don’t have to no expresa lo contrario de have to.
Simon doesn’t have to help his sister. (He might help, but it is not obligatory.) =
Simon no tiene por qué ayudar a su hermana. (Puede que la ayude, pero no es
obligatorio.)
My grammar notes
30
[Link] 30 15/09/2011 09:18
Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Nouns and verbs: medical science
cause (n/v)
clone (n/v)
cure (n/v)
development
develop
discovery
discover
experiment (n/v)
operation
operate
prevention
prevent
research (n/v)
suffering
suffer
transplant (n/v)
treatment
treat
Phrasal verbs: health and lifestyle
call on
cut down
get over
give up
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go without
take up
turn off
work out
Expressions
Give and respond to advice
You might need to …
You must / should definitely …
You really don’t have to …
I’ll think about it.
I’m not sure about that.
Yes, you’re right.
Exchange opinions
I can’t really decide.
I suppose …
Yes and no.
I reckon …
For me, …
You might be right there.
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 3 33
[Link] 33 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 3
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can give key phrases for exchanging opinions.
Page 32: 2
Reading I can use a title and images to predict the content of a
Page 28: 1 text.
Listening
I can listen for general information.
Page 30: 3
Dialogue
I can exchange opinions with another person.
Page 32: 3
Writing
I can write a discussion essay.
Page 33: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you try to listen to the main ideas even
when you don’t understand every word?
Yes / No
34
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My notes
Unit 3 35
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Unit 4 Let’s go!
Grammar reference
be going to
Afirmativa Negativa
I’m going to walk. I’m not going to walk.
You’re going to walk. You aren’t going to walk.
He’s / She’s / It’s going to He / She / It isn’t going to
walk. walk.
We’re / You’re / They’re We / You / They aren’t going
going to walk. to walk.
Afirmativa: sujeto + be + going to + infinitivo.
Negativa: sujeto + be + not going to + infinitivo.
Interrogativa Respuestas breves
Am I going to wait? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Are you going to wait? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Is he / she / it going to Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
wait? it is. it isn’t.
Are we / you / they going Yes, we / you / No, we / you /
to wait? they are. they aren’t.
Usos
Be going to describe planes e intenciones para el futuro:
We’re going to fly to Ibiza. We’ve booked our seats already. =
Vamos a volar a Ibiza. Ya hemos reservados nuestros asientos.
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will and be going to
Interrogativa
Will I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They fly?
Afirmativa Negativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We /
You / They will fly. You / They won’t fly.
Respuestas breves
Yes, I / You / He / She / It / No, I / You / He / She / It /
We / You / They will. We / You / They won’t.
Will va seguido del infinitivo del verbo sin to.
They’ll visit all the famous places in Rome. =
Visitarán todos los sitios famosos de Roma.
La negativa se forma añadiendo not después de will.
She won’t get to the airport on time. = Ella no llegará al aeropuerto a tiempo.
Usos
Will se utiliza para predecir o dar opiniones sobre el futuro.
The trip will be really interesting. = El viaje será muy interesante.
Be going to describe planes e intenciones para el futuro.
She’s going to travel to South America next year. =
El año que viene, ella va a viajar a Sudamérica.
Be going to también se utiliza para hacer predicciones basadas en algo que
observamos en este momento.
Alejandro is standing next to the pool. He’s going to jump in. =
Alejandro está de pie junto a la piscina. Va a saltar.
Present simple and present continuous for future
La elección de un tiempo verbal u otro depende del hecho que se describe.
El present simple se utiliza para expresar fechas y horas en agendas y horarios
referidos al futuro:
The plane from Madrid arrives at eight o’clock. =
El avión de Madrid llega a las ocho.
The film starts at seven o’clock. = La película empieza a las siete.
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El present continuous se utiliza para referirse a hechos que se han organizado
para momentos o días concretos:
I’m playing tennis with Jodie on Sunday. =
El domingo voy a jugar al tenis con Jodie.
‘What are you doing tonight?’ ‘We’re meeting Josep and Jordi.’ =
“¿Qué vais a hacer esta noche?” “Vamos a ver a Josep y Jordi.”
will for spontaneous decisions
Will describe decisiones que se toman mientras se habla. También se utiliza
para ofrecerse a ayudar o hacer algo por otra persona.
Adrian has just phoned me. I think I’ll call him back right now. =
Adrian me acaba de llamar por teléfono. Creo que le voy a llamar ahora
mismo.
‘It’s very hot in here.’ ‘Don’t worry. We’ll open all the windows.’
= “Aquí hace mucho calor.” “No te preocupes. Abriremos todas las ventanas.”
My grammar notes
38
[Link] 38 15/09/2011 09:18
Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Compound nouns: travel
beach holiday
beach gear
city break
day trip
five-star accommodation
five-star hotel
luxury accommodation
luxury hotel
luxury holiday
return flight
return ticket
skiing gear
skiing trip
train ticket
train trip
travel companion
winter sports
winter holiday
Phrasal verbs: travel
come across
come back
get off
get on
Unit 4 39
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put on
put up
set off
stop off
take off
turn back
Expressions
Ask about times and timetables
When’s the next … to … ?
What time does it get in?
Is that direct?
You have to change at …
Ask for and give information
Can I help you?
We were wondering if …
That sounds good.
Well, in that case …
Do we need to book it?
40
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 4 41
[Link] 41 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 4
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking I can give key phrases for asking for and giving
Page 42: 2 information.
Reading
I can read quickly to find specific information.
Page 38: 2
Listening
I can listen to a text to confirm information.
Page 40: 2
Dialogue
I can ask for and give information.
Page 42: 5
Writing
I can write about plans for a visit.
Page 43: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you list compound nouns and group them
according to the topic?
Yes / No
42
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My notes
Unit 4 43
[Link] 43 15/09/2011 09:18
Unit 5 Fashion
Grammar reference
so, such, too, enough, not enough
So, such y too se utilizan para añadir énfasis.
So precede a un adjetivo o adverbio. Significa lo mismo que very (muy) y se
utiliza para reforzar su significado.
Those jeans are so fashionable right now. =
Esos vaqueros están muy de moda ahora mismo.
Such va delante de a / an + sustantivo, o de a / an + adjetivo + sustantivo.
Sirve para reforzar el sintagma nominal.
He’s such an icon. = Él es un verdadero icono.
Too se coloca delate de un adjetivo o adverbio.
Too significa “más de lo necesario”, y tiene connotaciones negativas.
The models were walking too quickly. =
Las modelos iban caminando demasiado rápido.
Too también se utiliza delante de many y much. Too many precede a
sustantivos contables en plural, mientras que too much se utiliza con
sustantivos incontables.
There’s too much money in the fashion world. =
Hay demasiado dinero en el mundo de la moda.
Enough y not enough se colocan detrás de un adjetivo. Enough significa
“la cantidad necesaria”, y not enough, “no lo suficiente”.
Your shirt isn’t smart enough. = Tu camisa no es lo suficientemente elegante.
These shoes are not comfortable enough for me. =
Estos zapatos no son lo suficientemente cómodos para mí.
Active or passive: introduction
La voz pasiva se utiliza para describir lo que le sucede al sujeto de la frase.
Enfatiza la acción, que es más importante que el sujeto que la realiza.
These jeans weren’t made in Japan. =
Estos vaqueros no se confeccionaron en Japón.
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Para decir quién realiza la acción, o preguntar acerca de esa persona (el
complemento agente) se añade by.
The first collection was designed by Zara. =
La primera colección fue diseñada por Zara.
El objeto de la voz activa se convierte en el sujeto de la voz pasiva.
People make these trainers in China. ➞ These trainers are made in China.
La gente fabrica estas zapatilla de deporte en China. ➞ Estas zapatillas de
deporte se fabrican en China.
Present, past and future passive: affirmative and
negative
Presente de la voz pasiva
Forma afirmativa del presente de la voz pasiva: sujeto + present simple de be +
participio pasado del verbo.
I am paid. = Me pagan.
Forma negativa del presente de la voz pasiva: sujeto + present simple de be +
not + participio pasado del verbo.
I’m not paid. = No me pagan.
Pasado de la voz pasiva
Forma afirmativa del pasado de la voz pasiva: sujeto + past simple de be +
participio pasado del verbo.
You were paid. = Te pagaron.
Forma negativa del pasado de la voz pasiva: sujeto + past simple de be + not +
participio pasado del verbo.
You weren’t paid. = No te pagaron.
Futuro de la voz pasiva
Forma afirmativa del futuro de la voz pasiva: sujeto + will be + participio
pasado del verbo.
He will be paid. = Le pagarán.
Forma negativa del futuro de la voz pasiva: sujeto + won’t be + participio
pasado del verbo.
He won’t be paid. = No le pagarán.
Unit 5 45
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Passive: questions
Se utiliza be + sujeto + participio pasado para construir preguntas en el
presente y el pasado de la voz pasiva. En las respuestas breves se utiliza la
forma correcta de be, sin el participio pasado.
‘Are you paid?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ = “¿Te pagan?” “Sí.”
Will + sujeto + be se utiliza para construir preguntas en el futuro de la voz
pasiva. En las respuestas breves se utiliza will, sin be ni participio pasado.
‘Will they be paid?’ ‘No, they won’t.’ = “¿Les pagarán?” “No.”
Se pueden añadir partículas interrogativas a cualquiera de las preguntas de
los ejemplos anteriores.
When will I be paid? = ¿Cuándo me pagarán?
How much will they be paid? = ¿Cuánto les pagarán?
My grammar notes
46
[Link] 46 15/09/2011 09:18
Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Adjectives: fashion
baggy
casual
colourful
comfortable
cool
fashionable
impractical
old-fashioned
plain
practical
simple
smart
sophisticated
tight
uncomfortable
uncool
Verbs and nouns: commerce
designer
export
grow
grower
importer
manufacturer
Unit 5 47
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producer
shop
supplier
supply
worker
Expressions
Express likes and dislikes
I (quite / really) like … because …
I don’t like … (much / at all)
because …
… is (by far) the best / worst
because …
I’m (not) mad about …
Change something in a shop
They’re too …
Is it OK if I change them?
Have you got the receipt?
We’ve sold out of those.
Can I try these things on?
I’ll take it then.
48
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 5 49
[Link] 49 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 5
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can give key phrases for changing something in a shop.
Page 50: 2
Reading I can use a dictionary to check the meaning of words I’m
Page 46: 1 not sure about.
Listening I can listen to a text for specific information to complete
Page 48: 4 some notes.
Dialogue I can ask about changing an item in a shop and give
Page 50: 5 responses.
Writing
I can write about the history of a product.
Page 51: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you try to predict the content of a text by
looking at the title or photos?
Yes / No
50
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My notes
Unit 5 51
[Link] 51 15/09/2011 09:18
Unit 6 Image and identity
Grammar reference
Reflexive pronouns; each other
Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan cuando el sujeto y el objeto coinciden.
sujeto objeto
Carlos taught himself to play the violin. =
Carlos aprendió a tocar el violín él solo.
Los pronombres se utilizan para describir acciones reflexivas.
I often talk to myself. = A menudo hablo solo.
Singular Plural
I hurt myself. We hurt ourselves.
You hurt yourself. You hurt yourselves.
He hurt himself.
She hurt herself. They hurt themselves.
The dog hurt itself.
Each other se utiliza para referirse a acciones recíprocas.
We always send each other postcards. =
Siempre nos mandamos postales.
You’ve known each other since 2008. =
Os conocéis desde 2008.
They smiled at each other and shook hands. =
Se sonrieron y se dieron la mano.
Indefinite pronouns: some-, any-, no-, every-
Something, someone, somebody y somewhere hacen referencia a objetos,
personas y lugares desconocidos. Se utilizan en la forma afirmativa.
I think there’s somebody at the front door. =
Creo que hay alguien en la puerta de entrada.
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Anything, anyone, anybody y anywhere describen objetos, personas y lugares
desconocidos. Se utilizan en las formas negativa e interrogativa.
Did you go anywhere interesting on holiday? =
¿Fuiste de vacaciones a algún lugar interesante?
Everything, everyone, everybody y everywhere se refieren a “todos los
objetos”, “toda la gente” y “todos los lugares”.
Se utilizan en la forma afirmativa.
Everyone wants to go to the party. = Todo el mundo quiere ir a la fiesta.
Nothing, no one, nobody y nowhere describen “ningún objeto”, “ninguna
persona” o “ningún lugar”. Se utilizan en afirmativa.
Nobody listens to me. = Nadie me escucha.
Relative pronouns
Pronombres relativos Referidos a
who personas
which objetos o ideas
where lugares
Los pronombres relativos especifican la persona, el objeto, la idea o el lugar
sobre el que estamos hablando. Son necesarios para que la frase quede
completa.
The boy who won the dance competition was very excited. =
El chico que ganó el concurso de baile estaba entusiasmado.
There’s an interesting new film which stars Johnny Depp. =
Hay una película nueva interesante en la que el protagonista es Johnny Depp.
This is the shop where I bought the necklace. =
Esta es la tienda en la que compré el collar.
Whose sustituye a his, her, their, etc. en las proposiciones de relativo para
indicar posesión.
We saw the teacher – her husband has a beard. =
Vimos a la profesora. Su marido tiene barba.
We saw the teacher whose husband has a beard. =
Vimos a la profesora cuyo marido tiene barba.
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Do you know the people? Their house is for sale. =
¿Conoces a la gente? Su casa está en venta.
Do you know the people whose house is for sale? =
¿Conoces a la gente cuya casa está en venta?
Recuerda que no debes confundir whose y who’s.
That’s the man whose car I borrowed last week. (I borrowed his car.) =
Ese es el hombre cuyo coche pedí prestado la semana pasada.
(Pedí prestado su coche.)
That’s the man who’s (who is) my neighbour. =
Ese es el hombre que es mi vecino.
Pronombres relativos y preposiciones
Si una frase contiene un pronombre relativo y una preposición, esta última
siempre va al final.
This is the city which I was born in. = Esta es la ciudad en la que nací.
The people who I lived with were my parents and grandparents. =
Las personas con las que vivía eran mis padres y abuelos.
My grammar notes
54
[Link] 54 15/09/2011 09:18
Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Nouns: body decoration
beard
chain
dreadlocks
hair dye
lipstick
moustache
nail varnish
necklace
piercing
ring
sideburns
tattoo
Verbs and adjectives: feelings
annoy annoyed annoying
bore bored boring
embarrass embarrassed embarrassing
excite excited exciting
frighten frightened frightening
interest interested interesting
Unit 6 55
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relax relaxed relaxing
shock shocked shocking
surprise surprised surprising
worry worried worrying
Expressions
Give your opinion about appearance
… suit(s)
… don’t / doesn’t suit …
… look(s) cool / painful / colourful.
I’d never have / wear … because …
Discuss a questionnaire
Go on then.
Me too.
Me neither.
Oh, I don’t. / I do.
It looks like it, yes.
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 6 57
[Link] 57 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 6
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can give key phrases for agreeing and disagreeing.
Page 60: 2
Reading I can guess the meaning of new words from their context
Page 56: 4 in a text.
Listening
I can answer questions about a dialogue accurately.
Page 58: 5
Dialogue
I can discuss a questionnaire with someone.
Page 60: 5
Writing
I can write about myself and my view of the world.
Page 61: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you list new vocabulary items in groups
according to meaning?
Yes / No
58
[Link] 58 15/09/2011 09:18
My notes
Unit 6 59
[Link] 59 15/09/2011 09:18
Unit 7 A perfect world
Grammar reference
make and let
Make y let se colocan delante de un pronombre objeto o sustantivo +
el infinitivo sin to.
I’ll make him get off. = Lo obligaré a bajarse.
Did he let you turn back? = ¿Te dejó darte la vuelta?
Usos
El uso causativo de make significa “obligar a alguien a hacer algo”.
El uso causativo de let significa “dejar que alguien haga algo”.
I won’t make you wash up. = I won’t force you to wash up.
No te haré fregar los platos. = No te obligaré a fregar los platos.
My dad let me use his bike. = He allowed me to use his bike.
Mi padre me dejó utilizar su bici. = Me permitió utilizarla.
First conditional + if or unless
Condicional de primer grado
If + sujeto + present simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo sin to.
Se utiliza unless en lugar de if para dar el significado contrario.
You’ll be cold if you don’t wear a jacket. =
You’ll be cold unless you wear a jacket.
Si no te pones una chaqueta, te enfriarás. =
A menos que te pongas una chaqueta, te enfriarás.
La proposición encabezada por if / unless puede ir al principio o en la
segunda parte de la frase, sin que el significado cambie. En el segundo caso,
las dos proposiciones no van separadas por una coma.
If I finish my homework early, I’ll go to Sam’s party. =
Si acabo pronto los deberes, iré a la fiesta de Sam.
I’ll go to Sam’s party if I finish my homework early. =
Iré a la fiesta de Sam si acabo pronto los deberes.
I won’t go to Sam’s party unless I finish my homework early. =
A menos que acabe pronto los deberes, no iré a la fiesta de Sam.
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Usos
El condicional de primer grado describe las consecuencias probables de una
acción. La proposición encabezada por if / unless describe la posible situación
o acción, y la que contiene will / won’t describe sus consecuencias.
If you lose his camera, he’ll be really angry. =
Si pierdes su cámara, se enfadará mucho.
Unless you read a book, you’ll be bored. =
A menos que leas un libro, te aburrirás.
El condicional de primer grado hace referencia a situaciones futuras posibles o
probables.
The sky’s dark. Unless you take an umbrella, you’ll get wet. =
El cielo está oscuro. A menos que cojas un paraguas, te mojarás.
El condicional de primer grado también se utiliza para formular promesas y
hacer advertencias.
If you don’t be quiet, I’ll give you extra homework. =
Si no te callas, te pondré más deberes.
Second conditional
Condicional de segundo grado
If + sujeto + past simple, would / wouldn’t + infinitivo sin to
La proposición encabezada por if puede ir al principio o en la segunda
parte de la frase, sin que el significado cambie. En el segundo caso, las dos
proposiciones no van separadas por una coma.
If we introduced a system, we’d raise taxes. =
Si introdujéramos un sistema, subiríamos los impuestos.
We’d raise taxes if we introduced a system. =
Subiríamos los impuestos si introdujéramos un sistema.
Usos
El condicional de segundo grado hace referencia a hechos irreales o
improbables tanto ahora como en el futuro.
If I was the education minister, I’d ban science! (This is unreal: I’m not the
education minister.)
Si fuera ministro de educación, ¡prohibiría las Ciencias!
(Esto es irreal: no soy ministro de educación.)
Unit 7 61
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La proposición encabezada por if describe una situación improbable, y la
que contiene would / wouldn’t explica cuál sería el resultado si la situación
fuera real.
If you voted for him, he’d introduce free driving lessons for teenagers.
Si le votaras, introduciría clases de conducir gratuitas para adolescentes.
My grammar notes
62
[Link] 62 15/09/2011 09:18
Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Nouns: nations and government
border
citizen
currency
election
flag
government
head of state
law
minister
nation
politician
society
Verbs: policies
ban
build
cut
elect
introduce
lower
raise
spend
tax
vote
Unit 7 63
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Expressions
Express certainty and doubt
Definitely. / Definitely not.
Possibly. / Possibly not.
That might / might not happen.
I doubt it.
I’m sure you’re right.
I don’t know about that.
Apologize for a misunderstanding
Can I have a word with you?
I’m afraid so / not.
If I were you, I’d …
Sorry about that.
I didn’t realize.
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 7 65
[Link] 65 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 7
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking
I can give key phrases for apologizing.
Page 68: 2
Reading
I can correct false statements about the ideas in a text.
Page 64: 2
Listening
I can listen to a dialogue for key ideas.
Page 66: 3
Dialogue
I can apologize for a misunderstanding.
Page 68: 4
Writing
I can write an opinion essay.
Page 69: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you practise acting out parts of a text or
dialogue from memory?
Yes / No
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My notes
Unit 7 67
[Link] 67 15/09/2011 09:18
Unit 8 Ups and downs
Grammar reference
Comparing adjectives and adverbs
La mayoría de los adverbios se forman añadiendo -ly polite ➞ politely
Adjetivos acabados en -y: se elimina la -y, se añade -ily happy ➞ happily
Adjetivos acabados en -ic: se añade -ally pessimistic ➞ pessimistically
Hay adverbios irregulares en los que no se produce ningún cambio respecto
al adjetivo: fast ➞ fast, hard ➞ hard
Existe una excepción: good ➞ well
Formación del comparativo y el superlativo
1 Con adjetivos monosílabos, se añade -er o the + -est.
weak — weaker — the weakest
2 Con adjetivos acabados en -e, se añade -r o the + -st.
rare — rarer — the rarest
3 Con adjetivos acabados en vocal + consonante, esta se duplica y se añade
-er o the + -est.
big — bigger — the biggest
4 Con adjetivos acabados en -y, esta se elimina y se añade -ier o the + -iest.
healthy — healthier — the healthiest
5 Con adjetivos de dos o más sílabas, se añade more o the most delante del
adjetivo.
dangerous — more dangerous — the most dangerous
Recuerda: algunos adjetivos tienen formas irregulares.
good — better — the best bad — worse — the worst
Usos
El comparativo (adjetivo + than) se utiliza para comparar dos o más objetos o
personas.
New York is bigger than Barcelona. = Nueva York es más grande que Barcelona.
El superlativo se utiliza para indicar que una persona o un objeto es (o no es)
el más… / el mejor.
You are the kindest person I have ever met. =
Eres la persona más buena que he conocido en la vida.
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Third conditional
Condicional de tercer grado
If + sujeto + past perfect +, + sujeto + would have /
wouldn’t have + participio pasado.
If Mark had left earlier, he would have caught the train. =
Si Mark se hubiera marchado antes, habría cogido el tren.
Usos
El condicional de tercer grado describe las consecuencias que nos
imaginamos que habría tenido una acción que nunca sucedió.
I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday. =
Te habría comprado un regalo si hubiera sabido que era tu cumpleaños.
Gerunds and infinitives
La forma en -ing del verbo se utiliza:
como sujeto u objeto de una frase,
Running is good for you. = Correr es bueno para la salud.
My favourite exercise is running. = El jogging es mi ejercicio favorito.
detrás de una preposición,
Before opening the door, I looked through the window. =
Antes de abrir la puerta, miré por la ventana.
detrás de verbos como avoid, can’t stand, dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, like,
practise, recommend, regret, spend time, waste time, put off, miss.
In the holidays I miss seeing my friends. =
En vacaciones echo de menos ver a mis amigos.
El infinitivo es la forma base (con to) del verbo. Se utiliza:
detrás de un adjetivo,
It’s wonderful to see you again. = Es maravilloso volver a verte.
para explicar la finalidad de una acción,
I phoned her to ask about the trip. = La llamé para preguntar por el viaje.
detrás de verbos como aim, intend, want, plan, need, decide, help, tend, teach,
learn, remember, forget.
You need to ask your teacher about the homework. =
Tienes que preguntar a tu profesor acerca de los deberes.
Unit 8 69
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My grammar notes
70
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Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Nouns and adjectives: attributes and personality
anxiety
generous
honesty
optimism
passion
passionate
pessimistic
polite
respectful
responsibility
responsible
success
moodiness
wealth
wealthy
Verbs: managing your time
aim
concentrate on
forget
intend
look forward to
miss
put off
Unit 8 71
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regret
spend time
take part in
waste time
Expressions
React to news
That’s good to know.
That’s useful to know.
That’s interesting to know.
I’m sorry to hear that.
I’m glad to hear that.
I’m surprised to hear that.
Console and encourage
You look a bit down.
It isn’t the end of the world.
Don’t take it too badly.
At least …
Look at it this way …
Cheer up!
72
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 8 73
[Link] 73 15/09/2011 09:18
Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 8
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking I can recognize key phrases for consoling and
Page 78: 2 encouraging.
Reading
I can interpret information in order to complete a text.
Page 74: 3
Listening
I can summarize the main idea in a dialogue.
Page 76: 4
Dialogue
I can console and encourage another person.
Page 78: 4
Writing
I can write about an experience.
Page 79: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you use any methods for recording
vocabulary?
Yes / No
74
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My notes
Unit 8 75
[Link] 75 15/09/2011 09:18
Unit 9 Honestly!
Grammar reference
Indirect requests
El imperativo se utiliza para dar órdenes y hacer peticiones. Al pasar al estilo
indirecto, se emplean estas estructuras:
Órdenes tell + objeto + infinitivo (con to)
Peticiones ask + objeto + infinitivo (con to)
Para formular una orden o petición en la forma negativa, se coloca not
delante del infinitivo (con to).
Don’t shout!, Liz said. ➞ Liz asked us not to shout.
¡No gritéis!, dijo Liz. ➞ Liz nos pidió que no gritáramos.
Usos
Las peticiones en estilo indirecto sirven para contar lo que ha pedido una
persona, sin utilizar sus palabras textuales.
Después de tell y ask siempre aparece un complemento.
The teacher asked me to be quiet. = La profesora me pidió que me callara.
I told him that I was sorry. = Le dije que lo sentía.
Reported speech: tense changes
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
Present simple Past simple
I feel guilty. She said that she felt guilty.
Present continuous Past continuous
We’re studying. They said that they were studying.
be going to (presente) be going to (pasado)
I’m going to tell the truth. He said that he was going to tell the truth.
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Past simple Past perfect
You played well. She said that I had played well.
Present perfect Past perfect
I’ve seen Tom. He said that he had seen Tom.
will / would would
I won’t break the law. She said that she wouldn’t break the law.
can could
We can keep quiet. He said that we could keep quiet.
must had to
I must tell you a secret. She said that she had to tell me a secret.
Usos
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que ha dicho una persona, sin utilizar
sus palabras textuales.
Reported and indirect questions
En estilo indirecto no utilizamos la estructura de la forma interrogativa ni el
signo de interrogación. Los cambios del tiempo verbal son los mismos que en
afirmativa y negativa.
She asked me if I had told a lie = Me preguntó si había mentido.
Usos
Las preguntas indirectas sirven para decir lo que alguien ha preguntado, sin
utilizar sus palabras textuales.
Al pasar las preguntas de tipo yes / no al estilo indirecto, se añade if o whether.
‘Can you help?’ (‘Yes, I can.’ / ‘No, I can’t.’) ➞ He asked me if / whether I could
help. = “¿Puedes ayudar?” (“Sí.”/ “No.”) ➞ Me preguntó si podía ayudar.
La partícula interrogativa, se conserva en el estilo indirecto.
Where did Frank go? ➞ They asked us where Frank had gone. ¿A dónde fue
Frank? ➞ Nos preguntaron a dónde había ido Frank.
Unit 9 77
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Preguntas Preguntas indirectas
directas
Can you tell me
Why did you
break your I’d like to know why you broke your promise.
promise?
I was wondering
Can you tell me if / whether
Have you
I’d like to know if / whether
seen my you’ve seen my book.
book? I was wondering if /
whether
El orden de las preguntas indirectas es el mismo que el de las frases
afirmativas.
Las preguntas indirectas pueden incluir partículas interrogativas. En
preguntas de tipo yes / no, se utiliza if o whether.
Usos
En la forma interrogativa, las preguntas directas se sustituyen por las
indirectas para que suenen más educadas.
Why did you tell a lie? ➞ I’d like to know why you told a lie.
¿Por qué mentiste? ➞ Me gustaría saber por qué mentiste.
My grammar notes
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Words and expressions to learn
Vocabulary
Translate the words.
Verbs: honesty and morals
break a promise
break the law
do something wrong
feel guilty about something
hurt someone’s feelings
keep quiet about something
make a mistake
make an excuse
make something up
pretend to do something
tell a lie
tell the truth
Reporting verbs
admit
complain
convince
explain
insist
invite
offer
Unit 9 79
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order
refuse
Expressions
Make requests
Could / Can you …
It would be great if you could …
Would you mind (not) … -ing?
Explain and clarify a situation
Why do you ask?
You told me that …, but I heard that …
How come you didn’t tell me?
Honestly, it’s true!
If you don’t believe me, you can …
That’s OK.
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My extra vocabulary
Unit 9 81
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Student self-assessment checklist
Unit 9
1 Complete the self-evaluation by ticking the boxes that best refer to your ability.
!! I need to try this again. ! I could do this better. * I am satisfied. ** I can do this very well.
!! ! * **
Speaking I can recognize different ways of explaining and clarifying
Page 86: 2 a situation.
Reading
I can make questions to elicit information from a text.
Page 82: 2
Listening I can listen to determine whether information is
Page 84: 4 mentioned or not.
Dialogue
I can explain and clarify a situation to someone.
Page 86: 4
Writing
I can write a narrative that contains dialogue.
Page 87: 4
2 Complete the form.
What I remember: What did you do in English outside class?
A useful question Do homework
Learn new words
A useful expression Revise before a test
Listen to music
Some useful words Read a reader
Watch a TV programme, video or DVD
Objectives: Write an email or chat
One thing which I need to improve Look at web pages
Write a letter
How can I improve? Read a magazine
Other activities:
Learning strategy:
Do you list verb patterns in your vocabulary
notebook?
Yes / No
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My notes
Unit 9 83
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84
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End-of-year self-assessment
Evaluate your language ability Listening Reading Conversation Speaking Writing
in each skill area. Read the
A1
descriptions of language skills
for levels A1, A2 and B1. A2
Then put ticks (3) or crosses
B1
(7) in the table.
A1 A2 B1
I can recognise familiar I can understand phrases and the I can understand the main
words and very basic highest frequency vocabulary related points of clear standard speech
phrases concerning to areas of most immediate personal on familiar matters regularly
myself, my family and relevance (e.g. very basic personal encountered in work, school,
immediate concrete and family information, shopping, leisure, etc. I can understand the
surroundings when local area, employment). I can catch main point of many radio or TV
Listening
people speak slowly and the main point in short, clear, simple programmes on current affairs or
clearly. messages and announcements. topics of personal or professional
interest when the delivery is
relatively slow and clear.
I can understand familiar I can read very short, simple texts. I can understand texts that
names, words and very I can find specific, predictable consist mainly of high frequency
simple sentences, for information in simple everyday everyday or job related language.
example on notices and material such as advertisements, I can understand the description
Reading
posters or in catalogues. prospectuses, menus and timetables of events, feelings and wishes in
and I can understand short simple personal letters.
personal letters.
I can interact in a simple I can communicate in simple and I can deal with most situations
way provided the other routine tasks requiring a simple and likely to arise whilst travelling in
person is prepared to direct exchange of information on an area where the language is
repeat or rephrase things familiar topics and activities. I can spoken. I can enter unprepared
(Oral interaction)
at a slower rate of speech handle very short social exchanges, into conversation on topics that
and help me formulate even though I can’t usually are familiar, of personal interest
Conversation
what I’m trying to say. understand enough to keep the or pertinent to everyday life (e.g.
I can ask and answer conversation going myself. family, hobbies, work, travel and
simple questions in areas current events).
of immediate need or on
very familiar topics.
I can use simple phrases I can use a series of phrases and I can connect phrases in a
and sentences to sentences to describe in simple simple way in order to describe
(Oral production)
describe where I live and terms my family and other people, experiences and events, my
people I know. living conditions, my educational dreams, hopes and ambitions.
background and my present or most I can briefly give reasons and
Speaking
recent job. explanations for opinions and
plans. I can narrate a story or
relate the plot of a book or film
and describe my reactions.
I can write a short, simple I can write short, simple notes I can write simple connected
postcard, for example and messages relating to matters text on topics which are familiar
sending holiday greetings. in areas of immediate need. I can or of personal interest. I can
I can fill in forms with write a very simple personal letter, write personal letters describing
personal details, for for example thanking someone for experiences and impressions.
example entering my something.
Writing
name, nationality and
address on a hotel
registration form.
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Irregular verb list
Infinitive Past simple Past participle Translation
was /wQz, w@z/,
be /bi;, bI/ been /bi:n/ ser, estar
were /w3;(r), w@(r)/
become /bI"kVm/ became /bI"keIm/ become /bI"kVm/ hacerse
begin /bI"gIn/ began /bI"g&n/ begun /bI"gVn/ empezar
bite /baIt/ bit /bIt/ bitten /"bItn/ morder, picar
break /breIk/ broke /br@Uk/ broken /br@Uk@n/ romper
bring /brIN/ brought /brO;t/ brought /brO;t/ traer
build /bIld/ built /bIlt/ built /bIlt/ construir
buy /baI/ bought /bO;t/ bought /bO;t/ comprar
can /k&n/ could /kUd/ saber, poder
catch /k&Í/ caught /kO;t/ caught /kO:t/ coger
choose /Íu;z/ chose /Í@Uz/ chosen /"Í@Uzn/ escoger
come /kVm/ came /keIm/ come /kVm/ venir
cost /kQst/ cost /kQst/ cost /kQst/ costar
cut /kVt/ cut /kVt/ cut /kVt/ cortar
do /du;/ did /dId/ done /dVn/ hacer
drink /drINk/ drank /dr&Nk/ drunk /drVNk/ beber
drive /draIv/ drove /dr@Uv/ driven /drIvn/ conducir
eat /i;t/ ate /eIt/ eaten /i;tn/ comer
fall /fO;l/ fell /fel/ fallen /"f@;l@n/ caer(se)
fight /faIt/ fought /fO;t/ fought /fO;t/ luchar
feel /fi;l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ sentirse
find /faInd/ found /faUnd/ found /faUnd/ encontrar
fly /flaI/ flew /flu;/ flown /flU@n/ volar
forget /f@"get/ forgot /f@"gQt/ forgotten /f@"gQtn/ olvidar
recibir, sacar, ganar,
get /get/ got /gQt/ got /gQt/
llegar a, obtener
give /gIv/ gave /geIv/ given /"gIvn/ dar
go /g@U/ went /went/ gone /gQn/ ir
grow /gr@U/ grew /gru;/ grown /gr@Un/ crecer
have /h&v/ had /h&d/ had /h&d/ haber, tener
hear /hI@/ heard /h3;d/ heard /h3;d/ oír
hurt /h3;t/ hurt /h3;t/ hurt /h3;t/ herir
keep /ki;p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ conservar, guardar
know /n@U/ knew /nju;/ known /n@Un/ conocer
learnt / learned /l3;nt/, learnt / learned
learn /l3;n/ aprender
/l3;nd/ /l3;nt/, /l3;nd/
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Infinitive Past simple Past participle Translation
leave /li;v/ left /left/ left /left/ dejar, abandonar
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/ dejar
lose /lu;z/ lost /lQst/ lost /lQst/ perder
make /meIk/ made /meId/ made /meId/ hacer
meet /mi;t/ met /met/ met /met/ conocer
put /pUt/ put /pUt/ put /pUt/ poner
read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ leer
ride /raId/ rode /r@Ud/ ridden /"ridn/ montar
run /rVn/ ran /r&n/ run /rVn/ correr
say /seI/ said /sed/ said /sed/ decir
see /si;/ saw /sO;/ seen /si;n/ ver
sell /sel/ sold /s@Uld/ sold /s@Uld/ vender
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/ enviar
set off /set "Qf/ set off /set "Qf/ set off /set "Qf/ salir
sing /sIN/ sang /s&N/ sung /sVN/ cantar
sit /sIt/ sat /s&t/ sat /s&t/ sentarse
sleep /sli;p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/ dormir
speak /spi;k/ spoke /sp@Uk/ spoken /"sp@Uk@n/ hablar
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/ pasar
split up /splIt "Vp/ split up /splIt "Vp/ split up /splIt "Vp/ romper
stand /st&nd/ stood /stUd/ stood /stUd/ estar (de pie)
steal /sti;l/ stole /st@Ul/ stolen /"st@Ul@n/ robar
swim /swIm/ swam /sw&m/ swum /swVm/ nadar
take /teIk/ took /tUk/ taken /"teIk@n/ tomar, coger
teach /ti;Í/ taught /tO;t/ taught /tO;t/ enseñar
tell /tel/ told /t@Uld/ told /t@Uld/ decir, contar
think /TINk/ thought /TO;t/ thought /TO;t/ pensar
throw /Tr@U/ threw /TrU;/ thrown /Tr@Un/ lanzar
understand understood understood
entender
/%Vnd@"st&nd/ /%Vnd@"stUd/ /%Vnd@"stUd/
woken up
wake up /%weIk "Vp/ woke up /%w@Uk "Vp/ despertar
/%w@Uk@n "Vp/
wear /we@(r)/ wore /wO;(r)/ worn /wO;n/ vestir
win /wIn/ won /wVn/ won /wVn/ ganar
write /raIt/ wrote /r@Ut/ written /"rItn/ escribir
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1
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