Plano Cartesiano

α + β+ γ =180 °=π radianes=3.1415926 radianes

Triángulo Rectángulo
Un ángulo Recto
Teorema de Pitágoras: C 12 +C 22=H 2
π
α + β=90 °= radianes=1.5708radianes
2
π π
α =30 °= , β=60 °=
6 3
π π
α =45° = , β=45 °=
4 4

C1 CO
sin α = =cos β sin❑=
H H

C2 CA
cos α= =sin β cos❑=
H H

C1 1 CO sin❑
tan α= = tan ❑= tan ❑=
C 2 tan β CA cos❑

C2 1
tan β= =
C 1 tan α
 r 2=x 2 + y 2
r =+ √ x 2 + y 2
y
tan α=
x
α =tan−1 | yx |
x
cos α=
r
x=+r cos α
y
sin α=
r
y=+ r sin α

r =+ √ x 2 + y 2
β=tan−1 | yx |
α =180 °−β=π −β
x=r cos α=−r cos β
y=r sin α =+ r sin β

r =+ √ x 2 + y 2
β=tan−1 | yx |
α =180 ° + β=π + β
x=r cos α=−r cos β
y=r sin α =−r sin β

r =+ √ x 2 + y 2
β=tan−1 | yx |
1^2 + h^2 = 2^2 , 1 + h^2 = 4, h^2 = 4-1=3 h = raíz(3)
1^2 + 1^2 = d^2, 1 + 1 = d^2, 2 = d^2, raiz(2)=d
Si r =1,las funciones trigonométricas para α entre 0° y 360° (0 y 2π radianes) son: x=cos a, y=sen a
α Cos(α) Sen(α) Tan(α)
0° = 0 rad 1 0 0
30° = π/6 √ 3 1 1 √ 3
=0.8660 =0.5 = =0.5774
2 2 √3 3
45°= π/4 1 √2 1 √2 1
= =0.7071 = =0.7071
√2 2 √2 2
60°= π/3 1 √ 3 =0.8660 √ 3=1.7321
=0.5
2 2
90°= π/2 0 1 ∞
120°= 2π/3 −1
=−0.5 √ 3 =0.8660 −√ 3=−1.7321
2 2
135°= 3π/4 −1 − √2 1 √2 -1
= =−0.7071 = =0.7071
√2 2 √2 2
150°= 5π/6 −√ 3 1 −1 − √ 3
=−0.8660 =0.5 = =−0.5774
2 2 √3 3
180°= π -1 0 0
210°= 7π/6 −√ 3 −1
=−0.5 1 √3
=−0.8660 = =0.5774
2 2 √3 3
225°= 5π/4 −1 − √2 −1 − √2 1
= =−0.7071 = =−0.7071
√2 2 √2 2
240°= 4π/3 −1
=−0.5 −√ 3 √ 3=1.7321
=−0.8660
2 2
270°= 3π/2 0 -1 ∞
300°= 5π/3 1 −√ 3 −√ 3=−1.7321
=0.5 =−0.8660
2 2
315°= 7π/4 1 √2 −1 − √2 -1
= =0.7071 = =−0.7071
√2 2 √2 2
330°= 11π/6 √ 3 =0.8660 −1
=−0.5 −1 − √ 3
= =−0.5774
2 2 √3 3
360°= 2π 1 0 0

C1=3,C2=4, H=¿?
C 12 +C 22=H 2
( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2=H 2
9+16=H 2
25=H 2
+ √ 25=H =5
3
sin α = =0.6
5
−1
α =sin 0.6=asin 0.6=arcsin 0.6=36.87 °=0.6435 rad
180° = πrad
36.87°=y rad
Y= 36.87°*π/180°=0.6435 radianes
β=90 ° −α =90 °−36.87 °=53.13 °=0.92723rad
4
cos α= =0.8
5
−1
α =cos 0.8=36.87 °
3
tan α= =0.75
4
α =tan−1 0.75=36.87 °

C1=4, H= 6, C2=¿?
C 12 +C 22=H 2
( 4)2+ x 2=(6)2
16+ x 2=36
x 2=36−16=20
x=+ √ 20=4.4721=C 2
4.4721
sin β= =0.7454
6
β=sin−1 0.745=asin 0.745=arcsin 0.745=48.1934 °=0.841074 rad
α =90 °− β=90 °−48.16° =41.83 °=0.73007123 rad
4
cos β= =0.6667
6
4.4721
tan β= =1.118
4

C2=4,H=8, C1=¿?
C 12 +C 22=H 2
x 2+( 4)2=( 8)2
x 2+ 16=64
x 2=64−16=48
x=+ √ 48=6.928=C 1
C 1 6.928
sin α = = =0.866
H 8
α =sin−1 0.866=59.9970 °=1.0471 radianes
β=90 ° −59.9970° =30.003° =0.5236 radianes
C2 4
cos α= = =0.5
H 8
α =cos−1 0.5=60 °
C 1 6.928
tan α= = =1.732
C2 4
α =tan−1 1.732=59.9992°

β=60°, H=7
α=90°-60° = 30°
C1=¿?
C1 x
cos β= =
H 7
7 cos β=x =7 cos 60 °=3.5
C2 y
sen 60° = =
H 7
7 sen 60° = y=6.0621

α = 45°, C2 = 3
β=90° - 45°= 45°
H=¿?
C2 3
cos α=cos 45 °= =
H x
x cos 45 °=3
3
x= =4.24264=H
cos 45°
C1=¿?
C1 y
sin α = =
H 4.24264
4.24264 sin 45 °= y=2.9999=aprox 3
C1 y
tan α= =
C2 3
3 tan 45° = y=3
Cuando tienen un ángulo de 45°, los catetos deben ser iguales.

β = 54°, C2= 4
α = 90° - 54° = 36°
C2 4
sin 54 °= =
H x
x sin54 ° =4
4
x= =4.9443=H
sin 54 °
C2 4
tan54 ° = =
C1 y
y tan 54 °=4
4
y= =2.9062=C 1
tan 54 °

+ √ −1=i
2
i 2=( √−1 ) =−1
2 2
(−i )2=(−1∗√ −1 ) =(−1 )2 ( √−1 ) = (+ 1 )(−1 )=−1
La raíz cuadrada de -1 es i,-i
La raíz cuadrada de -4:
√ −4= √(−1 ) 4=√ −1 √ 4=+2 i,−2i
i=√ −1
i 2=−1
i 3=i 2∗i=−i
i 4 =i3∗i=(−i )( i )=−i 2=−(−1 )=1
i 5=i 4∗i=( 1 )( i )=i=√−1
i 6=−1
i 7=−i
i 8=1
i 9=i
i 10=−1
i 11=−i
i 12=1
Z1= 3-4i
Complejo conjugado Z1*= 3 + 4i
Z2=-2-5i, Z2* = -2 + 5i
Z3= 4 + 8i, Z3*=4 – 8i
Para obtener el complejo conjugado se cambia el signo de la parte imaginaria.
|z|=√ a2+ b2
2
z ź=a2 +b2 =|z|
2 2
|Z 1|=√ ( 3 ) + (−4 ) =√ 9+16=√ 25=5
Z1 Z1* = (3-4i)(3+4i)=3(3+4i) – 4i(3+4i)= (9+12i)-(12i+16i^2) =9 + 12i – 12i -16i^2=9-16(-1)= 9+16
=25
El modulo de un numero complejo y el de su complejo conjugado son iguales.
Z=a+ib, Z*= a – ib,
(a+ib)(a-ib)=a^2 -iab + iab-(ib)^2= a^2 – i^2 b^2 =a^2-(-1)b^2 = a^2 + b^2

|-2-5i| =raiz[ (-2)^2 + (-5)^2] = raiz [ 4 + 25] = raiz[29]

Z1=3 – 4i
Re(Z1)=a=3
Im(Z1)=b = -4
 2 2
|Z 1|=√ ( 3 ) + (−4 ) =√ 9+16=√ 25=5
r=5
Calculando el argumento:
β=tan−1 | yx |=tan |−43|=53.13 °
−1

α =360 °−β=360 ° −53.13° =306.87°

Z1=(r,α)=(5,306.87°)= 5 <306.87°
ℜ( Z 1)=r cos α =5 cos 306.87 °=3.0000
ℑ ( Z 1 ) =r sin α=5 sin 306.87 °=−3.99999 aprox−4
Z2 = 2 – 5i
2 2
|Z 2|=√ ( 2 ) + (−5 ) =√ 4+ 25= √29=5.3852
β=tan−1 | yx |=tan |−52|=68.1986 °
−1

α =360 °−β=360 ° −68.1986° =291.8014 °

Z2=2 – 5i = (5.3852, 291.8014°)

Re(Z2) = 5.3852 cos(291.8014) =2.0000

Im(Z2) = 5.3852 sen (291.8014) = -5.0000

Z1 Z2 =(3 – 4i)(2 – 5i) = 6 -15i -8i +20i^2 = 6 -23i +20(-1)= -14 – 23i

Z1 Z2 = |Z1| |Z2| < α1 + α2 = 5(5.3852) <306.87° + 291.8014° = 26.926 < 598.6714°

=26.926<238.6714°
Re( Z1 Z2) = 26.926 cos(238.6714)= -14.0000
Im( Z1 Z2) = 26.926 sen (238.6714) = -23

Z 1 3−4 i (3−4 i)(2+5 i) 6+15 i−8 i−20 i 2 26+7 i 26 7

= = = = = + i=0.8966+0.241 4 i
Z 2 2−5 i (2−5 i)( 2+ 5i) ( 2 )2+ ( 5 )2 4+25 29 29

Z 1 |Z 1| 5
= < α 1−α 2= <306.87 °−291.8015 °=0.928 5<15.0685 °
Z 2 |Z 2| 5.3852
Re(Z1/Z2) = 0.9285 cos(15.0685°)=0.8966
Im(Z1/Z2) = 0.9285 sen(15.0685°)=0.2414

𝒛=𝟐+𝟑𝒊 y 𝒘=𝟒+𝟓𝒊,
Zw=(2+3i)(4+5i)= 8 + 10i + 12i +15i^2 = 8 + 22i + 15(-1)= 8 + 22i -15 = -7 + 22i
Sean 𝒛=𝟑+𝟑𝒊 y 𝒘=−𝟑+𝟑𝒊, realiza 𝒛∙𝒘
(3 +3i)(-3+3i) = -9 + 9i -9i +9i^2 =-9 + 9(-1) = -9-9 = -18

Sean 𝒛=𝟏𝟐+𝟑𝒊 y 𝒘=𝟐−𝟑𝟓𝒊, realiza 𝒛∙𝒘

(12 + 3i) ( 2 – 35i) = 24 -420i + 6i -105i^2 = 24 – 414i -105(-1)= 24 – 414i + 105= 129
– 414i

𝒛=𝟕−𝒊 𝒘=𝟑−𝟓𝒊
7−i ( 7−i )( 3+5 i ) 21+35 i−3 i−5 i 2 26+32 i 26 32 13 16
= = = = + i= + i
3−5 i ( 3−5 i )( 3+5 i ) 32 +52 34 34 34 17 17

Suma de complejos:
1. Z=2-3i w=5+4i
Z+w = (2-3i) + (5+4i) = 2 – 3i + 5 + 4i = 7 + i= (7,1)

2.- z = 3 + 2i w=4+i
Z + w = (3+2i) + (4+i) = 3 + 2i + 4 + i = 7 + 3i = (7,3)

3 4 1
3.- z= + i w=−2+ i
2 3 3
3 4 1 3 4 1 −1 5 −1 5
2 3( 3 )(
z +w= + i + −2+ i = + i−2+ i=
2 3 3 2 3)
+ i= ,
2 3 ( )
Resta de Complejo:
1.- Z=2-3i w=5+4i
z-w = (2 – 3i) – (5 + 4i ) = 2 – 3i – 5 – 4i = -3 -7i = ( -3,-7)

2.- z = 3 + 2i w=4+i
Z – w = (3 + 2i) – ( 4 + i ) = 3 + 2i – 4 – i = -1 + i = (-1,1)

3 4 1
3.- z= + i w=−2+ i
2 3 3
3 4 1 3 4 1 7 3 7 7 7
( 3 )(
2 3 3 2 3 2 )
z−w= + i − −2+ i = + i+2− i= + i= +1 i= +i= , 1
2 3 2 2 ( )
Multiplicación de complejos:
1.- z = 2 + 3i w = 4 + 5i
Zw = (2+3i)(4+5i ) = 8 + 10i +12i + 15i^2 = 8 + 22i -15 = -7 + 22i =(-7,22)

2.- z = 3 + 3i w = -3 + 3i
Zw = (3 + 3i)(-3+3i) = -9 +9i -9i +9i^2 = -9 – 9 = -18 = -18 + 0i = (-18,0)

1 3
3.- z= +3 i w=2− i
2 5
zw= ( 12 +3 i)(2− 35 i)= 22 − 103 i+ 6 i− 59 i =1+ 5710 i+ 95 = 145 + 5710 i=( 145 , 5710 )
2

División de complejos:
7−i
∗3+5 i
3−5 i 21+35 i−3 i−5 i 2 21+32 i−5 (−1 ) 21+32 i+ 5 26 +32i 26 32 13 16 13
1.−
3+5 i
=
9+15 i−15 i−25 i 2
=
9−25 (−1 )
=
9+25
=
34
= + i= + i=
34 34 17 17 17
, (

z 1=7−i |z 1|=√ ( 7 )2 + (−1 )2=√ 49+1=√ 50 β 1=tan−1 ( 17 )=8.1301°

4 ¿ cuadrante α 1=360 °−β 1=360 °−8.1301 °=351.87 °

2 2
z 2=3−5 i |z 2|=√ ( 3 ) + (−5 ) =√ 9+25=√ 34
5
β 2=tan −1
3 ()
=59.036 °
4 ¿ cuadrante α 2=360 °−59.036° =300.964 °

z 1=7−i=√50< 351.87° z 2=3−5 i= √34< 300.964 °

7−i √50<351.87 ° = 50 <351.87 °−300.964 °=1.2126 <50.906°
Z 3= =
3−5 i √ 34<300.964 ° 34 √
ℜ ( z 3 )=1.2126 cos ( 50.906 ° )=0.7646 ℑ ( z 3 )=1.2126 sen ( 50.906 ° )=0.9411
Z3 = 0.7646 + 0.9411i

(7-i)(3-5i) = 21 – 35i -3i +5i^2 = 21 – 38i – 5 = 16-38i

( √ 50<351.87 ° ) ( √ 34 <300.964 ° )= √ 50 √ 34<351.87 ° +300.964 °=41.2310<652.834 °
¿ 41.23< 292.834 °=41.23 cos (292.834 ° )+ 41.23 sen ( 292.834 ° ) i=15.9998−37.9989 i

(7-i)^2 =(7 – i) ( 7 – i) = 49 -7i -7i +i^2 = 49 – 14i – 1 =48 – 14 i

(7 – i)^2 = (7)^2 + 2(7)(-i) + (-i)^2 = 49 – 14i +i^2 = 49 – 14i – 1 = 48 – 14i
2 2
( 7−i )2 =( √50< 351.87 ° ) =( √ 50 ) < 2 ( 351.87 ° )=50< 703.74 °=50<343.74 °
¿ 50 cos ( 343.74 )+50 sen ( 343.74 ) i=48.0005−13.9998 i

5 5 351.87
√5 7−i=√ √ 50<351.87 °= √ √50< =1.4787<70.37 °=¿
5
1.4787 cos ( 70.37 ° ) +1.4787 sen ( 70.37 ° ) i=0.4967+1.3927 i

6 +4 i
∗3+5 i
3−5 i 18+30 i+12i+20 i 2 18+ 42i+20 (−1 ) 18+ 42 i−20 −2+ 42 i −2 42 −1 21
2.−
3+5 i
=
3 2+5 2
=
9+25
=
34
=
34
= + i=
34 34
+ i=
17 17 (
3+2i
∗−1−2i
−1+ 2i −3−6 i−2i−4 i 2 −3−8 i+ 4 1−8i 1 8 1 8
3.−
−1−2 i
= 2
1 +2 2
=
1+ 4
=
5
= − i= ,−
5 5 5 5 ( )
4.- [(1 – 3i)(3+2i)]^2 =[ 3 +2i -9i -6i^2 ]^2 = [3 – 7i + 6]^2 = [9-7i]^2 =(9-7i)(9-7i) = 81-63i-63i+ 49i^2
= 81 – 126i -49 = 32 – 126i

5.- (1.414,315°) (2.24, 63.44° ) = (1.414*2.24 , 315°+63.44°) = (3.167320 , 378.44°) =

(3.167320,18.44°) = 3.16732*cos(18.44) + 3.16732sen(18.44)i = 3.0046 + 1.0018i