Fósiles y Facies de Bolivia: Editores: Mario Suárez Riglos, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, Miguel Ángel Pérez Leyton
Fósiles y Facies de Bolivia: Editores: Mario Suárez Riglos, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, Miguel Ángel Pérez Leyton
Editores: Mario Suárez Riglos, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, Miguel Ángel Pérez Leyton
ISBN 978-99974-79-68-6
Depósito Legal N° 8-4-437-18
Diagramación, edición y diseño: Sincronía Diseño & Publicidad, Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Información y distribución:
joralemasua@[Link]
alejandra@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]
E s t e l i b ro d e b e rá s e r d i s t r i b u i d o
gratuitamente a todos aquellos interesados
en la paleontología boliviana, y esperamos
sea considerado como una contribución al
conocimiento regional.
Editores:
Pág.
7
TRILOBITES FROM THE ISCAYACHI FORMATION (UPPER CAMBRIAN – LOWER ORDOVICIAN),
CORDILLERA ORIENTAL, SOUTH BOLIVIA. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS.
N. Emilio Vaccari, Beatriz G. Waisfeld, Horacio N. Canelo y LeGrand Smith. - Cáp. 3............................................. 36
Mario Suárez Riglos1, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat2, en la época del descubrimiento y conquista de México,
Miguel Perez Leyton3 envió a España grandes molares y restos de animales
gigantescos. En la misma época, el P.J. de Acosta,
ANTECEDENTES
en su Historia Natural de las Indias (1590), habla de
EL enorme potencial paleontológico del territorio restos de grandes animales encontrados por él en
boliviano ha sido, desde siempre un atractivo para que América y, en varios de sus escritos, hace interesantes
naturalistas y científicos que cultivan la investigación consideraciones sobre la forma de cómo pudieron
de la vida pasada, vengan a Bolivia a estudiar y llegar hasta América, estos animales desconocidos
que, al igual que los propios de las Indias, eran 9
descubrir fósiles. Este trabajo es una síntesis apretada,
ya que de cada uno de los científicos paleontólogos distintos a los de Europa (Meléndez 1955). Datos que
mencionados se podría adjuntar una biografía mucho nos llenan de interés y que ahora resultan curiosos, de
más larga. Nuestra pretensión es hacer conocer allende el Atlántico.
sucintamente nuestra gran riqueza fosilífera. Es muy
PRIMEROS PASOS
posible que muchos científicos no estén en nuestro
recuerdo, por lo que agradeceríamos nos disculpen En Bolivia, debemos mencionar al estadista,
las omisiones. forjador del concepto de nación y uno de los
propulsores de la educación nacional, cultura y
PEQUEÑA HISTORIA COLONIAL
conocimiento de Bolivia, el Mariscal Andrés de Santa
En la Historia de la Paleontología española se citan Cruz, quien tuvo la deferencia de brindarle todo el
hallazgos de la época colonial, indicando que en los apoyo al joven científico Alcides d’Orbigny. Este joven
aluviones de los ríos sudamericanos se encuentran naturalista francés es invitado a visitar Bolivia, tal como
“restos de huesos gigantescos”. El primer dato es se trasunta en la carta fechada en Cochabamba el 10
de un explorador portugués, que frecuentó el actual de junio de 1830, dando respuesta a la que d’Orbigny
territorio boliviano, llamado Alejo García que en le enviara al estadista.
1525, encontró en Tullusmayu (Cochabamba) huesos
Debemos referirnos también, a otro boliviano de
gigantes. Igualmente se conoce que Pedro Cieza de
gran raigambre, continuador de la obra del Mariscal
León en Crónica del Perú (1554), habla de las grandes
de Zepita, el Gral. Don José de Ballivián, quien ordenó
osamentas encontradas en Santa Elena, al norte de
que se publicase la obra del científico d’Orbigny.
Guayaquil. Diego de Avalos, en su Miscelánea Austral
Lamentablemente, no se editó más que un tomo, en
(1602), señala la presencia de restos semejantes
1845, dedicado al Gral. Don José Ballivián. Hoy esta
hallados en los alrededores de Tarija. Hernán Cortés,
obra es una joya bibliográfica, rarísima, cuyo objetivo
1 Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, joralemasua@
[Link] no era en realidad científico, sino de pretender sacar
2 XR GEOMAP, Av. Ricardo Durand 397, 4400 Salta Capital, Argentina, alejandra@
[Link] el velo de ignorancia que existía sobre Sudamérica en
3 Consultor, Calle Los Pitones # 2035, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, perezley@[Link]
Uno de los autores (MSR), tuvo la suerte de conocer La tesis doctoral de Pierre Antoine Saint - André
personalmente a otro sabio francés, quien ha marcado sobre el Mioceno del Altiplano, recientemente
un derrotero de éxitos paleontológicos en el país, defendida, proporciona importante información
nos referimos a Robert Hoffstetter, quien visitó Bolivia sobre vertebrados terciarios. En el cuaternario, los
en innumerables oportunidades, de Sur a Norte y de palinólogos Y.P. Ybert y el suizo C. Graift proporcionaron
Este a Oeste. Su fecunda labor está impresa en una importante información.
cantidad apreciable de trabajos; además, motivó a
El conocimiento de la Geología y la Paleontología
otros paleontólogos del Museo de Historia Natural
en la República Argentina, especialmente en la
de París y del Centro Nacional de la Investigación
Academia Nacional de Ciencias, creada en 1873 en
Científica de Francia, para que realicen investigaciones
Córdoba, debe su impulso inicial a varios científicos
muy positivas en todo orden. Los paleontólogos
alemanes como Germán Burmeinster, Alfredo
bolivianos le están muy agradecidos.
Stelzer, Luis Brackebusch, Guillermo Bondenbender
Desde la monografía de Boule y Thevenin, en y Adolfo Doering, científicos que trabajaron con
1920, hasta la primera venida de Hoffstetter, en 1949 Gustavo Steinnam, quien realizó varios viajes a los
y sus primeros trabajos, se enmarca una ausencia de países andinos a fines del siglo XIX y principios de
XX. Gustavo Steinnam estuvo dos veces en Bolivia,
Amos, A. y Boucot, A.J. 1963. A revision of the Beltan, L., Freneix, S., Janvier, Ph. y Lopez Paulsen,
brachiopod Family Leptocoeliidae. Palaeontology, 6 O. 1987. La faune triasique de la formation de Vitiacua
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Archangelsky, S. 1993. Consideraciones sobre las
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y Paleobotánica, Revista Técnica de YPFB, 13/14 (1-4): braquiópodos del Silúrico de la Cordillera del Tunari
167-172, Diciembre 1993, Santa Cruz. (Cochabamba, Bolivia) y su correlación con otras
sucesiones sedimentarias gondwánicas. Memorias del
Azcuy, C.L. y Suárez Soruco, R. 1984. El género
XIII Congreso Geológico de Bolivia, I: 153-159, Potosí,
Nothorhacopteris en el Paleozoico superior de la
noviembre 1998.
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21
2
OF BOLIVIA, WITH COMMENTS
ON THE FAUNAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF
THE ‘MALVINOKAFFRIC REALM’.
Resumen. LOS VERTEBRADOS DEL PALEOZOICO THE PALAEOZOIC of Bolivia is renown among early
DE BOLIVIA, CON COMENTARIOS SOBRE LA vertebrate specialists for a number of spectacular and
FAUNA Y EL CONTEXTO AMBIENTAL DEL ‘REINO sometimes intriguing discoveries that have turned
MALVINOCÁFRICO’. up in this country since the mid 1980ies, notably
articulated specimens of the earliest known skeleton-
Se presenta una breve revisión de los nuevos datos
bearing vertebrates from the Middle Ordovician,
publicados recientemente sobre la estructura, el
but also peculiar, Lower to Middle Devonian stem
contexto sedimentario y la biogeografía del vertebrado
chondrichthyans whose relationships remain debated.
1 UMR 7207 du CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC), 8 rue Buffon 75331 Paris, France. E-mail : janvier@[Link] Other vertebrates have turned up occasionally in
2 Le Petit Launay, 29550 Saint-Nic, France. E-mail: [Link]@[Link]
23 pages, 4 figures
the Devonian and Permian of Bolivia, but these raise remains the best basis for the reconstruction of the
less questions because they belong to groups that overall morphology of this species and arandaspids
are widely known elsewhere (see reviews in Janvier, in general. However, some anatomical details of
2003; Janvier and Maisey, 2010). Here we review this species remain obscure, either because of the
some additional information about the structure of slight distortion of the specimens, or because of the
the Ordovician arandaspid agnathan Sacabambaspis difficulty to prepare certain parts, such as the rostral
and about the sedimentological context of its palaeo- region and the sclerotic plates surrounding the
environment. However, the main subject of this eyes, the structure of the presumed paired ‘pineal
contribution is a review of some recent vertebrate openings’, or the details of the branchial plates. In
findings from the Silurian-Devonian of Bolivia and their this respect, it would be interesting to re-visit some
significance in the context of the ‘Malvinokaffric Realm’ of the three-dimensionally preserved specimens from
palaeobiogeographic model. Sacabambilla (Collection of the MHNAO) by using
axial X-ray computed microtomography. Pradel et
INSTITUTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS
al. (2007) provided some additional data on the tail
AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New
morphology of S. janvieri, based on the only specimen
York.
(Fig.1:1, framed area) on which Gagnier (1993a)
MHNAO: Museo de Historia Natural Alcides
had based his attempted reconstruction of a long
d’Orbigny, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
notochordal axis separating dorsal and ventral caudal
MNHNPa: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
lobes (diphycercal tail), a reconstruction that had been
Paris, France.
doubted by later authors (e.g., Janvier, 1996). The re-
MNHNBo: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La
examination of this particular specimen, has shown
Paz, Bolivia.
that Gagnier’s (1993a) first interpretation was indeed
UMSA-FCGV: Collection of the Facultad de Ciencias
correct, including the presence of a small fin web at the
Geológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz,
posterior extremity of the notochordal lobe (Fig. 1: 2,3),
Bolivia.
but it also suggested that the dorsal and ventral webs
23
NEW DATA ON THE ORDOVICIAN VERTEBRATES OF are somewhat dissimilar in size and position, thereby
BOLIVIA suggesting a slightly hypocercal tail with a posteriorly
slanting notochordal axis or lobe (Fig. 1:4) as seen in
The Ordovician vertebrates of Bolivia are some other Middle Palaeozoic jawless vertebrates
essentially known by the articulated material of the (e.g., anaspids, heterostracans and thelodonts).
arandaspid Sacabambaspis janvieri Gagnier, Blieck
and Rodrigo, 1986, from the Darriwilian to Sandbian In addition to these new data on the tail
Alzaldo Formation at Sacabambilla (Gagnier, 1993a, b). morphology of S. janvieri, the histological structure of
Other occurrences of this taxon (at, e.g., Sacabamba, its dermal skeleton has been further studied, based
Cochabamba city, Santibañez) have hitherto on both Bolivian and Argentinian material and using
only yielded rather disarticulated or fragmentary high resolution microscopic techniques (Sansom et
material. In addition, two other presumed vertebrate al., 2005a). This confirmed part of Gagnier’s (1993a)
taxa, Andinaspis suarezorum Gagnier, 1991, and descriptions of the mesostructure of the dermal plates
Pircanchaspis rinconensis Erdtmann, Weber, Schultze, (notably the presence of a cancellous middle layer),
and Egenhoff, 2000 have also been described from but clearly showed that the scales and dermal plates
the Ordovician of Bolivia, but their affinities remain of S. janvieri are acellular and that the tubercles that
uncertain. The arandaspids (Arandaspidiformes, compose the ornamentation of their superficial layer
Arandaspida) had been described first from the is made up by dentine capped with an enameloid
Ordovician of Australia (Ritchie and Gilbert-Tomlinson, layer. New, articulated material of S. janvieri from
1977), and their occurrence in Bolivia came as a surprise Bolivia would certainly be welcome for allowing further
(Gagnier et al., 1986; Gagnier, 1987), even more so investigations by means of new, non-destructive and
when several complete, articulated specimens turned non-invasive techniques, and such findings may now
up (Fig. 1:1; Gagnier, 1993a, b), thereby providing become easier thanks to the detail sedimentological
the most extensive source of data on what still is and palaeo-environmental study of the Anzaldo
the earliest known evidence of vertebrate dermal Formation, which enlightens considerably the context
skeleton. Gagnier’s (1993a) description of S. janvieri of the mass mortality observed at Sacabambilla (Fig.
24
Figure 1. 1-4. Sacabambaspis janvieri Gagnier, Blieck best visible in the counterpart of the specimen and figured in 2,
and Rodrigo, 1986; Middle Ordovician, Anzaldo Formation, 3. 2-4, Elastomer cast of the counterpart of the caudal region of
Sacabambilla, Bolivia. 1, Two articulated individuals (MHNAO MHNAO 1182 (2), drawing of the latter (3, dorsovental orientation
1182, 1180, temporarily deposited at the MNHNPa) from the still uncertain), and attempted reconstruction (4). Scale bar:
“sacabambaspis slab” at Sacabambilla. The framed area of A=100 mm; B1=10mm. (Adapted from Pradel et al., 2007).
specimen MHNAO 1182 indicates the position of the caudal region,
THE SILURIAN-DEVONIAN VERTEBRATES OF BOLIVIA some peculiar, broad-based fin spines ornamented
AND THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. with numerous, thin ridges have been referred to
by Gagnier et al. (1988) as Sinacanthus boliviensis,
The composition of the Upper Silurian to Lower and
because of their striking resemblance to those of the
Middle Devonian vertebrate faunas from Bolivia appears
various fin spine-based species of Sinacanthus from
as most unusual when compared to coeval vertebrate
the Silurian of China (Zhu, 1998). Similar fin spines
faunas recorded elsewhere (Janvier and Suárez-Riglos,
also occur in concretions of the Pridolian Tarabuco
1986; Janvier, 1991, 2003; Janvier and Maisey, 2010).
Formation (Janvier and Suárez-Riglos 1986). However,
Although vertebrate remains are comparatively rare in
further study of their histological structure proved
the Silurian-Devonian of Bolivia, and essentially consist
them to be significantly different from that of the
of isolated skeletal elements found occasionally in
Chinese Sinacanthus spines (Sansom et al., 2005b).
association with marine invertebrates, they almost
Yet they are more likely to be chondrichthyan rather
always belong to two higher taxa of jawed vertebrate
than acanthodian fin spines. It would be extremely
(gnathostome), the chondrichthyans and acanthodians,
interesting to find more specimens of these broad-
the latter being in fact stem chondrichthyans (Brazeau
based fin spines, in particular if three-dimensionally
and Friedman, 2015). Only a single jawless vertebrate,
preserved in concretions, as is the specimen from the
the thelodont Turinia gondwana Turner 1988 (in
Tarabuco Formation described by Janvier and Suárez-
Gagnier et al., 1988). By contrast, the placoderms
Riglos (1986, fig. 5C, pl. 1: 5), which displays part of
(armoured, stem gnathostomes), which are one of
the attached endoskeletal shoulder girdle and would
the major components of Devonian vertebrate faunas
be certainly suitable for being studied using X-ray
elsewhere, are almost lacking, the only exceptions
microtomography.
being the Emsian-Eifelian rhenanid Bolivosteus
chacomensis Goujet, Janvier and Suárez-Riglos, Beside these generally typical acanthodian and
1985, and the Famennian arthrodire Dunkleosteus sp. chondrichthyan fin spines, most other Devonian
(Díaz-Martinez et al., 1996). Moreover, osteichthyans vertebrate remains recorded from Bolivia are
(bony fishes), usually abundant in the Middle-Upper endoskeletal elements that are preserved in 25
Devonian of Euramerica, Russia and Australia are concretions, essentially in the Emsian-Eifelian Belén
also almost entirely lacking in Bolivia, except for rare and Icla formations. They are referred to four taxa:
occurrences in the Givetian and Famennian (Janvier the rhenanid placoderm Bolivosteus (Goujet et al.,
and Maisey, 2010). This condition also seems to prevail 1985), the chondrichthyan Pucapampella (Janvier and
in the Devonian of Brazil (Maisey and Melo, 2005), but Suárez-Riglos, 1986), and two taxa of still debated
strongly differs from the placoderm- and osteichthyan- affinities, Ramirosuarezia (Pradel et al., 2009) and
dominated Devonian vertebrate faunas of Colombia Zamponiopteron (Janvier and Suárez-Riglos, 1986).
and Venezuela (Janvier and Villarroel, 2000; Young and
Zamponiopteron (Fig. 2:1-6) is represented by
Moody, 2002; Janvier and Maisey, 2010).
generally triangular (Fig. 2:1,2), falciform or antler-
Most Silurian and Devonian acanthodian and shaped (Fig. 2:4-6) elements, possibly made up by
chondrichthyan remains from Bolivia are represented calcified cartilage, bone or osteodentine (Fig. 2:3), and
by isolated fin spines, ischnacanthid acanthodian hollowed by parallel tubes regarded as fused paired
jawbones and scales that are preserved either as local fin radials (radial canals, Fig. 2:2,3). Janvier and Suárez-
accumulations within sandstone beds (sometimes Riglos (1986) referred to these peculiar elements as
considered referred to as ‘tempestites’), or in ‘pterygial plates’ or ‘fin plates’, and erected three
concretions in the Tarabuco, Santa Rosa, Belén, Sicasica, species, Z. triangularis (Fig. 2:1,2), Z. falciformis and Z.
Icla, and Huamampampa formations (Janvier and spinifera (Fig. 2:4-6) but their morphological diversity
Suárez-Riglos, 1986; Gagnier et al. 1988, 1989; Janvier, seems to be higher. In fact, Zamponiopteron seems to be
1991, 2003; Janvier and Maisey, 2010). Gagnier et al. the most abundant (at any rate the most readily visible)
(1988) described, from the Seripona-La Higuera bone- vertebrate remain in the Belén and Icla Formations.
bed of the Late Lochkovian Santa Rosa Formation, a Janvier and Suárez-Riglos (1986) suggested that
number of Devonian taxa that can be readily referred these elements may belong to some chondrichthyan,
to either acanthodian or chondrichthyan taxa known but there is still no clear evidence for that, except
elsewhere in Europe or North America. However, perhaps for their possible association with somewhat
27
Figure 2. 1-6, Zamponiopteron pterygial plates (or ‘fin plates’, V003287, holotype) and elastomer cast of the counterpart (5); 6,
i.e. fused paired fin radials). 1-3, Zamponiopteron triangularis Zamponiopteron sp., elastomer cast of the surface of the most
Janvier and Suárez-Riglos 1986; 1, specimen preserved as a natural slender known type of pterygial plate (possibly a distal part of a Z.
mould (MNHNPa BOD05), Belén Fm, Chacoma; 2, specimen spinifera pterygial plate, Belén Fm, La Paz Dept. (MNHNPa BOD52);
preserving the calcified tissues and showing the partly matrix- 7, Shoulder girdle, Belén Fm, Chacoma, La Paz Dept. (AMNH FF
free radial canals (MNHNPa BOD02, holotype), Belén Fm, Belén; 32803), whose articular area (framed) matches the proximal part
3, transverse section through a pterygial plate (AMNH FF 12201) of the fin plates of Zamponiopteron triangularis or Z. falcifera fin
showing the two types of mineralized tissues surrounding the radial plates. Scale bars: 3 = 1mm; all other panels = 10mm. (Adapted from
canals and the rest of the plate, respectively; 4, 5, Zamponiopteron Janvier and Suárez-Riglos, 1986, Gagnier et al., 1989 and Janvier and
spinifera Janvier and Suárez-Riglos 1986, specimen preserved as Maisey 2010).
a natural mould, Belén Fm, Achumani, La Paz Dept. (4, MNHNBo.
29
Figure 3. Cranial elements of Pucapampella. 1, Pucapampella palatoquadrate (elastomer cast), Belén Fm, Chiarumani, La Paz
rodrigae Janvier & Suárez-Riglos 1986, isolated parachordal Dept. (MNHNPa BOD25); 5, posterior portion of isolated Meckelian
plate of the braincase in ventral view, Belén Fm, Sica Sica, La Paz cartilage (elastomer cast), Belén Fm, Pisacaviña (UMSA-FCGV203);
Dept. (holotype, MNHNBoV.003285); 2, Pucapampella sp., Belén 6, 7, attempted reconstruction of the braincase and mandibular
Fm, Pisacaviña, La Paz Dept., braincase in ventral view showing arch of Pucapampella in lateral (6) and ventral (7) view (not to scale),
the articulated ethmosphenoid and parachordal plate (MHNAO based on various isolated cranial elements from the Belén and Icla
1319); 3, Pucapampella sp., articulated skull in ventral view, Gydo formations of Bolivia. Scale bars=10 mm. (adapted from Janvier and
Formation, Emsian, South Africa (Courtesy J. G. Maisey); 4, isolated Maisey 2010).
Figure 4. 1-8, Ramirosuarezia boliviana Pradel, Maisey, 7-8, attempted reconstruction of the mandibular arch, braincase
Tafforeau and Janvier, 2009, Icla Fm, Aiquile, Bolivia; 1-6, holotype and labial element in lateral (7) and medial (8) view, showing the
(MHNAO 1313), part (1) and counterpart (2); elastomer cast in distribution of the denticle- and tooth-bearing platelets on the
ventral (3) and dorsal (4) view; X-ray microtomography-based mandibular arch. Scale-bars = 5mm. (Adapted from Pradel et al.,
three-dimensional reconstruction in ventral (5) and dorsal (6) view; 2009).
SILURIAN-DEVONIAN VERTEBRATES AND THE context, but located along the Devonian intertropical
‘MALVINOKAFFRIC REALM’. or equatorial belt, such as on the ‘Old Red Sandstone
(ORS) continent’ in Euramerica, or on the South China
The Silurian-Middle Devonian ‘Malvinokaffric
Block, and these display a similarly impoverished
Province’ (‘Malvinocaffrische Provinz’; Richter and
invertebrate fauna, but vertebrates, at any rate, remain
Richter, 1942), later referred to as the ‘Malvinokaffric
remarkably abundant and diverse. This may be due to
Realm’ (Boucot, 1975, 1988), is currently considered
the better preservation of strongly ossified taxa, such as
as extending over Bolivia, Peru, southern Brazil,
placoderms or osteichthyans, but also to warmer water
Paraguay, eastern and southern Argentina, northern
conditions that could have favoured a higher diversity.
Chile, the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, South Africa
However, if one only considers the abundance and
and part of Antarctica. It is classically characterized by
diversity of the acanthodians and chondrichthyans,
some endemic taxa, such as calmoniid trilobites (e.g.,
based on their fin spines and scales (their fragile endo-
Carvalho and Ponciano, 2015) and certain brachiopods
skeleton being very rarely preserved), these vertebrate
(Boucot and Racheboeuf, 1993), but more commonly
assemblages would appear quite comparable to what
by an unusual composition of the marine invertebrate
is observed in the Malvinokaffric Realm, except that
faunas, in terms of relative abundance. For example,
the latter extends over areas that have been far less
ammonoid cephalopods, tabulate and rugose
investigated than the ORS. Another possible test of
colonial corals, bryozoans, stromatoporoids, nowakiid
the hypotheses about the cause of the singularity of
dacrioconarids or conodonts are extremely rare, while
the Malvinokaffric Realm fauna may also come from the
hyolithids and conularids are over-abundant (Boucot,
few vertebrate findings from the post-Malvinokaffric
1975; Boucot and Racheboeuf, 1993; Boucot et al.,
Realm formations of Bolivia. The Givetian-Famennian
2001). However, its limits are not clear-cut, and many
Sica Sica, Colpacucho and Iquiri formations, for
areas of the convention-ally defined Malvinokaffric
example, display much the same, predominantly
Realm yield faunal assemblages that show mixed
siliciclastic sedimendary environment as the earlier
characteristics with coeval Appalachian faunas (Boucot
formations (Belén, Sica Sica, Icla, Huamampampa)
et al., 2001). A classical explanation for the singu- 31
and show, in addition, indications of cooler water and
larity of the Malvinokaffric Realm faunas is its high-
even fluvio-glacial influence (diamictites). However, the
latitude austral distribution, and thus presumed cool
occurrence of a large dunkleosteid placoderm in the
water environment (Clarke, 1913; Boucot, 1975), but
Famennian Colpacucho Formation (Díaz-Martinez et
current interpretations also include the effect of its
al., 1996) indicates that these large, widespread, warm-
predominantly siliciclastic sedimentary environment
water pelagic fishes, which are particularly abundant
(Boucot and Racheboeuf, 1993). As far as Bolivia is
in the Famennian of North America and North Africa,
concerned, some very rare and small bioherms of tab-
could extend to the areas previously occupied by the
ulate corals have nevertheless been recorded, the
Malvinokaffric Realm. This can be put in parallel with
most spectacular one being that of Pisacaviña (La Paz
the amazing recent discovery of remarkably diverse
Department), in the Belén Formation, where branching
vertebrate and plant assemblages from the Famennian
corals are found in association with abundant crinoids
Witpoort Formation of South Africa, which shows
and large platyceratid gastropods (Racheboeuf et
that such high-latitude austral environments could
al., 2012). Such examples suggest that relatively
accommodate taxa that were reputedly bound to the
conventional carbonate platform communities
intertropical Devonian environments (Gess, 2011; Gess
could develop in the Malvinokaffric Realm once the
and Coates, 2015).
sedimentary conditions became favorable, be it for a
short time and locally. Much of the faunal peculiarities Returning to the time of the Malvinokaffric Realm;
of the Malvinokaffric Realm may thus be due to the that is, the Late Silurian to Middle Devonian, there
sedimentary environment, although the cool water are nevertheless some rare occurrences of placoderm
condition might also have had some influence on remains outside southern South America, notably
the relative abundance of the taxa. In support of the possible groenlandaspidids in the possibly Emsian Fox
effect of water temperature on the Malvinokaffric Bay For-mation of the Falkland Islands (Lelièvre et al.,
Realm faunas, one may point out that there are many 1993; Maisey et al., 2002). However, the Emsian-Eifelian
coeval (Lower-Middle Devonian) taphocoenoses Tra Tra and Gydo formations of South Africa, which
preserved in a comparable siliciclastic sedimentary yields Pucapampella and possible Zamponiopteron-
Other possible explanations for the peculiar, The authors are particularly indebted to their
unbalanced composition of the vertebrate fauna Bolivian colleagues who have helped them during
of the Malvinokaffric Realm could involve particular their field trips in Bolivia over the last 20 years, notably
ecological adaptations (e.g., feeding on the Dr. Mario Suárez-Riglos, Dr. Ramiro Suárez-Soruco, Dr.
predominant invertebrate taxa in the highly terrigenous Margarita Toro, Dagmar Marino-Rodo, Dr. Alexandra
environment, such as trilobites or other benthic forms). Dalenz-Farjat and Ricardo Céspedes. They also
This might be reflected by the unique dentition type thank Dr. John G. Maisey (AMNH, New York) for his
of Pucapampella, or by the unusual abundance of a collaboration on the reconstruction of the anatomy
benthic rhenanid placoderm (Bolivosteus), a group of Pucapampella and for kindly providing us with a
that is exceptionally rare elsewhere. photograph of the South African specimen.
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3
FORMATION (UPPER CAMBRIAN
– LOWER ORDOVICIAN),
CORDILLERA ORIENTAL, SOUTH
BOLIVIA. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC
IMPLICATIONS
High level taxonomic classification follows the 1980 Pharostomina trapezoidalis quaesita Přibyl
recent proposal of Adrain (2011). The figured material and Vanĕk, p.49, pl. 20, figs 4, 6-7, text- fig. 17 (non pl.
is housed in the Museo de Historia Natural Alcide 20, fig. 5).
d’Orbigny (Cochabamba, Bolivia), prefixed MHNC.
Discussion. P. alvarezi Suárez- Soruco, 1975 was
Order PHACOPIDA Salter, 1864 defined on the basis of an articulated specimen and a
Suborder CALYMENINA Swinnerton, 1915 cranidium from the Iscayachi Formation, at Quebrada
Family PHAROSTOMATIDAE Hupé, 1953 de Palqui. Later Přibyl and Vanĕk, (1980, p.49, pl. 20, figs
Genus Pharostomina Sdzuy, 1955 4-7, text-fig. 17) erected P. trapezoidalis quaesita Přibyl
and Vanĕk, 1980 from the same locality. Both taxa are 1980 Altiplanelaspis palquiensis Přibyl and Vanĕk,
similar in all respects and we see no grounds for their p. 57, pl. 24, figs. 3-5, text-fig. 22.
separation, being P. alvarezi the valid name because
Discussion. Altiplanelaspis palquiensis Přibyl and
of nomenclatural priority. The pygidium illustrated
Vanĕk, 1980 was defined upon three cranidia from the
by Přibyl and Vanĕk (1980, pl. 20, fig. 5) belongs to a
Iscayachi Formation exposed at Quebrada de Palqui.
different taxon, so we exclude it from P. alvarezi.
We illustrate here another cranidium of this species
We illustrate herein several specimens from Tambo from outcrops of the same unit at Tambo Guanacuno.
Guanacuno locality. Distinct features include: free The remaining sclerites are still unknown. Přibyl and
cheeks as wide (tr.) as the maximum glabellar width, Vanĕk (1980) noted that Altiplanelaspis is closely
short preglabellar field (sag.), and pygidium with 4 related to Deltacare Harrington and Leanza, 1957
well-defined axial rings, and weakly impressed pleural (type species D. prosops Harrington and Leanza, 1957,
furrows. The surface is covered by a sculpture of coarse Furongian levels of the Santa Rosita Formation, Santa
granules, larger and more closely-spaced on the Victoria locality, Salta Province, Argentina), being
cephalon, and distinctly smaller on the pygidium. both genera of uncertain affinities. The cranidium
illustrated herein exhibits a gonatoparian suture and
P. alvarezi distinguishes from P. trapezoidalis
this feature, along with the general configuration of
(Harrington and Leanza, 1957, figs. 123. 2 and 6;
the cranidium, suggest that Altiplanelaspis can be
Waisfeld and Vaccari 2003, p. 317, pl. 20, figs. 7 and 8)
accommodated within the Calymenina Swinnerton,
by the presence of a shorter preglabellar field (sag.),
1915 (family undetermined). It is interesting to note
wider (tr.) free cheeks, and a sculpture of coarser
that this species is also present in Argentina in the
granules. The Bolivian species further differs from P.
Guayoc Chico Group (Ronqui Angosto locality, Jujuy
oepiki from the Leimitz Formation (early Tremadocian,
Province) and it is associated with Jujuyaspis keideli
central Germany, Sdzuy, 1955, pl. 6, figs. 62-75, pl. 2.
Kobayashi, 1936.
fig. 99) in the presence of three pairs of well-impressed
glabellar furrows (instead of two), in the more Order ASAPHIDA Salter, 1864 43
trapezoidal outline of the glabella, and in the broad Superfamily ASAPHOIDEA Burmeister, 1843
(tr.) free cheeks (as wide as the maximum width of Family ASAPHIDAE Burmeister, 1843
glabella). Cranidial proportions of P. alvarezi resemble Subfamily ISOTELINAE Angelin, 1854
P. ferentaria also from the Leimitz Formation (Sdzuy, Genus Golasaphus Shergold, 1972
1955, pl. 6, figs. 77-79, 81-88, pl. 2, fig. 80), but it differs
Type species. Golasaphus momedahensis
in the wider pygidial pleural fields, and the weaker
Shergold, 1972.
pleural furrows. The Bolivian species is similar to P.
mexicana (Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968, pl. 99, figs. Golasaphus palquiensis (Suárez-Soruco, 1975)
1-7) from the Tiñú Formation (Oaxaca, Mexico) in the
cranidial proportions; however, pygidia of the Bolivian Figure 5.7-16
species are better segmented, with four well-defined 1975 Asaphellus palquiensis Suárez-Soruco, p. 139,
axial rings. Finally, P. panjiazuiensis Peng, 1990 from pl.1, fig. 2, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.
the Panjiazui Formation (lower Tremadocian, Hunan,
China, in Peng, 1990, p. 117, pl. 22. fig. 9) differs from Discussion. Suárez-Soruco (1975, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2)
P. alvarezi in the more triangular shape of the glabella, erected Asaphellus palquiensis from Quebrada de
in the less impressed glabellar furrows, and in the Palqui on the basis of two fairly complete exoskeletons.
presence of a short occipital spine. We illustrate herein additional material of this species
from Tambo Guanacuno locality. Although species of
Genus Altiplanelaspis Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980 Asaphellus encompass a wide range of morphological
Type species. Altiplanelaspis palquiensis Přibyl variation (see discussion in Meroi et al., 2015) the
and Vanĕk, 1980. Bolivian material exhibits several features that
suggest it is better accommodated within Golasaphus
Altiplanelaspis palquiensis Přibyl and Vanĕk, Shergold, 1972. Such characters include the anterior
1980 part of glabella tapering forward, almost transverse or
bluntly pointed anteromedially, and the well-incised
Figure 5.6
Figure 5. 1-5, Pharostomina alvarezi Suárez-Soruco, 1975. 1, 13322; 9, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13323; 10,
cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13315; 2, cranidium, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13324; 11, free cheek,
dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13316; 3, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13325; 12, hypostome, ventral
cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13317; view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13326; 13, pygidium,
4, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13318; 5, pygidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13327; 14, pygidium, dorsal view,
dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13319, (Tambo Guanacuno internal mould, MHNC 13328; 15, pygidium, dorsal view, internal
TG1, TG2) 6, Altiplanelaspis palquiensis Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980. mould, MHNC 13329; 16, pygidium, dorsal view, internal mould,
6, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC MHNC 13330, (Tambo Guanacuno TG1, TG2). Scale bars: 1 mm (1,
13320, (Tambo Guanacuno, TG1). 7-16, Golasaphus palquiensis 2, 4-6), 3 mm (3, 12-15), 5 mm (7-9, 11, 14, 16).
(Suárez-Soruco, 1975). 7, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould,
MHNC 13321; 8, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC
preglabellar furrow. The frontal area bears low, oblique 1975 was defined on the basis of a nearly complete
swellings oriented subparallel to the anterolateral exoskeleton and a pygidium with attached thoracic
corners of the glabella. The free cheeks exhibit a wide segments from the Iscayachi Formation at Quebrada
lateral furrow prolonged into the base of the genal de Palqui (Suárez-Soruco, 1975, p. 139, pl. 1, text-fig.
spine and the pygidium bears a wide (sag. exsag.) 7, pl. II, figs. 7 and 8). Then, Přibyl and Vanĕk (1980, p.
doublure. 39) proposed O. tarijensis Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980 on
the basis of the material illustrated by Branisa (1965,
G. palquiensis resembles the type species G.
pl. 1, fig.1, pl. 73, fig. 3) from Tambo Guanacuno and
momedahensis Shergold, 1972 from the Gola Beds,
Abra de Sama. We find no reason to justify the later as
Late Cambrian of Australia (Shergold, 1972, pl. 10, fig.
a different species, being O. branisai the valid name
1-8; pl. 11, figs. 1-9) in the course of the preglabellar
because of priority.
furrow, the course of the lateral furrow of the free
cheeks (see also Suárez-Soruco, 1975, pl. 2, figs. 1 and In this contribution we illustrate new material from
2) extending within the genal spine, and the swellings the Quebrada de Palqui and Tambo Guanacuno. It
in the frontal area. However, both species can be is possible to observe a certain degree of variation
distinguished because the Bolivian species lacks the among specimens from different growth stages such
longitudinal ridge in the frontal area, the pygidial as the larger palpebral lobes in juvenile specimens
pleural furrows are indistinct, and the doublure is wider. (Figure 6.1). Besides, the axis in adult pygidia is defined
by axial furrows curved inward and pleural furrows are
Asaphellus communis Robison and Pantoja-Alor,
wider and shallower. Surface of cranidium is covered
1968 from the Tiñu Formation (Oaxaca, Mexico,
by fine lines describing a fingerprint pattern and traces
Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968, pl. 98, figs. 12-22)
of caeca are observed on librigenal fields (Figure 6.6).
and Asaphellus aff communis from the Las Vicuñas
Formation (Salta, Argentina, in Waisfeld and Vaccari, O. branisai resembles O. riojana Harrington, 1938
2003, pl. 34, figs. 6, 7) display several of the diagnostic (Harrington, 1938; Tortello and Esteban, 2007, p.
characters of Golasaphus mentioned above and, 608, figs. 7.1-7.14) from the Filo Azul Member of the 45
hence, should be better referred to this genus. Among Volcancito Formation (Furongian, Sierra de Famatina,
other features, G. palquiensis differs from G. communis La Rioja, Argentina). However, the Bolivian species
in the lack of the sagittal ridge in the cranidium and the yields a shorter (sag.) preglabellar field, a less anteriorly
postaxial ridge in the pygidium. Besides, the lateral rounded glabella, and less divergent anterior branches
furrow of the free cheeks is not prolonged in the genal of facial suture. Pygidium of O. branisai is close to
spine in the Mexican species. G. aff communis from the O. gonzalezae Tortello and Esteban, 2016 (Tortello
Argentine Puna is incompletely known. On the basis of and Esteban, 2016, p. 951, figs. 13.14-13.20) from the
the available material it is possible to distinguish this Tremadocian of the Santa Rosita Formation (Iruya
species from the Bolivian one also in the presence of area, Salta Province, Argentina); however, O. branisai
the cranidial and pygidial sagittal ridges. differs from the Argentine species in the shorter (sag.)
preglabellar field and the narrower (sag.) and more
Family CERATOPYGIDAE Linnarsson, 1869
transverse anterior border.
Genus Onychopyge Harrington, 1938
Superfamily TRINUCLEOIDEA Hawle and Corda, 1847
Type species. Onychopyge riojana Harrington, Family ALSATASPIDIDAE Turner, 1940
1938. Genus Rhadinopleura Harrington and Leanza,
1957
Onychopyge branisai Suárez-Soruco, 1975 Junior synonym. Palquiella Suárez-Soruco, 1975.
Figure 6.1-6 Type species. Rhadinopleura eurycephala
1965 Onychopyge tarijensis Branisa, pl 1, fig. 1, pl Harrington and Leanza, 1957.
73, fig. 3 (nomen nudum). Rhadinopleura incaica (Suárez-Soruco, 1975)
1980 Onychopyge tarijensis Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980, Figure 6.7-13
p. 39.
1975 Palquiella incaica Súarez-Soruco, p. 136, pl. 1,
Discussion. Onychopyge branisai Suárez-Soruco,
Figure 6. 1-6, Onychopyge branisai Suárez Soruco. 1, mould, MHNC 13342; 13, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould,
cranidium, dorsal view, external mould, MHNC 13331; 2, cranidium, MHNC 13343, (Tambo Guanacuno TG1). 14-22, Leptoplastides cf.
dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13332; 3, granulosa (Harrington, 1938). 14, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast
pygidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC from external mould, MHNC 13344; 15, cranidium, dorsal view, latex
13333; 4, pygidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13334; 5, cast from external mould, MHNC 13345; 16, cranidium, dorsal view,
pygidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13335; latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13346; 17, pygidium, dorsal
6, free cheek, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC view, internal mould, MHNC 13347; 18, pygidium, dorsal view, latex
13336, (Tambo Guanacuno TG1, TG2). 7-13, Rhadinopleura incaica cast from external moult, MHNC 13347; 19, cranidium, dorsal view,
(Suárez-Soruco, 1975). 7, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13348; 20, pygidium, dorsal
MHNC 13337; 8, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external view, MHNC 13349; 21, free cheek, dorsal view, MHNC 13350; 22,
mould, MHNC 13338; 9, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, free cheek, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC
MHNC 13339; 10, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external 13351, (Tambo Guanacuno TG1). Scale bars: 1 mm (7-13, 17-20); 3
mould, MHNC 13340; 11, cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, mm (1-6, 14, 15, 16).
MHNC 13341; 12, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external
Figure 7. 1-6, Angelina punctolineata Kobayashi, 1937. 1, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13366; 16,
cranidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13352; 2, cranidium, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13367;
dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13353; 3, 17, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC
cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13354; 4, cranidium juvenil, dorsal 13368; 18, a cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould,
view, MHNC 13355; 6, free cheek, dorsal view, MHNC 13356; 6, MHNC 13369, b, Parabolinella sp. fragmentary cranidium dorsal
free cheek, dorsal view, MHNC 13357, (Cuesta de Erquis). 7-14, view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13370; 19, free cheek,
Saltaspis steinmanni (Kobayashi, 1936). 7 cranidium, dorsal view, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13371; 20, free
internal mould, MHNC 13358; 8, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast cheek, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13372. 21,
from external mould, MHNC 13359; 9, cranidium, dorsal view, fragmentary cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould,
MHNC 13360; 10, fragmentary cranidium, dorsal MHNC 13361; 11, MHNC 13373; 22, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external
pygidium, dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13362; 12, free cheek, mould, MHNC 13374; 23, a cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13375, b
dorsal view, MHNC 13363; 13, pygidium, dorsal view, latex cast from cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13376, (Tambo Guanacuno TG5, TG7:
external mould, MHNC 13364; 14, pygidium, dorsal view, latex cast 15-20, 22; Cuesta de Erquis: 21, 23). Scale bars: 1 mm (5-7, 9, 11); 2
from external mould, MHNC 13365, (Tambo Guanacuno TG5, TG7). mm (10); 3 mm (1-4, 8).
15-23, Parabolinella boliviana Juarez Huarachi, 2010. 15, cranidium,
here, further supporting the inclusion of the material Genus Parabolinella Brogger, 1882
from the Quebrada de Moya in A. punctolineata.
Type species. Parabolinella limitis Brogger, 1882.
Genus Saltaspis Harrington and Leanza, 1952
Parabolinella boliviana Juarez Huarachi, 2010
Type species. Jujuyaspis steinmanni Kobayashi,
Figures 7.15-23
1936.
1957 Parabolinella argentinensis Kobayashi;
Saltaspis steinmanni (Kobayashi, 1936)
Harrington and Leanza (part), p. 104, 106, 37, figs. 37.1,
Figures 7.7-14 37.2, 37.5, 37.6, 37.7, 38.4, 38.5, 38.6, 38.8.
1936 Jujuyaspis steimanni Kobayashi, p. 176, text- ? 1982 Parabolinella argentinensis Kobayashi;
figs. 1-5 Owens et al., p. 8-9, pl. 1, figs. g, h, i.
1937 Jujuyaspis steimanni Kobayashi, p. 480, pl. 4, 2005 Parabolinella argentinensis Kobayashi, Zeballo
figs. 1-5 and Tortello, p. 135, pl. 4, figs. h–j, l, n.
2010 Jujuyaspis coimataensis Juarez Huarachi, p. 2010 Parabolinella boliviana Juarez Huarachi, p.
128, figs. 2. 1 - 6 127, figs. 1.1 – 1.5a.
1957 non Saltaspis steimanni (Kobayashi), ? 2010 Parabolinella sp. Juarez Huarachi, figs. 1.5b-
Harrington y Leanza, p. 97. fig. 31, 32 1a-1c. 1.6.
Discussion. Saltaspis steimanni (Kobayashi, 1936) 2013 Parabolinella sp.; Tortello et al., p. 145, figs.8.1,
was defined on the basis of disarticulated material from 8. 3–8.5, 8.8, 8.10.
the Tambo Guanacuno locality, and originally referred
2016 Parabolinella sp. Tortello and Esteban, p. 933,
to Jujuyaspis Kobayashi. Later, Kobayashi (1937, pl.
fig. 5.23-5.29.
4, figs. 1-5) reillustrated this species. Harrington and 51
Leanza (1957, p. 95, text-fig. 31, fig. 32.1a-1f ) referred 2016 Parabolinella pompadouris Monti et al., p.
to steinmanni, some material from the Quebrada 683, figs. 7.6-7.14.
Lampazar (Tremadocian, Salta Province, Argentina)
and erected Saltaspis to include this species. Discussion. Parabolinella boliviana Juarez
Nikolaisen and Henningsmoen (1985, p. 29) pointed Huarachi, 2010 was erected on the basis of material
out that the Argentine material was not conspecific from the Iscayachi Formation exposed in Coimata
with the Bolivian one. Waisfeld (2001, sp. 200) reported locality (Juarez Huarachi, 2010b, p 127, figs. 1.1-
the presence of Saltaspis in the Acoite Formation 1.5a). This author pointed out that the presence of a
(lowermost Floian, Salta, Argentina) and indicated that variable swollen preglabellar field is one of its main
Saltaspis steinmanni should be better restricted to the diagnostic features. We illustrate herein new material
type material. from the same unit at Tambo Guanacuno. Apart from
the inflated preglabellar field this species exhibits
We illustrate here new material from the type locality four, well-impressed glabellar furrows: S1 sigmoidal
of S. steinmanni, showing a glabella that tapers forward, and bifurcated, S2 obliquely directed backwards,
eye lobes 0,22 the sagittal length of cranidium, long, S3 short and transverse, not reaching the axial
outwardly and backwardly directed metagenal spines, furrows, and S4 short, opposite to the proximal end
and a pygidial axis bearing four rings and terminal of the ocular ridges, adjacent to the axial furrows.
piece. Recently, Juarez Huarachi (2010b, p. fig. 2.1-2.10; Cranidial sculpture is another distinctive character.
text-fig. 3.2) defined Jujuyaspis coimataensis Juarez It is composed of fine granules and pits on glabella,
Huarachi, 2010 from the Iscayachi Formation (Coimata and granules, pits and anastomosing ridges on the
locality, Tarija). This species is similar to S. steinmanni preglabellar field. Recently, Monti et al. (2016) defined
(as revised herein) in the cranidial proportions, position P. pompadouris Monti et al., 2016; however, this taxon
and length of the eye lobes, and length and direction is in all respects similar to the Bolivian species; hence,
of the metagenal spines. Hence, we consider that the it is here considered a junior synonym of P. boliviana.
material from Coimata is better accommodated in S. In contrast to Monti et al. (2016) that suggested that S3
steinmanni.
1912 Cheirurus sp.; Hoek (in Steinmann and Hoek), Order Uncertain
p. 223, pl. 11, fig. 9. Family SHUMARDIIDAE Lake, 1907
Genus Akoldinoidia Zhou and Zhang, 1984
1937 Kainella billingsi (Walcott) Kobayashi, p. 469,
pl. 3, fig. 3?, pl. 6, figs. 9-11. Type species. Akoldinioidia pustulosa Zhou and
Zhang, 1984
1938 ?Kainella sp. Harrington, pl. 4, fig. 14.
Akoldinoidia sinuosa (Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980)
1965 K. meridionalis Kobayashi, Branisa, pl. 3, fig. 10.
Figure 8.8-13
1975 K. andina Suárez-Soruco, p. 134, pl. 1, fig. 4,
pl. 2, figs. 9-10. 1980 Koldinioidia sinuosa Přibyl and Vanĕk, p. 12,
pl. 10, fig. 6, text-fig. 3.
1980 K. meridionalis Kobayashi, Přibyl and Vanĕk
(partim), p. 22, pl. 12, fig. 1, non fig. 2. Discussion. Přibyl and Vanĕk (1980, pl. 10, fig. 6,
text-fig. 3) erected Koldinioidia sinuosa Přibyl and
1999 K. meridionalis Kobayashi, Tortello et al., p. Vanĕk, 1980 on the basis of a single cranidium from
568, figs. 4 R-T. Palqui locality. Zhou and Zhang (1984) restricted
the genus Koldinioidia Kobayashi, 1931 to the type
2010 K. andina Vaccari and Waisfeld, p. 283, figs.
species (K. typicalis Kobayashi, 1931) which exhibits a
6.1-6.16.
laterally expanded frontal lobe delimited by an effaced
preglabellar furrow and erected Akoldinioidia Zhou Genus Conophrys Callaway, 1877
and Zhang, 1984 to accommodate species with well-
Type species. Conophrys salopiensis Callaway, 1877.
impressed preglabellar furrow and tapering or parallel-
sided glabella. Shergold (1991) argued that this Conophrys erquensis (Kobayashi, 1937)
separation is untenable mainly based on the variable
anterior configuration of K. cylindrica (Shergold, 1972), Figure 8.14-22
K. cf cylindrica, and K. payntonensis Shergold, 1975. 1937 Shumardia erquensis Kobayashi, p. 483, pl. 6,
We agree with Shergold (1991) in that K. cylindrica fig. 1-3.
and K. cf cylindrica are similar to K. typicalis; however,
K. payntonensis fits well within the concept of 1938 ? Shumardia erquensis Kobayashi, Harrington
Akoldinioidia. So, we follow here the generic concept p. 218, pl. 9, fig. 14.
of Zhou and Zhang (1984) and the subsequent revision
1957 non Shumardia erquensis Kobayashi,
by Peng (1992). Peng (1992, p.41) accommodated in
Harrington and Leanza, p. 80, figs. 24.2a-2b.
Akoldinioidia a group of species that, among other
features, bear a tapering or parallel-sided glabellae, 1980 non Shumardia (Conophrys) erquensis
and a well-incised preglabellar furrow. (Kobayashi), Přibyl and Vanĕk, p.13, pl. 10. figs. 4-5.
We illustrate here cranidia and pygidia from Tambo Discussion. Kobayashi (1937, pl. 6, figs. 1-3) erected
Guanacuno that we refer to A. sinuosa. Cranidia Shumardia erquensis Kobayashi, 1937 from Cuesta de
resemble in all respects the cranidium from Palqui Erquis locality on the basis of two distorted cranidia
illustrated by Přibyl and Vanĕk (1980), though the and a pygidium. The new material illustrated herein
cranidial axial furrows are slightly straighter in the from the type locality allows a better characterization
material from our collection. The material referred to of the species. C. erquensis exhibits small and slightly
Conophrys victoriensis Juarez Huarachi (2010a, fig. 1.7- inflated anterolateral lobes, very short (tr.) S1 and S2,
1.12) from the lower part of the Iscayachi Formation well-defined against axial furrows, and the preglabellar
exposed at La Victoria locality can be accommodated furrow is curved forward, describing a blunt angle. 53
in Akoldinoidia. A. victoriensis differs from A. sinuosa Pygidia yield three axial rings, three pleural ribs, being
in having a preglabellar furrow shallower than axial the posteriormost less distinct. Axial rings, pleural
furrows, in the transverse and well-incised S1 and S2, in ribs, and the rim like-border bear a sculpture of coarse
the depressed anteriomedian part of the preglabellar granules, that are particularly closely-spaced on the
field, and in the poorly defined pygidial border and the later.
lack of granules on the axial rings and pleural ribs.
Harrington (1938, pl.9, fig. 14) referred to erquensis
A. sulcatus (Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968) from a single cranidium from Río Volcancito (Sierra de
the Tiñu Formation (Oaxaca, Mexico, Robison and Famatina, La Rioja Province); however, on the basis of
Pantoja-Alor. 1968, pl. 104, figs. 20-23) is only known his figure it is difficult to be certain about the specific
from cranidia. The Mexican species is different from assignment. Then, Harrington and Leanza (1957, fig.
A. sinuosa in the more anteriorly tapering glabella, 24, 2a, 2b) assigned to this species a cranidium and a
the short and well-incised S1 and S2, the presence of pygidium from Quebrada Pocoy (Quebrada Huichaira,
a shallow but distinct and forwardly directed S1, and Tilcara, Jujuy Province). This material was later re-
the slightly longer (sag.) preglabellar field, depressed figured by Přibyl and Vanĕk (1980, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5).
sagittally. Although the Argentine material is broadly similar to
the Bolivian one, the narrower (tr.) fixed cheeks, the less
In Argentina, Tortello and Esteban (2003) referred
inflated lateral glabellar lobes, and the posteromedian
to Akoldinoidia sp. a single specimen (cranidium with
indentation of the pygidium suggest that they are not
several attached thoracic segments) from the Sierra de
conspecific.
Cajas (Late Cambrian, NW Argentina). This specimen
is broadly similar to the Bolivian species, but differs Cranidia of C. erquensis resemble species of
in some minor features such as the longer (sag.) and Conophrys exhibiting only a slight anterolateral
narrower (tr.) glabella, the more angular anteromedian expansion of the glabella and fairly small anterolateral
section of the preglabellar furrow, and the more glabellar lobes. In this respect, it differs from C.
transverse S0. alata (Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968) from the Tiñu
Figure 8. 1-7, Kainella andina Suárez Soruco. 1, cranidium, from external mould, MHNC 13381; 13, pygidium, dorsal view, latex
dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13303; 2, cranidium, dorsal view, cast from external mould, MHNC 13382, (Tambo Guanacuno TG1,
latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13302; 3, cranidium, dorsal TG2). 14-22, Conophrys erquensis (Kobayashi, 1937). 14, cranidium,
view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13301; 4, free cheek, dorsal view, MHNC 13383; 15, cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13384;
dorsal view, internal mould, MHNC 13306; 5, cranidium, dorsal view, 16, cranidium, dorsal view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC
internal mould, MHNC 13304; 6, pygidium, dorsal view, internal 13385; 17, cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13386; 18, cranidium,
mould, MHNC 13308; 7, pygidium, dorsal view, internal mould, dorsal view, MHNC 13387; 19, juvenile cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC
MHNC 13313, (Cuesta de Erquis) . 8-13, Akoldinoidia sinuosa 13388; 20, pygidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13389; 21, pygidium, dorsal
(Přibyl and Vanĕk, 1980). 8, cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13377; 9, view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13390; 22, pygidium,
cranidium, dorsal view, MHNC 13378; 10, juvenile cranidium, dorsal dorsal view, MHNC 13391, (Cuesta de Erquis). Scale bars: 1 mm (8-
view, latex cast from external mould, MHNC 13379; 11, pygidium, 22); 5 mm (1-7).
dorsal view, MHNC 13380; 13, pygidium, dorsal view, latex cast
Formation (Oaxaca, Mexico, Robison and Pantoja-Alor, Orometopidae) from Tarija Department, Bolivia.
1968, pl. 99, figs. 13-18), among other features, in the Revista Técnica YPFB 21: 235-240.
better developed anterolateral lobes and the lack of
Braniša, L. 1965. Los fósiles guías de Bolivia: I
the posteromedian indentation of the pygidium. The
Paleozoico. Boletín del Servicio Geológico de Bolivia
former feature also distinguishes the Bolivian species
6: 1-282.
from the cranidium referred to C. alata by Tortello et al.
(1999, fig. 3D) from the Sierra de Cajas (Late Cambrian, Brøgger, W.C. 1882. Die silurischen Etagen 2
Jujuy Province). The material assigned to Conophrys und 3 im Kristianiagebiet und auf Eker. Universitäts-
sp. by Tortello and Esteban (2016, fig. 5.11, 5.12) from Programm 32, Semester 1882, 376 p.
the Santa Rosita Formation (Tremadocian, Iruya area,
Salta Province) differs from C. erquensis in the distinctly Burmeister, H. 1843. Die Organisation der Trilobiten
shallower preglabellar furrow, the presence of at least aus ihren lebenden Verwandten entwickelt; nebst einer
5 axial rings and pleural ribs, and the lack of a well- systematischen Uebersicht aller zeither beschrieben
defined border in the Argentine species. Arten. Reimer, Berlin, 147 p.
smaller and less inflated anterolateral lobes, less Bjørkåsholmen Formation in the Oslo Region, Norway.
prominent S0, and less number of pygidial axial rings Fossils and Strata 47: 1-118.
and pleural ribs.
Egenhoff, S.O. 2007. Life and death of a Cambrian-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ordovician basin: An Andean three-act play featuring
Gondwana and the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane.
We acknowledge the invitation of the editors Geological Society of America Special Paper 424: 511-
to participate in this volume. Special thanks to Lic. 524.
Freddy Paredes, director of the Museo Nacional
Paleontológico Arqueológico of the Universidad Egenhoff, S.O., Maletz, J., and Erdtmann, B.D. 2004.
Autónoma Juan Misael Saracho (Tarija, Bolivia), for Lower Ordovician graptolite biozonation and lithofacies
kindly showing us Cambro-Ordovician successions of southern Bolivia: relevance for palaeogeographic
near Tarija and for his friendship during our visit to the interpretations. Geological Magazine 141: 287-299.
Museum in 2012. The authors thank financial support
Erdtmann, B.D., Kley, J., Müller, J.P., and
from CONICET (PIP 11220120100581).
Jacobshagen, V. 1995. Ordovician basin dynamics
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Blanca A. Toro1; Jörg Maletz2 así también un número de taxones que no habían
sido analizados anteriormente. Se confirma además,
ABSTRACT
la presencia de las especies clave Rhabdinopora
This paper presents a general overview of the flabelliformis canadensis (Lapworth, 1898) y
Ordovician and Silurian graptolites from the different Didymograptellus bifidus (J. Hall, 1865), descriptas por
classic fossiliferous localities of Bolivia, thereby primera vez para la Cordillera Oriental de Bolivia; y se
revising previous records. It includes material that has discute brevemente sus importantes connotaciones
confidently been identified, described and illustrated bioestratigráficas, a fin de completar los vacíos de
información existentes para el Paleozoico temprano 59
previously by different authors, as well as a number
of taxa that have not been analysed before. In del oeste de Gondwana y brindar nuevas precisiones
addition, records of the index species Rhabdinopora para su correlación regional e intercontinental.
flabelliformis canadensis (Lapworth, 1898) and
Palabras clave. Graptolitos. Ordovícico. Silúrico.
Didymograptellus bifidus (J. Hall, 1865) are confirmed
Cordillera Oriental. Bolivia.
for the first time from the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera.
Their biostratigraphic implications are briefly discussed Ordovician graptolites are widely known from the
in order to provide relevant information to fill the Central Andean Basin of southern Bolivia and north-
gaps in the Early Paleozoic succession from western western Argentina, since the earlier studies of D’
Gondwana, and improve its regional and international Orbigny (1842) and Bulman (1931). The most complete
correlation. biostratigraphic framework based on graptolites is
based on the records from numerous Early Ordovician
Keywords. Graptolites. Ordovician. Silurian.
successions exposed in the Cordillera Oriental
Eastern Cordillera. Bolivia.
(Egenhoff et al., 2004, and literature cited therein) (Fig.
Resumen. ACTUALIZACION DEL 1). Erdtmann et al. (1995: fig.1) proposed a revised
CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS GRAPTOLITOS DEL stratigraphical synthesis to subdivide the studied
ORDOVICICO Y SILURICO DE BOLIVIA. En este Ordovician sequences into three north-south striking
trabajo se brinda una síntesis general de los graptolitos structural units of increasing structural complexity
ordovícicos y silúricos presentes en diferentes from east to west. The Atocha segment is the northern
localidades fosilíferas clásicas de Bolivia, mediante la continuation of the Argentine Puna back arc basin, with
revisión de registros previos. Se incluye, tanto material middle and upper Ordovician turbiditic developing to
que ha sido confiablemente identificado, descripto e the west of Tupiza, and the Monchará and Yunchará
ilustrado anteriormente por diferentes autores, como segments extending between Tupiza, Tojo, and Tojo,
Tarija localities, respectively. According these authors,
1 CICTERRA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611.
X5016 GSA. Córdoba, Argentina, btorogr@[Link] the Monchará segment generally comprises early
2 Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteser Str. 74-100,
D-12249 Berlin, Germany, yorge@[Link] Ordovician clastic successions, while the Yunchará
Figure 1. Location map showing Eastern Cordillera, different Tupiza - Jurcuma; 3, Cieneguillas - Chaupi Uno; 4, Culpina; 5,
geological provinces at Central Andean Basin and fossiliferous Cochabamba; 6, La Paz; 7, Consata - Korpa.
studied areas of Bolivia: 1, Tarija - Erquis - Tambo Guanacuno; 2,
Figures 4.8, 13 Material previously assigned to Clonograptus cf.
multiplex by Maletz et al. (1999, fig. 1F) coming from
Remarks. Numerous specimens with one straight
the late Tremadocian levels of the Culpina section
or slightly curved stipe, which originates low in the
should be referred to Paratemnograptus magnificus,
sicula; first figured by Beckly and Maletz (1991). Bolivian
as Clonograptus multiplex occurs in the Floian, but
material exhibits a slender and prominent sicula with a
details of the development are not available due to the
short rutellum.
poor preservation.
Occurrence. This species was first recorded near
Occurrence. Cieneguillas section, Tarija
Tarija from the upper Floian strata exposed at the road
Department. Early Floian (Tetragraptus
on the Sama Pass and furthermore recorded at Chaupi
phyllograptoides Zone).
Uno section.
References. Maletz and Egenhoff (2001).
References. Beckly and Maletz (1991), Maletz et
al. (1995), Müller (2000), Maletz and Egenhoff (2003), Genus Holograptus Holm, 1881
Egenhoff et al. (2004). Holograptus expansus (Mu & Lee, 1958)
Genus Trichograptus Nicholson, 1876 Remarks. The species was mentioned, but not
Trichograptus (?) gracilis Bulman, 1931 illustrated by Egenhoff et al. (2004). The identification
is based on stipe fragments.
Figure 3.9
Occurrence. This taxon was found in the
Remarks. The specimen described by Bulman
Cieneguillas section, Tarija Department, in strata
(1931) was later figured by Brussa et al. (2007, text-
assigned to the Tetragraptus phyllograptoides Zone
fig. 3H) as showing dichotomous branching pattern,
(basal Floian).
but thecal details are not available. The only available
specimen is associated with pendent didymograptids References. Egenhoff et al. (2004).
and therefore may be of Darriwilian age. Otherwise 63
Family DIDYMOGRAPTIDAE Mu, 1950
it might have been synonymized with Nemagraptus
Genus Baltograptus Maletz, 1994
gracilis. Due to the poor preservation and the
Baltograptus geometricus (Törnquist, 1901)
preparation no details of the thecal development can
be seen. Remarks. Specimens with slender declined
tubarium and isograptid type proximal development
Occurrence. Korpa, northern Bolivia.
were figured by Maletz et al. (1995, figs.3, 1-4, 6).
References. Bulman (1931, text-fig. 5), Brussa et al. (2007). López and Toro (1994) described it as Didymograptus
nicholsoni.
Genus Thamnograptus Hall, 1859
Thamnograptus sp. Occurrence. Upper part of the range of the
Tetragraptus phyllograptoides Zone (early Floian)
Figure 5.7
at Culpina and Cieneguillas, Chuquisaca and Tarija
Remarks. Fragmentary slender specimens with Departments.
vestiges of thecal apertures.
References. Maletz et al. (1995, 1999), Maletz and
Occurrence. Coroico Formation exposed to the Egenhoff (2001, 2003).
south of Consata.
Baltograptus vacillans (Tullberg, 1880)
References. Mitchell et al. (2008).
Remarks. Specimens with declined to deflexed
Suborder DICHOGRAPTINA Lapworth, 1873 tubarium and uniform stipe width. Proximal end with
Family DICHOGRAPTIDAE Lapworth, 1873 isograptid, dextral development and metasicular
Genus Clonograptus Nicholson, 1873 origin of th11. The species was figured by Egenhoff et
Clonograptus multiplex (Nicholson, 1868) al. (2004, fig. 5l).
Remarks. The species was recorded in the upper Occurrence. Culpina and Cieneguillas sections,
levels of the Cieneguillas section, but was not illustrated. Tarija Department.
Baltograptus bolivianus (Finney & Branisa, 1984) References. Maletz et al. (1999); Maletz and Egenhoff
(2001, fig. 8.8; 2003), Egenhoff et al. (2004, fig. 5c).
Figure 4.9
Cymatograptus demissus (Törnquist, 1901)
Remarks. The specimen assigned to Baltograptus
bolivianus has a robust tubarium with quickly widening Figure 4.3
stipes and long free ventral wall of the sicula. The long
and slender thecae show the characteristic undulating Remarks. Slender subhorizontal tubarium with two
shape of the thecae of this species. It was formerly stipes with nearly constant width to the distal part and
assigned to the genus Maeandrograptus and later a very long, slightly inclined sicula.
included in the Baltograptus calidus group due to its Occurrence. Cieneguillas section, Tarija
proximal development (Maletz, 1994). One Argentinean Department. The species was found in the higher part
specimen that shows a complete proximal end is here the Tetragraptus phyllograptoides Zone (early Floian).
illustrated for comparison with the only previously
figured specimen of the Baltograptus turgidus-calidus References. Maletz et al. (1995, 1999), Maletz and
group recorded in Bolivia. Egenhoff (2001, fig. 8.6; 2003).
Occurrence. Baltograptus bolivianus was found for Cymatograptus protobalticus (Monsen, 1937)
the first time at the settlement of Tojo, near Tupiza, in
Remarks. Robust tubarium with a slightly deflexed
the Tarija Department. It is otherwise known only from
proximal part and straight distal stipes and long sicula,
65
Figure 2. ANISOGRAPTIDAE, SIGMAGRAPTIDAE and 7, Adelograptus sp., SMF material. 8. Cymatograptus rigoletto
DIDYMOGRAPTIDAE from Bolivia. 1-3, Rhabdinopora flabelliformis (Maletz, Rushton & Lindholm, 1991), latex cast in reverse view, Bo-
canadenis (Lapworth, 1898) Tambo Guanacuno section. 1, MHNC Cin 14020, SMF material. 9, Araneograptus murrayi (J. Hall, 1865),
13392. 2, MHNC 13393 . 3 MHNC 13394. 4, Paradelograptus SMF material. 10, Kiaerograptus supremus Lindholm, 1991, Bo-Cul
norvegicus (Monsen, 1937) Bol-Cul 8+95m, SMF material. 5, 0-042, SMF material. Scale indicated by 1 mm long bar in 2-3, 6, 8,
Hunnegraptus copiosus Lindholm, 1991, Bol-Cul 8+95m, SMF 10, and 10 mm in 1, 4, 5, 7, 9.
material. 6, Aorograptus victoriae (T.S. Hall, 1899) Bo-Cul 9-06A.
References. Egenhoff et al. (2004, fig. 5k). Remarks. Specimens showing robust proximal
ends with a small conical sicula and pendent stipes.
Expansograptus suecicus (Tullberg, 1880)
Occurrence. This species is first found in Bolivia in
Figure 4.2
the Chaupi Uno region, Tarija Department, in levels
Remarks. The only available specimen shows assigned to the upper Floian (Baltograptus minutus
the typical short sicula with a proximally reflexed Zone or Didymograptellus bifidus Zone). Specimens
proximal end as described by Maletz (1996) from the previously described as Didymograptus (s.l.) sp.
from Culpina and Uturungo localities, Chuquisaca Genus Tetragraptus Salter, 1863
Department, could correspond to gerontic forms of Tetragraptus phyllograptoides Strandmark, 1902
this species affected by regional deformation. To the
Figures 3.2, 5, 6
contrary, the material from Ñoquis, near Tupiza (López
and Toro, 1994) do not correspond to this species Remarks. Robust tubarium with rounded proximal
because of the slender and long sicula. end and strongly reclined stipes which widen quickly
in the proximal part and then, either they keep a
References. Ortega and Suárez-Soruco (1994),
uniform width or the width diminishes distally. The
Toro (in prep.).
Bolivian material is identical in the development with
Genus Xiphograptus Cooper & Fortey, 1982 the Baltoscandian form. It also has thecal spacing,
Xiphograptus lofuensis (Lee, 1961) inclination and overlapping similar to those of the
latter species.
Figure 4.10
Occurrence. Tetragraptus phyllograptoides was
Remarks. The species has not been previously
previously recognized in the Chaupi Uno region,
illustrated from Bolivia and all available specimens
Cieneguillas section and the upper part of the
that may be referred to the species are too poorly
Culpina section, Tarija Department. This index species
preserved to show the characteristic dorsal virgellar
for the early Floian occurs in the middle part of the
spine.
homonymous zone in the last mentioned section.
Occurrence. This taxon was previously found at
References. López and Toro (1994) mentioned T.
Chala Mayu in the Isograptus victoriae Zone (Early
cf. phyllograptoides, but did not illustrate the material.
Dapingian).
Maletz et al. (1999), Maletz and Egenhoff (2001, fig. 8.1;
References. Müller (2000), Egenhoff et al. (2004). 2003).
Tetragraptus approximatus Nicholson, 1873
Genus Pseudobryograptus Mu, 1957
67
Pseudobryograptus sp. Figure 3.1
Occurrence. The species was collected by Müller References. Maletz et al. (1999), Maletz and
(2000) in his locality 681 (Monte Rico). Egenhoff (2001, 2003).
Genus Pterograptus Holm, 1881 Remarks. Four-stiped tubarium with straight first
Pterograptus sp. order stipes and horizontal to slightly reclined second-
order stipes that quickly expand.
Remarks. This taxon is easily recognized through
its slender multiramous colony with cladial branching. Occurrence. This species was recorded, but not
illustrated, in Cieneguillas section, Tarija Department,
Occurrence. Bulman (1931, textfig. 4) illustrated a in levels corresponding to the Tetragraptus
single fragment from the higher Darriwilian of Korpa. phyllograptoides Zone (early Floian); and in the
References. Bulman (1931). Didymograptellus bifidus and Azygograptus lapworthi
zones at the Culpina section, Chuquisaca Department.
Family TETRAGRAPTIDAE Frech, 1897
Occurrence. Upper levels of the Culpina References. Maletz and Egenhoff (2003), Egenhoff
section, Chuquisaca Department. Tetragraptus et al. (2004, fig. 5d).
phyllograptoides Zone (early Floian). 69
Genus Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee, 1958
References. Maletz et al. (1999). Pseudotrigonograptus sp.
Genus Parisograptus Chen & Zhang, 1996 Remarks. The species shows the typical outline of
Parisograptus caduceus ssp. a Cryptograptus, but the paired proximal spines are
small and often not visible. The species bears complete
Figures 5.10-11
fusellum unlike the younger taxa of the genus, in which
Remarks. Parisograptus caduceus is recognized the proximal thecae are reduced to thin lists.
through the V-shaped tubarium with a fairly short
Occurrence. The species is common in the Capinota
supradorsal part of the sicula. The stipes do not widen
and Coroico formations of the Cordillera Oriental.
distally and the thecal inclination is high. The thecal
Bulman (1931) described a number of Cryptograptus
apertures often bear strong rutelli. The conspicuous
species from the region, but the specimens may
proximal development (see Maletz and Zhang, 2003)
belong to a single species, as the material is strongly
can be seen only in relief specimens.
tectonized and difficult to identify.
Occurrence. The specimen described by Bulman
References. Bulman (1931), Mitchell et al. (2008).
(1931) from Korpa may represent fragments of
Tetragraptus. A few small specimens are found in the Genus Kalpinograptus Jiao, 1977
70
mid-Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) at Consata locality Kalpinograptus sp.
in the northernmost Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia (Fig.
1). Figure 5.13
Figure 4. SIGMAGRAPTIDAE, DIDYMOGRAPTIDAE and section, CEGH-UNC 24936. 8, Azygograptus lapworthi Nicholson,
PTEROGRAPTIDAE . 1875, loc 640 of Müller (2000), SMF material. 9, Baltograptus
1. Acrograptus sp., Loc 681 of Müller (2000), SMF material.2, bolivianus (Finney & Branisa, 1984), Santa Victoria section, Argentina,
Expansograptus suecicus (Tullberg, 1880), coll. Müller, 1996, SMF CEGH-UNC 17572. 10, Xiphograptus lofuensis (Lee, 1961)?, loc.
material. 3, Cymatograptus demisus (Törnquist, 1901), Bo-Cin 647b of Müller (2000), SMF material. 11-12, Acrograptus filiformis
16/012, SMF material. 4, Expansograptus holmi (Törnquist, 1901), (Tullberg, 1880), Bo-Sel 1-4, SMF material. 13, Azygograptus
Culpina, SMF 75381. 5, Baltograptus turgidus group, Sella, SMF lapworthi Nicholson, 1875, Chaupi Uno section, CEGH-UNC 24938
material. 6-7, Didymograptellus bifidus (Hall, 1865), Chaupi Uno . Scale indicated by 1 mm long bar in each photo.
Urbanekograptus retioloides (Wiman, 1895) Remarks. Egenhoff et al. (2002, p. 15) re-identified
specimens described as Climacograptus cf. modestus
Figures 6.2, 5-6
by Bulman (1931, fig. 22) as Haddingograptus
Remarks. The species bears characteristic lateral eurystoma, but did not provide an illustration of the
genicular lobs that are often difficult to seen in material. They are characterized by the rounded
flattened material and may appear as genicular spines. proximal end without apertural spines on the first
thecal pair and the strongly geniculate thecae with
Occurrence. This taxon was found in the intrathecal folds.
Jurcuma section, Tupiza region, and assigned to the
Hustedograptus teretiusculus Zone (Late Darriwilian). Occurrence. The specimens were found at
Other records from Masealayta, in the northwestern Masseallayta, Bolivia (Bulman, 1931).
Bolivia, corresponding to this taxon, are associated with
References. Egenhoff et al. (2002).
Amplexograptus cf. confertus and Hadingograptus
eurystoma and additional material was described from Genus Oelandograptus Mitchell, 1987
the locality of the Iskay Mokho, in southern Bolivia. Oelandograptus oelandicus (Bulman, 1963)
Figure 6.8 Bulman, 1931 with Nemagraptus gracilis.
Remarks. The species is characteristic through Occurrence. The species was found in the Eastern
its rounded proximal end bearing the virgella as the Cordillera of Bolivia in the Atocha Segment between
only spines in the proximal end. The thecae show a Tupiza and San Vicente.
rounded geniculum, but no genicular elaborations and
References. Bulman (1931), Müller et al. (1996),
slightly outwards inclined supragenicular walls.
Müller (2000), Brussa et al. (2007).
Occurrence. Well preserved specimens showing
Infraorder NEOGRAPTINA Storch et al. 2011
some relief are found at Consata in the Eastern
Family MONOGRAPTIDAE Lapworth, 1873
Cordillera.
Genus Monograptus Geinitz, 1852, s.l.
References. Mitchell et al. (2008). Monograptus bolivianus Maletz, Suarez-Soruco &
Egenhoff, 2002
Genus Orthograptus Lapworth, 1873
?Orthograptus calcaratus basilicus (Lapworth, 1873) Figure 7.3
Remarks. The illustrated material by Bulman (1931: Remarks. The straight monograptid bears a
textfig. 24) is poorly preserved and incomplete. Thus, a trumpet-like sicular aperture. The thecae bear
specific identification is impossible. genicular hoods that appear like genicular spines in
poor specimens.
Occurrence. Bulman (1931) illustrated several
fragmented specimens from the Caradocian between Occurrence. Rio Carrasco, road from Caranavi
Pata and Crucero, Bolivia. to Puerto Linares, La Paz; Rio Carrasco Formation.
The species occurs in a monospecific assemblage
References. Bulman (1931).
of probable Gorstian, Ludlow (Upper Silurian) age.
Family DICRANOGRAPTIDAE Lapworth, 1873 The identification of this species as Saetograptus
Genus Dicellograptus Hopkinson, 1871 leintwardinensis was the reason for the recognition of 73
Dicellograptus sp. cf. Dicellograptus intortus the Saetograptus leintwardinensis Biozone in Bolivia
(Lapworth, 1880) (see Suarez Soruco, 1975).
Figure 5. SIGMAGRAPTIDAE, DICHOGRAPTINA and elongatus Bulman, 1931. 7, Thamnograptus sp., MHNC 13173.
GLOSSOGRAPTINA from Bolivia.1-2, Didymograptus artus group, 8-9, Isograptus victoriae (Harris, 1933), loc. 657 of Müller (2000), 8,
1, MHNC 13169, 2, MHNC 13170. 3, 6, Cryptograptus schaeferi SMF material, 9, SMF 75388. 10-11, Parisograptus caduceus ssp.,
Lapworth, 1880, 3, long specimen. 6, juvenile showing complete 10, MHNC 13176, 11, MHNC 13166. 12, Pseudotrigonograptus sp.,
rutellum on sicula, MHNC 13190. 4-5, Glossograptus fimbriatus MHNC 13191. 13, Kalpinograptus sp., MBg 3101. Scale indicated
(Hopkinson, 1872), 4, holotype of Phyllograptus typus parallelus by 1 mm long bar in each photo.
Bulman, 1931, 5, holotype of Phyllograptus angustifolius
Pristiograptus dubius. Occurrence. A few fragments of this taxon
have been discovered in a collection from Pojo,
Occurrence. The species was found in a number
Cochabamba at the base of the Kirusillas Formation,
of specimens at Pojo, Cochabamba at the base of
associated with Colonograptus praedeubeli.
the Kirusillas Formation. It is widely distributed in
the Colonograptus praedeubeli to Colonograptus References. Maletz et al. (2002).
ludensis biozones (Jaeger, 1991), but was found only
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fragments showing slender stipes with low inclined 1 (17): 509-518.
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Figure 6. AXONOPHORA from Bolivia. 1, ?Hustedograptus Hustedograptus bulmani Mitchell, Maletz & Brussa, 2008, MHNC
sp., identified as Glyptograptus dentatus by Bulman (1931), between 13182. 4, Pseudamplexograptus latus (Bulman, 1931), MHNC
Mojos & Capamitas, Bolivia, specimen 127. 2, 5-6, Urbanekograptus 13193, latex cast. 7, ?Hustedograptus sp., reverse view, described
retioloides (Wiman, 1895), 2, holotype of Lasiograptus armatus as Glyptograptus dentatus mut. by Bulman (1931, pl. 6, fig. 19),
Bulman, 1931, specimen 129, 5, SMF material, Quebrada de between Mojos and Capamitas. 8, Oelandograptus oelandicus
Jurcuma, 6, holotype of Lasiograptus porrectus Bulman, (Bulman, 1963), MHNC 13178a, latex cast in obverse view. Scale
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Lin, Y. K. 1981. New materials of graptodendroids Maletz, J, Carlucci, J. and Mitchell, C.E. 2009.
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Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7-19. (20.7°S-21.5°S). Dissertation, FU Berlin, Fachbereich
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5
AMERICAN BRACHIOPODS
ANABAIA, HARRINGTONINA, AND
CLARKEIA: NEW INSIGHTS FROM
THE ONTOGENY OF CLARKEIA
ANTISIENSIS (D’ORBIGNY)
Juan L. Benedetto1 placed among the Rhynchotrematoidea. If the
hypothesis is proven, these superfamilies, as presently
ABSTRACT
constituted, would be polyphyletic groups.
Hundreds of specimens of the rhynchonellide
Keywords. Brachiopods. Silurian. Bolivia.
brachiopod Clarkeia antisiensis (d’Orbigny) recovered
Precordillera. Ontogeny. Heterochrony.
from the stratotype of the Tarabuco Formation of Bolivia
form a complete series of growth stages providing a Resumen. LAS RELACIONES ENTRE
good opportunity for reconstructing its ontogenetic LOS BRAQUIÓPODOS SILÚRICOS AFRO-
82
development. The fact that juvenile specimens of C. SUDAMERICANOS ANABAIA, HARRINGTONINA
antisiensis are nearly indistinguishable from adult Y CLARKEIA: NUEVAS IDEAS A PARTIR DE
individuals of Harringtonina australis Boucot strongly LA ONTOGENIA DE CLARKEIA ANTISIENSIS
suggests that Clarkeia evolved from Harringtonina (D’ORBIGNY). Los centenares de ejemplares del
by the heterochronic process of peramorphosis. On braquiópodo rinconélido Clarkeia antisiensis
the other hand, adult specimens of both the Brazilian (d’Orbigny) colectados en la localidad tipo de
Anabaia paraia Clarke and the Precordilleran Anabaia? la Formación Tarabuco de Bolivia conforman
n. sp. never exceed the youngest ontogenetic stage una completa serie de estados de crecimiento y
of Harringtonina australis, to which share small hinge brindan una buena oportunidad para reconstruir el
plates supported by a septalium-like structure and desarrollo ontogenético de esta especie. El hecho
absence of cardinal process. The overlap of adult de que los ejemplares juveniles de C. antisiensis sean
morphology of Anabaia with the juvenile morphology prácticamente indistinguibles de los individuos adultos
of Harringtonina australis allows interpreting this de Harringtonina australis Boucot permite suponer
succession as an evolutionary lineage showing que Clarkeia evolucionó a partir de Harringtonina por
increasingly more peramorphic characters. This el proceso heterocrónico de peramorfosis. Por otra
hypothesis is supported by the correlation between parte, los ejemplares adultos de la especie Anabaia
the stratigraphic record of taxa and the inferred paraia Clarke de Brasil y de Anabaia n. sp. de la
developmental sequence, being Anabaia the oldest Precordillera Argentina nunca sobrepasan el estadio
member (Early Silurian), Harringtonina australis the ontogenético más joven de Harringtonina australis
intermediate form (Wenlock-Ludlow), and Clarkeia caracterizado por la presencia de pequeñas placas
antisiensis the youngest (Pridoli). This interpretation charnelares soportadas por un septalio y la ausencia
raises a systematic problem because the leptocoeliids de proceso cardinal. La superposición de la morfología
Anabaia and Harringtonina are currently classified adulta de Anabaia con la juvenil de Harringtonina
within the superfamily Uncinuloidea whereas Clarkeiais australis lleva a interpretar esta sucesión como un
1 Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de linaje evolutivo a lo largo del cual los caracteres se
Córdoba, Argentina. Haya de la Torre s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5016GCA Córdoba,
Argentina. [Link]@[Link] tornan cada vez más peramórficos. Esta hipótesis es
coherente con la correlación estrecha que existe entre thought, and consequently their classification should
el registro estratigráfico de los taxones y la secuencia be revised. Their splitting in different families and
de desarrollo inferida, siendo Anabaia el más superfamilies may be due to the fact that generic
antiguo (Silúrico Temprano), Harringtonina australis diagnoses were based essentially on adult morphology,
el intermedio (Wenlockiano-Ludlowiano) y Clarkeia not considering the strong changes that occur through
antisiensis el más joven (Pridoliano). Esta interpretación ontogeny. Kozlowski (1923, p. 88), in his description
origina una incongruencia sistemática dado que los of Clarkeia antisiensis had already noticed that “La
leptocoélidos Anabaia y Harringtonina son clasificados région cardinale de la valve dorsale présente des
en la superfamilia Uncinuloidea mientras que Clarkeia aspects très diffèrentes suivant l’àge de la coquille”
lo es en la superfamilia Rhynchotrematoidea. De ser and described some of the differences in the cardinalia
correcta la hipótesis planteada estas superfamilias, between small and large specimens. As the author
tal como son concebidas actualmente, serían grupos stated (Benedetto, 1988) such modifications affect
polifiléticos. even some morphologically ‘stable’ features (e.g.
cardinal process, hinge plates) which are considered
Palabras clave. Braquiópodos. Silúrico. Bolivia.
as having generic and familial diagnostic value (Savage
Precordillera. Ontogenia. Heterocronía.
et al., 2002). Interestingly, knowledge of ontogenetic
INTRODUCTION development not only provides additional criteria for
taxonomic placement at suprageneric level but also for
SILURIAN marine rocks are widespread in South unraveling evolutionary lineages. The main purpose of
America both in the Amazonas, Parnaíba, and Paraná this study, therefore, is to briefly describe the ontogeny
Phanerozoic intracratonic basins and in the large of Clarkeia antisiensis (d’Orbigny, 1847) on the basis
Central Andean Basin peripheral to the Amazonas of extensive collections from the Silurian Tarabuco and
shield. With the exception of the Northern Andean Catavi formations of Bolivia and to compare it with the
segment of Colombia and Venezuela, most of the ontogeny of the Precordilleran Harringtonina australis
Silurian successions are characterized by a suite of Boucot, 1972, in order to re-assess the phylogenetic
83
brachiopods of which one of the most distinctive is the relationships between both genera. In this context,
rhynchonellide Clarkeia Kozlowski, 1923, described published information on the Silurian faunas of
orginally from Bolivian material. Cocks (1972), in Argentina, Peru, Paraguay and Brazil (Laubacher et al.,
addressing the biogeography, ecology, and phylogeny 1982; Gonçalvez de Melo and Boucot, 1990; Benedetto
of this genus, popularized the name ‘Clarkeia fauna’ et al., 2013) is critically evaluated. This constitutes a
to designate this peculiar Silurian paleobiogeographic first step towards the reconstruction of the complex
entity recorded in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and South rhynchonellide radiation that took place in the Afro-
Africa. The extension of the ‘Clarkeia fauna’ into North South American Realm after the end-Ordovician
Africa (Guinea, Senegal) was confirmed subsequently extinction.
by Racheboeuf and Villeneuve (1992). In order to
avoid confusion with the quite different brachiopod OVERVIEW
assemblages of the Devonian Malvinokaffric Realm,
When Boucot (in Berry and Boucot, 1972) erected
Benedetto and Sánchez (1996) proposed the name
the genus Harringtonina (type species Leptocoelia
‘Afro-South American Realm’ to replace the widely
acutiplicata Kayser, 1897, non Conrad) it was classified,
used but more ambiguous terms ‘Silurian Malvinokaffric
together with other leptocoeliids as Eocoelia, Anabaia,
Realm’ and ‘Silurian Clarkeia fauna’.
Leptocoelia, Australocoelia, and Pacificocoelia, among
Besides Clarkeia, the Afro-South American the spiriferides of the suborder Atrypidina, following
Realm is characterized by two other genera of the the criteria exposed by Boucot et al. (1965). However,
Order Rhynchonellida: Anabaia Clarke, 1899, and Gonçalvez de Melo and Boucot (1990, p. 354) cast
Harringtonina Boucot (in Berry and Boucot, 1972). doubts on the sipiriferid affiliation of these genera as
Clarkeia is currently classified in the family Eatoniidae no specimens are known to have any trace of spiralia,
whereas Anabaia and Harringtonina are included in concluding that “...there is a real possibility that the
the family Leptocoeliidae. However, as shown below, Leptocoeliidae belong to the Rhynchonellida rather
an increasing amount of evidence indicates that the than to the Spiriferida”. Nearly simultaneously, Jin
three genera are more closely related than previously (1989) removed provisionally the leptocoeliids from the
olive-green laminated mudstones and bioturbated from the upper part of the los Espejos Formation point
siltstones bearing a varied suite of trace fossils to the Ludfordian–Pridolian transition (García-Muro
indicating deposition in an outer-shelf setting below et al., 2014). Subsequently, terrestrial palynomorphs
storm wave base (Sánchez et al., 1991; Astini and of Pridolian age were identified near the top of the
Piovano, 1992). This facies grades to siltstones and Talacasto and Cerro del Fuerte sections (García Muro
bioturbated mudstones alternating with sandstones and Rubinstein, 2015).
displaying hummocky cross-stratification interpreted
In the Andean-Subandean (‘Interandean’) belt
as deposited in a storm-dominated inner shelf and
(Suárez Soruco, 2000) (Fig. 1) the Silurian succession
shoreface. Shell beds are dominated by brachiopods,
encompasses the Kirusillas and Tarabuco formations.
often associated with trilobites, gastropods, nautiloids,
The basal Cancañiri diamictite has long been
bivalves, echinoderms, corals, and graptolites.
considered of Llandoverian age (Díaz-Martínez and
Harringtonina australis is an ubiquitous species both
Grahn, 2007, and references therein), but evidence
in the storm beds and in the underlying open-platform
from correlatable glacial deposits of NW Argentina
green siltstones where it constitutes the ‘low diversity
(Zapla Formation) suggests an Hirnantian rather than
Harringtonina Community’ (Sánchez et al., 1991, fig. 4).
Silurian age for the main glacial event (Benedetto
Two sandstone packages bearing large-scale diffuse
et al., 2015). The Kirusillas Formation of the Eastern
cross-stratification occur near the middle and the
Cordillera is made up by a monotonous succession
upper third of the succession, probably representing
of dark-gray shales interbedded with sandstones
shallow-shelf sandbar complexes. The lower sandstone
towards the top (Fig. 1). On the basis of brachiopods,
interval contains shell beds dominated by Australina
graptolites and palynomorphs this unit is mostly
jachalensis Clarke, 1913, whereas the upper interval
Ludlow in age (Limachi et al., 1996). It is conformably
bears Clarkeia bodenbenderi (Kayser, 1897).In a few
overlain by the Tarabuco Formation, which consists
localities (Cerro del Fuerte, Cerro La Chilca) the Los
of gray to greenish fine-grained cross-stratified
Espejos Formation culminates with a ca. 12-m thick
fossiliferous sandstones interbedded with micaceous
unit of reddish bioturbated mudstones starting with
Figure 1. Geological provinces of Bolivia (simplified from Suárez 4: Southern Subandean Ranges. Right: oblique satellite image of
Soruco, 2000) showing location of the study area. 1: Huarina fold the Tarabuco village showing the Silurian stratigraphic succession
belt; 2: Eastern Cordillera (Cordillera Oriental); 3: Interandean belt; (K: Kirusillas Formation, Ta: Tarabuco Formation).
In the first edition of ‘Fósiles y Facies de Bolivia’ Senegal (Drott et al., 1979), associated with the typical
Sánchez and Benedetto (1993) addressed the Afro-South American chonetid Australostrophia
stratigraphic and biogeographic distribution of (Racheboeuf and Villeneuve, 1989).
Clarkeia, perhaps the more ubiquitous core taxon of
REMARKS ON THE ONTOGENY OF CLARKEIA
the Afro-South American Realm. The type species
ANTISIENSIS
C. antisiensis is widespread in the Upper Silurian of
Bolivia, both in the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental, Material recovered from the Tarabuco Formation
leading Suárez Riglos (1975) to recognize the Clarkeia consists of hundreds of specimens ranging in size from
antisiensis Biozone. This species is unknown in a few millimeters to up to 20 mm long. Many specimens
Paraguay and Argentina where notwithstanding it are conjoined internal molds so that internal features
has been recurrently cited in the literature. As stated can be accurately known by mean of latex replicas.
above, the Paraguayan material of ‘Clarkeia antisiensis’ Such a complete series of successive growth stages
was reassigned to Plectothyrella? itacorubiensis provides a good opportunity for reconstructing to
Benedetto and Halpern. The Lipeón Formation some detail the ontogeny of Clarkeia antisiensis (Fig.
(upper Llandovery-Wenlock) of the Subandean ranges 2).
of NW Argentina has yielded the minute species
Clarkeia ovalis Benedetto (1991). The Peruvian upper Exterior. Smallest shells (up to 7 mm long) are
Calapuja Formation, of probable Early Silurian age, subcircular in outline, planoconvex in lateral profile.
contains Clarkeia durelli Boucot (in Laubacher et al., The ornament of the ventral valve consists of three
1982), a species relatively close to C. antisiensis. In the rounded simple costae on flanks and one bisecting the
Precordillera basin of Western Argentina the genus median sulcus, all of which rapidly enlarged towards
Clarkeia underwent a significant speciation event the margin (Fig. 2.1). The median sulcus becomes
(Benedetto et al., 1996). The oldest species yet reported deeper and broader on the anterior third of the valve,
are Clarkeia bodembenderi (Kayser) and Clarkeia and the anterior commissure becomes uniplicate. The
deflexa Benedetto et al., 1996, of Ludlovian age. The dorsal valve bears two median costae and 3-4 costae on
87
large species Clarkeia tambolarensis Benedetto et al., flanks. All costae are simple, broad, rounded in profile,
1996, is confined to Ludfordian/Pridolian beds in the separated by equally rounded intercostal furrows; the
southern portion of the basin (Tambolar area), whereas two median costae are situated in the same plane than
the hyperplicate Clarkeia alta Benedetto et al., 1996, those on flanks but rise towards the margin to form a
occurs in beds of Pridolian age at the top of the Los low fold, which corresponds to the ventral sulcus (Fig.
Espejos Formation at Cerro del Fuerte. Recently, 2.5). With growth, the shell outline tends to become
however, this species has been recorded from the suboval, slightly longer than wide, and convexity
overlying reddish siltstones of earliest Lochkovian age, increases to reach a mean thickness/length ratio =
which constitute the first well-constrained record of 0.40. The number of costae in the sulcus increases
Clarkeia in the Lower Devonian. The record of a single to three by bifurcation of the primary median rib and
species of Clarkeia in the Silurian of Bolivia may reflect subsequently to four by interpolation of a new rib on
the lack of detailed taxonomic studies of the abundant the external side of parental costae. In the dorsal valve,
material from the Catavi and Tarabuco formations each of the two primary costae bifurcates at about 6-8
rather than a low rate of speciation in the Central mm from the umbo, but dichotomy can be delayed up
Andean basin. to the midlength of adult shell. In some populations
ribs do not increase in number through ontogeny, so
There are no reports of Clarkeia in the intracratonic that mature individuals bear a single rib in the sulcus
basins of Brazil. Outside South America, the species and two ribs on the fold. However, in most medium
Clarkeia puilloni (Barrois) has been described from to large individuals the fold bears anteriorly four
Pridolian beds of the Armorican Massif of western subequal rounded to subangular costae. The anterior
France (Mélou and Rachaboeuf, 1977; Babin et al., commissure is faintly plicate or serrate. Rib number
1979), and Clarkeia sp. occurs in the lower Ludlow on the flanks of both valves increases to 6-8 either
Télimélé Group (Bambaya Sandstone) of Guinea, by lateral branching or by dichotomy. Noteworthy, in
West Africa (Racheboeuf and Villeneuve, 1992). many specimens the point of rib bifurcation on the fold
An unidentified species of Clarkeia has also been is marked by a strong growth discontinuity located at
reported from probable Lower Devonian strata of East 7-9 mm from the umbo, dividing the shell into a nearly
88
Dorsal interior. A continuum of morphologic pair of subparallel posteriorly directed tubular cardinal
transformations takes place through growth making it lobes developed in the largest individuals (Fig. 2.17).
difficult to establish discrete ontogenetic stages. The Their distal surfaces may be variably sulcate conferring
smallest specimens (up to about 7 mm long), possess to the cardinal process a quadrilobate aspect (Fig.
very simple cardinalia consisting of a pair of disjunct, 2.16). Trifid cardinal processes as those described and
slender slightly diverging hinge plates welded on a illustrated by Kozlowski (1923, p. 88, fig. 5) have not
low subtriangular notothyrial platform. At this earliest been observed in our material. One can speculate
stage there is no evidence of cardinal process and that the illustrated structure corresponds actually to a
myophragm, and the muscle field is indistinct (Fig. 2.6, simple but prominent cardinal process bearing distally
2.9). With growth, hinge plates enlarge and extend a pair of deep sulci giving a trifid aspect, but given that
anteriorly becoming gradually elevated above the this structure is highly variable further investigation
valve floor to which are welded posteriorly by callus is required to clarify the issue. In general, crura are
deposits forming a pseudoseptalium. At this stage broken at their bases, but in a few large individuals
the more significant modification is the appearance they are preserved as long slender, simple, ventrally
of a pair of short ridges on the inner (medial) margin curved structures falling within the radulifer type (Jin,
of hinge plates, which represent the embryonic state 1989).
of the complex adult cardinal process of Clarkeia
antisiensis. Initially, such a double ridge is confined to
the posterior part of the hinge plates (Fig. 2.8) but with TAXONOMIC AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS
89
Figure 2.1–17. Clarkeia antisiensis (d’Orbigny, 1847). 1, 27055 showing growth discontinuity (X1.5). 12, lateral view of large
juvenile ventral valve exterior, latex cast CEGH-UNC 27071b (X3). adult specimen CEGH-UNC 27052 showing growth discontinuity
2, juvenile ventral internal mold CEGH-UNC 27062 (X3). 3,juvenile and shell curvature (X1.5). 13, latex cast of juvenile dorsal interior
ventral internal mold CEGH-UNC27051 (X3).4, adult ventral internal CEGH-UNC 27065 (X5). 14, latex cast of dorsal interior, intermediate
mold CEGH-UNC 27070 (X2). 5, juvenile dorsal exterior, latex cast ontogenetic stage CEGH-UNC 27072a (X4).16, detail of cardinalia,
CEGH-UNC 27071 (X3). 6, early juvenile dorsal internal mold CEGH- latex cast of adult specimen CEGH-UNC 27060 (X10). 17, detail of
UNC 27064 (X7). 7–8, juvenile dorsal internal mold (X3) CEGH-UNC cardinalia, latex cast of adult specimen CEGH-UNC 27069 (X10). 18,
27066a, and latex cast showing cardinalium (X9).9, juvenile dorsal Clarkeia durelli Boucot (in Laubacher et al., 1982) (upper Calapuja
internal mold CEGH-UNC 27056 (X4). 10, 15, adult dorsal internal Formation, Peru), internal mold of adult dorsal valve USNM 303915
mold CEGH-UNC 27066b (X2),and detail of cardinalia, latex cast showing growth discontinuity (X2.5) (from Laubacher et al. 1982, pl.
(X6). 11, dorsal internal mold of large adult specimen CEGH-UNC 5, fig. 23).
Figure 3. 1–10. Harringtonina australis Boucot, 1972. 1, latex cast showing detail of cardinalium (X10). 9, juvenile dorsal
juvenile ventral valve exterior, latex cast CEGH-UNC 27076 (X3). 2, internal mold, latex cast CEGH-UNC 27049b (X10). 10, early juvenile
dorsal exterior CEGH-UNC 27073, latex cast (X5). 3, adult ventral dorsal internal mold CORD-PZ 9227 (X9). 11, Anabaia? n. sp. (La
internal mold CEGH-UNC27050b (X3). 4, adult ventral internal mold Chilca Formation, Precordillera) dorsal internal mold CEGH-UNC
CEGH-UNC 27050d (X3). 5, juvenile dorsal internal mold CEGH-UNC 27077 (X9).12, Anabaia paraia Clarke, 1899 (Trombetas Formation,
27050a (X6). 6, early adult dorsal internal mold CEGH-INC 27049a Brazil), adult dorsal internal mold MN 3313a-I (X5).
(X6). 7–8, adult dorsal internal mold CEGH-UNC 27050 (X2.5), and
Benedetto, J.L. and Cocks, L.R.M. 2009. Early Boucot, A.J., Johnson, J.G., and Staton. R.D.
Silurian (Rhuddanian) brachiopods from the Argentine 1965. Order Spiriferida. In: Moore, R.C. (ed.), Treatise
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Clarke, J.M. 1899. A fauna Siluriana superior do Rio
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6
SILURO-DEVONICOS DE BOLIVIA
SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN
PROTOBRANCH BIVALVES FROM
BOLIVIA
98
Distribución. Esta especie tiene una amplia Referencias. Knod (1908), Kozlowski (1923), Dalenz
distribución boreal en la provincia de Laurentia desde Farjat (1992, 2000), Babin y Dalenz Farjat (1994).
el Devónico inferior al Devónico medio (Bailey, 1978 Palaeoneilo pondeana (Hartt y Rathbun, 1875)
y 1983) y Devónico superior (McAlester, 1963). En
el Gondwana, Reed (1908) y Clarke (1913) citan una Figura 2.22
especie afín en el Devónico de Bokkeveld, Sudáfrica.
Distribución. Las especies P. forbesi Ulrich (1892)
En Bolivia (Fig. 1, Cuadros 1 y 2) fue registrada
y P. magnifica Clarke (1913) comparten caracteres
en el Devónico medio de Saipina y el Río Sacta
diagnósticos con la especie P. pondeana, anterior a
(Formación Los Monos), de Ayo Ayo (Arenisca Cruz
ambas. Es posible que dichas especies no sean sino
Loma) y de Belen (Formación Sica Sica), de Mataral y
sinónimos de la primera (Dalenz Farjat, 1992 y 2000).
Vallegrande-San Blas (Formación Los Monos) y como
La especie P. pondeana (Hartt y Rathbun, 1875) es
forma comparable en el Devónico de Chacoma y del
una especie boreal. Considerando las similitudes
Lago Poopó. Posiblemente el ejemplar más antiguo
entre varias especies mencionadas, estaría verificada
colectado en Bolivia sea el del límite Emsiano-Eifeliano 103
su presencia en el Gondwana, en el Devónico de
de La Escalera.
Pará (Brasil, Clarke, 1899) y de Ponta Grossa (como
Observaciones. Esta especie presenta variabilidad P. magnifica, Clarke 1913), en el Devónico de Perú
morfológica, la presencia del surco radial posterior, (Boucot et al., 1980) y en el Altiplano boliviano (Fig.
ornamentación concéntrica de las valvas y ausencia 1, Cuadros 1 y 2): Sica Sica, Patacamaya, Chiarumani-
del septo anterior. Dentición formada por pequeños Chacoma, Colchani, Belén (Formación Sica Sica y
dientes posteriores ortomorfos. Dos pares de músculos Arenisca Cruz Loma) y Ayo Ayo (Formaciones Belén
aductores muy marcados, así como dos pares de y Sica Sica). Mucho menos frecuente esta especie
músculos pediales o viscerales. se registra en el ámbito de la Cordillera Oriental,
Interandino y Subandino: en el Devónico de Padilla
Referencias. Dalenz Farjat (1992, 2000). y Chahuarani (como P. cf. magnifica y P. forbesi),
Palaeoneilo musculosa (Knod, 1908) Candelaria, Presto-El Peral (como especie comparada),
La Escalera (Formaciones Los Monos e Iquiri), Angosto
Figuras 2.17-2.21 de Alarache y Sobo Sobo (Formación Huamampampa)
y Vallegrande San Blas (Formación Los Monos, en
Distribución. Esta especie endémica parecería estar
determinación abierta). En Bolivia, esta especie es
restringida al Devónico del Altiplano y del Interandino
rara en el Emsiano, en tanto que es frecuente en el
bolivianos. Knod (1908) describió esta especie a partir
Eifeliano y Givetiano.
de material procedente de Cochabamba (localidad no
especificada). La especie P. elliptica Kozlowski, 1923 (en Observaciones. Paleotaxodóntido con el surco
sinonimia de P. musculosa (Knod, 1908) Dalenz Farjat, umbono-ventral posterior, ornamentación concéntrica
2000) fue ampliamente registrada en el Devónico y ausencia del septo anterior. Las valvas se presentan
del Altiplano: en Sica Sica (Formación Sica Sica, globosas, de proporciones una vez y medio más largas
Kozlowski, 1923; Formación Belén); en Patacamaya; que altas, con numerosas impresiones musculares
en Chiarumani-Chacoma (Formación Belén); en Ayo auxiliares en el umbón. Dientes posteriores ortomorfos
Ayo (Formación Belén, Arenisca Cruz Loma) y en pudiendo variar a dientes en chevron.
105
Figura 2. 1, Praectenodonta boliviensis Dalenz Farjat (2005), 16, Palaeoneilo constricta (Conrad, 1841), YPFB Pal 9057-3, molde
YPFB Pal 8533-1, holotipo, molde interno, valva derecha. 2 - 4, interno, valva derecha. 17 - 21, Palaeoneilo musculosa (Knod, 1908);
Notonucula altiplanica Dalenz Farjat (2005); 2, YPFB Pal 9157- 17, YPFB Pal 6776, molde interno, valva izquierda; 18, FSL 1, molde
16, molde interno, valva derecha, vista dorsal; 3, YPFB Pal 9157- interno, valva derecha; 19, FSL 7, valva derecha, molde interno; 20,
15, molde externo, valva izquierda; 4, YPFB Pal 9157-20, molde YPFB Pal 6703, molde interno, valva izquierda; 21, FSL 48, molde
interno, valva derecha. 5, Notonucula umbra (Bradshaw, 1974), interno, valva derecha. 22, Palaeoneilo pondeana (Hartt y Rathbun,
YPFB Pal 9021, molde interno individuo bivalvo. 6, Notonucula aff. 1875), FSL 43, molde interno, valva derecha. 23 – 30, Palaeoneilo
cuspidis Bradshaw (1991), YPFB Pal 9222, molde interno de una villagranadensis Dalenz, Goytia y Limachi (1995); 23, YPFB Pal
valva derecha, detalle de la dentición. 7 - 8, Praenucula quichua 9320-1, molde externo, valva derecha; 24, YPFB Pal 9320-14, molde
Dalenz Farjat (2005); 7, YPFB Pal 9317-1, holotipo, molde interno, interno, valva izquierda; 25, YPFB Pal 8966-23, molde interno, valva
valva izquierda; 8, YPFB Pal 9316-3, molde externo, valva derecha. izquierda; 26, YPFB Pal 8679-1, molde interno, valva derecha; 27,
9, Nuculites beneckei Ulrich (1892), YPFB Pal 8699, molde interno, YPFB Pal 8966-3, molde interno, valva izquierda; 28, YPFB Pal 8966-1,
individuo bivalvo. 10, Nuculites ellipticus (Maurer, 1886), FSL 33, molde interno; 29, YPFB Pal 9320-31, molde interno, valva izquierda;
molde interno, valva derecha. 11 - 12, Nuculites frigidus Bradshaw 30, YPFB Pal 9320-6, molde externo, valva izquierda. 31, Phestia
& McCartan (1991); 11, YPFB Pal 6732, molde interno, valva derecha; cf. securiformis (Goldfuss, 1820), YPFB Pal 8806-2, molde externo,
12, YPFB Pal 7356, molde interno, valva izquierda. 13 - 14, Nuculites valva izquierda. 32, Palaeoneilo? cf. rhysa Clarke (1913), YPFB Pal
oblongatus Conrad (1841); 13, YPFB Pal 846, molde interno de 8912-1, molde compuesto, bivalvo. Escalas gráficas de 1 cm, salvo
dos valvas; 14, YPFB Pal 7297, molde interno, valva derecha. 15, especificación en 2, 4 y 6.
Nuculites sharpei Reed (1908), FSL 26, molde interno, valva derecha.
107
108
Cuadro 2. Detalle
de la distribución
geográfica de
las especies de
protobraquios
registrados en el
Siluro-Devónico de
Bolivia.
Babin, C. 1966. Mollusques bivalves et céphalopo-
AGRADECIMIENTOS des du Paléozoïque armoricain. Etude systématique.
Agradecida a Susana Damborenea (Universidad Essai sur la phylogénie des bivalves. Esquisse paléo-
Nacional de La Plata) por las oportunas y claves écologique. Imprimerie Commerciale et Adminis-
observaciones. La fauna estudiada en este trabajo trative, Brest, 471 p.
fue publicada entre 1992 y 2005 con permisos
específicos de YPFB. Babin, C. 1973. Bivalvia of the Kartal Formation of
Devonian age, Istambul. Ege Üniversitesi Fen
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Mario Suarez Riglos1, Ismar De Souza Carvalho2 of Bolivia, is disclosed. These fauna is common in
Cretaceous rifts of Northeastern Brazil. The species is
RESUMEN
Cyzicus pricei (Cardoso, 1966), a common species in
Se da a conocer fauna de conchóstracos de la shallow, hyaline and fresh water bodies, accumulated
Formación Castellón, de la localidad de Salinas, al sur during the Cretaceous opening of the rifts in the east of
de Camiri, en el Subandino Sur de Bolivia, común a las South America. The paleobiology and paleoecology of
cuencas de aperturas de los rifts del Cretácico inferior this monospecific conchostraca, define warm climatic
del Nordeste Brasileño. Se trata de Cyzicus pricei environments, and deposits of ephemeral streams in
114 water bodies subjected to continuous evaporation.
(Cardoso, 1966), una especie común desarrollada
en cuerpos de agua de poca profundidad, hialinos y This fauna was dispersed in these basins by the wind, so
dulcícolas, acumulados durante la apertura de los rifts its presence is not diachronic, depending on weather
en el este del continente sudamericano. Se da a conocer conditions during Early Cretaceous in a continental
la paleobiología y la paleoecología de esta fauna level.
monoespecífica, determinando ambientes climáticos
Key Words: Conchostraca. Cretaceous. Castellón
cálidos, y depósitos de corrientes efímeras, en cuerpos
Formation. Southern Subandean. Bolivia.
de agua sometidos a la evaporación continua. Esta
fauna fue dispersada en estas cuencas por el viento, No bien terminado el Paleozoico a nivel mundial
de ahí su carácter no diacrónico dependiendo de las donde existía un gran y quizás único continente
condiciones climáticas del Cretácico inferior a nivel llamado Pangea, se inicia su ruptura a nivel
continental. continental. Esta ruptura seguirá líneas tectónicas o
líneas de debilidad a nivel del basamento cortical,
Palabras clave: Conchostracos. Cretácico.
que millones de años más tarde, irían a delinear la
Formación Castellón. Subandino Sur. Bolivia
formación de los continentes actuales. Como un gran
Cabezal: SUAREZ RIGLOS y SOUZA CARVALHO: desmembramiento el supercontinente Pangea, se
CONCHOSTRACOS, CRETACICO, FORMACION divide en dos continentes grandes, hacia el Norte
CASTELLON, BOLIVIA. Laurasia y hacia el sur el continente Gondwana. Esto
ocurría cercano a los 180 millones de años atrás.
Abstract: CRETACEOUS CONCHOSTRACA
FROM CASTELLON FORMATION, SOUTHERN ANTECEDENTES
SUBANDEAN, BOLIVIA
Si bien el continente de Laurasia tardaría un tiempo
Cretaceous Conchostraca from Castellón Formation más largo en dividirse en los actuales continentes de
of Salinas, south of Camiri in the Southern Subandean Norte América, Europa, la isla de Groenlandia y otros
1 Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, joralemasua@ territorios más pequeños, el hemisferio sur empezó
[Link]; 2 Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ismar@[Link]
2 Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ismar@[Link]
a separarse más temprano y el supercontinente en lagunas o lagos de aguas pandas producto de
Gondwana, inicia su división alrededor de los 170 los grandes movimientos continentales o “rifts”, a
millones de años atrás. A partir de entonces seguirá través de los cuales se iba formando el Atlántico, con
dividiéndose hasta conformar la actual geografía sus zonas aledañas. Una de estas pequeñas cuencas
mundial, donde África se moverá hacia el este, hasta dulcícolas y de aguas poco profundas, se desarrolló
su ubicación actual. Suramérica se seguirá separando en Salinas, población cercana al actual Camiri, en el
de África y derivará hacia el oeste sobre el Pacífico, Subandino Sur de Bolivia (Fig. 1). En este cuerpo de
“montada” en la placa de Nazca, que la subduce agua, se depositaron sedimentos finos con una fauna
ocasionando disturbios tectónicos hasta la actualidad de crustáceos milimétricos cercanos a los 3 mm,
(terremotos en Chile, Ecuador). Aproximadamente a conocidos como Conchóstracos.
los 70 Ma, la placa de la India inicia su periplo desde
Contemporáneo con este fenómeno, en el actual
el sur de África, cercana a Madagascar para chocar
territorio andino, encontramos huellas de dinosaurios
con la placa Euroasiática resultando la formación
cretácicos, como en Sucre, Torotoro, Icla, Maragua,
de los montes Himalaya, aún hoy en movimiento
o sea en territorios claramente continentales. En el
(terremotos de Nepal y Pakistán). La Antártida se
actual Chaco boliviano, se habrían desarrollado lagos
moverá hacia tierras más australes, Nueva Zelanda y
de agua dulce producto de las fallas o depresiones
Australia derivarán hacia sus actuales ubicaciones.
del basamento precámbrico y paleozoico, fenómeno
Este importante reordenamiento tectónico global,
documentado en varias cuencas brasileñas,
ocasiona el desmembramiento y la formación de
acrecentándose en el rift mesozoico, formador de
corteza continental y oceánica, que a su vez provocará
cuencas de aguas poco profundas con una variedad de
grandes cambios climáticos, geográficos, eustáticos,
lagos. En el actual Chaco y al sur del oriente boliviano,
biológicos y culminará con la formación del gran
se depositó y sedimentó una formación geológica
océano Atlántico que se abre desde el sur (Sudamérica
llamada Castellón en este ambiente de cuerpos de
y África) hacia el norte (Norteamérica, norte del
agua y pequeños lagos con faunas peculiares y una
África y Europa). Este océano se abre a paso lento
biota nueva. Hasta hoy esta biota no ha sido estudiada 115
pero continuo y su majestuosidad alcanza su actual
en su totalidad, estando formada por conchóstracos,
envergadura recién en la época cuaternaria producto
ostrácodos, dientes y huesos de peces, entre otros.
del caos de la tectónica de placas. Mientras esto
ocurría en la geología mundial, en los continentes los El fenómeno descrito es muy parecido al que se
dinosaurios y otros reptiles, descomunales animales encuentra en el actual “cuerno africano” (rift africano)
tanto herbívoros como carnívoros, ocupaban la cúspide al este de este continente donde actualmente se está
de la pirámide trófica. Por otro lado, las plantas sobre produciendo una nueva apertura oceánica. Según
todo las angiospermas, se diversificaban en varias autores brasileños, numerosas cuencas interiores del
familias y los incipientes mamíferos vivían escondidos Mesozoico sudamericano se formaron en esta época
en cuevas, desarrollando hábitos nocturnos por temor de gran dinamismo tectónico, con faunas similares a
a ser devorados por los reptiles. Así mismo, toda la las encontradas en la Formación Castellón. El clima se
fauna marina sufría cambios, la evolución seguía habría modificado de árido y seco a húmedo y caliente,
su curso. Los cambios tectónicos que provocaron lo cual deberá ser analizado en territorio boliviano a
las mencionadas rupturas continentales, formaron través de estudios paleobioestratigráficos.
nuevas zonas marinas y continentales, con faunas
peculiares. Una de estas faunas está desarrollada
Los conchóstracos son crustáceos encontrados Existe una relación directa entre el clima, la
normalmente en ambientes lacustres de agua dulce, temperatura de las aguas y el tamaño de los indivíduos.
poco profunda (lámina de agua de cerca de un El tamaño de los conchóstracos puede entonces
metro) y con un pH alcalino. Son ambientes efímeros ser un indicativo de las condiciones paleoclimáticas.
y restringidos a pocas especies, siendo común la En conchóstracos cizicídeos actuales, la baja
ocurrencia de apenas faunas monoespecíficas de temperatura retrasa el crecimiento del caparazón,
conchóstracos. Los cuerpos de agua habitados por lo cual está indicado por el menor numero de líneas
conchóstracos sufren generalmente evaporación, de crecimiento. Habría así una interacción entre la
y sus huevos pueden resistir por largos períodos tasa de crecimiento y el índice pluviométrico, pues el
hasta el nuevo aporte de agua en el lago. Datos mayor número de lluvias posibilitaría lagos de mayor
experimentales en especies actuales (Mattox y constancia y mayor capacidad para alimentar. El
Velardo, 1950) indican que la temperatura ideal del tamaño del caparazón compone un índice morfológico
agua para la eclosión de los huevos mantenidos en para la paleoclimatología (Carvalho, 2014).
del Nordeste de Brasil están localizadas en las de Cedro (Nordeste do Brasil, Cretáceo Inferior).
regiones situadas próximas a los bordes de cuencas, Coleccao Chapáda do Araripere No. 1. Sumposios
en depósitos distales de abanicos aluviales. En este sobre Bacia do Araripe. p.1-8.
contexto, la acumulación de agua se restringe a
Carvalho, I.S. 2014. Conchostráceos das Bacias
depresiones adyacentes a los lóbulos que constituyen
Interiores do Nordeste Brasileiro: indicadores
los abanicos aluviales. Estas depresiones se
climáticos do Cretáceo Inferior. In: Carvalho, I.S. et al.
desarrollaran como lagos efímeros durante las lluvias,
(eds.). Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida – Paleoclimas,
y serán expuestas en la caída del nível de base. La
Interciência, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 5, p. 121-134.
propia tectónica actuante de esta región, conduce a
transformaciones rápidas de los ecosistemas lacustres, Carvalho, I.S. y Srivastava, N.K. 1996.
modificando su profundidad, fisiografía, la estabilidad Conchostraceos paleolimnadopsídeos da Bacia do Rio
de los sedimentos acumulados y la dinámica del Nazaré (Cel. João Pessoa, Rio Grande do Norte). In:
cuerpo de agua. La corta duración de estos cuerpos de Simpósio sobre o Cretáceo do Brasil 4, Boletim, Águas
agua conducen a condiciones climáticas más calientes de São Pedro, SP, 1996, p. 151-155.
y secas de estas áreas geográficas.
Carvalho, I.S.; Hacidume, E. y Heilbron, M.
BIBLIOGRAFIA 2002. Controle Tectônico na distribuição das
conchostracofaunas cretáceas nas Bacias Interiores do
Arai, M. y Carvalho, I.S. 1999. Conchostráceos
Nordeste do Brasil. In: Simpósio sobre o Cretáceo do
da Formação Maceió, Cretáceo Inferior da Bacia de
Brasil 6, Simpósio sobre el Cretácico de América del
Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil. In: Congreso Brasileiro de
Sur 2, Boletim, São Pedro, São Paulo, p. 43-47.
Paleontología,16, Crato, 1999. Boletim de Resumos, p.
19-20. Chen, P.J. y Shen, Y.B. 1985. An introduction to
fossil Conchostraca. Science Press, Beijing.
Astrop, T. I y Hegna, T.A. 2015. Phylogenetic
relationships between living and fossil Spinicaudatan Cunha Lana, C. y Carvalho, I.S. 2002. Cretaceous
123
Mario Suarez Riglos1, Ricardo Céspedes2 Omar discover and systematize in dinosaurs footprints in
Medina3 Bolivia.
Figura 1.1. Mapa de ubicación del área de trabajo en el 9. Sinclinal de Maragua; 10. Cal Orck’o; 11. Cerros Sica Sica y
mapa político de Sudamérica. 1.2. Mapa de ubicación de los sitios Churuquella; 12. Uyuni – Incapampa; 13. Quebrada Botellas; 14.
paleoicnológicos en el mapa de unidades tectonoestratigráficas Quebrada Macuñucú; 15. San Lucas; 16. Camargo; 17. Cambarí.
de Bolivia reportados en este trabajo (a partir de Sempere, 1995). 1.3. Mapa geográfico de Bolivia sobre una imagen satelital, con
Detalle de las localidades: 1. Parotani; 2. Santiváñez; 3. Sayari; 4. la ubicación de los más importantes sitios paleoicnológicos
Pajcha Pata; 5. Arampampa; 6. Anzaldo; 7. Toro Toro; 8. Potolo; mencionados en el texto.
se dirigen en forma paralela N15° O y 45° O. La comprende 29 huellas claramente visibles y otras seis o
mayoría se dirige con un azimut cercano a los 300°. siete probables. Son del tipo completamente diferente
La conservación de las huellas, algunas muy bien a todas las otras huellas de dinosaurios conocidos y
impresas y mejor conservadas otras muy superficiales parece una forma ciertamente nueva a nivel probable
y erosionadas, casi todas mantienen un detalle de su de una nueva morfofamilia. Desafortunadamente, a
morfología, la pista más larga tiene 30 metros con 34 pesar de que las huellas son grandes y evidentes, no
huellas bien conservadas. Las otras tienen 20 huellas están muy bien marcadas, parece que el animal, sin
más o menos, en promedio, casi todas atribuibles a duda, muy pesado, se hundió en el barro profundo
terópodos carnosaurios, muy bien conservadas, muy todavía con arena saturada de agua, pisando un
comprimidas entre ellas, y el largo está entre los sedimento todavía saturado y se hundió en el barro
25 a 35 cm. Dos o tres pistas pueden ser atribuidas arenoso profundo, rompiendo la superficie superior
a ornitópodos no muy bien conservadas, que no ya seca, que constituía una costra. A pesar de estas
permiten afirmar con seguridad. El sorprendente graves limitaciones, parece apropiado establecer
paralelismo puede ser atribuido, por el diferente tipo un nuevo parataxón. La conservación del material
de conservación y de impresión, permite formular dos está garantizada por la compactación de la roca y su
hipótesis, 1.- Se trata de una gran jauría de cerca de 60 inaccesibilidad.”
carnosaurios (de la parte descubierta del afloramiento)
Leonardi (1994) a continuación en su trabajo,
que se dirigen hacia el NO o NNor Oeste, atravesando
describe el nuevo icnogénero y la nueva icnoespecie
un lodo de plasticidad diferente, paralelo a la línea de
nominándolos Ligabueichnium bolivianum Leonardi
costa (largo de la orilla, indicada por los ripple marks)
(Fig. 4) el nuevo icnotaxón, ubicándolos dentro de
dejando huellas de calidad variable. 2.- Si se tratase
la Subclase Archosaurio y el Orden Ornistischia.
de un corredor obligado, condicionado al pasaje local
Según Leonardi (1984) estos ejemplares son de unos
a través del cual varios grupos de dinosaurios o de
anquilosaurios extremadamente grandes.
individuos solitarios, pasaron con direcciones análogas
y distanciadas uno de otro por pocos días, cuando el “Existen otras huellas de saurópodos y terópodos,
Figura 5.1. El primer perfil efectuado el año 1994 en el farellón se notan las hoy desaparecidas huellas de saurópodos y a la derecha
de Cal Orck’o, en base a un mosaico de fotografías. En ese año las espectaculares huellas de anquilosaurios. (Escala: regla de 30
se detectaron 19 variedades de huellas, hoy todas erosionadas. 5.2. centímetros dentro de una huella a la derecha). 5.4. Huellas de
Vista del pabellón de Cal Orck’o. 5.3. Fotos del año 1994 de Cal Titanosaurio. 5.5. Huellas de anquilosaurios de Cal Orck’o.
Orck’o, tomadas por uno de los autores (MSR) donde a la izquierda
135
Figura 7.1. Foto del afloramiento de la Formación El Molino, Patronato, mostrando las huellas de pisadas de dinosaurios. 7.4. Viña
mostrando las 11 pistas paralelas de saurópodos en la zona de Vieja, huellas de dinosaurios, comparables a estructuras elipsoidales
Humaca. 7.2. Esta foto muestra unas huellas mal conservadas, rellenadas. 7.5. Foto de restos de valvas de gasterópodos en la
con un fondo rocoso de fracturas o diaclasas y/o ripple marks en Quebrada Sacarí, (San Pedro) 7.6. Foto de huesos de reptiles, en la
San Lucas. 7.3. Foto del sitio paleoicnológico de la localidad de Quebrada Sacarí (San Pedro).
taxonómica, además de la identificación de fósiles que aquí se observan en todo su esplendor. El sitio
de invertebrados, vertebrados y otros. El trabajo fue que contiene las huellas se denomina El Patronato, al
realizado en niveles de la Formación El Molino. Se sur este del pueblo de Camargo. Sus coordenadas son
han descritos niveles con estromatolitos conocidos S20°39´82” y W65°12´52”. Este es un nuevo registro de
como Pucalitus steinmanni Schlagintweit, valvas de huellas, en el cual se divisaron sobre la superficie de
turritélidos gasterópodos entre otros, fauna conocida una arenisca unas 8 pisadas. La calidad de las mismas
en estos niveles. no es buena, pero permite identificarlas como icnitas
de dinosaurios.
Otros sitios con huellas en el Sinclinal de Maragua
Puente Viña Vieja (Figs. 1 y 7)
Dentro del Sinclinal de Maragua, se pueden
identificar otros sitios que cuentan con huellas de El puente Viña Vieja está situado sobre la carretera
dinosaurios, estos son: Chaunaca, Tontorca, Majara, entre Camargo y Potosí a unos 5,6 km al Nor-nordeste
Misqhamayu, Lloqhemayu, Ch’urumayu, Matarayoj, de Camargo. Las coordenadas geográficas son:
Mortinqhaca, Ch’ulqumayoj, Laja Laja, Pucajata, San S20°36,187´ y W65°10,545´ En este lugar, situado a
Bruno, Jatun Jata, Moradoqhasa, Ukhumayu, Ore pocos metros al Norte de la carretera troncal, se
Pajla, Quebrada Sienegayoj y Socapampa (Fig. 6). detectaron dos estructuras elipsoides continuas,
Los comunarios de la zona identifican a las huellas rellenadas con sedimento, atribuidas a un saurópodo.
de dinosaurios con el término de “rastros”. En estos No existe un criterio sólido para atribuir esta forma a
últimos años ellos fueron tomando conciencia de la una huella o no. En el lugar además, se puede apreciar
importancia que implica la conservación y difusión de una especie de canales de erosión (“diastemas”)
este recurso natural. Por ese motivo los comunarios rellenados con material conglomerádico-sabulítico
fueron capacitándose, encontrando en la actividad en cuya superficie de relieve irregular se encuentran
turística otro medio para generar ingresos. En las otras estructuras dispersas, sin ningún orden ni lógica,
zonas ricas en huellas de dinosaurios, la tierra no es las que tentativamente se podrían considerar huellas
apta para el cultivo, habiendo sido en muchos casos producidas en un suelo fangoso. Estratigráficamente, 137
erodados los horizontes de suelos cultivables. En este tipo de conformaciones ha sido descrito para el
estos diferentes lugares del Sinclinal de Maragua, miembro El Molino 4 de la Formación El Molino.
se encuentra una diversidad de huellas aún no
Quebrada Sacarí (San Pedro) (Fig. 7)
determinada pues siguen sin ser estudiadas. Se estima
que principalmente se trata de huellas de saurópodos, Continuando hacia el Este, se encuentra la localidad
terópodos, ornitópodos, anquilosaurios tetrápodos de Quebrada Sacarí con las coordenadas geográficas
indeterminados y posiblemente algunos pterosaurios siguientes: S20°42,983´ y W65°12,639´. En este sitio
y ceratopsios. En el mes de agosto del 2016, por sobre la quebrada, afloran bancos de margas calcáreas
noticias de prensa, se ha sabido del hallazgo de una de color gris oscuro, que contienen horizontes de
descomunal huella de un Abelisaurio, quizás de edad turritélidos (Fig. 7.5), donde se encontraron diversas
más antigua que el resto de las demás huellas, dicen la incrustaciones de huesos pertenecientes a reptiles
más larga del mundo. (Fig. 7.6). La descripción inicial tentativa de los
huesos más sobresalientes engloba una pequeña
San Lucas (Figs. 1 y 7)
costilla de longitud de 6,9 cm, una fracción de hueso
En otras provincias del Departamento de Chuquisaca correspondiente probablemente a una vértebra de
se encuentran también icnitas de dinosaurios como es longitud 8,0 cm, de un posible cocodrilo o tortuga? y
el caso de San Lucas, que deberán ser estudiadas. una especie de escama de reptil de longitud 4,92 cm.
Figura 9.1. Mapa geológico del área de Sucre. Se puede sitios en estudio (en azul el sitio del Cerro Churuquella, en verde el
observar la estructura del Sinclinal de Cal Orck’o. 9.2. Vista general sitio del cerro Sica-Sica). 9.5. “Planchón 1” en el Cerro Churuquella.
del contacto no erosivo entre las Formaciones Chaunaca y El Molino Se puede identificar confiablemente una huella de un Theropoda.
en el perfil de Cal Orck´o. 9.3. Vista general del contacto no erosivo 9.6. “Planchón 2” en el Cerro Churuquella. 9.7. Detalle del nivel
entre las Formaciones El Molino y Santa Lucia en el perfil de Cal portador de icnitas en el Cerro Churuquella muy bioturbado con
Orck´o. 9.4. Imagen satelital mostrando dos bloques afectados trazas tubulares meniscadas simples de la icnofacies continental de
por una falla de rumbo NE-SW con un rechazo (desplazamiento Scoyenia.( Lic. Alejandro Haluza y Lic. Juan Ignacio Canale ,2007).
relativo de los bloques) aproximado entre 150 y 200 metros, y los
141
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